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Relevant bibliographies by topics / The GOELRO plan

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Academic literature on the topic 'The GOELRO plan'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "The GOELRO plan"

1

Voropai, Nikolai I., and Valery A. Stennikov. "System methodology of energy research: for the 100th anniversary of the State Electrification Plan of Russia." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 21, no. 4 (2020): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2020-21-4-238-243.

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The conditions of State Electrification Plan of Russia (GOELRO plan) preparation as common unified state economic plan are under consideration. Plan was prepared during the pressed period less one year since February to December of the 1920 by State Commission GOELRO including twenty very qualified engineers and scientists and involving time by time additionally about two hundred specialists. A relation of GOELRO plan and development of energy policy of former USSR and current Russia is discussed. GOELRO plan was the comprehensive technical, financial and social oriented plan for qualitative restoration of Russia. But later state energy policy lost social oriented sense and now it is formal set of documents inside energy industry. Taking into account digitalization and intellectualization of economics and social sphere the social oriented role of energy sector as infrastructural industry is growing. Basic points of comprehensive energy method are presented. It was the main methodological instrument for preparation of GOELRO plan. Prerequisites and key aspects of energy system research methodology are explained. Modern challenges in current power sector are formulated.

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Gvozdetsky, Vladimir. "The Fate of the GOELRO Plan (Towards the Centenary of Soviet Russia’s Economic Development Program)." Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 42, no. 4 (2021): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020596060017426-0.

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This article attempts to overcome one-sidedness in the assessment of the GOELRO Plan in the context of its centenary as well as to introduce some new data concerning this monumental economic program of the 20th century. The article touches upon the following themes: regarding an outstanding scientist and educator V. I. Grinevetskii as one of the leading ideologists of electrification; proving the prerevolutionary origins of the plan; assessment of the plan as a general economic program for the country’s development; insufficiency of time allocated for the work of the GOELRO Commission, and, accordingly, the plan’s shortcomings; analysis of statuses of the electrification programs and the first five-year plan; and comparison of different researchers’ opinions concerning the degree of completion of the GOELRO Plan. Comparative analysis of the plan and its international counterparts allowed to conclude about supranational scale and timeless topicality the GOELRO Plan that formed the basis for future national panning of industrial development.

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Yermishina, Nadezhda D., and Marina I. Smirnova. "The GOELRO Plan Creators: Robert Eduardovich Klasson." Vestnik MEI, no. 6 (2021): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2021-6-152-162.

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The 100th anniversary of the GOELRO Plan has spurred a growing interest in the topic and has become an information occasion for many publications of both scientific and popularization nature.The GOELRO Plan’s study historiography has a vast space, which began to emerge in parallel with the implementation of the plan itself. The first publications date back to the 1920s and 1930s. Their authors were direct participants who considered the electrification matters in historical and practical aspects. At that time, a lot of publications of markedly propagandistic nature were issued.In the late 1940s and 1950s, the GOELRO Plan attracted the attention of professional researchers. In the period from the second half of the 1950s to 1980s, generalizing papers of historians were prepared, in which the GOELRO Plan began to be considered not only based on an analysis of technical and economic characteristics, but also from the standpoint of political and social significance, with placing focus on the "party leadership" and Lenin's role in its development.In the modern Russian historiography, an interest in the GOELRO Plan history has been retained, especially in regard of aspects that were inaccessible to Soviet researchers.In the historiography of the last decade, a great deal of attention is paid to the human factor in the development and implementation of the GOELRO Plan in terms of "historical and anthropological turn in humanitarian thought". One of the debating matters is the GOELRO Plan "authorship", in which several conceptual approaches have emerged, and no unambiguous opinion has been formed. In our opinion, the research line related to the participation of the Russian engineering community members in the development and further implementation of the GOELRO Plan that is based on a personal-biographical approach should be considered among the promising ones.The purpose of the article is to analyze the role of Robert Eduardovich Klasson (1868-1926) in the development and implementation of plans for electrification of pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary Russia, including the GOELRO Plan.Klasson was one of the first electrical engineers in Russia. He initiated and implemented the construction of the Russia's first district power plant "Elektroperedacha". This plant operated on peat, which was a local cheap fuel, and an overhead power line was for the first time laid from this plan, which was capable of transmitting electricity over a distance of more than 70 kilometers. Klasson's engineering activity can be viewed as a historical projection of the personal and professional factors in the fateful events of the Russian history. Klasson’s life is an example of civic responsibility to his people and the importance of the role of an engineer in the scientific and technical development of Russia.

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Semenova, E. Yu. "ПЛАН ГОЭЛРО КАК ФАКТОР ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ПРОСТРАНСТВА ПОВОЛЖСКОГО ГОРОДА". Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 2, № 4 (2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2020-2-4-93-101.

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The article examines the possibility of changing the urban space in connection with the prospects for implementing the GOELRO plan. The components of the GOELRO plan for Volga cities that involve changes in the sphere of communications and development are identifi ed. The infl uence of the plan on the prospects for the development of urban space in the Volga cities is compared.

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Bushuev, V. "GOELRO plan: age limit 100+." Энергетическая политика, no. 12 (2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46920/2409-5516_2020_12154_30.

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BUTYRIN, Pavel A. "GOELRO plan is 100 years old." Elektrichestvo 12, no. 12 (2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2020-12-4-9.

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The historical context in which the State Plan for Electrification of Russia (GOELRO) was developed, establishment of the GOELRO Commission, the GOELRO Plan content, the specific features of its implementation, and the role of the plan in the soviet period of Russia’s history are considered. Attention is paid to the electrification plants of other countries and territories of all inhabited continents, and to the participation of states in the electrification of countries and regions with small-scale and agricultural production in the 1920 s. The specific features pertinent to the electrification of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic are pointed out, namely, low starting conditions (in 1923, the energy consumption per capita in Russia was 100 times lower than that in Norway), its being state-owned in nature and revolutionary in its purpose: to get done with the main upheavals in the country and to shift the national economy for fore efficient production. The role of V.I. Lenin and G.M. Krzhizhanovsky, who were the initiators of the electrification of Russia, is analyzed in detail. A conclusion is drawn about the need to study both the GOELRO Plan itself and the specific features and circumstances of its implementation within the framework of training modern specialists in electrical engineering.

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Юрченко, В.С. "Осуществление плана ГОЭЛРО в Севастополе в 1921 - 1925 годах". Причерноморье. История, Политика, Культура XXIII, № X (2018): 65–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1164065.

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<em>В статье на материалах Севастополя рассматривается реализация плана электрификации (ГОЭЛРО), который стал первым перспективным планом развития народного хозяйства СССР. Электрификация Севастополя была признана проектом государственной важности и стала частью плана «А ГОЭЛРО», который сводился к восстановлению разрушенного энергетического хозяйства страны. Данное исследование посвящено анализу этапов электрификации города, сложностям, с которыми пришлось столкнуться, и основным итогам этой работы. </em> <em>The article considers implementation of the Electrification of Russia (GOELRO) plan in Sevastopol. GOELRO was the first long-term plan of the USSR economic development. Electrification of Sevastopol was recognized as a project of national importance and became a part of the “A GOELRO” plan which was aimed at restoration of destroyed power economy of the country. The research analyses the stages of city electrification, difficulties in its implementation and the main results. </em>

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Vorotnitsky, Valery E. "State Electrification Plan of Russia - an example of a systematic approach to the long-term development of the national electric power industry." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 21, no. 4 (2020): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2020-21-4-290-301.

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A brief history of the State Electrification Plan of Russia (GOELRO plan) development, established in 1920, and its execution during 15 years is considered. It is shown that the basic statements of the GOELRO plan were developed and discussed in pre-revolutionary Russia, and actually it was a state plan for the development of the country's economy for a long-term period. The analysis of the main trends of development in the world and national electric power industries based on the use of new technologies and techniques for the production, transmission and distribution of electricity is also presented. A list of key systemic problems in the modern Russian electric power industry aroused as a result of its reform in the post-Soviet period is discussed. The conclusion about the need of more active state government participation in the industry management, in the creation of a new regulatory framework to improve the efficiency of the management was done based on the analysis of the mentioned problems. It is suggesting the developing of a new GOELRO plan, which has to take into account modern trends in the development of world energy, the achievements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution; the positive experience of many years in the functioning of the Unified Power System of Russia and the prospects for the economic development of its regions.

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Anuprienko, V. Yu. "FROM GOELRO PLAN TO STRATEGIC COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING." Bulletin of Russian academy of natural sciences 21, no. 2 (2021): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2021-21-2-21-26.

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LOSKUTOV, Aleksey B., Aleksandr L. KULIKOV, and Pavel V. ILYUSHIN. "From the GOELRO Plan to Digitalization of Russia’s Electric Power Complex." Elektrichestvo 12, no. 12 (2020): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2020-12-14-30.

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Owing to adoption of the GOELRO plan in 1920 and its stage-by-state implementation, it became possible to meet the country’s needs for intense development of its economy through providing the required amounts of electricity to all sectors of the national economy. Nowadays, the smart grid technologies open the possibility to carry out «digital updating» of the grids to obtain their better observability and controllability, smaller losses in them, and to ensure reliable operation of distributed and renewable power generating facilities, which have become new participants in the electricity market. The use of smart grid technologies opens the possibility to optimally integrate heterogeneous electric power sources, backbone and distribution networks, and also active consumers into a unified electric power complex for achieving the economic and environmental objectives. The article considers modern innovative and prospective technologies of smart grids and outlines historical parallels with the GOELRO plan, which determined the course for electrification of Russia.

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Books on the topic "The GOELRO plan"

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Ivanchenko, V. M. XX vek: Reformy i planirovanie: ot plana GOERLO do biznes-planov korporat︠s︡ii. In-t ekonomiki RAN, 2003.

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Missero, Dalila. Women, Feminism and Italian Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474463249.001.0001.

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Italian cinema experienced its peak of domestic and international popularity in the years between the ‘economic miracle’ of the late 1950s and the social and political turmoil of the 1970s. But how did the growing development of the feminist movement in this period impact on Italian film culture? And what role did that film culture play in women’s lives? This book explores the multiple intersections between feminism and Italian cinema from the perspective of women’s everyday lives and relationship with the medium. Drawing from a feminist approach to Gramscian cultural theory, the book builds an archival counter-history of Italian cinema in which women took part as movie-goers, activists and practitioners. By doing so, it reconstructs the many aspects of a collective historical agency that challenged cinema’s patriarchal structures and strategies of invisibilisation.

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Brady, Linzy, and Jolyon Mitchell. Theatre. Edited by Joel D. S. Rasmussen, Judith Wolfe, and Johannes Zachhuber. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718406.013.18.

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How did the relation between Christianity and drama evolve during the long nineteenth century? How were Christian beliefs represented, promoted, and interrogated through drama? What part did Christianity play in the changing kinds, spaces, and genres of theatre? This chapter analyses the creation, production, and reception of a range of dramatic forms, including melodramas, musicals, ‘classics’, comedies, and tragedies, as well as explicitly religious, and later in the nineteenth century, cinematic dramas. Plays by George Bernard Shaw, Leo Tolstoy, and Henrik Ibsen are scrutinized alongside early silent films and the evolving passion and religious plays tradition. The chapter teases out a number of underlying tensions relating to the place of Christianity within popular and respectable theatre, romantic and realistic drama, and theatrical and screen drama. The chapter highlights how Christian beliefs were creatively used by playwrights, actors, and theatre-goers, in theatrical, domestic, and public spaces.

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Book chapters on the topic "The GOELRO plan"

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Sumburova, E. I., and S. A. Zaelskaya. "GOELRO Plan - An Innovative Program for the Development of the National Economy." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60929-0_45.

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Azimova, Shakhnoza S., and Anna I. Glushenkova. "Salix cinerea L. (S. deserticola Goerz ex Pavl., S. phlomoides Bieb. p. p.)." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources. Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_2814.

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Ivory, Yvonne. "Prussian Discipline and Lesbian Vulnerability: Christa Winsloe’s Children in Uniform at the Gate." In Cultural Convergence. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57562-5_8.

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Abstract This chapter examines the Dublin production and critical reception of Christa Winsloe’s Children in Uniform, which ran to full houses at the Gate for three weeks in April 1934. The play, which deals with the love between a Prussian schoolgirl and her female teacher, had premiered in Leipzig (1930), run successfully in Berlin (1931), and been adapted for the screen as Mädchen in Uniform (1931) before it was translated into English for a successful London run in 1932-1933. Edwards and mac Liammóir probably saw the original German play in Berlin in 1931. Using the prompt copy, lighting plots, photographs and reviews, the chapter shows how Edwards used expressionistic lighting and sonic leitmotifs to underscore the authoritarian regime within which the relationship between the women develops. In following the Berlin staging, Edwards produced a more subversive version of the play than that seen by London audiences or cinema goers.

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Rindzevičiūtė, Eglė. "Gray Eminences of the Scientific-Technical Revolution." In The Power of Systems. Cornell University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501703188.003.0002.

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This chapter argues that a new, post-Stalinist governmentality emerged in the Soviet Union as a result of several postwar developments. Innovations in computer, information, and control technologies that emerged during the war informed a new developmental theory of the scientific-technical revolution that appealed to both East and West scientists and policy makers. The gospel of the STR, as well as the commitment of Soviet planning to new large infrastructure projects propelled computer technology and systems analysis into the avant-garde of Soviet governmental thought. If in postrevolutionary Russia the first attempts to develop methods for large-scale scientific management followed the GOELRO electrification plan of the 1920s, the post-Stalinist projects involved the extraction of Siberian oil and gas, building large transport systems, and managing growing metropolitan areas, all of which required computerization.

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Morrison, Robert. "The Play-Goer (30 October 1830)." In The Selected Writings of Leigh Hunt. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429348563-29.

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Morrison, Robert. "The Play-Goer (2 December 1830)." In The Selected Writings of Leigh Hunt. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429348563-32.

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Morrison, Robert. "The Play-Goer (16 December 1830)." In The Selected Writings of Leigh Hunt. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429348563-33.

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Morrison, Robert. "The Play-Goer (24 February 1831)." In The Selected Writings of Leigh Hunt. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429348563-35.

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Morrison, Robert. "The Play-Goer (11 July 1831)." In The Selected Writings of Leigh Hunt. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429348563-42.

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Morrison, Robert. "The Play-Goer (12 July 1831)." In The Selected Writings of Leigh Hunt. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429348563-43.

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Conference papers on the topic "The GOELRO plan"

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Gvozdetsky, Vladimir. "The Makers of the GOELRO Plan." In 2019 International Conference on Engineering Technologies and Computer Science (EnT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ent.2019.00026.

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Budreyko, Ekaterina. "The evolution and finale of the GOELRO Plan." In 2020 International Conference Engineering Technologies and Computer Science (EnT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ent48576.2020.00020.

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Gvozdetsky, Vladimir, and Ekaterina Budreyko. "A manifest of intentions (towards the centenary of the GOELRO plan)." In 2020 International Conference Engineering Technologies and Computer Science (EnT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ent48576.2020.00021.

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Gvozdetsky, Vladimir. "V. L. Lenin, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky and the Development of the GOELRO Plan." In 2017 International Workshop on Engineering Technologies and Computer Science (EnT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ent.2017.12.

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Gvozdetsky, Vladimir. "V.I. Lenin and the GOELRO Plan (on the 150th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin)." In 2020 International Conference Engineering Technologies and Computer Science (EnT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ent48576.2020.00024.

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Akbarova, M. Kh, A. Sh Egamberganova, Sh O. Saidova, and Kh S. Eshova. "DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS MELOIDOGYNE GOELDI, 1887 IN THE TASHKENT OASIS OF UZBEKISTAN." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.35-39.

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Infection of plants with nematodes is still one of the main limitations of crop productivity. The research material is the infected rhizosphere and the roots of various plant crops collected on farms and personal subsidiary plots of the Tashkent Oasis. Four species of Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887 were found in the study area in the Tashkent Oasis: M. arenaria, M. javanica, M. incognita, and M. hapla. It was established that infection of plants with nematodes depended on the characteristics of plant resistance, as well as soil and climatic conditions of the study region. However, the degree of occurrence of individual species on plants varied significantly. In terms of distribution of nematode species in the closed soil conditions of the Tashkent Oasis by districts and cities, M. arenaria was determined to be the most common species, whereas the least common species was M. javanica. The highest infection with nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne in the districts of the Tashkent Region was 64.0% on personal subsidiary farms of the Yangiyul District, and the lowest infection was 12.5% on personal subsidiary farms of the Buka District. M. arenaria is the most common species in the Tashkent Oasis, and M. javanica is the least common species. M. arenaria and M. incognita are dominating species, M. hapla is common, and M. javanica is rare.

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S, Mairos Ferreira, Muthengi K, Mohale M, Mokhameleli S, and Mathosi L. "Empowering transformation: Harnessing child and youth narratives to propel meaningful and sustainable health and well-being in Lesotho." In MSF Paediatric Days 2024. MSF-USA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/wrwur6xhz.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This research emerges from Lesotho's diverse landscapes, where children’s stories remain largely unheard in the realm of health policy. The study aims to harness these narratives to drive equity, inclusivity, and human rights in health interventions, positioning youth not just as beneficiaries but as active participants in all health interventions. METHODS This research represents a meta-analysis of a larger, cross-sectional, qualitative research project, focused on understanding childrens’ narratives and experiences on their health and wellbeing. The study employed Participatory Learning Approach (PLA) tools, notably Social and Resource Mapping, Body Mapping, and Cause and Effect Analysis, to delve into these narratives. It involved a purposeful sample of 180 children, ranging from 6 to 19 years old, including school-goers, herd boys, children with disabilities, and teenagers. It occurred in diverse regions of Lesotho (Lowlands, Mountains, Foothills, and Senqu River Valley). This comprehensive approach also encompassed 18 Focus Group Discussions, enriched by Key Informant Interviews with local stakeholders. RESULTS Key findings from this study highlight significant issues in health, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), education, nutrition, and child protection. The study underscores the challenges in accessing general healthcare services, particularly stressing the importance of sexual and reproductive health in high HIV/AIDS prevalence areas. The need for improved water and sanitation infrastructure is critically emphasised. In education, children and youth advocate for greater equity and inclusivity. The impact of climate change on nutrition is evident, leading to food insecurity and malnutrition, with high prevalence of stunting. Participants highlighted key facets of child protection, emphasising the increased vulnerability and exploitation of children and youth, alongside a considerable risk of gender-based and sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS Participants powerful testimonies advocate for a paradigm shift towards more inclusive and youth-involved policymaking, challenging the dominance of adult-centric approaches and calling for a holistic integration of their perspectives in programmes and policies.

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Ciudad-Real, Mauricio, Derek Skolnik, and Khalid Saifullah. "STRUCTURAL MONITORING TECHNOLOGY FOR OPERATIONAL/BUSINESS CONTINUITY AND RESILIENCE." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.126.

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Large earthquakes are expected to cause structural damage even in modern buildings in full compliance with current design codes. While presumably safe, these and the much more frequent moderately sized earthquakes, can still negatively affect critical structures’ function. For example, hospitals, by distressing staff and patients as well as supporting systems such as critical utilities, medical gases, and surrounding infrastructure (e.g. roads/bridges). Energy producing facilities, may overact shutting down plant functions or initiating evacuations which potentially costs millions of dollars in business interruption. Today most earthquake instrumented structures focused their purpose on recording structural responses to damaging and potentially damaging earthquakes. This recorded data is then used to further understanding of actual building dynamic behavior, ultimately leading to advancements in research (e.g., damage detection) and building codes (e.g., improved empirical relations), Goel and Chopra [1]. Over time, owners, residents, and operators indirectly benefit from this work by owning, residing, operating safer structures. However, there is opportunity to benefit directly from structural monitoring technology. Advances in technology and client-based information-driven services have led to proven applications of structural monitoring in support of operational/business continuity ultimately contributing to resilience. Although this concept of using earthquake recorded data to the benefit of building owners has been considered in the past, Celebi et.al. [2], there has only been a few implementation cases as a holistic, commercially viable solution for operational/business continuity, as a result of strategic industry partnerships (e.g., technology provider, engineering consultant, etc.), academia, and a growing knowledge and experience on the topic; mostly in the Middle East, Skolnik et.al. [3]. This paper will present commercially available technology platforms comprised of advanced sensing, performance-based engineering, centralized command console tied to mobile check-in, standard-based safety inspection tools, as well as training and certification. Implementation is illustrated with deployments at Hospitals and Energy producing facilities around the world.

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Khetwal, A., J. Rostami, and H. Einstein. "Estimation of Tunnel Project Completion Time by Combining the CSM2020 Discrete Event Simulation Model with Decision Aid in Tunneling (DAT)." In 58th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2024-1090.

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ABSTRACT: The decision-making process regarding the uncertainty in the project plan, alignment alternatives, and other project aspects can be accounted for using the Decision Aids in Tunneling (DAT) tool. One of the important input parameters in the DAT is the advance rate, and its accurate estimation can significantly improve the accuracy of the DAT. The advance rate comprises the estimation of the rate of penetration and machine utilization. A few models have been proposed to estimate utilization with different levels of accuracy. The CSM2020, which is a discrete event simulation-based model, has proven to offer a promising estimation of TBM utilization as it incorporates uncertainties in various tunneling activities. The model more reliably allows for the determination of the delays during the tunneling and hence more reliable machine utilization for a given machine type, geological settings, and operational conditions. In the present study, project data were analyzed, and utilization values were estimated using the CSM2020 model and used as input in the DAT to estimate overall anticipated machine performance in a given project. The results include the average completion time that was compared with the actual site data. The accuracy in the completion time shows that a combination of CSM2020 and DAT can be considered to be an effective approach to consider the uncertainties in the various tunnel operations, thereby offering a more accurate and reasonable estimation of completion time for mechanized tunnels. 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The modern world has given society marvelous underground structures and the comfort of traveling through railways, metros, and road tunnels. These underground spaces provide infrastructure that is difficult or impossible to construct above ground or whose presence above ground is unacceptable, undesirable or simply not feasible. They have the fundamental characteristics of protecting against almost all-natural threats (Goel et al., 2012). With the increasing world population, there is a necessity for sustainable development that does not compromise the future generations' correlations while meeting the present needs, and tunnels are considered a significant contributor to this. They have proven to be an efficient infrastructure in conveying freshwater, disposing of waste products, as a safe and fast conveyance route, functional during extreme weather conditions, and for bulk storage of liquids and gas.

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