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1
Lewandowska, Ada. "Zjawiska niecodzienne, klęski elementarne i przemarsze wojsk w Wielkopolsce w XVII i XVIII w. i ich wpływ na funkcjonowanie klasztoru benedyktynek w Poznaniu w świetle Kronik Benedyktynek Poznańskich." Saeculum Christianum 24 (September 10, 2018): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/sc.2017.24.18.
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The Monastery in Poznań was founded in 1607 by Magdalena Mortęska – the reformer of the Benedictine Order. By analysing the monastic cornicles, the author wanted to show the influence of extra-ordinary events in Greater Poland and Poznan in 17th and 18th Century onlife of enclosed nuns. The article describes what changed when people visited the monastery, what life of nuns looked like during epidemics, floods and other disasters that took place in Greater Poland. The influence of wars and quartering foreign armies in the city of Poznan on life of nuns in the Benedictine Monastery was also included.
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Kubiak-Wójcicka, Katarzyna, Izabela Jamorska, and Łukasz Górski. "The Identification of Risks for Drinking Water Intakes in Urbanized Area: The Case Study of Toruń (Central Poland)." Water 13, no. 23 (2021): 3378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233378.
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This article discusses the problem of natural hazards connected with climatic changes and their influence on water safety. A medium-sized town in central Poland which is supplied with consumption water from both underground water intakes and surface water resources was selected as a case study. Natural hazards, such as droughts or floods, were identified and the risk of the occurrence of natural hazards concerning water supply systems assessed. The findings of the archived data analysis for the period 1971–2020 helped to identify extreme circumstances, the occurrence of which had an impact on secure water supplies in terms of quantity. Moreover, the results obtained indicate that the greatest influence had all the situations connected with the Drwęca low water discharge, which in the long term could lead to temporary water shortages. In the analyzed period, there was a significant increase in the number of days without precipitation, together with a statistically significant increase in the average annual air temperature. Meteorological hazards related to days without precipitation far outweighed the occurrence of days with intense precipitation. The analysis of water table fluctuations observed at the Jedwabno infiltration intake showed a high sensitivity of the aquifer to atmospheric conditions.
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Michalicha, Mateusz. "Renaturyzacja rzek szansą dla ochrony populacji brzegówki Riparia riparia w Polsce." Polish Journal for Sustainable Development 25, no. 1 (2022): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/pjsd.2021.25.1.5.
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The regulation and reconstruction of rivers and their valleys, apart from drastic hydrological changes, often lead to the change or disappearance of the habitats of valuable plant and animal species. Particularly vulnerable to the loss of breeding sites are species directly associated with precipitous banks and river slopes, which are formed as a result of erosive and landslide processes. Intensive hydrotechnical treatments, such as straightening of the channels or elimination of irregularities of the river banks, resulted in the inhibition of the desirable natural river processes. Bird species native to Poland that require the above nesting conditions, include: sand martin Riparia riparia, kingfisher Alcedo atthis and bee-eater Merops apiaster. More and more actions are taken to restore rivers to a near-natural state. The aim of restoration is not only to increase retention capacity, protect against floods, social and economic benefits, but also to improve the overall functioning of river ecosystems and preserve biodiversity within their valleys. Renaturation includes activities such as the creation of exposed slopes that mimic erosive undercuts, the removal of bank reinforcements or the maintenance of bank gaps, which promote their occupation by the aforementioned bird species. In addition to predation, the loss of suitable breeding sites is the greatest threat to the sand martin population, such as the American mink Neovison vison, the fox Vulpes vulpes and the locally raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides. A regulated river, where the implemented hydrotechnical measures disrupt the functioning of natural river processes, also causes losses in bird broods due to flash floods that destroy many nests together with eggs or nestlings. Sand martins in many places have stopped using riverbeds as breeding places, occupying anthropogenic habitats which, however, have certain limitations and threats. Renaturation is therefore an important measure to be taken in places where past regulations have caused the greatest damage to the environment. The development of anthropogenic areas should be supported in accordance with the principles of sustainable use of natural resources.
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BOJAR, WIKTOR, ANDRZEJ JUNKUSZEW, MONIKA OLECH, JACEK KUŹMAK, and KLAUDIUSZ SZCZEPANIAK. "Screening of SRLV in herds in mid-Eastern Poland." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 8 (2018): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6102.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the epidemiological condition of SRLV infections in nucleus flocks of sheep. The surveillance of Lentivirus infections was conducted in sheep flocks from the mid-Eastern part of Poland: the area of Lubelskie, Świętokrzyskie and Podkarpacie provinces. Ninety eight flocks were chosen for a detailed analysis. They included 6,470 mother ewes belonging to 15 breeds and lines: Polish Merino sheep, Polish Lowland sheep, Wielkopolska sheep, Żelaźnieńska sheep, Uhruska sheep, Olkuska sheep, Polish Heath sheep, Świniarka sheep, Polish Pogorze sheep, Podhale Zackel sheep, Black-headed sheep, Ile de France, Berrichon du Cher, BCP and SCP. The identification of the infected animals and the assessment of the epidemiological condition of the flocks was carried out using a serological analysis of blood serum samples. The assay of MVV-specific antibodies in blood serum was performed using the ELISA test. The results obtained showed that the highest rate of flocks with at least one animal with a positive serological response was in the Podkarpacie Province (71.43%), and the lowest rate (27.03%) was observed in Lubelskie Province. The analysis of the rate of the sheep infected with SRLV indicated that the greatest number of seropositive animals was highest in Podkarpackie Province (19.9%), which corresponds to the results for the flocks, and was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) than in Świętokrzyskie Province (11.35%) and Lubelskie Province (9.20%). The flock size turned out to be a factor which significantly influenced the prevalence of SRLV infections. The prevalence was highest (13.6%) in the flocks exceeding 100 sheep, and decreased together with the decreasing number of heads in the flock. It must be stressed that the problem of SRLV infections is very complex and depends on many factors. Therefore it is necessary to carry out a detailed diagnosis of the factors leading to expansion of the virus in sheep flocks before developing flock protection programs...
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Starkel, Leszek, Danuta J. Michczyńska, and Piotr Gębica. "Reflection of climatic changes during interpleniglacial in the geoecosystems of South-Eastern Poland." Geochronometria 44, no. 1 (2017): 202–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0060.
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Abstract About 70% of the last cold stage was taken by transitional phases of continuous fluctuations of climate and permafrost extension. All this is reflected especially well in slope types and the thickness of slope, fluvial and aeolian deposits. Very distinct and relatively fast changes took place around 33–30 ka BP: the aridification of climate with an ice sheet transgression, expansion of continuous permafrost and the onset of loess deposition. The greatest transformations of slopes and river valleys in the Carpathians and Subcarpathian Basins took place not in the coolest phases but during the Interpleniglacial. The authors exemplified a number of sites in Southern Poland documenting frequent fluctuations of climate and permafrost from that 25–30 ka long period. Calibrated dates of dated episodes correlate well with the δ18O curve from Greenland with frequent warmings. These rapid warmings are reflected in the higher rate of aggradation in valley floors and thick colluvial material deposited over slopes, both combined with a retreat of permafrost. The comparison with the Greenland 18O curve is valuable to establish a comparable chronology of events, even for such a distant area like Central-Eastern Europe.
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Malinowska, Elżbieta, and Jan Novak. "Barium, Lithium and Titanium Content in Herbs of Mid-Field Wet Depressions in East-Central Poland." Diversity 14, no. 3 (2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14030189.
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This paper presents the results of research on the Ba, Li and Ti content in six species of herbs sampled from mid-field wet depressions and from the soil. These temporary flooded depressions were surrounded by arable crops, permanent grassland and shrubby vegetation. The research area was located in the eastern part of the Mazovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. The following plants were used in the experiment: corn mint (Mentha arvensis L.), purple marshlocks (Comarum palustre L.), silverweed (Potentilla anserina L.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris L.) and gypsy-wort (Lycopus europaeus L.). The Li, Ba and Ti content of plants, bottom sediment and soil was determined by the ICP-AES method after previous dry mineralization. Of the six herb species, Mentha arvensis L. was with the greatest accumulation potential of the chemical elements. However, no excessive Ba, Li and Ti content was found in herbs growing at different distances from arable fields, permanent grassland and shrubby vegetation. The highest Ba content was found in periodically flooded soil (zone II), while the highest amounts of Li and Ti were recorded in non-flooded soil (zone III).
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Różkowski, Jacek, Oimahmad Rahmonov, and Artur Szymczyk. "Environmental Transformations in the Area of the Kuźnica Warężyńska Sand Mine, Southern Poland." Land 9, no. 4 (2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9040116.
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On the basis of the analysis and interpretation of maps, published literature, and environmental reconnaissance, this article discusses environmental transformations in the area of the Kuźnica Warężyńska sand mine in southern Poland over the years 1944–2015. A comprehensive ecological analysis was carried out concerning spatial development, mining activity, hydrogeological and hydrological conditions as well as the biotic environment. Among the unfavourable changes found were a drastic reduction in the agricultural function of the area (from 7.03 to 0.47 km2), mainly due to periodic activity of sand mine in 1967–2002, covering an area of about 5.80 km2, the destruction of the original biocenoses, the depletion and deterioration in quality of the groundwater resources, and man-made transformations of the hydrographic network (during the mine’s activity its length reached over 103 km). Vegetation changes during the 70-year period examined were closely related to human mining activity. The greatest changes occurred at the end of the 1960s when large areas of pine forest were cut down. The analysis of vegetation in the former workings demonstrated that the diversity of habitats within the workings results in a significant increase in species (367 plant species, 2002 birds) and community diversity (Molinion caeruleae, Molinion caeruleae, three Natura habitats) there compared to the adjacent areas. On the other hand, favourable changes included the construction of a flood control reservoir, with an area of 560 ha and a volume of 51 million m3, created in 2003–2005, making the area more attractive for tourism and recreation, and an increase in biodiversity, including the establishment of a Natura 2000 site.
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Młyński, Dariusz, Andrzej Wałęga, Tomasz Stachura, and Grzegorz Kaczor. "A New Empirical Approach to Calculating Flood Frequency in Ungauged Catchments: A Case Study of the Upper Vistula Basin, Poland." Water 11, no. 3 (2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030601.
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The aim of the work was to develop a new empirical model for calculating the peak annual flows of a given frequency of occurrence (QT) in the ungauged catchments of the upper Vistula basin in Poland. The approach to the regionalization of the catchment and the selection of the optimal form of the empirical model are indicated as a novelty of the proposed research. The research was carried out on the basis of observation series of peak annual flows (Qmax) for 41 catchments. The analysis was performed in the following steps: statistical verification of data; estimation of Qmax flows using kernel density estimation; determination of physiographic and meteorological characteristics affecting the Qmax flow volume; determination of the value of dimensionless quantiles for QT flow calculation in the upper Vistula basin; verification of the determined correlation for the calculation of QT flows in the upper Vistula basin. Based on the research we conducted, we found that the following factors have the greatest impact on the formation of flood flows in the upper Vistula basin: the size of catchment area; the height difference in the catchment area; the density of the river network; the soil imperviousness index; and the volume of normal annual precipitation. The verification procedure that we performed made it possible to conclude that the developed empirical model functions correctly.
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Siwek, Grzegorz. "Seasonality and multiannual variability of floods: case study from Eastern Poland." ITM Web of Conferences 23 (2018): 00031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20182300031.
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Nowadays, under increasing climate change effects on the environment, we can observe increasing number of extreme phenomena, including meteorological and hydrological ones. One of such phenomena are floods. The objective of this article is the assessment of basic flood characteristics seasonality in the annual distribution. Analysis were performed based on time series of daily flow values recorded in the years 1951–2014 in three gauging stations located on rivers in Easter Poland, in upper Wieprz catchment. Floods were defined according to TLM algorithm and were assumed to be all cases of flow occurrence exceeding 10% read from FDC (flow duration curve) (Q10). Seasonality was analysed using Markham’s Seasonality Index and Period of Seasonal Concentration, analysis of autocorrelation function (ACF) as well as proposed by the author Seasonal Winter Floods Index. The distribution of floods during year indicates one flood season in year which occurs in the spring.
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Cigler, Beverly A. "U.S. Floods." State and Local Government Review 49, no. 2 (2017): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x17731890.
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Floods are the costliest natural hazard events in the United States in terms of lives and property losses. The financial costs of flood disasters are unsustainable, especially for the national government, which assumes the most costs while state and local governments have the greatest ability to avoid great losses due to their influence over land use, economic policy, and other areas that can help mitigate floods and reduce the high costs of relief and recovery. This article summarizes the types, causes, and occurrence of floods in the United States and their unsustainable economic and social costs. It explains that the growing burden to taxpayers from disaster response and recovery has resulted in increased interest by national decision makers in shifting more disaster responsibilities and costs to state and local governments. The article reviews the broad tool kit of mitigation strategies available to local governments and their residents in taking greater responsibility for the impacts of flood events.
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Milanovic, Ana, Marko Urosev, and Dragana Milijasevic. "Floods in Serbia in the 1999-2009 period: Hydrological analysis and flood protection measures." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 90, no. 1 (2010): 93–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1001093m.
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The review on greatest floods recorded in Vojvodina and central Serbia within the period from 1999 to 2009 is given in this paper. For 13 hydrological stations, that recorded the greatest floods for the present period, probability of occurrence of these floods has been accomplished. Based on analysis of time series of discharge and water level maximum, performed by applying probability theory and mathematical statistics, and calculated theoretical probability distribution function of floods, probability of occurrence of flood has been obtained. Most often the best agreement with the empirical distribution function had a Log-Pearson III, Pearson III distribution. These results can be used for dimensioning of hydro-technical objects for flood protection. The most significant causes for floods recorded in this period were melting of snow and intensive rainfall. In this paper the current situation of flood protection and future development of flood protection measures were also presented. .
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Baran-Zgłobicka, Bogusława, Dominika Godziszewska, and Wojciech Zgłobicki. "The Flash Floods Risk in the Local Spatial Planning (Case Study: Lublin Upland, E Poland)." Resources 10, no. 2 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10020014.
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Flash floods pose a significant threat to humans but the state of our knowledge on the occurrence and related risk of such phenomena is insufficient. At the same time, many climate change models predict that extreme rainfall events will occur more and more frequently. Identifying areas susceptible to flash floods is more complicated that in the case of floods occurring in the valley bottoms of large rivers. Flood risk maps in Poland have not been developed for small catchments. The study objective was to assess whether the threat related to flash floods is taken into account in the spatial planning system of municipalities. Studies were conducted in the Lublin Upland, E Poland (an area of about 7200 km2). A preliminary assessment of susceptibility of 369 catchments to flash floods was carried out in a GIS environment using multi criteria analysis. The susceptible catchments cover about 30% of the area. Existing planning documents, flood hazard and flood risk maps were analyzed for municipalities located in the catchments with highest susceptibility to this phenomenon. Our results show that flash flood risk is usually not recognized at the level of local governments even when it is significant. Local planning documents do not take into account the existence of this threat.
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Kijowska-Strugała, Małgorzata, and Anna Bucała-Hrabia. "Floods types in a mountain catchment: The Ochotnica River, Poland." Acta geographica Slovenica 59, no. 1 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/ags.2250.
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Riddez, Louis, and Uno Dellgar. "KAMEDO Report No. 76 Floods in Poland in 1997 and in Sweden in 2000." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 4 (2005): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00002648.
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AbstractExtensive flooding occurred in Poland in 1997 and in Sweden in 2000. These events and their management are reviewed in this Report. The floods in Poland were more extensive than in Sweden as they covered some 10% of Poland's landmass. An estimated 55 persons died as a direct result of the floods in Poland and none were reported due to the flood in Sweden. No epidemics were encountered in either country, presumably related to the extensive use of bottled water and radio instructions to boil all water before its use. The water supply was interrupted and untreated water was taken into the water distribution systems. Chlorination of the water supplies was added in Sweden. Sewage and refuse management was problematic. The heathcare system was impacted profoundly in Poland both by direct damage to hospitals and/or loss of essential services such as electricity and water supplies. Government responses are described with the needs in Poland being extensive including the need for outside assistance. Some pathways used for obtaining aid were outside of government coordination. Comprehensive conclusions and recommendations derived from the observations are provided.
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Shesterkin, V. P., and N. M. Shesterkina. "Mineralization and salt composition of the waters of the Middle Amur." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 895, no. 1 (2021): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/895/1/012039.
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Abstract The spatial and temporal variability of water salinity and salt composition of the Amur River near Khabarovsk in 2017-2021 was considered. An uneven distribution of water salinity over the river width was established, the greatest differences were observed in the winter low-water period, the lowest in the period of spring floods and floods. The maximum value of salinity was noted in winter, in the period of open channel – after very strong floods.
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Ávila, A. D., Y. E. Carvajal, and F. Justino. "Representative rainfall thresholds for flash floods in the Cali river watershed, Colombia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 6 (2015): 4095–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-4095-2015.
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Abstract. In the 21st century, societies face a significant increase in the number of extreme hydrometeorological events associated with climate variability (CV) and/or climate change (CC). Research has recently focused on establishing adaptation and mitigation measures to counteract the effects of CV and CC, especially those associated with precipitation, such as flash floods and flooding. In this study, 27 floods, listed in the historical database of natural disasters (DesInventar), occurring between 1980 and 2012, were analyzed. Using the daily hydrometeorological data, representative rainfall thresholds were defined to predict flash floods in the hydrographic basin of the Cali River, Colombia. Antecedent rainfall (AR), or short-term rain (1, 3, 5 and 7 days), and accumulated antecedent rainfall (AAR), or long-term rain (5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60 and 90 days), levels were defined. The analysis showed that the greatest determinant for the occurrence of floods is AAR, with thresholds greater than 73, 95, 124, 170, 218 and 273 mm, for 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days, respectively. Additionally, the data showed that, historically, the greatest number of flash floods (81.7 %) occurred in the Cali River basin in the months of April, May, and June.
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Marcinkowski, Michał, and Małgorzata Szczepaniak. "Geoarchaeology of the early medieval stronghold surroundings in grzybowo near Września, Greater Poland." Quaestiones Geographicae 38, no. 3 (2019): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0032.
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Abstract The stronghold in Grzybowo (Rabieżyce village) near Września is a remnant of medieval ring-fort. It is investigated to a considerably lower degree than similar objects from Greater Poland. The analysis of archival data shows that the stronghold is located on the edge of the flood plain of the Struga River formed by Holocene sediments, cutting into the moraine plateau. Analysis of sediments in the stronghold vicinity revealed interlayers of organic matter and sandy deposits rich in calcium carbonate with variable grain size composition, particularly west of the stronghold (i.e. in the valley floor). Moreover, radiocarbon data set showed a considerably older than Holocene age of the sediment. The analysis of the course of the contemporary river channel also allowed for stating hypotheses regarding a potentially different course of the former Struga River channel and its changes during the development of the stronghold. These assumptions were based on the analysis of the archaeological archival data, where field drawings suggest the existence of such a channel in the territory of the stronghold.
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Rdzany, Zbigniew, and Małgorzata Frydrych. "Record of glacial outburst floods in marginal zones and forelands of Scandinavian glaciations in Poland." ACTA UNIVERSITATIS LODZIENSIS. FOLIA GEOGRAPHICA PHYSICA, no. 17 (April 3, 2018): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1427-9711.17.04.
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In international literature, much attention has been paid to sedimentological and geomorphological evidence of extreme floods in the forelands of both contemporary and Pleistocene glaciers and ice sheets. Reports on this subject come from areas and periods of different glaciations. In Poland such events have been documented in more than ten works. This situation prompts us to establish whether or not the occurrence of such extreme events was more frequent and widespread in the area of Poland than it has been believed to date. The article reviews the existing research concerning within the extent of Pleistocene glaciations in Poland, which include the occurrence of high energy glacial outburst floods in the interpretation of sediments or landforms. Its objective is to determine the current state of knowledge and to indicate the direction of further research. The review also includes a study of palaeogeographic conditions of the previously documented jökulhlaup in Siedlątków, on the border of the Łask Heights. The analysis of works and the conducted comparisons lead to the conclusion that the state of knowledge about great glacial floods in the Polish Lowland is not satisfactory. It indicates the need to undertake intense studies on the record of such events and their reconstruction as their morphogenetic role e.g. in the formation of ice-marginal valleys and other elements of glacigenic landscape is underrated.
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Bryndal, Tomasz. "Local flash floods in Central Europe: A case study of Poland." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 69, no. 5 (2015): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2015.1072242.
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Mikuś, Paweł. "Recent Vertebrate and Invertebrate Burrows in Lowland and Mountain Fluvial Environments (SE Poland)." Water 12, no. 12 (2020): 3413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123413.
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Over geological time, fauna inhabiting alluvial environment developed numerous traces of life, called bioturbation structures. However, present literature rarely offers comprehensive and comparative analyses of recent bioturbation structures between different types of environments. In this paper, the distribution of recent animal life traces in two different fluvial environments (lowland and mountain watercourse) was examined. An analysis of a set of vertical cross-sections of river bank enabled to determine physical and environmental features of the burrows, as well as degree of bioturbation in individual sections. Most of the burrows were assigned to their tracemakers and compared between two studied reaches in relation to the geomorphic zones of a stream channel. A mesocosm was conducted using glass terraria filled with river bank sediment and specimens of Lumbricus terrestris. The experiment confirmed field observations on the ability of earthworms to migrate into deep sediment layers along plant roots. The impact of floods on fauna survival was assessed on the basis of observations of large floods in 2016, 2018 and 2019. The abundance, distribution and activity of fauna in the sediment are mainly controlled by the occurrence of high and low flows (droughts and floods), which was particularly visible in lowland river reach.
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Piwowarski, Juliusz, Barbara Piwowarska, and Jacek A. Piwowarski. "Crisis Management in Poland." Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka - Refleksje 36, no. 36 (2019): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1293.
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The aim of the article is to discuss the functioning of the crisis management system in Poland: to present the general principles of its operation, legal regulations and major threats related to it. For this purpose, the authors review the definitions of crisis situations and discuss the objectives and stages of crisis management. Then the general principles of the crisis management system in Poland and the most important legal regulations related to it are presented. The authors also discuss the main threats that may lead to a crisis, both natural, ecological (e.g. floods, fires, avalanches) and civilizational caused by human activity and technical failures (e.g. construction and transport disasters, criminal groups activity, cyberterrorism). This leads to the conclusion that regulations passed in Poland after the flood of the century in 1997 put crisis management system in our country on the high level. At the same time, newer and newer threats make it necessary to regularly update the legislation on crisis management so that ensuring of national security could be effective.
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Knight, Donald, and Paul Samuels. "Examples of Recent Floods in Europe." Journal of Disaster Research 2, no. 3 (2007): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2007.p0190.
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Some significant flood events that have occurred in various European countries in the last decade are described. They are used to illustrate the widespread nature of flooding, its economic impact and the resultant loss of life. The underlying hydro-meteorological causes of each flood are outlined, followed by a brief chronology of the flood event and the subsequent consequences. The flood events have been drawn from countries with differing climatic conditions, and from river basins that differ in both size and topography. The selection includes floods from the following countries: the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland and the UK. The events include examples of both flash floods and slower basin-wide floods. The important lessons that may be drawn from these events are highlighted, as are the economic impacts such floods might have in the future due to climate change.
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Dudzińska, Małgorzata, Barbara Prus, Radosław Cellmer, et al. "The Impact of Flood Risk on the Activity of the Residential Land Market in a Polish Cultural Heritage Town." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (2020): 10098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310098.
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The article attempts to determine the effect of perceived flood risk, based on identified flood hazard zones, on the level of activity in the market of land property designated for housing developments in the historical town of Sandomierz, Poland. The study employed graphical, analytical, quantitative methods, and spatial analyses with GIS tools. The proposed methodology, involving spatial interpolation of the phenomenon (Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)) and an expert opinion survey, facilitates the assessment of the market activity in towns where transactions are scarce. Trade in property is lower in areas at risk of flooding than for the remaining parts of the town. The potential flood hazard zone affects both the activity of the property market and the average prices of land. The study demonstrated that both a flood and flood risk affect the levels of market activity and the prices of residential land. However, this impact differs at various times and locations and is greater immediately after a flood. Properties located in the most attractive location within an area are characterised by a greater sensitivity to this risk.
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Akstinas, Vytautas, Diana Meilutytė-Lukauskienė, Jūratė Kriaučiūnienė, and Diana Šarauskienė. "Features and causes of catastrophic floods in the Nemunas River basin." Hydrology Research 51, no. 2 (2019): 308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.147.
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Abstract The Nemunas River basin falls within the territories of five different countries – Belarus, Lithuania, Russia, Poland and Latvia. In general, the beginning of spring floods highly depends on rapid rise of air temperature, heavy precipitation and sudden snow melting in the analysed basin. In this paper, the conditions of formation and consequences of two catastrophic floods in 1958 and 1979 in the Nemunas River basin were studied regarding the hydrometeorological parameters (maximum snow water equivalent before the beginning of flood and precipitation amount during the flood) as well as runoff coefficients for each selected catastrophic flood. Differences between the main drivers and evolution of these floods were analysed. Spatial distribution of maximum snow water equivalent and precipitation, as well as runoff coefficient in different parts of the river basin, were identified as having the most significant impact on the formation of the studied catastrophic floods.
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Głosińska, Ewa. "Spatial planning in floodplains for implementation by the Floods Directive in Poland." Geographia Polonica 87, no. 1 (2014): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.2014.8.
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Graf, Renata. "Estimation of the Dependence of Ice Phenomena Trends on Air and Water Temperature in River." Water 12, no. 12 (2020): 3494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123494.
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The identification of changes in the ice phenomena (IP) in rivers is a significant element of analyses of hydrological regime features, of the risk of occurrence of ice jam floods, and of the ecological effects of river icing (RI). The research here conducted aimed to estimate the temporal and spatial changes in the IP in a lowland river in the temperate climate (the Noteć River, Poland, Central Europe), depending on air temperature (TA) and water temperature (TW) during the multi-annual period of 1987–2013. Analyses were performed of IP change trends in three RI phases: freezing, when there appears stranded ice (SI), frazil ice (FI), or stranded ice with frazil ice (SI–FI); the phase of stable ice cover (IC) and floating ice (FoI); and the phase of stranded ice with floating ice (SI–FoI), frazil ice with floating ice (FI–FoI), and ice jams (IJs). Estimation of changes in IP in connection with TA and TW made use of the regression model for count data with a negative binomial distribution and of the zero-inflated negative binomial model. The analysis of the multi-annual change tendency of TA and TW utilized a non-parametric Mann–Kendall test for detecting monotonic trends with Yue–Pilon correction (MK–YP). Between two and seven types of IP were registered at individual water gauges, while differences were simultaneously demonstrated in their change trends over the researched period. The use of the Vuong test confirmed the greater effectiveness of estimates for the zero-inflated model than for the temporal trend model, thanks to which an increase in the probability of occurrence of the SI phenomenon in the immediate future was determined; this, together with FI, was found to be the most frequently occurring IP in rivers in the temperate climate. The models confirmed that TA is the best estimator for the evaluation of trends of the occurrence of IC. It was shown that the predictive strength of models increases when thermal conditions are taken into consideration, but it is not always statistically significant. In all probability, this points to the impact of local factors (changes in bed and valley morphology and anthropogenic pressure) that are active regardless of thermal conditions and modify the features of the thermal-ice regime of rivers at specific spatial locations. The results of research confirm the effectiveness of compilating a few models for the estimation of the dependence of IP trends on air and water temperature in a river.
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Nowicka, Barbara. "Estimation of the Degree of Extremality of High-Water Flows in Selected Rivers in Poland in 1971–2006." Miscellanea Geographica 14, no. 1 (2010): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2010-0015.
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Abstract The paper presents the results of estimation and comparison of risk of extreme floods on rivers of various hydrological regime. The hypothesis that extreme events occur with the same frequency in all rivers was rejected. The limit between extreme and common floods on 30 rivers from different geographical regions of Poland was defined on the basis of standardized flow-duration curve in 1971-2006. These analyses resulted in designing five curve groups. Four measures of flood magnitude have been proposed. The time distribution of extreme events during the last decades was estimated for the most dynamic rivers.
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Balasch, J. C., J. L. Ruiz-Bellet, and J. Tuset. "Historical flash floods retromodelling in the Ondara River in Tàrrega (NE Iberian Peninsula)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 12 (2011): 3359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3359-2011.
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Abstract. Flash floods in the Ondara River have caused many fatalities and damages in the town of Tàrrega in the last 400 yr. Unfortunately, no flow records are available. However, floods can sometimes be reconstructed thanks to available historical information: limnimarks, written accounts and archaeological surveys. Indeed, from these data and using the retromodelling method on three different scenarios to take into account morphology changes, the peak flows of the seven greatest floods occurred in Tàrrega since the 17th century were estimated. The results showed that the heaviest flood's specific peak flow (10.7 m3 s−1 km−2) ranks among the highest ever modelled or measured in similar-sized catchments in the Western Mediterranean region. The results pointed out, as well, that the changes in channel's morphology (mainly, the disappearance of a mediaeval bridge under sediment) caused by one of the floods increased the hydraulic capacity of a crucial cross-section. All this resulted in modest floods invading the town less often, but with much faster and, thus, more destructive flows. A preliminary estimation of the results' uncertainty was 4% for great floods and 18% for modest floods. The reconstructed peak flows will be introduced in a database for a future use in climatic and hydrological studies.
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Teramura, Jun, and Yukihiro Shimatani. "Quantifying Disaster Casualties Centered on Flooding in the Chikugo River Middle Basin in the Past 400 Years to Determine the Historical Context of the July 2017 Northern Kyushu Torrential Rainfall." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 8 (2019): 1014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p1014.
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In this study, we collated the number of deaths caused by disasters that took place in the Chikugo River middle basin on the island of Kyushu, Japan, from the 1600s to 2017. The compilation of quantitative statistics of floods in Japan began in the modern era, while the statuses of previous disasters are described by vague indices and are thus difficult to quantify. In this study, we geographically restricted our investigation to the Chikugo River middle basin. We quantified the scale of each disaster by using the number of deaths recorded in historical documents. We then compared the disasters that took place in the area since the 1600s to identify the potential disaster risks harbored by our study area. During the period examined, the great famine from 1732 to 1733 was the greatest disaster and caused the most deaths. However, this is the only recorded famine for which fatalities were documented. Meanwhile, floods occurred frequently through this period, 26 of which resulted in fatalities: they had a total death toll of 292. Thus, famines occur infrequently but cause severe damage, whereas floods occur frequently but cause relatively minor damage. During the approximately 400 years examined, there were four floods with death tolls exceeding 30 people. Three of these occurred after 1868, when the modern era of Japan began. Meanwhile, there have been almost no small-scale floods during and after the modern era. By quantitatively assessing the disasters’ scales, we were able to establish that the 2017 northern Kyushu torrential rainfall was the fourth gravest water-related disaster, in terms of its death, toll since the 1600s. If only the north bank of the Chikugo River middle basin is considered, it was the greatest flood disaster to occur in this period.
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ZHANG, F., Z. LIU, L. GAO, C. ZHANG, and B. JIANG. "Short-term impacts of floods on enteric infectious disease in Qingdao, China, 2005–2011." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 15 (2016): 3278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001084.
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SUMMARYThe current study aimed to examine the relationship between floods and the three enteric infectious diseases, namely bacillary dysentery (BD), hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious diarrhoea (OID) in Qingdao, China. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of floods on BD, HFMD and OID were calculated using a quasi-Poisson generalized linear model, adjusting for daily average temperature, daily average relative humidity, and seasonal and long-term temporal trends. Two separate models within two different periods were designed. Model 1 for the summer period showed that floods were positively associated with BD for 4- to 12-day lags, with the greatest effects for 7-day (RR 1·41, 95% CI 1·22–1·62) and 11-day (RR 1·42, 95% CI 1·22–1·64) lags. Similar findings were found in model 2 for the whole study period for 5- to 12-day lags. However, HFMD and OID were not significantly associated with floods in both models. Results from this study will provide insight into the health risks associated with floods and may help inform public health precautionary measures for such disasters.
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Pierzgalski, Edward, and Jerzy Jeznach. "Measures for soil water control in Poland." Journal of Water and Land Development 10, no. 1 (2006): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-007-0007-5.
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Measures for soil water control in Poland Polish water resources depend on precipitations, which are variable in time and space. In dry years the water balance is negative in central parts of Poland but sudden thaws and downfalls may result in periodical water excess and dangerous floods almost in the entire country. The retention capacity of artificial reservoirs in Poland permits to store only 6% of the average annual runoff, which is commonly considered insufficient. Another method to increase retention is soil water control. About fifty percent of soils in Poland consist of light and very light sandy soils with low water capacity. Loams and organogenic soils cover approximately 25% and 8.5% area of the country, respectively. Almost half of agricultural lands (48%) have relatively good water conditions, but the rest requires soil water control measures. An increase of the soil water content could be achieved by changes of soil properties, water table control and soil water management. Modernization and reconstruction of drainage and irrigation systems, which were built mainly in the period 1960-1980, is needed.
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Suligowski, Ziemowit, and Nicole Nawrot. "The consequences of applying a new Polish Water Law Act for protection against urban flooding." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500093.
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Previous legal regulations did not create conditions for a comprehensive solution to the problems of the urban melioration complex. For over 20 years, urban flooding caused by atmospheric precipitation has been systematically recurring in Poland. The article was elaborated on the experience resulting from the 2001 and 2016 floods in Gdansk (Poland). The newly adopted Water Law Act creates a foundation for a systemic solution to previously neglected issues. A new supervisory authority has been introduced as ‘Polish Water’ (in the Polish nomenclature: Państwowe Gospodarstwo Wodne “Wody Polskie”). The Act takes into account the problems of flood risk management and counteracting the effects of drought.
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Mirosław-Świątek, Dorota, Paweł Marcinkowski, Krzysztof Kochanek, and Martin J. Wassen. "The impact of climate change on flow conditions and wetland ecosystems in the Lower Biebrza River (Poland)." PeerJ 8 (September 11, 2020): e9778. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9778.
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Water plays a key role in the functioning of wetlands and a shortage or contamination of it leads to changes in habitat conditions and degradation of ecosystems. This article scrutinizes the impact of climate change on the hydrological characteristics of floods (maximum flow, duration, volume) in the River Biebrza wetlands (North-East Poland). We analysed the trends in duration and volume of flood and maximum discharges in the historical period 1970–2000 and predicted these for the future periods 2020–2050 and 2070–2100, respectively. Next we assessed the impact on the wetland ecosystems. The basis of our assessments consists of statistical analyses of hydrographs and calculations by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool hydrological model and considering nine bias-corrected climate models. The results indicate that both volume and duration of winter floods will keep increasing continuously under Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5. The reduction in peak annual floods is expected to decline slightly in both scenarios. On the other hand, the analysis of trends in mean and standard deviation revealed negligible tendencies in the datasets for summer and winter hydrological seasons within the three time frames analysed (1970–2000; 2020–2050; 2070–2100). We foresee several future implications for the floodplain ecosystems. Shifts in transversal ecosystem zonation parallel to the river will likely take place with more highly productive flood tolerant vegetation types. Nutrient availability and algal blooms during spring inundations will likely increase. Slowdown of organic matter turnover later in summer will lead to a higher peat accumulation rate. Logistical problems with summer mowing and removal of bushes in winter may enhance shrub encroachment.
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Singh, Gagandeep, Vishwa Bandhu Singh Chandel, and Simrit Kahlon. "Flood Hazard Modelling in Upper Mandakini Basin of Uttarakhand." Current World Environment 16, no. 3 (2021): 880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.3.18.
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Floods in Himalayan region raise serious concerns regarding ongoing path of development as recent manifestations of catastrophic events establish link between climate changes and risk to anthropogenic activities in mountainous regions. Scientists predict frequent occurrence of such disasters wherein rapid glacial melting; incidents of glacial lake outburst and weather extremes may trigger floods in the Himalayan mountains. This paper examined flood risk in Upper Mandakini basin through GIS based flood simulationto highlight flood potential and risk associated with such hazard in the study area.It is observed that floods in study area display hazardous interplay of natural terrain gradient, high kinetic energy of streams, and intense rainfall. The upper sections of basin that includes Kali Ganga, Mandani Ganga, Madhyamaheshwar and Mandakini rivers shows high flood susceptibility with greatest risk in the latter. Such hazardousness is likely to be intensified by ongoing anthropogenic activities in the basin.
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Paprotny, D., and P. Terefenko. "New estimates of potential impacts of sea level rise and coastal floods in Poland." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 4 (2015): 2493–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-2493-2015.
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Abstract. Polish coastal zone is thought to be of the most exposed to sea level rise in Europe. With climate change expected to raise mean sea levels between 26 and 200 cm by the end of the century, and storms increasing in severity, accurate estimates of those phenomena are needed. Recent advances in quality and availability of spatial data in Poland made in possible to revisit previous estimates. Up-to-date detailed information on land use, population and buildings were used to calculate inundation risk at a broad range of scenarios. Inclusion, though imperfect, of flood defences from a high-resolution digital elevation model contributes to a further improvement of estimates. The results revealed that even by using a static "bathtub fill" approach the amount of land, population or assets at risk has been significantly revised down. Sea level rise or storm surges are unlikely to reach intensity required to cause significant damage to the economy or endanger the population. The exposure of different kinds of assets and sectors of the economy varies to a large extent, though the structural breakdown of potential losses is remarkably stable between scenarios.
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Weckwerth, Piotr, Wojciech Wysota, Jan A. Piotrowski, Aleksander Adamczyk, Arkadiusz Krawiec, and Michał Dąbrowski. "Late Weichselian glacier outburst floods in North-Eastern Poland: Landform evidence and palaeohydraulic significance." Earth-Science Reviews 194 (July 2019): 216–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.05.006.
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Paprotny, Dominik, and Paweł Terefenko. "New estimates of potential impacts of sea level rise and coastal floods in Poland." Natural Hazards 85, no. 2 (2016): 1249–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2619-z.
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Niedzielski, Tomasz. "Empirical Hydrologic Predictions for Southwestern Poland and Their Relation to Enso Teleconnections." Artificial Satellites 45, no. 1 (2010): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10018-010-0002-y.
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Empirical Hydrologic Predictions for Southwestern Poland and Their Relation to Enso TeleconnectionsRecent investigations confirm meaningful but weak teleconnections between the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and hydrology in some European regions. In particular, this finding holds for Polish riverflows in winter and early spring as inferred from integrating numerous geodetic, geophysical and hydrologic time series. The purpose of this study is to examine whether such remote teleconnections may have an influence on hydrologic forecasting. The daily discharge time series from southwestern (SW) Poland spanning the time interval from 1971 to 2006 are examined. A few winter and spring peak flows are considered and the issue of their predictability using empirical forecasting is addressed. Following satisfactory prediction performance reported elsewhere, the multivariate autoregressive method is used and its modification based on the finite impulse response filtering is proposed. The initial phases of peak flows are rather acceptably forecasted but the accuracy of predictions in the vicinity of local maxima of the hydrographs is poorer. It has been hypothesized that ENSO signal slightly influences the predictability of winter and early spring floods in SW Poland. The predictions of flood wave maxima are the most accurate for floods preceded by normal states, less accurate for peak flows after La Niño episodes and highly inaccurate for peak flows preceded by El Niño events. Such a finding can be interpreted in terms of intermittency. Before peak flows preceded by El Niño there are temporarily persistent low flows followed by a consecutive melting leading to a considerable intermittency and hence to difficulties in forecasting. Before peak flows preceded by La Niño episodes there exist ENSO-related positive temperature and precipitation anomalies in SW Poland causing lower, but still considerable, intermittency and thus better, but not entirely correct, predictability of hydrologic time series.
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Liu, Yesen, and Yaohuan Huang. "Why Flash Floods Occur Differently across Regions? A Spatial Analysis of China." Water 12, no. 12 (2020): 3344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123344.
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In recent years, flash floods have increased, accompanying rapid economic growth, changes to the natural environment and increases in extreme climate events. However, spatial heterogeneity in the influencing factors has seldom been studied systematically. This paper investigates this issue by using the Geodetector tool and considering 14 factors such as climate, natural environment, and human activities in 11 ecoregions in China based on flash flood records from 1950 to 2015 collected by the Investigation Project of Chinese Flash Floods. The results showed that there is obvious spatial heterogeneity in the main influencing factors and influencing weights in 11 ecoregions. Precipitation and landforms have the greatest effects on flash floods and the interactions of these two factors have the strongest effects as compared to interactions between other factors in most of the 11 ecoregions; however, the effect has obvious variation from northwest to Southeast. Meanwhile, human activities were found to have tangible impacts, especially in ecologically vulnerable regions. The findings provide a new understanding of how and why flash floods occur in a particular region and contribute to the formulation of regionally targeted strategies to cope with flash flood.
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Creach, Axel, Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga, Sophie Pardo, and Denis Mercier. "Method to Identify the Likelihood of Death in Residential Buildings during Coastal Flooding." Buildings 12, no. 2 (2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020125.
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Tools exist to predict fatalities related to floods, but current models do not focus on fatalities in buildings. For example, Storm Xynthia in France in 2010 resulted in 41 drowning deaths inside buildings. Therefore, there has been increasing recognition of the risk of people becoming trapped in buildings during floods. To identify buildings which could expose their occupants to a risk of death in the case of flooding, we propose the use of the extreme vulnerability index (VIE index), which identifies which buildings are at greatest risk of trapping people during floods. In addition, the “mortality function method” is used to further estimate the expected number of fatalities based on (1) groups of vulnerable people (e.g., aged or disabled), (2) the location of buildings in relation to major watercourses, and (3) the configuration of buildings (e.g., single or multiple entries and single or multiple stories). The overall framework is derived from case studies from Storm Xynthia which give a deterministic approach for deaths inside buildings for coastal floods, which is suited for low-lying areas protected by walls or sandy barriers. This methodology provides a tool which could help make decisions for adaptation strategy implementation to preserve human life.
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JANMAAT, JOHANNUS, and ARJAN RUIJS. "Sharing the load? Floods, droughts, and managing international rivers." Environment and Development Economics 12, no. 4 (2007): 573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x07003701.
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Rivers can be both givers of life and takers of life. Investments that provide protection against flooding are often beneficial during normal or low flows. Investments such as storage reservoirs are long lived, separating construction and management operations. With international rivers, the absence of enforcement mechanisms may preclude infrastructure collaboration. Where physical infrastructure is in an upstream nation, downstream impacts may be ignored after the structure has been completed. Using a game theoretic model, it is shown that downstream cooperation may only be rational when flooding is the primary downstream impact. A stylized arid developing region and humid developed region are compared. Potential gains from collaboration are greatest in arid regions, but may be difficult to achieve. There may be little scope for capturing the gains from basin level management if economic integration does not extend beyond water issues.
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Agbede, O. A., and Oluwatobi Aiyelokun. "Establishment of a Stochastic Model for Sustainable Economic Flood Management in Yewa Sub-Basin, Southwest Nigeria." Civil Engineering Journal 2, no. 12 (2016): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000065.
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Of all natural disasters, floods have been considered to have the greatest potential damage. The magnitude of economic damages and number of people affected by flooding have recently increased globally due to climate change. This study was based on the establishment of a stochastic model for reducing economic floods risk in Yewa sub-basin, by fitting maximum annual instantaneous discharge into four probability distributions. Daily discharge of River Yewa gauged at Ijaka-Oke was used to establish a rating curve for the sub-basin, while return periods of instantaneous peak floods were computed using the Hazen plotting position. Flood magnitudes were found to increase with return periods based on Hazen plotting position. In order to ascertain the most suitable probability distribution for predicting design floods, the performance evaluation of the models using root mean square error was employed. In addition, the four probability models were subjected to goodness of fit test besed on Anderson-Darling (A2) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS). As a result of the diagnostics test the Weibul probability distribution was confirmed to fit well with the empirical data of the study area. The stochastic model generated from the Weibul probability distribution, could be used to enhance sustainable development by reducing economic flood damages in the sub-basin.
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Brukwicka, Irena, and Iwona Dudzik. "Causes and effects of inflation in Poland." VUZF Review 6, no. 3 (2021): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.21.3.13.
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 In the paper it is discussed the causes and effects of inflation in Poland. The paper analyzes inflation in recent years, including changes caused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Undoubtedly, the spread of the coronavirus has contributed to the changes in the economy. Inflation is one of the main macroeconomic indicators that reflect the economic situation of a certain country. It occurs when the prices of goods and services in the market increase, so each subsequent year you can buy less for the same amount. Inflation occurs when the price increase is constant and persists over a specific period of time, then the purchasing power decreases (M. Gamrot, 2014). It is not a rule that the overall price index is influenced most by the products that have the greatest price appreciation. The pass-through to the inflation rate also depends on the share of a product's "weight" in conventional household consumption expenditures. CPI inflation in 2021 in Poland is influenced, to the greatest extent, by energy prices causing food prices increase and core economic inflation. The factors forming inflation, are the so-called, inflation expectations significantly influencing consumption or investment decisions. Measures taken in the economic policy, such as a significant loosening of monetary or fiscal policy contributed to the mitigation of the effects of COVID-19.
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Grabowska, Katarzyna. "Dangerous Weather Phenomena in Europe in The Year 2000 and their Dependence on Circulation." Miscellanea Geographica 12, no. 1 (2006): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2006-0007.
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Abstract In the paper the influence of atmospheric circulation on selected dangerous weather phenomena in Europe in the year 2000 has been presented. Dangerous weather phenomena include: 30 days with thunderstorms in Poland and 26 examples of such phenomena in Europe (tornados, strong winds, thunderstorms, torrential rains, floods, etc.). The NAO index (North Atlantic Oscillation) served to determine the character of the circulation that influenced the occurrence of catastrophic phenomena in Western, Central and Southern Europe. The J. Lityński classification of circulation types was used to thunderstorms occurring in Poland only. Most catastrophic phenomena during the positive NAO phase (predominance of zonal circulation) happened in Western and Central Europe. During the negative NAO phase (predominance of meridional circulation) the regions of the Mediterranean Basin were more frequently affected. In the case of thunderstorms in Poland in the year under investigation (2000) their occurrence was related to the inflow of air masses from the northern sector.
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Dumieński, Grzegorz, Agnieszka Mruklik, Andrzej Tiukało, and Alicja Lisowska. "Preliminary research on adaptability of municipalities in the sub-basin of Nysa Kłodzka using multidimensional comparative analysis." ITM Web of Conferences 23 (2018): 00008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20182300008.
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The aim of this article is to present a preliminary assessment of the adaptability of Polish municipalities to the flood hazard. In the conducted studies municipalities were understood not only as basic local government units in Poland, but also as social-ecological systems. The study covered 18 municipalities situated in the sub-basin of Nysa Kłodzka. This region has suffered from numerous floods in the past, and adverse consequences in the form of material losses as well as in human victims let us acknowledge this part of Poland to be one of the most threatened by floods. The analyses used data available in the public domain (mainly from the Statistics Poland database; Polish abbr. GUS) as well as obtained using the questionnaire created for this purpose. The preliminary studies on adaptability of the municipalities in the area of the sub-basin of Nysa Kłodzka have been conducted using the data form the period of 2010-2016. The starting point for conducting a multidimensional comparative analysis, and at the same time the selection of 110 gained diagnostic variables describing 18 determinants of SES adaptability to flood hazard was the identification of 2 main factors determining SES’ adaptability (its adaptive potential and adaptive capacity), and 4 categories of determinants of its adaptability (human capital and social potential, financial potential, ecological potential and organizational potential). The initial selection of the diagnostic variables was made using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The proposed logic of aggregation and selection of these variables can be adapted for the adaptability studies on other territorial units and for study on their adaptability to different kinds of threats.
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Pieron, Łukasz, Damian Absalon, Michał Habel, and Magdalena Matysik. "Inventory of Reservoirs of Key Significance for Water Management in Poland—Evaluation of Changes in Their Capacity." Energies 14, no. 23 (2021): 7951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237951.
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Dam reservoirs constitute an important element of protection against floods and hydrological droughts, and they ensure the possibility of producing electricity. Loss of reservoirs’ storage capacity has a significant impact on the management of their water resources, including flood protection and counteracting the effects of drought and the possibility of producing electricity. The paper presents changes in the capacity of 47 reservoirs in Poland that have the status of key objects of protection against floods and hydrological drought. Based on the collected, unpublished data, the changes in capacity from the beginning of the reservoirs’ existence to 31 March 2021 were calculated, which allowed us to determine the total amount of lost capacity and the pace of the processes taking place. From the beginning of operation (average operation time 48 years), the capacity has decreased by about 5%, which means that almost 200 million m3 less water is stored. Detailed analyses of the lost capacity also allowed for an illustrative presentation of forecasts for further changes in the short and long term. The results obtained represent a unique contribution to future national strategies for the management of sediment and reservoirs’ flood reserve and reduction of drought. The presentation of this problem seems to be important also in the context of climate change.
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Franczak, Paweł. "The role of catastrophic floods in shaping the morphology of river beds in small mountain catchment areas." Forest Research Papers 78, no. 1 (2017): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0003.
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Abstract Mountain streams are subjected to the continuous reshaping of their river beds during floods, with the greatest changes occurring during extreme floods caused by sudden and heavy rainfall. River bed transformations during these flash floods are more severe in forested areas, where wooden logs carried by swollen streams are more likely to be deposited on the ground, which in turn leads to the greater accumulation of other transported material and debris. The study was conducted in the Rybny Potok catchment area (Babia Góra National Park). An extreme flash flood occurred on 15–16 May 2014 because of heavy rainfall, which, on 15 May amounted to 138 mm. The total amount of precipitation in the catchment area was 216.5 mm in three days. This resulted in sudden and full streams in spate, contributing to significant geomorphological transformations reaching all the way to the bottom of the river beds. During the flash flood, already established river beds and streams increased in size and many new river courses were formed.
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Hrybau, Andrei, Volha Hryshanava, Mirosława Witkowska-Dąbrowska, and Natalia Świdyńska. "Agricultural Production Volume in Poland and in Belarus and its Prospects." Olsztyn Economic Journal 14, no. 4 (2019): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.4934.
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The aim of this study was to identify changes in the agricultural production volume for selected branches in 2013-2017 and to estimate the future trends in Belarus and in Poland. The follow-ing comparative analyses used selected per capita intensity indices, thechange rate index and a logistic function. The study found that in both countries the greatest decrease took place in the plant production volume, while animal production volume remained more stable. The fact that its foreign trade is heavily dependent on Russia is the greatest problem for Belarus. Foreign trade in Poland is more stable and less dependent on Russia owing to the influence of the European Union.
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Świderska, Urszula, Agata Wołczańska, Monika Kozłowska, Wiesław Mułenko, and Magdalena Mamczarz. "Recent collections of powdery mildews (Erysiphales) in Poland." Acta Mycologica 40, no. 1 (2014): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2005.006.
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Findings on the occurrence of 17 species of powdery mildews in Poland and Europe, collected on 37 plant taxa (species, varieties), are reported. Eight species were found on 13 host species not noted in Europe before. 2A species of plants are new hosts for these fungi in Poland. The greatest number of plants (10 species) was infected by <i>Erysiphe berberidis</i>.
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Godyń, Izabela. "A Revised Approach to Flood Damage Estimation in Flood Risk Maps and Flood Risk Management Plans, Poland." Water 13, no. 19 (2021): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192713.
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This article describes the determination of asset values in residential and industrial areas in Poland that can be used in the preparation of flood hazard and risk maps (FRMs) and flood risk management plans (FRMPs). In the Floods Directive’s first cycle of implementation (2010–2015), German indicators of asset value were adapted to Polish conditions. This approach was used due to the lack of national statistics necessary to determine the value of property. In this study, the asset values in residential and industrial areas were prepared on the basis of the nationwide household wealth survey conducted in 2016 by the Narodowy Bank Polski (the central bank of Poland) and other data available from Statistics Poland. The proposed approach enables the determination of asset values based on real, validated data. The obtained indicators result in higher and more realistic values of the assets of households (buildings with contents) and the assets of companies (fixed assets and stocks) operating in both residential and industrial areas. The proposed approach, as an extension in relation to the first planning cycle, has been implemented in the second cycle of FRMP preparation in Poland.