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Journal articles on the topic 'The Hague Peace Conferences'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Aldrich, George H., and Christine M. Chinkin. "Introduction." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000019187.

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On May 18, 1899, die first Hague Peace Conference was convened in the House in the Woods provided by the Dutch royal family. It was attended by invitation by representatives of twenty-six of the fifty-nine governments that then claimed sovereignty. The hundred delegates included diplomats, statesmen (no stateswomen!), publicists, lawyers, and technical and scientific experts. Unlike earlier peace conferences, which were convened to terminate ongoing armed conflicts, the Hague Conference met in peacetime for the purpose of making law. The conference was called at the initiative of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia with the intentions principally to seek agreements to limit armaments and their consequent financial burdens, and secondarily to improve the prospects for the peaceful setdement of international disputes and to codify the laws of war. Doubtiess, the tsar’s initiative was inspired in part by his grandfather’s earlier success in obtaining the St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868, which prohibited, for humanitarian reasons, the use of explosive projectiles weighing less than four hundred grams. In any event, the Hague Peace Conference pursued a much broader agenda than the meetings at St. Petersburg and was able to draw upon certain preparatory work on the laws of war, including the Geneva Convention on the Amelioration of the Conditions of the Wounded in Armies in the Field of 1864, the draft Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War produced by the Brussels Conference of 1874, and the Oxford Manual on the laws of war of 1880, which had been adopted unanimously by the Institute of International Law.

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2

Schlichtmann, Klaus. "Japan, Germany and the Idea of the Hague Peace Conferences." Journal of Peace Research 40, no. 4 (July 2003): 377–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00223433030404002.

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3

Graham, Nicholson. "To summon the nations: Russia and The Hague peace conferences." International Journal of Peace and Development Studies 7, no. 4 (July 31, 2016): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijpds2014.0221.

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4

Brus, Marcel. "A Non-Aligned Crusade for International Law?" Leiden Journal of International Law 2, no. 2 (November 1989): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500001291.

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From 26 to 29 June the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries convened at the premisses of the Peace Palace in The Hague to discuss the issue of peace and the rule of law in international affairs. This meeting was the start of a campaign for aDecade of International Law. This was the first occasion that an extraordinary ministerial conference of the Non-Aligned Movement was not held in one of its member countries. The Hague was chosen to underline the historic ties between this city and the (early) development of international law. This year it will be 90 years ago that the First Hague Peace Conference was held on the initiative of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia. This conference (together with the Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907) became a landmark in the history of the codification of international law and especially the development of mechanisms for the peaceful settlement of international disputes between states. The two most important conventions that were adopted at that conference were the Convention with Respect to the Law and Customs of War on Land and the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes.

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5

Stoett, Peter, and Pamela Teitelbaum. "The Hague Appeal for Peace Conference." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 55, no. 1 (March 2000): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070200005500103.

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6

Shinkaretskaya, G. "A Changing Attitude Towards International Adjudication in the Soviet Union." Leiden Journal of International Law 3, no. 3 (December 1990): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215650000217x.

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Russia (at that time still Tsarist Russia), its science and its government played a special role in the preparation of the two Hague Peace Conferences. One cannot but appreciate what Russian scientists, like Kachenovski, Nezabitovsky and others have done for the development of the idea to apply formalized, juridical methods in disputes between nations; one cannot but see that it was Kamarovsky who suggested that very scheme of building an international court of justice which is used up to now.Let us also give F.F. Martens, who took part in the preparation of the acts adopted by the Conferences, his due.

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7

Eyffinger, Arthur. "Caught Between Tradition and Modernity: East Asia at The Hague Peace Conferences." Journal of East Asia and International Law 1, no. 1 (May 30, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14330/jeail.2008.1.1.01.

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8

Best, Geoffrey. "Peace Conferences and the Century Of Total War: The 1899 Hague Conference and What Came After." International Affairs 75, no. 3 (July 1999): 619–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00096.

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9

Bettez, David J. "Unfulfilled initiative: Disarmament negotiations and the Hague peace conferences of 1899 and 1907." RUSI Journal 133, no. 3 (September 1988): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071848808445312.

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10

Nikolayev, Nikolay. "L.N. Tolstoy and the 1899 Hague peace conference." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (February 2010): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2010.2.2.

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11

Hucker, Daniel. "British Peace Activism and ‘New’ Diplomacy: Revisiting the 1899 Hague Peace Conference." Diplomacy & Statecraft 26, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2015.1067509.

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12

Schaaf, Robert W. "The United Nations International Law Commission." International Journal of Legal Information 18, no. 2 (1990): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500026573.

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Those seeking information on the United Nations’ work in systematizing the rules of public international law may find it useful to examine the latest edition of The Work of the International Law Commission (4th ed., United Nations, 1988). According to this publication, (the primary source for this column), interest in the development and codification of the rules on international law may be traced back to the late 18th century and the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, author of Principles of International Law. From this time forward there were numerous attempts at the codification of international law, but intergovernmental regulation of general legal questions originated with the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815). Thereafter, international legal rules on various subjects were developed by different diplomatic conferences. These included such subjects as the laws of war on land and sea, pacific settlement of international disputes and the regulation of postal services and telecommunications. The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 stimulated the movement for codification. Efforts to promote the codification and development of international law were further advanced with the 1924 (September 22) resolution of the fifth session of the League of Nations Assembly which envisaged the establishment of a standing Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law. After having consulted member governments and the Council, the League Assembly decided in 1927 to convene a Codification Conference which took place at The Hague in the Spring of 1930. Unfortunately, the international instruments resulting from the work of the conference were only in the one field of nationality. One further step, however, was the adoption by the League Assembly on September 25, 1931 of a major resolution on codification of international law emphasizing the need to strengthen the influence of governments at each stage in the codification process.

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13

Harris, Steven. "Taming Arbitration: States’ Men, Lawyers, and Peace Advocates from the Hague to the War." Journal of the History of International Law 19, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 362–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-19031007.

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At the end of the nineteenth century, the states’-system saw off a challenge from international lawyers and peace advocates who sought saw arbitration as a means to constrain raison d’état and state discretion over the decision to go to war. While there is no evidence that statesmen engaged in a vast conspiracy, the statements and actions of diplomats from all the great powers demonstrate a consistent pattern of opposition to arbitration, restricting its application prior to, at, and after the Hague Conferences. In so doing, they worked to create the appearance of meeting public demand for an alternative to war. It is no surprise, therefore, that arbitration was never a meaningful part of international relations and can hardly be blamed for the descent into war in 1914.

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14

Chernyavskiy, S. I. "To the 110th anniversary of the Second Hague Peace Conference." Journal of International Analytics, no. 2 (June 28, 2017): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2017-0-2-84-90.

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One hundred and ten years ago, at the initiative of Russia, the Second International Peace Conference was held in The Hague. It adopted 10 conventions on the laws and customs of war that laid the foundation for the system of international humanitarian law. It became a logical continuation of the 1899 conference, also convened at the initiative of Russia, which established general rules for the peaceful settlement of clashes between the powers, as well as a number of resolutions and «wishes» for conducting military operations. The article analyzes the reasons for convening these international forums and their significance for the world community.

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15

Chao, Anne. "Transmissi ons and Transformations: Global Peace Movements between the Hague Conferences and World War I." History Compass 5, no. 5 (August 2007): 1677–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00458.x.

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16

Glikman, O. "International Legal Meaning of the Second Hague Peace Conference and the Role of Russia." Journal of International Analytics, no. 2 (June 28, 2017): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2017-0-2-91-93.

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The paper presents the historical legal context of the Second Hague Peace Conference (1907) and highlights the role played by Fyodor Fyodorovich (Friedrich Fromhold) Martens in the successful outcome of the Conference. A characteristic is given to various aspects of the influence which the documents signed at the Conference exerted on the development of International Law, as well as to key factors of its impact on the modern legal norms.

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17

Brailey, N. J. "Sir Ernest Satow and the 1907 Second Hague Peace Conference." Diplomacy & Statecraft 13, no. 2 (June 2002): 201–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714000320.

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18

이민원. "The Hague Peace Conference and the Emperor Gwangmoo's Special Envoy." JOURNAL OF KOREAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT STUDIES ll, no. 29 (December 2007): 87–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.15799/kimos.2007..29.003.

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19

Sindeev, Alexey. "Sources of European security: The Hague Peace Conference of 1907." Contemporary Europe 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope12018126136.

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20

Sindeev, Alexey. "Sources of European Security: The Hague Peace Conference of 1907." Contemporary Europe 18, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope22018141151.

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21

Sindeev, Alexei. "Sources of European security: The Hague Peace Conference of 1899." Contemporary Europe 70, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope42016130140.

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22

Pinto, M. C. W. "Structure, Process, Outcome: Thoughts on the ‘Essence’ of International Arbitration." Leiden Journal of International Law 6, no. 2 (August 1993): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500002661.

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The Hague Peace Conference of 1899 was attended by 27 states, the Conference of 1907 by 43, the overwhelming majority being from Europe and America. Among the participants were four from Asia: China, Japan, Persia and Siam. Their delegates, trained in the best European legal and diplomatic traditions, were assisted by European experts in explaining their positions on ‘projects’ (or drafts) of European or American origin.

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23

Benvenisti, Eyal. "The Origins of the Concept of Belligerent Occupation." Law and History Review 26, no. 3 (2008): 621–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248000002595.

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The contemporary international law of occupation, which regulates the conduct of occupying forces during wartime, was framed over the course of deliberations among European governments during the second half of the nineteenth century. The debates between representatives of strong and weak powers on this matter dominated the conferences in Brussels (1874) and The Hague (1899), whose goal was to formulate the laws of war through an international agreement. The outcome, enshrined in what is known as the Hague Regulations of 1899,1 represented a delicate balance that both provided protection for a civilian population brought under the control of an occupant and safeguarded the interests of the ousted government for the duration of the occupation. Occupation was conceived of as a temporary regime existing until the conclusion of a peace agreement between the enemy sides (unless the defeated party ceased to exist as a result of the war, a situation referred to as debellatio). The evolution of the law of occupation in the nineteenth century was a gradual process, shaped by changing conceptions about war and sovereignty, as well as by the balance of power emerging in Europe.

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24

Chernyavskiy, S. I. "THE HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCE OF 1907: A RETROSPECTIVE AFTER 110 YEARS." Tractus Aevorum 4, no. 1 (April 27, 2017): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2312-3044-2017-4-1-23-40.

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25

Stoett, Peter, and Pamela Teitelbaum. "The Hague Appeal for Peace Conference: Reflections on 'Civil Society' and NGOs." International Journal 55, no. 1 (1999): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203453.

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26

Naber, Jonneke. "Faith in Human Rights On 10 December 2008 Senior Religious Representatives State Support of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Religion & Human Rights 3, no. 3 (2008): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852908x378161.

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AbstractOn 10 December 2008 ten senior religious representatives of different world religions will assemble in the Peace Palace in The Hague to declare their support to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the presence of a large gathering of dignitaries. They will be the first signatories of the Statement Faith in Human Rights, open for endorsement by other prominent religious leaders around the world. This article describes the origin, purpose and preparatory stages of this International Inter-religious Conference.

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27

Abbenhuis, Maartje. "‘This is an Account of Failure’: The Contested Historiography of the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899, 1907 and 1915." Diplomacy & Statecraft 32, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2021.1883858.

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28

Eyffinger, Arthur. "A HIGHLY CRITICAL MOMENT: ROLE AND RECORD OF THE 1907 HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCE." Netherlands International Law Review 54, no. 02 (August 2007): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x07001970.

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29

Lizé, Clémence. "The 1907 Hague Peace Conference: Understanding China’s Initial Steps towards the ‘International Society’." China and WTO Review 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14330/cwr.2020.6.1.05.

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30

심비르체바. "The Second Hague Peace Conference in 1907 gnificance of the Korean Special Envoy." JOURNAL OF KOREAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT STUDIES ll, no. 29 (December 2007): 57–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15799/kimos.2007..29.002.

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31

Han Cheol-Ho. "Homer B. Hulber's Achievements at the Hague Peace Conference and Korea-US Relationship." JOURNAL OF KOREAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT STUDIES ll, no. 29 (December 2007): 175–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.15799/kimos.2007..29.005.

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32

Yoon,Byung-Seok. "The Second Hague Peace Conference and the Historical Significance of the Korean Special Envoy." JOURNAL OF KOREAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT STUDIES ll, no. 29 (December 2007): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15799/kimos.2007..29.001.

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33

Aldrich, George H. "The Laws of War on Land." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 1 (January 2000): 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2555230.

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One hundred years after the Hague Peace Conference of 1899 seems an appropriate time to review the subsequent developments in codification and practice that have molded the present laws applicable to the conduct of armed conflict and, more importantly, to identify those aspects of the law that are most in need of further development in the early years of the next century. Any attempt to do so in a comprehensive and detailed manner would obviously far exceed the scope of an article; consequendy, what follows is a more selective approach, consistent with this limited scope, that focuses on the most troubled areas of the law.

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34

Hucker, Daniel. "“Our Expectations Were Perhaps Too High”: Disarmament, Citizen Activism, and the 1907 Hague Peace Conference." Peace & Change 44, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pech.12322.

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35

Janis, Mark Weston. "S. Rosenne, ed., The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and International Arbitration: Reports and Documents, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague 2001, xxix + 457 pp. ISBN 90-6704-134-3." Netherlands International Law Review 49, no. 02 (August 2002): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00000498.

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36

Kuitenbrouwer, M. "A. Eyffinger, The 1899 Hague peace conference. 'The parliament of man, the federation of the world'." BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 116, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.5483.

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37

Martin, Christopher. "The 1907 Naval War Plans and the second Hague peace conference: A case of propaganda 1." Journal of Strategic Studies 28, no. 5 (October 2005): 833–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390500393993.

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38

전일욱. "Implication of Dispatching the Korean Empire(Daehan Jeguk)’s Envoy to the Hague International Peace Conference." Journal of Association for Korean Public Administration History ll, no. 34 (June 2014): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15856/jakpah.2014..34.29.

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39

박종효. "The Korean Special Envoy to the Second Hague Peace Conference and Relations between Korea and Russia." JOURNAL OF KOREAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT STUDIES ll, no. 29 (December 2007): 137–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15799/kimos.2007..29.004.

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40

Packeiser, Matthias. "Latin America in the Beginning of the 20th Century: A Turn to Adjudication?" Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 14, no. 3 (December 9, 2015): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341304.

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The present study deals with the question of whether Latin American states turned towards adjudication and away from arbitration at the beginning of the 20th century. Little has been researched concerning the reasons why Latin American states had a friendly attitude towards this instrument to settle international disputes. This article shall endeavour to find out more about why this was the case. The research focuses on an analysis of the conduct of Latin American countries at the Second Hague Peace Conference and at the Washington Conference (both in 1907). Ensuing developments are taken into consideration as well in order to arrive at the following conclusion: Although the idea of international adjudication was very well received by the Latin American states, and although they were the first to introduce a regional international court of law, they did not turn away from arbitration but continued to use it – in particular in inter-American relations.

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41

Munro, Thomas. "“The Courageous Conference”: British and American Newspaper Coverage of the 1915 Women’s Peace Congress at The Hague." Australian Journal of Politics & History 64, no. 3 (September 2018): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12481.

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42

Keefer, Scott Andrew. "Building the Palace of Peace: The Hague Conference of 1899 and Arms Control in the Progressive Era." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international 8, no. 1 (2006): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180506777834380.

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43

Keefer, Scott Andrew. "Building the Palace of Peace: The Hague Conference of 1907 and Arms Control before the World War." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international 9, no. 1 (2007): 35–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138819907x187297.

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44

Alter, Karen J. "The Empire of International Law?" American Journal of International Law 113, no. 1 (January 2019): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.81.

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This review essay examines three intellectual histories focused on fundamental transformations of international law in the early twentieth century. Juan Pablo Scarfi's Hidden History of International Law in the Americas is most interested in debates about a Pan-American international law, meaning the idea that international law might work differently in different regions, which was debated but eventually gave way to the change that Arnulf Becker Lorca, a Lecturer in Public International Law at Georgetown Law, discusses. Becker Lorca's Mestizo International Law is most interested in how the conception that international law applied only to civilized nations transformed into the modern conception that presumes sovereign equality. The Internationalists, by Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro, respectively the Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law and the Charles F. Southmayd Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy at Yale Law School, and seeks to understand how the normal (and legal) recourse to force in international relations was replaced by an international law that bans the use of force, except in self-defense. Ideas regarding these issues started to evolve in the late 1800s, but the transformative debates occurred at roughly the same time because the Hague Peace Conferences and the League of Nations allowed contestations over old versus updated understandings of international law to flourish.

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45

김원수. "Korean Peninsula War and The Dispatch of Korean Special Envoy to The Hague Peace Conference ; World Historical Approach." Studies on History Education ll, no. 21 (April 2015): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.16976/kahe.2015..21.215.

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46

Oza, Gunavant M. "International Environmental Law Conference, held in the Peace Palace, The Hague, The Netherlands, during 12–16 August 1991." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 3 (1992): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900031180.

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47

VAN DEN HOUT, TJACO T. "Resolution of International Disputes: The Role of the Permanent Court of Arbitration – Reflections on the Centenary of the 1907 Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes." Leiden Journal of International Law 21, no. 3 (September 2008): 643–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156508005220.

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AbstractThe Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) was established at the first Hague Peace Conference in 1899. During the past decade the PCA has progressed from a period of relative inactivity to a previously unsurpassed caseload. In this article the Secretary-General of the PCA reflects on the creation and early development of the PCA, before giving a detailed overview of recent arbitrations conducted under PCA auspices. The first part of this review, concerning treaty-based arbitration, analyses the role of the PCA in the resolution of disputes under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, illustrated by the arbitrations conducted in the Guyana/Suriname, Barbados/Trinidad, Malaysia/Singapore, and Ireland/United Kingdom (MOX Plant) disputes. The second part, which focuses on ad hoc arbitration, outlines the recently concluded arbitrations in the Iron Rhine (Belgium/Netherlands) and Eritrea/Yemen cases, as well as the work of the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission and Claims Commission.

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48

Oza, Gunavant M. "Conference on Internatonal Environmental Law, held in the Peace Palace, The Hague, The Netherlands, during 12–16 August 1991." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 4 (1991): 374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900022797.

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49

Lemnitzer, Jan Martin. "War, peace and international order? The legacies of the Hague conferences of 1899 and 1907, edited volume by Maartje Abbenhuis, Christopher Ernest Barber, and Annalise R. Higgins." International History Review 40, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1430501.

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50

Petersmann, E.-U. "Editorial. Centennial of the 1899 Hague Peace Conference and 1899 Hague Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes - 1999 Geneva Academy of International Economic Law and Dispute Settlement." Journal of International Economic Law 2, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/2.2.185.

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