Dissertations / Theses: 'The historical genesis'

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Van, der Merwe Aletta Elizabeth. "Population genetic structure and demographical history of South African abalone, Haliotis midae, in a conservation context." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3974.

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Thesis (PhD (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African abalone, Haliotis midae, has been the subject of major concern regarding its survival and conservation over the last decade or more. Being the only one of five endemic species with commercial value, there is considerable interest and urgency in genetic management and improvement of this species. Limited genetic information and the increasing conservation concern of this species are considered the key motivations for generating information on the micro- and macro-evolutionary processes of H. midae, the overall objective of this study. This study reported the first microsatellite and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers developed specifically for Haliotis midae. Both these marker types were applied to elucidate the degree of gene flow in nine natural abalone populations whilst testing for two contrasting hypotheses; panmixia versus restricted gene flow. Data was analysed using a series of methodological approaches ranging from traditional summary statistics to more advanced MCMC based Bayesian clustering methods with and without including spatial information. Using only microsatellite data, the historical demography of the species was also examined in terms of effective population size and population size fluctuations. Finally, the evolutionary positioning and origin of Haliotis midae with regards to other Haliotis species was investigated based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Both microsatellite and SNP data gave evidence for subtle differentiation between West and East coast populations that correlates with a hydrogeographic barrier in the vicinity of Cape Agulhas. Population substructure was supported by AMOVA, FCA and Bayesian clustering analysis. Clustering utilizing spatial information further indicated clinal variation on both sides of the proposed barrier with a region in the middle coinciding with a secondary contact zone, indicating possible historical isolation during glacial periods. Overall, the similar degree of substructure observed with both microsatellites and SNPs supported the existence of contemporary and/or historical factors with genome-wide effect on gene flow. The population expansion measured with the microsatellites was inconsistent with the known recent decline but taking the species’ life cycle and large effective population size into account, a shrinkage in population size will probably only be apparent in a few generations time. On a macro-evolutionary scale, this study presents the first classification of South African abalone as a monophyletic group within the Haliotidae family. The topology based on the combined mitochondrial and nuclear dataset is highly suggestive of a relatively recent radiation of the SA species from the Indo-Pacific basin. The study concludes by describing the most likely factors that could have affected overall population structure and makes suggestions on how the given genetic information should be incorporated into strategies aimed towards the effective management and conservation of Haliotis midae. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen, Haliotis midae, is oor die laaste dekade of meer die onderwerp van groot bekommernis betreffende die spesie se oorlewing en bewaring. Aangesien dit die enigste van vyf endemiese SA spesies is met kommersiёle waarde, is daar besonderse belang en erns in die genetiese beheer en verbetering van die spesie. Beperkte genetiese inligting en ‘n toenemende behoefte om die spesie te bewaar is die hoof motivering agter die generering van informasie rakende mikro- en makro-evolusionêre prosesse in Haliotis midae en is die oorhoofse doel van hierdie studie. Hierdie studie beskryf die eerste mikrosatelliete en enkel basispaar polimorfismes wat ontwikkel is spesifiek vir Haliotis midae. Beide tipe merkers is aangewend om die mate van gene vloei in nege wilde perlemoen populasies te ondersoek terwyl twee hipoteses ondersoek is; panmiksie versus beperkte gene vloei. Data is geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van ‘n reeks metodieke benaderings wat wissel van tradisionele opsommings statistieke tot meer gevorderde MCMC gebasseerde groeperings metodes met of sonder die gebruik van geografiese data. Mikrosatelliet data is ook aangewend om die historiese demografie van die spesie te bepaal in terme van effektiewe populasie grootte asook veranderinge in populasie groottes. Laastens is die evolusionêre posisionering en oorsprong van Haliotis midae teenoor ander Haliotis spesies ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van mitokondriale en nukleêre DNA volgorde data. Beide mikrosatelliet en enkel basispaar polimorfisme data lewer bewys van ‘n subtiele genetiese verskil tussen wes en ooskus populasies wat verband hou met ‘n hidrografiese skeiding in die omgewing van Kaap Agulhas. Populasie struktuur is ondersteun deur die analise van molekulêre variansie (AMOVA), faktoriale komponente analise asook Bayesiese groeperings analise. Groeperings analise wat geografiese informasie insluit dui klinale genetiese variasie aan beide kante van die skeiding aan met ‘n area in die middel wat ooreenstem met ‘n sekondêre kontak gebied. In totaal, ondersteun die soortgelyke mate van struktuur verkry met beide die mikrosatelliete en enkel basispaar polimorfismes die bestaan van hedendaagse en/of historiese faktore met genoom wye invloed op gene vloei. Die toename in populasie grootte vasgestel deur die mikrosatelliet data stem nie ooreen met die onlangse afname waargeneem in die spesie nie, maar met inagneming van Haliotis midae se lewenssiklus en groot effektiewe populasie grootte, sal die afname in populasie grootte moontlik eers oor ‘n paar generasies na vore kom. Op ‘n makro-evolusionêre skaal lewer hierdie studie die eerste klassifikasie van Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen as ‘n monofiletiese groep binne die Haliotidae familie. Die topologie gebaseer op ‘n gesamentlike mitkondriale en nukleêre datastel is hoogs aanduidend van ‘n relatiewe onlangse verspreiding van die Suid-Afrikaanse spesies uit die Stille-Indiese Oseaan. Die studie sluit af deur die mees algemene faktore te bespreek wat populasie struktuur kon beïnvloed het en maak voorstelle op watter wyse hierdie genetiese inligting aangewend kan word vir die effekiewe beheer en bewaring van Haliotis midae.

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Сорока, О. Я. "Державне регулювання методичної діяльності на Прикарпатті в першій половині ХХ століття". Thesis, Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу, 2016. http://elar.nung.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35.

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Розкрито генезу державного регулювання медичної діяльності на Прикарпатті у першій половині XX століття та обгрунтовано чотири періоди цього процесу: перший (1900-1918) - регулювання медичної діяльності на Прикарпатті у складі Австро-Угорської імперії; другий (1918-1919) - особливості регулювання медичної діяльності на Прикарпатті в часи Західно-Української Народної Республіки; третій (1919-1939) - регулювання медичної діяльності на Прикарпатті під впливом і за зразком Польщі (II Річ Посполита); четвертий період (1939-1950), в якому видаляються три етапи: перший (1939-1941) початок формування радянської системи державного управління взагалі та радянської системи охорони здоров'я зокрема; другий етап (1941-1944) -німецька окупація; третій етап (1944-1950) -становлення та розвиток радянської командно-адміністративної системи державного управління. Доведено, що державне регулювання медичної діяльності на теренах Прикарпаття в першій половині XX століття відбувалося в складних соціально-політичних умовах, а часта зміна різних суспільно-економічних формацій, перехід під вплив то однієї держави то другої, суттєво вплинули на характер суспільних відносин, зокрема й у сфері охорони здоров'я. Визначено можливості використання позитивного історичного досвіду теорії і практики державного регулювання медичної діяльності на Прикарпатті в першій половині XX століття та його значення для вдосконалення державного регулювання медичної діяльності в Україні на сучасному етапі. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані в практичній діяльності органів управління охороною здоров'я, у викладацькій та лекторській роботі та стати основою для подальших історико-теоретичних досліджень. In the thesis research it is revealed the genesis of medical activity state regulation in Precarpathian region in first half of XX century and it is justified chronological sequence of this process on the basis of usage set historical periodization of the researched period. It is proved that state regulation of medical activity on the territory of Precarpathian region in first half of XX century was carried out in complicated social- politic conditions, and frequent change of different social-economic formations, transition under the influence that or other state have significantly influenced on the character of social relations, therefore in the sphere of health care. It is defined possibilities of usage positive historical experience of theory and practice of medical activity state regulation in Precarpathian region in first half of XX century and its meaning for improvement of medical activity state regulation in Ukraine at modem stage. It is improved the definition of the concept “state regulation of medical activity” by investigating historical and scientific-theoretical approaches as for their essence in national literature. Results of the research can be used in practical activity of health care establishments, in tutorial and lecturing work and become the basis for further historic- theoretical researches.

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Ansell, S. "Historical biogeography and population genetics of the plant Arabidopsis petraea." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596126.

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Arabidopsis petraea is rock dwelling herb and a member of the Brassicaceae family. It has recently emerged as a new model organism for studying plant ecology, evolution and adaptation because it is diploid, outcrossing, has a wide geographic range, is ecological flexible and closely related to the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis petraea is also a biogeographic enigma because its entire disjunct distribution range (Austria, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Iceland, Norway, Scotland, Sweden and Wales) covers the parts of Europe that were effected by the last glaciation and there are very few fossil records. The aim of this thesis was to establish the historical biogeography of Arabidopsis petraea by gathering genetic information that could be used to test three models of glacial survival. 1882 plants from 61 populations in Austria, Germany, Iceland, Scotland, Sweden and Wales were collected and screened for genetic variation using allozyme and chloroplast markers. The allozyme markers revealed that this species was highly variable and that regions were essentially equally diverse and geographic differentiation was weak. This indicated that variation has travel with this species during postglacial repopulation and that the process of colonisation probably involved large population sizes. The chloroplast marker showed there were two very common haplotypes detected in the majority of populations and regions, suggesting that the disjunct regions share a common recent origin. Together with the ecological, geological and distribution data it was possible to conclude that A. petraea probably survived the last glacial in a central Europe refugia and that northern Europe was recolonised by large populations migrating at the edge of the retreating glaciers. The current disjunct distribution pattern of A. petraea was formed through a combination of its special ecological requirement and the arrival of a more competitive temperate flora across much of Europe.

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Ramachandran, Sohini. "The signature of historical migrations on human population genetic data /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Farrington, Heather. "Historical Specimens Reveal a Century of Genetic Change in Darwin’s Finches." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1299005149.

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Weidow, Elliot D. "Genetic Diversity in an Invasive Clonal Plant? A Historical and Contemporary Perspective." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2522.

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Introduced populations of Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) possess extremely low levels of genetic diversity due to severe bottleneck events and clonal reproduction. While populations elsewhere have been well studied, North American populations of E. crassipes remain understudied. We used Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism markers to assess genetic diversity and population structure in North American E. crassipes populations. Patterns of diversity over the past fifty years were analyzed using herbarium specimens. Furthermore, we sampled populations across the Gulf Coast of the United States throughout a year to determine contemporary genetic diversity and assess potential seasonal effects. Genetic diversity was found to be scant in the United States without population structure, agreeing with previous studies from other regions. Genetic diversity has remained consistently low over the past fifty years despite significant changes in selection pressure. However, evidence for and against population structure between seasons was found and the consequences of this are discussed.

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Harter, Abigail V. "Historical demography and interspecific gene flow in the evolution of two hybridizing sunflower species." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3324528.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology, 2008. Title from home page (viewed on Oct 30, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-08, Section: B, page: 4538. Adviser: Loren H. Rieseberg.

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Frenk, Mora Silvia Elena. "Embryology in its relation to genetics and evolution : experimental analysis and historical perspectives." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283901.

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Fang, Ying. "Historical population genetics of Callorhinus ursinus (Northern fur seals) from the Aleutian Islands." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-2/fangy/yingfang.pdf.

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Doty, Christopher, and Christopher Doty. "A Reassessment of the Genetic Classification of Miluk Coos." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12404.

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This work presents the first in-depth analysis of Miluk Coos, a language previously spoken on the southern Oregon Coast. Miluk is normally classified as a member of the Oregon Coast Penutian group, a sub-branch of the Penutian phylum. However, Miluk demonstrates a number of affinities with the Salish language family. These similarities can be seen in a variety of domains. There are morphosyntactic features in Miluk which appear to resemble phenomena seen in Salishan languages. Additionally, some apparent cognates with Proto-Salish are discussed, including some which seem to exhibit regular correspondences. 10000-01-01

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Mills, Courtenay Elyse. "Historical and Contemporary Fish Dispersal in Australia's Northern Rivers." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366825.

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Riverine environments present specific barriers and challenges to dispersing fish, depending on their dispersal capability. While some barriers are obvious and finite (for example a waterfall), the subtle influences of dendritic river network structure can also affect the dispersal, and therefore the genetic structure, of freshwater fish within river catchments. In addition to these natural barriers, artificial barriers like weirs and dams can have significant effects on the flow of genes between populations in rivers. In order to achieve the effective management and conservation of populations there is a need to understand dispersal and how the movement of individuals impacts populations at a variety of scales. Studies of dispersal are important for the perspective they bring to the movement and migration of individuals and the subsequent flow of genes – both temporally and geographically. It is this spread of genes that largely determines the genetic diversity of populations, which is a quality necessary for the stability and persistence of individuals and populations. Thesis (PhD Doctorate) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Griffith School of Environment Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology Full Text

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Svensson, Emma M. "Detecting Sex and Selection in Ancient Cattle Remains Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Evolutionsbiologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-123261.

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All contemporary taurine cattle originated some 10,000 years ago when their wild ancestor, the aurochs, was domesticated in the Near East. Although the aurochs was widespread also in Europe, there is no evidence for a local domestication. The aurochs has been extinct since 1627 and therefore little is known about its biology. Following domestication, cattle were selected for traits of interest to humans. All modern cattle breeds were developed in the 19th century and the only sources of information about prehistoric breeding practices, and breeds, come from a few ancient Roman Empire and medieval European written accounts. The aim for this thesis was to investigate the effects early selection may have had on the cattle genome and to investigate genetic variation in European aurochs. Using second-generation sequencing and coalescent simulation analyses of aurochs Y chromosomal DNA, I estimated effective population size to between 20,000-80,000 aurochs bulls, indicating that a large population was present when domestic cattle entered Europe. A Y chromosomal SNP revealed that the two male lineages present in modern cattle were also present in European aurochs, and that the frequency of these lineages in domestic cattle fluctuated over time. This indicates that cattle were mobile and that bottlenecks, possibly due to selective breeding, occurred. I used nuclear SNPs to trace genetic variation in North European cattle through time and show that when genetics is combined with archaeology and osteology, even small but notable changes in the use of cattle can be detected. There has been a significant decrease in genetic variation over time, with the most dramatic changes associated with the formation of breeds during the 19th century.

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Rife, Trevor W. "Utilizing a historical wheat collection to develop new tools for modern plant breeding." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34503.

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Doctor of Philosophy Genetics Interdepartmental Program Jesse Poland The Green Revolution is credited with saving billions of lives by effectively harnessing new genetic resources and breeding strategies to create high-yielding varieties for countries lacking adequate food security. To keep the next billion people in a state of food security, plant breeders will need to rapidly incorporate novel approaches and technologies into their breeding programs. The work presented here describes new genomic and phenomic strategies and tools aimed at accelerating genetic gain in plant breeding. Plant breeders have long relied on regional testing networks to evaluate new breeding lines across many locations. These are an attractive resource for both retrospective and contemporary analysis due to the vast amount of data available. To characterize genetic progress of plant breeding programs in the Central Plains, entries from the Southern Regional Performance Nursery dating back to 1992 were evaluated in field trials. The trend for annual improvement was 1.1% yr⁻¹, matching similar reports for genetic gain. During the same time period, growth of on-farm yields stagnated. Genomic selection, a promising method to increase genetic gain, was tested using historical data from the SRPN. A temporal-based model showed that, on average, yield predictions outperformed a year-to-year phenotypic correlation. A program-based model found that the predictability of a breeding program was similar when using either data from a single program or from the entire regional collection. Modern DNA marker platforms either characterize a small number of loci or profile an entire genome. Spiked genotyping-by-sequencing (sGBS) was developed to address the need in breeding programs for both targeted loci and whole-genome selection. sGBS uses a low-cost, integrated approach that combines targeted amplicons with reduced representation genotyping-by-sequencing. This approach was validated using converted and newly-designed markers targeting known polymorphisms in the leaf rust resistance gene Lr34. Plant breeding programs generate vast quantities of data during evaluation and selection of superior genotypes. Many programs still rely on manual, error-prone methods to collect data. To make this process more robust, we have developed several open-source phenotyping apps with simple, intuitive interfaces. A contemporary Green Revolution will rely on integrating many of these innovative technologies into modern breeding programs.

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Eager, Heidi M. "Using commensals as proxies for historical inference in the Indian Ocean : genetic and zooarchaeological perspectives." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e6be79c9-3fb8-4a7f-b117-0c607b64c95a.

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The human-abetted introduction of commensal species (i.e. those that opportunistically exploit the anthropogenic environment for food and shelter, e.g. rats, cockroaches etc.) to new areas has occurred throughout history. This has resulted in detrimental ecological changes worldwide but, from a viewpoint of human knowledge, a beneficial corollary of these translocations is that the species in question can be used as proxies to study the movement of the humans who transported them. I reconstruct colonisation histories of three widespread commensal mammalian species in the Western Indian Ocean, the black rat Rattus rattus, house mouse Mus musculus and Asian house shrew Suncus murinus, through phylogeographic studies (the geographic distribution of genetic lineages) of maternally-inherited mitochondrial markers, and zooarchaeological data. The DNA analyses are conducted on samples largely derived from museum specimens collected up to 110 years ago, and from archaeological bones (in the case of rats). I show considerable cryptic diversity in all three species, particularly in mice for which we find a potential major new lineage. Certain lineages within each species predominantly reveal long-distance translocations within the Indian Ocean, but high resolution geographic and genetic clustering is also evident, particularly in Asian house shrews. Phylogeographic structuring of the three species in East Africa and the southern Indian Ocean region (e.g. Madagascar, Reunion, etc.) indicate connections with Arabia, the Middle East, and India in the Islamic period from the first millennium AD, and later European connections during the Age of Exploration. Closer to the origins of the three species (the Indian subcontinent in all cases), range expansions in Eurasia and nearby islands relate to early to mid Holocene human populations, but also with signals of later secondary colonisations. Through ancient DNA studies I found genetic continuity between temporally separated populations of black rats suggesting population persistence, and high levels of diversity in Songo Mnara, a Swahili stonetown in Tanzania. Knowledge of the colonisation history and genetic diversity of an introduced species is essential to understand their resilience in novel landscapes, and to identify pathways of invasion and, by proxy, human trade and exchange networks that facilitated their dispersal. My research contributes significantly to that end for three socially, economically and ecologically important species that are well-established in the Indian Ocean region and beyond.

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Verissimo, Ana Christina Pimenta. "Patterns of Population Structure and Historical Dispersal in Squaloid Sharks: A Species-Level Approach using Molecular Markers." W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616812.

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Squaloids (Order Squaliformes) are a highle diverse group of mostly deepwater habitats (> 200 m). Many species are regularly caught in commercial fisheries worldwide but their low productivity and correspondingly low intrinsic rebound potentials make them particularly vulnerable to population depletion and overexploitation. of special concern to fisheries management and conservation efforts are the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, the leafscale gulper shark Centrophorus squamosus and the Portuguese dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis. These taxa have recently been declared overfished in several parts of each species' distribution but management efforts have been made to recover the "stocks" without a good understanding of the species' population structure and the level of connectivity among populations. as such, the goal of this dissertation is to elucidate the intraspecific patterns of population structure of each species, for future inclusion in fisheries management efforts, and to infer the patterns of historical dispersal of the three species of squaloid sharks. to this end, I have developed a suite of highly polymorphic molecular markers (including nuclear microsatellites and nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA gene regions) and have collected tissues samples from throughout each species geographic range. The genetic population structure of S. acanthias was characterized by high genetic divergence across the equatorial Pacific, and by comparatively higher genetic homogeneity among the sample collections from the South Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Nevertheless, small but significant genetic differentiation was detected by both nuclear and mitochondrial markers among spiny dogfish collections from either side of the equatorial Atlantic. Genetic differentiation in the spiny dogfish occurred across low latitude regions characterized by warm-temperate and tropical waters, suggesting that such regions may act as effective barriers to gene flow among populations. Regarding C. coelolepis and C. squamosus, the pattern of genetic population structure uncovered for the eastern Atlantic was similar between species. Within this region, no evidence of genetic differentiation was found among sample collections ranging from off Ireland to South Africa, and including the Azores, consistent with the existence of a single genetic stock for each species within the sampled region. Furthermore, evidence for inter-oceanic dispersal between Atlantic and New Zealand populations was also found for the leafscale gulper. These results strongly suggest that both C. coelolepis and C. squamosus have high dispersal potential and no major barriers to gene flow within the deep eastern Atlantic. Overall, high genetic homogeneity was observed over large geographic areas (i.e. in the order of thousands of miles) in all three target species consistent with long-distance dispersal with gene flow. However, there were differences between the coastal and the deepwater squaloids regarding the regions of genetic discontinuity, which may be associated with adaptations to their respective habitats. In the coastal spiny dogfish, environmental factors such as unsuitable water temperatures appear to exert a strong influence in the species' distribution and in its genetic population structure. In the deepwater squaloids, stable environmental conditions but limited food supply may result in widely distributed populations as a strategy to maximizing resource partitioning while minimizing resource competition among individuals.

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Grimaldi, Ilaria Maria. "Food for thought : genetic, historical and ethnobotanical studies of taro Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dd51f25e-41b9-4a4a-8b49-d7891b213550.

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The presence of exotic plants both in Africa and in Asia has long attracted the attention of scholars who have attempted to understand the human activities linked to them. Archaeological and ethnographic evidence for the reconstruction of these activities is often very limited, but indirect methods such as the study of DNA have become useful tools in building models of early human dispersal. Among the plants that were carried across the Indian Ocean, sometimes known as the “tropical food kit”, the staple crop taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) has continued to be the subject of ongoing research. The use of this crop in antiquity is well documented by discoveries of ancient taro starch granules found on archaeological artefacts from sites in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands, making it one of the oldest plants consumed by people. However, less is known about the use of taro in Africa and the Mediterranean region, where it is found both in the wild and under cultivation - often representing a staple crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this doctoral thesis, genetic analysis was performed on modern samples of taro collected from Africa and other regions of the Indian Ocean, using four molecular markers. Two main clusters have been identified, and within this main sub-division four populations of taro have been detected in Africa. By integrating the genetic results with historical and linguistic research, and extensive ethnobotanical fieldwork in Africa, two of these populations are proposed to represent early translocations, with modern distribution patterns suggesting diverse dispersal routes at different times. These results open up a new scenario in which the “tropical food kit” is finally unpacked, with important historical implications for each of the crops contained within it.

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Tink, Michael. "The influence of historical and contemporary landscape structure on plant biodiversity : effects on species and genetics." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2017. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/992f5f1a-7ca1-48d1-9b82-592a449876bd.

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Biodiversity describes diversity at different levels of biological organisation, including: habitat diversity; species diversity; and genetic diversity. Understanding the processes that contribute to maintaining biodiversity is a primary concern for both ecology and evolutionary biology. To this end, research into the factors influencing the different levels of biodiversity independently are widespread. However, little is understood about the relationship between the different levels. This study investigates the patterns of habitat, species, and genetic diversity in fragmented internationally important calcareous grasslands, and analyses the spatial and temporal factors influencing them. Finally, the relationship between these levels of biodiversity is examined. Within the South Downs National Park study area, substantial change to habitat diversity and landscape structure was measured between the 1930s and 2012. The transition of semi-natural habitat to agricultural land was the predominate change. Loss of habitat between the 1930s and 2012 was found to influence both species richness and species evenness of vegetation in twelve calcareous grassland study sites. By contrast, none of the variables examined explained the variation in species composition between sites. Further analysis, at the genetic level, for two target species showed that the amount of habitat loss was important in explaining the genetic variation in Cirsium acaule, and soil nutrients were important in explaining the variation of Ranunculus bulbosus. In contrast to the predictions of the species genetic diversity correlation theory, no relationship was established between species and genetic diversity. Similarly, no relationships were found between habitat diversity and diversity at the species or genetic level. Although there were similarities in the factors influencing different levels of biodiversity, habitat diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity appear to be responding independently to the processes acting on them. As such efforts to conserve biodiversity should consider the influence of conservation strategies on biodiversity holistically, and not focus on a single measure.

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Cardenas, Leyla. "Dispersal ability and genetic structure in Concholepas concholepas (Bruguiière, 1789) : effects of historical and contemporary events." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066405.

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Grâce à l’étude du gastéropode Concholepas concholepas, distribué le long des côtes chiliennes, cette thèse a cherché à contribué au débat concernant l’adéquation entre les structures biogéographiques et phylogéographiques et le rôle de la dispersion contemporaine dans le maintien des structures historiques. Sur un plan historique, les patrons observés, suite à l’analyse d’un fragment de l’ADNmt COI de 14 populations réparties sur 4000 km, témoignent d’un processus d’expansion démographique et géographique très rapide sur l’aire de distribution de l’espèce. Concernant les flux de gènes contemporains, l’étude de 11 microsatellites a permis de montrer que la dispersion efficace ne reflète que partiellement le potentiel de dispersion conféré par une longue phase larvaire pélagique : cette dispersion dépend des contraintes hydro-dynamiques (rétention) et d’habitats (fjords vs. Côte linéaire). Ces données permettront d’affiner les plans de gestion et conservation de C. Concholepas Based on the study of the marine gastropod Concholepas concholepas, spread along the Chilean coasts, this thesis aimed at examining the correlation between biogeographic and phylogeography patterns and the role played by the present-day dispersal on the maintenance of the historical population structure. On an historical time scale, the analysis of sequences of a mitochondrial DNA gene (COI) on ca. 400 individuals from 14 localities along 4000 km of coastline revealed a rapid demographic and geographic expansion. On a contemporary time scale, the use of 11 microsatellites showed that the effective dispersal represents only a fraction of the potential larval ability previously hypothesized based on the pelagic larval duration: dispersal strongly vary according to hydro-dynamic patterns (retention zone) and habitats (fjords vs. Linear coasts). The results of this thesis have implications on management and conservations policy applied to C. Concholepas

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Rosticci, Martina <1980&gt. "Cardiometabolic Disease's Risk through Population Genetic Studies: Historical, Present and Future Resources of the Brisighella Biobank." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7264/1/Tesi_Dott.ssa_Martina_Rosticci.pdf.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) comprise the most common chronic disease worldwide. High lipid levels are a strong risk factor, making lipid-lowering statin therapy an important preventive measure. Here we explore the effects of common variants at the KIF6 and HMGCR loci on a range of cardio-metabolic traits and on response to statin therapy. While HMGCR is a well-established lipid-related locus, the role of KIF6 in response to statin therapy is controversial, and its contribution to related phenotype variability has not been clarified. We genotyped a coding KIF6 variant (p.W719R, rs20455) and two intronic ones in high LD to the former (rs9462535,rs9471077), as well as two non-coding variants in HMGCR (rs3761740 and rs3846662). Effects on 14 quantitative and 5 categorical cardiometabolic phenotypes including lipid-lowering therapy response were tested in a sample of 1,645 individuals from the Genetics in Brisighella Health Study (GBHS) from Italy and replicated in 10,662 individuals from the Estonian Genome Center (EGCUT). In GBHS the established HMGCR variant rs3846662 affects LDL cholesterol levels (P=8.5x10-4) while the intronic KIF6 variant rs9471077 modifies APOB levels (P=8.2x10-4). The latter association was confirmed in EGCUT. No significant association between KIF6 variants and response to statin therapy was observed. In the first genetic study involving GBHS we confirm the HMGCR effect on LDL-Cholesterol and demonstrate a novel KIF6 effect on APOB. The latter association needs to be evaluated for its predictive value for overall CVD risk and its potential contribution to stratified patient care.

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Rosticci, Martina <1980&gt. "Cardiometabolic Disease's Risk through Population Genetic Studies: Historical, Present and Future Resources of the Brisighella Biobank." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7264/.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) comprise the most common chronic disease worldwide. High lipid levels are a strong risk factor, making lipid-lowering statin therapy an important preventive measure. Here we explore the effects of common variants at the KIF6 and HMGCR loci on a range of cardio-metabolic traits and on response to statin therapy. While HMGCR is a well-established lipid-related locus, the role of KIF6 in response to statin therapy is controversial, and its contribution to related phenotype variability has not been clarified. We genotyped a coding KIF6 variant (p.W719R, rs20455) and two intronic ones in high LD to the former (rs9462535,rs9471077), as well as two non-coding variants in HMGCR (rs3761740 and rs3846662). Effects on 14 quantitative and 5 categorical cardiometabolic phenotypes including lipid-lowering therapy response were tested in a sample of 1,645 individuals from the Genetics in Brisighella Health Study (GBHS) from Italy and replicated in 10,662 individuals from the Estonian Genome Center (EGCUT). In GBHS the established HMGCR variant rs3846662 affects LDL cholesterol levels (P=8.5x10-4) while the intronic KIF6 variant rs9471077 modifies APOB levels (P=8.2x10-4). The latter association was confirmed in EGCUT. No significant association between KIF6 variants and response to statin therapy was observed. In the first genetic study involving GBHS we confirm the HMGCR effect on LDL-Cholesterol and demonstrate a novel KIF6 effect on APOB. The latter association needs to be evaluated for its predictive value for overall CVD risk and its potential contribution to stratified patient care.

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Lembring, Maria. "Application of Mitochondrial DNA Analysis in Contemporary and Historical Samples." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Genomik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-209970.

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The mitochondrion is a tiny organelle that is the power supplier of the cell and vital to the functioning of the body organs. Additionally it contains a small circular genome of about 16 kb, present in many copies which makes the mitochondrial DNA more viable than nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is also maternally inherited and thus provides a direct link to maternal relatives. These two properties are of particular use for forensic samples, which only contain limited or degraded amounts of DNA, and for historical samples (ancient DNA). This thesis presents work on the mitochondrial DNA in the hypervariable regions (HV) I and II, in both contemporary and historical samples. Forensic genetics makes use of mitochondrial DNA analysis in court as circumstantial evidence, and population databases are used for the calculation of evidence value. Population samples (299) across Sweden have been analysed in order to enrich the EDNAP mtDNA database (EMPOP) (paper I). The application of mitochondrial DNA analysis allowed for analysis of historical skeletal remains: Copernicus, 1473-1543 (paper II), Karin Göring, 1888-1931 (paper III) and Medieval bones, 880-1000 AD, from a mass grave found in Sigtuna, Sweden (paper IV). The thesis also includes analyses of bones and teeth from the shipwrecked crew of the Vasa warship, 1628, samples from the Vasa museum, Stockholm, Sweden (paper V). Overall, the varying age of the samples and the different conservation environments (soil and water) accounted for variations in quality, but still allowed for successful DNA analysis.

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Gomes-Santos, Sandoval Nonato. "O Gesto de recontar historias : generos discursivos e produção escolar da escrita." [s.n.], 1999. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269624.

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Orientador: Raquel Salek Fiad Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T02:48:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes-Santos_SandovalNonato_M.pdf: 25904535 bytes, checksum: 270e4abac6fbb63fe205312720282345 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 Resumo: É proposta deste trabalho caracterizar os modos de relação dialógica que escreventes-alunos estabelecem com a linguagem em um evento particular de produção escolar da escrita -o evento "Recontando histórias". Essa caracterização é constituída pelo recurso que fazemos ao conceito de gênero discursivo, tal como abordado na reflexão bakhtiniana. Considerando, na esteira de Bakhtin, que, ao enunciarmos, estamos inseridos em gêneros discursivos que adquirem uma certa estabilidade em diferentes esferas da atividade humana, nossa tarefa, neste estudo, consiste, portanto, em compreender os modos de circulação dialógica dos escreventes pelos gêneros que adquirem um funcionamento particular na ocasião em que tais escreventes recontam histórias. Para tanto, nosso primeiro movimento consiste em estabelecer uma conceituação de gênero discursivo segundo uma perspectiva enunciativo-discursiva, o que permite que o tomemos como modo de organização do acontecimento enunciativo, plasmado em formas mais ou menos estáveis de enunciados. Em seguida, procedemos à caracterização do que denominamos evento "Recontando histórias" e dos gestos enunciativos de que se constitui, o que nos leva a uma decisão metodológica importante: dentre os gestos enunciativos constitutivos desse evento, centramos nosso interesse em dois: a) o atribuído ao professor, quando conta a história e quando tenta estabelecer o direcionamento que a atividade de recontar deve tomar ¿ gesto organizado no gênero "instruções para a atividade de produção escrita" - e b) o gesto de recontar dos alunos, ocasião em que circulam tanto pelo gênero "instruções" quanto pelos gêneros, no caso particular deste nosso estudo, "contos de fadas" e "lendas". Finalmente, passamos à análise de um conjunto de trinta textos escritos por alunos de segunda série do ensino fundamental do Núcleo Pedagógico Integrado (NPI) - Escola de Aplicação da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) - durante dois períodos letivos - 1995 e 1996. ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital Abstract: This thesis describes how students learning to write establish dialogical relations with language when retteling written stories in a classroom evento taking into account that discourse gemes are produced in different social activities, this study explains how students move through discourse gemes that emerge in this particular event. This study has three parts. First, the concept of discourse geme is discussed on the basis of Bakhtin's concept of iscourse gemes as relatively stable forms of utterance. Secondly, the elements that constitute the event "Retelling stories" are characterized considering two aspects: the role attributed to the teacher as he tells the story, suggesting - through a particular geme called "instructions to writing" -how the students can retell the story; the activity of retelling as realized by the students, a result of the moving through the "instructions" and other gemes that have been presented, such as "fairy tales" and "legends". Finally an analysis of 30 written texts is presented. These texts were written by second grade elementary school students at the Núcleo Pedagógico Integrado (NPI) - Escola de Aplicação of the Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) in 1995 and 1996. The methodological procedures were based on what has been denominated as indiciary paradigm, which permits both the apprehension of linguistic traces manifested in the texts, as well as an understanding of how the subject/writer who retells stories is constituted. ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations Mestrado Ensino-Aprendizagem de Lingua Materna Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

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Cunha, Anna Carla de Oliveira Dini. "Uma historia de constituição de genero discursivo em sala de aula : cartas." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269261.

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Orientador: Raquel Salek Fiad Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T08:03:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_AnnaCarladeOliveiraDini_M.pdf: 656556 bytes, checksum: f21e147b2ef57bb392ebd9b031ba8e52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 Resumo: Este trabalho analisa como se deu a constituição de um gênero discursivo ¿ a carta ¿ em sala de aula. Para isto, considera dois aspectos: a) O resgate da experiência pedagógica, através das narrativas registradas em um diário de campo. A partir desse resgate, busco entender, como pesquisadora, os pensamentos que presidiram as minhas ações, na época, e refletir sobre elas, baseando-me no conhecimento de uma literatura sobre o assunto. b) A concepção de carta, como prática de linguagem, (re)formulada pelos alunos, a partir do que já conheciam sobre o ato de escrever cartas, trazido das experiências pessoais, e de um outro significado que este ato assumiu para eles, quando foram convidados a escrever cartas em sala de aula. A construção desta concepção pode ser observada através dos sinais deixados pelos alunos nos textos que produziram Abstract: This study intends to analyze the constitution of a discursive gender ¿ the letter ¿ carried out in Portuguese classes. This study considers to main aspects: a) The recover of my personal pedagogical experience through some narratives written in a field diary. Through this recover, I tried to understand, as a researcher, the previous ideas that guided my actions in that time. By doing so, I could reflect on my pedagogical practice, always based on some specific literature about this subject. b) The conception of the letter, as a language practice, (re)formulated by the students according to what they had already known about writing letters brought by their personal experience. After that, I investigated the new meaning the students could find out in the moment they were invited to write letters in class. The construction of a new conception of the letter gender could be observed through the traces left by the students in the texts they have written Mestrado Ensino-Aprendizagem de Lingua Materna Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

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Aslan, Selcuk. "The molecular genotyping of flower development genes and allelic variations in ‘historic’ barley accessions." Thesis, Linköping University, Molecular genetics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57106.

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This is a genetic study of flowering time in cultivated barley with the aim to identify the alleles contributing to rapid flowering and frost resistance. We have genotyped a collection of 23 historic barley varieties for the crucial genes [VRN-1, VRN-2, VRN-3 (HvFT), Ppd-H1, CO, and Vrs1]. We have amplified the polymorphic mutations by PCR-based methods, and sequenced them to identify possible haplotype groups. The row type was not determined of all accessions, but all the Scandinavian varieties were found to carry mutant alleles of Vrs1, that indicates them to be six-row barleys. The deletion of the crucial segment of VRN-1 vernalization contributes dominant spring growth habit. We found haplotype groups 2 and 4 to be dominant in Northern barleys whereas haplotype groups 1 and 5 dominated in south. The presence of dominant allele VRN-2 gene is addressed to floral repression until plants get vernalized. Most of the 23 varieties were found to have deleted allele of VRN-2, which is connected with a spring growth habit. The only four of the accessions that have the dominant allele of Ppd-H1 that contribute flowering are generally from the south of Europe. HvFT and CO genes CO-interact to influence flowering time. CO haplotype grouping suggest a geographical distribution of different alleles but needs more disseminations. Certain HvFT alleles cause extremely early flowering during apex development in the varieties that have deletion of VRN-2 alleles under long days. VRN-3 alleles of 14 varieties were identified.

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Hurston, Heather. "Historical Land Fragmentation and its Effects on Genetic Diversity and Parasitism of Island Populations of Podarcis erhardii (Lacertidae, Reptilia)." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1072.

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The Pleistocene land bridge islands in the Aegean Sea make an ideal natural experimental system for testing how island age, area and isolation affect genetic variation. My research focuses on the population genetics of the Aegean wall lizard Podarcis erhardii (Lacertidae, Reptilia), which because of its wide distribution, and poor dispersal abilities is a sensitive indicator of fragmentation history. I predict that genetic diversity will be positively correlated with island area and negatively correlated with age. I also predict that island characteristics, host genetic variability or grazing may impact parasite prevalence. Findings showed that larger islands maintained more genetic diversity than smaller islands and older islands have higher mite loads. Geographic distance was unrelated to genetic divergence. Tick prevalence was significantly associated with past grazing practices. This study provides a unique opportunity to disentangle factors that may influence the retention of genetic diversity and prevalence of ectoparasites in natural populations.

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Halbert, Natalie Dierschke. "The utilization of genetic markers to resolve modern management issues in historic bison populations: implications for species conservation." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1415.

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The saga of the American bison (Bison bison) is a well-known story of death, destruction, and greed circumvented by early conservationists. The foresight of 5 cattlemen and the Canadian and U.S. governments at the apex of the population bottleneck in the 1880s led to the eventual establishment of several federal bison populations, from which virtually all of the 300,000 extant bison are descended. A survey of 54 microsatellite loci spanning each autosomal and both sex chromosomes was used to compare levels of genetic variation among 10 of the 11 federal bison populations in the U.S. Although most populations contain moderate levels of genetic variation, the majority of genetic variation is contained within only 4 of the federal populations surveyed. The distribution and partitioning of genetic variation confirm historical records of founding lineages and transfers among populations. Previously published mitochondrial and nuclear markers were used to survey federal bison populations for evidence of domestic cattle introgression. While only 1 population was found to contain low levels of domestic cattle mitochondrial DNA, 7 of the 10 surveyed populations had detectable introgression of nuclear genes from domestic cattle. From this, 2 federal bison populations were identified that have both high levels of genetic variation and no evidence of introgression of domestic cattle genes. The data obtained from this study were used to examine consequences of past and present management practices in closed bison populations. In the case of the Texas State Bison Herd, observed chronic small population size, low levels of genetic variation, low natality rates, and high juvenile mortality rates combined with the results of population modeling indicate a high risk of extinction within the next 50 years unless new genetic variation is introduced into the herd. Alternatively, analysis of population substructure and nonrandom culling reveal the necessity for further investigation into the long-term effects of current management practices in the Yellowstone National Park bison population. This study illustrates that while bison may be considered a conservation success story, long-term survival of protected federal populations requires the development of effective genetic management strategies.

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Schultz, Lee. "Conservation genetics of a Gondwana relict rainforest tree, Nothofagus moorei (F. Muell.) Krasser." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16624/1/Lee_Schultz_Thesis.pdf.

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Nothofagus moorei is a long-lived, Gondwana relict cool temperate rainforest tree. Nothofagus-dominated rainforests were widespread across much of eastern Australia during the mid-Tertiary but today, N. moorei occurs only as a series of disjunct, isolated populations in south-east Queensland and northern New South Wales. Clonal regeneration via coppicing is reported to be a common feature of most N. moorei populations, while successful sexual regeneration is believed to be rare, occurring largely only in niches with high light levels and limited competition. While clonal propagation enables population persistence and individual longevity, it cannot generate novel genotypes. Isolated populations, potentially high levels of clonality, low-potential for successful sexual regeneration, long-lived individuals and predicted global warming effects make N. moorei vulnerable to local, if not total, population extinction. The current study aimed to assess the relative conservation status of extant N. moorei populations in order to develop appropriate conservation management strategies for long-term population persistence. Levels of genetic diversity and population structure were examined across the remaining natural distribution of N. moorei using nuclear amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellite and chloroplast DNA markers. In total 607 individuals were sampled from 20 populations and 5 geographical regions: Lamington/Border Ranges, Ballow, Dorrigo/New England, Werrikimbe and Barrington. Genetic results were then analysed to assess conservation status of each population and geographical region. Microsatellite and AFLP data identified comparatively high levels of genetic diversity in all remnant populations sampled. The prevalence of coppicing in the northern Lamington/Border Ranges populations appears to have had little impact on relative levels of genetic diversity, heterozygosity or population structure. Population differentiation was limited, with the majority of genetic variation retained within populations, no regional structuring and high levels of admixture. Analysis of cpDNA variation showed that the three Dorrigo/New England populations were divergent from all other populations, suggesting an ancient divergence in N. moorei prior to Pleistocene glaciations. While levels of genetic diversity were essentially the same across all populations, Bayesian analysis of genetic structure did identify four populations with differing gene pool proportions which would be important to include in conservation efforts in addition to individuals from other populations. Similarly, individuals from four significantly differentiated groups identified using traditional F-statistics suggests individuals from each of these four groups should be included in future conservation plans. In order to maintain ancient chloroplast lineages, populations from the Dorrigo/New England region should also be assigned special conservation value. Populations of N. moorei appear to have retained significant levels of genetic diversity and show little population divergence in spite of marked reductions in the natural distribution since the Early Miocene. Sampling of these ancient trees however, suggests current levels of diversity in N. moorei actually reflect past diversity and differentiation, and that there have been insufficient generations since the historical contraction in distribution for genetic diversity to be adversely affected and regional differentiation to evolve. Long-term persistence of N. moorei is still threatened by future accelerated climate change and the limited preferred habitat that remains where N. moorei can expand its range. While the ability to regenerate clonally may enable long-term persistence of N. moorei, populations are still likely to continue to decline as climatic conditions will increasingly favour sub-tropical and warm temperate species across much of N. moorei's northern distribution. Southern populations of N. moorei, in contrast, could expand their ranges into eucalypt woodlands as predicted climate becomes warmer and wetter. However, this will ultimately be determined by the frequency of fires, with increased fire frequencies favouring the expansion of eucalypts and contraction and possible local population extinction of N. moorei dominated cool temperate rainforests.

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Schultz, Lee. "Conservation genetics of a Gondwana relict rainforest tree, Nothofagus moorei (F. Muell.) Krasser." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16624/.

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Nothofagus moorei is a long-lived, Gondwana relict cool temperate rainforest tree. Nothofagus-dominated rainforests were widespread across much of eastern Australia during the mid-Tertiary but today, N. moorei occurs only as a series of disjunct, isolated populations in south-east Queensland and northern New South Wales. Clonal regeneration via coppicing is reported to be a common feature of most N. moorei populations, while successful sexual regeneration is believed to be rare, occurring largely only in niches with high light levels and limited competition. While clonal propagation enables population persistence and individual longevity, it cannot generate novel genotypes. Isolated populations, potentially high levels of clonality, low-potential for successful sexual regeneration, long-lived individuals and predicted global warming effects make N. moorei vulnerable to local, if not total, population extinction. The current study aimed to assess the relative conservation status of extant N. moorei populations in order to develop appropriate conservation management strategies for long-term population persistence. Levels of genetic diversity and population structure were examined across the remaining natural distribution of N. moorei using nuclear amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellite and chloroplast DNA markers. In total 607 individuals were sampled from 20 populations and 5 geographical regions: Lamington/Border Ranges, Ballow, Dorrigo/New England, Werrikimbe and Barrington. Genetic results were then analysed to assess conservation status of each population and geographical region. Microsatellite and AFLP data identified comparatively high levels of genetic diversity in all remnant populations sampled. The prevalence of coppicing in the northern Lamington/Border Ranges populations appears to have had little impact on relative levels of genetic diversity, heterozygosity or population structure. Population differentiation was limited, with the majority of genetic variation retained within populations, no regional structuring and high levels of admixture. Analysis of cpDNA variation showed that the three Dorrigo/New England populations were divergent from all other populations, suggesting an ancient divergence in N. moorei prior to Pleistocene glaciations. While levels of genetic diversity were essentially the same across all populations, Bayesian analysis of genetic structure did identify four populations with differing gene pool proportions which would be important to include in conservation efforts in addition to individuals from other populations. Similarly, individuals from four significantly differentiated groups identified using traditional F-statistics suggests individuals from each of these four groups should be included in future conservation plans. In order to maintain ancient chloroplast lineages, populations from the Dorrigo/New England region should also be assigned special conservation value. Populations of N. moorei appear to have retained significant levels of genetic diversity and show little population divergence in spite of marked reductions in the natural distribution since the Early Miocene. Sampling of these ancient trees however, suggests current levels of diversity in N. moorei actually reflect past diversity and differentiation, and that there have been insufficient generations since the historical contraction in distribution for genetic diversity to be adversely affected and regional differentiation to evolve. Long-term persistence of N. moorei is still threatened by future accelerated climate change and the limited preferred habitat that remains where N. moorei can expand its range. While the ability to regenerate clonally may enable long-term persistence of N. moorei, populations are still likely to continue to decline as climatic conditions will increasingly favour sub-tropical and warm temperate species across much of N. moorei's northern distribution. Southern populations of N. moorei, in contrast, could expand their ranges into eucalypt woodlands as predicted climate becomes warmer and wetter. However, this will ultimately be determined by the frequency of fires, with increased fire frequencies favouring the expansion of eucalypts and contraction and possible local population extinction of N. moorei dominated cool temperate rainforests.

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Adamson, Eleanor A. S. "Influence of historical landscapes, drainage evolution and ecological traits on patterns of genetic diversity in Southeast Asian freshwater snakehead fishes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/39612/1/Eleanor_Adamson_Thesis.pdf.

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Snakehead fishes in the family Channidae are obligate freshwater fishes represented by two extant genera, the African Parachannna and the Asian Channa. These species prefer still or slow flowing water bodies, where they are top predators that exercise high levels of parental care, have the ability to breathe air, can tolerate poor water quality, and interestingly, can aestivate or traverse terrestrial habitat in response to seasonal changes in freshwater habitat availability. These attributes suggest that snakehead fishes may possess high dispersal potential, irrespective of the terrestrial barriers that would otherwise constrain the distribution of most freshwater fishes. A number of biogeographical hypotheses have been developed to account for the modern distributions of snakehead fishes across two continents, including ancient vicariance during Gondwanan break-up, or recent colonisation tracking the formation of suitable climatic conditions. Taxonomic uncertainty also surrounds some members of the Channa genus, as geographical distributions for some taxa across southern and Southeast (SE) Asia are very large, and in one case is highly disjunct. The current study adopted a molecular genetics approach to gain an understanding of the evolution of this group of fishes, and in particular how the phylogeography of two Asian species may have been influenced by contemporary versus historical levels of dispersal and vicariance. First, a molecular phylogeny was constructed based on multiple DNA loci and calibrated with fossil evidence to provide a dated chronology of divergence events among extant species, and also within species with widespread geographical distributions. The data provide strong evidence that trans-continental distribution of the Channidae arose as a result of dispersal out of Asia and into Africa in the mid–Eocene. Among Asian Channa, deep divergence among lineages indicates that the Oligocene-Miocene boundary was a time of significant species radiation, potentially associated with historical changes in climate and drainage geomorphology. Mid-Miocene divergence among lineages suggests that a taxonomic revision is warranted for two taxa. Deep intra-specific divergence (~8Mya) was also detected between C. striata lineages that occur sympatrically in the Mekong River Basin. The study then examined the phylogeography and population structure of two major taxa, Channa striata (the chevron snakehead) and the C. micropeltes (the giant snakehead), across SE Asia. Species specific microsatellite loci were developed and used in addition to a mitochondrial DNA marker (Cyt b) to screen neutral genetic variation within and among wild populations. C. striata individuals were sampled across SE Asia (n=988), with the major focus being the Mekong Basin, which is the largest drainage basin in the region. The distributions of two divergent lineages were identified and admixture analysis showed that where they co-occur they are interbreeding, indicating that after long periods of evolution in isolation, divergence has not resulted in reproductive isolation. One lineage is predominantly confined to upland areas of northern Lao PDR to the north of the Khorat Plateau, while the other, which is more closely related to individuals from southern India, has a widespread distribution across mainland SE Asian and Sumatra. The phylogeographical pattern recovered is associated with past river networks, and high diversity and divergence among all populations sampled reveal that contemporary dispersal is very low for this taxon, even where populations occur in contiguous freshwater habitats. C. micropeltes (n=280) were also sampled from across the Mekong River Basin, focusing on the lower basin where it constitutes an important wild fishery resource. In comparison with C. striata, allelic diversity and genetic divergence among populations were extremely low, suggesting very recent colonisation of the greater Mekong region. Populations were significantly structured into at least three discrete populations in the lower Mekong. Results of this study have implications for establishing effective conservation plans for managing both species, that represent economically important wild fishery resources for the region. For C. micropeltes, it is likely that a single fisheries stock in the Tonle Sap Great Lake is being exploited by multiple fisheries operations, and future management initiatives for this species in this region will need to account for this. For C. striata, conservation of natural levels of genetic variation will require management initiatives designed to promote population persistence at very localised spatial scales, as the high level of population structuring uncovered for this species indicates that significant unique diversity is present at this fine spatial scale.

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Canepa, Laura Loguercio. "Medo de que? : uma historia do horror nos filmes brasileiros." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285159.

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Orientador: Nuno Cesar Pereira de Abreu Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T16:44:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Canepa_LauraLoguercio_D.pdf: 62092455 bytes, checksum: aeaa4fb7ba2110dbe657a81456b35c36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 Resumo: Neste trabalho, examinam-se as manifestações do gênero horror nos longas-metragens sonoros brasileiros realizados entre 1937 e 2007, elaborando-se um panorama histórico desses filmes, desde os primeiros registros cinematográficos deste gênero de ficção no cinema nacional até os mais recentes, e propondo-se um modelo descritivo para as configurações do horror ficcional no cinema brasileiro. Para isso, partiu-se dos estudos de gêneros cinematográficos, de história do cinema mundial e de história do cinema brasileiro, procurando-se desenvolver ferramentas de análise que permitam elaborar um panorama dos filmes, e explorando-se a possibilidade de falar-se de estilos especificamente brasileiros para o tratamento cinematográfico do horror Abstract: This thesis examines the manifestations of the horror genre in Brazilian movies made between 1937 and 2007, under a historical outlook, since the first cinematographic registries of this genre, to the later ones. The theoretical approach of this work starts from genre cinematographic studies, passes over cinema¿s history and Brazilian cinema¿s history, looking out for the development of analytical tools which allow elaborating an overview of the films, exploring the possibility of marking a specific Brazilian brand of horror films and a specific Brazilian approach on making horror films Doutorado Doutor em Multimeios

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37

Sokolov, Artem. "När då- och nutiden gifter sig, står framtiden bredvid och tittar på : En studie om lärares syn på relationen mellan dåtid, nutid och framtid." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-66970.

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What has happened affects our lives as well as our actions; the past is inseparably connected to the present and to the future. Although this relation exists, it is not that simple to bring it up when teaching history. However, if that is never done, the subject might be considered irrelevant. This study aims therefore to research in what way history teachers create a relation between past, present and future in their teaching, and how they look upon this issue. To make these dimensions in time visible in an empiricist analysis, the theory starts from the concept of historical consciousness. Historical consciousness is a mental process within each person, where reflections of the past create an understanding of the contemporary, thus creating conceptions of the future. The empirics have been gathered through semi structural interviews with three teachers at upper secondary school, that all are interested in – as well as working with – historical consciousness. The tools of analysis are Klas-Göran Karlsson’s historical mental operation “historiska tankeoperation” and the critical narrative of Jörn Rüsen’s typology of historical narrations. The result suggests four different strategies of teaching that can be utilized to create a relation between the three dimensions of time. (1) Future scenarios may be discussed from historical courses of events and lines of development. (2) History may be used to draw conclusions and to learn from. (3) Historical consciousness may be made visible through reflections of how our individual experiences affect our lives today, and how they affect our future actions. (4) Alternative interpretations and narratives about the past may be used to affect, or to change, the students’ conception of something today or/and in the future. Det förflutna påverkar våra liv och våra handlingar, dåtiden står i en oupplöslig förbindelse med nutiden och framtid. Trots att denna relation existerar så är det inte så enkelt att belysa den i historieundervisning och om detta inte görs så riskerar historieämnet att uppfattas som irrelevant. Denna studie undersöker därmed hur historielärare ser på och skapar en relation mellan dåtid, nutid och framtid i historieundervisningen. För att få syn på dessa tidsdimensioner i en empirisk analys så utgår teorin ifrån begreppet historiemedvetande. Historiemedvetande är en mental process hos varje människa där reflektioner av det förflutna ger en förståelse för den egna samtiden och där igenom skapar uppfattningar om framtiden. Empirin har samlats utifrån semistrukturella intervjuer med tre gymnasielärare som är intresserade av och arbetar med historiemedvetande. Analysverktygen består av Klas-Göran Karlssons historiska tankeoperation och den kritiska berättelsen ifrån Jörn Rüsens berättelsetypologi. Resultatet visar på fyra undervisningsstrategier som kan användas för att skapa en relation mellan de tre tidsdimensionerna. (1) Framtida scenarion kan diskuteras utifrån historiska skeende och utvecklingslinjer. (2) Historien kan användas för att dra slutsatser och lärdom av. (3) Historiemedvetande kan synliggöras genom reflektioner av hur våra individuella erfarenheter påverkar våra liv idag och våra framtida handlingar. (4) Alternativa tolkningar och berättelser om det förflutna kan användas för att påverka eller förändra elevernas uppfattning om någonting idag och/eller i framtiden.

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38

Carini, Giovannella, and n/a. "Effects of Contemporary and Historical Processes on Population Genetic Structure of Two Freshwater Species in Dryland River Systems (Western Queensland, Australia)." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050113.081250.

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Arid and semiarid river systems in Western Queensland, Australia, are characterized by the unpredictable and highly variable nature of their hydrological regimes as a result of the episodic nature of rain events in the region. These dryland rivers typically experience episodic floods and extremely low or no flow periods. During low or no flow periods, water persists only in relatively wide and deep sections of the river channels, which are called 'waterholes'. These isolated waterholes serve as refugia for aquatic species during protracted intervals between floods. In such discontinuous riverine habitat, dispersal of freshwater species may be achieved only during wet seasons, when water is flowing in rivers and the nearby floodplains. Obligate aquatic species occur in habitats that represent discrete sites surrounded by inhospitable terrestrial landscapes. Thus, movements are very much limited by the physical nature and arrangement of the riverine system. In addition, the distribution of a species may be also largely dependent on historical events. Landscape and river courses continually change over geological time, often leaving distinct phylogenetic 'signatures', useful in reconciling species' biology with population connectivity and earth history. The main aim of this study was to resolve the relative importance of contemporary and historical processes in structuring populations of two freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. To address this aim, a comparative approach was taken in analysing patterns of genetic variation of two freshwater invertebrates: a snail (Notopala sublineata) and a prawn (Macrobrachium australiense). Mitochondrial sequences were used for both the species. In addition, allozyme and microsatellites markers were employed for N. sublineata. These species have similar distributions in Western Queensland region, although N. sublineata appears to be extinct in some catchments. M. australiense is thought to have good dispersal abilities due to a planktonic larval phase in its life cycle and good swimming capabilities, whereas N. sublineata is thought to have limited dispersal abilities, because of its benthic behaviour and because this species is viviparous. It was hypothesised that these freshwater invertebrates, would display high levels of genetic structure in populations, because physical barriers represented by terrestrial inhospitable habitat, are likely to impede gene flow between populations inhabiting isolated river pools. Genetic data for the two species targeted in this study supported this hypothesis, indicating strong population subdivision at all spatial scales investigated (i.e. between and within catchments). This suggests that contemporary dispersal between isolated waterholes is relatively restricted, despite the potential good dispersal abilities of one of the species. It was hypothesised that levels of gene flow between populations of aquatic species were higher during the Quaternary (likely movements of individuals across catchment boundaries) and that they have been isolated relatively recently. There is evidence that historically gene flow was occurring between populations, suggesting that episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was likelier in the past. Episodic historical movements of aquatic fauna were facilitated by higher patterns of river connectivity as a result of the climate changes of the Pleistocene. Because the two species targeted in this study exhibit analogous spatial patterns of evolutionary subdivision it is likely that they have a shared biogeographic history. The unpredictable flow regime of rivers in Western Queensland is likely to have considerable effects on the genetic diversity of aquatic populations. First, if populations of obligate freshwater organisms inhabiting less persistent waterholes are more likely to experience periodic bottlenecks than those inhabiting more persistent ones, they would be expected to have lower levels of genetic diversity. Second, if populations inhabiting less persistent waterholes periodically undergo local extinction with subsequent recolonisation, there should be higher levels of genetic differentiation among them, due to the founder effects, than among those populations inhabiting more persistent waterholes. Contrary to the first prediction, the observed levels of genetic diversity in both N. sublineata and M. australiense were high in both more persistent and less persistent waterholes. There was no tendency for genetic diversity to be lower in less persistent than in more persistent waterholes. However, when Cooper waterholes were ranked in order of persistence, positive correlation between water persistence time in waterholes and genetic diversity was detected in N. sublineata but not in M. australiense. Contrary to the second prediction, highly significant genetic differentiation was found among populations from both less persistent and more persistent waterholes. This indicates that not only populations from less persistent but also those from more persistent waterholes were very dissimilar genetically. This study demonstrated the importance of both contemporary and historical processes in shaping the population structure of obligate freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. It has indicated that contemporary movements of freshwater species generally are extremely limited across the region, whereas episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was possible during the Pleistocene, due to different patterns of river connectivity.

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39

Carini, Giovannella. "Effects of Contemporary and Historical Processes on Population Genetic Structure of Two Freshwater Species in Dryland River Systems (Western Queensland, Australia)." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367070.

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Arid and semiarid river systems in Western Queensland, Australia, are characterized by the unpredictable and highly variable nature of their hydrological regimes as a result of the episodic nature of rain events in the region. These dryland rivers typically experience episodic floods and extremely low or no flow periods. During low or no flow periods, water persists only in relatively wide and deep sections of the river channels, which are called 'waterholes'. These isolated waterholes serve as refugia for aquatic species during protracted intervals between floods. In such discontinuous riverine habitat, dispersal of freshwater species may be achieved only during wet seasons, when water is flowing in rivers and the nearby floodplains. Obligate aquatic species occur in habitats that represent discrete sites surrounded by inhospitable terrestrial landscapes. Thus, movements are very much limited by the physical nature and arrangement of the riverine system. In addition, the distribution of a species may be also largely dependent on historical events. Landscape and river courses continually change over geological time, often leaving distinct phylogenetic 'signatures', useful in reconciling species' biology with population connectivity and earth history. The main aim of this study was to resolve the relative importance of contemporary and historical processes in structuring populations of two freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. To address this aim, a comparative approach was taken in analysing patterns of genetic variation of two freshwater invertebrates: a snail (Notopala sublineata) and a prawn (Macrobrachium australiense). Mitochondrial sequences were used for both the species. In addition, allozyme and microsatellites markers were employed for N. sublineata. These species have similar distributions in Western Queensland region, although N. sublineata appears to be extinct in some catchments. M. australiense is thought to have good dispersal abilities due to a planktonic larval phase in its life cycle and good swimming capabilities, whereas N. sublineata is thought to have limited dispersal abilities, because of its benthic behaviour and because this species is viviparous. It was hypothesised that these freshwater invertebrates, would display high levels of genetic structure in populations, because physical barriers represented by terrestrial inhospitable habitat, are likely to impede gene flow between populations inhabiting isolated river pools. Genetic data for the two species targeted in this study supported this hypothesis, indicating strong population subdivision at all spatial scales investigated (i.e. between and within catchments). This suggests that contemporary dispersal between isolated waterholes is relatively restricted, despite the potential good dispersal abilities of one of the species. It was hypothesised that levels of gene flow between populations of aquatic species were higher during the Quaternary (likely movements of individuals across catchment boundaries) and that they have been isolated relatively recently. There is evidence that historically gene flow was occurring between populations, suggesting that episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was likelier in the past. Episodic historical movements of aquatic fauna were facilitated by higher patterns of river connectivity as a result of the climate changes of the Pleistocene. Because the two species targeted in this study exhibit analogous spatial patterns of evolutionary subdivision it is likely that they have a shared biogeographic history. The unpredictable flow regime of rivers in Western Queensland is likely to have considerable effects on the genetic diversity of aquatic populations. First, if populations of obligate freshwater organisms inhabiting less persistent waterholes are more likely to experience periodic bottlenecks than those inhabiting more persistent ones, they would be expected to have lower levels of genetic diversity. Second, if populations inhabiting less persistent waterholes periodically undergo local extinction with subsequent recolonisation, there should be higher levels of genetic differentiation among them, due to the founder effects, than among those populations inhabiting more persistent waterholes. Contrary to the first prediction, the observed levels of genetic diversity in both N. sublineata and M. australiense were high in both more persistent and less persistent waterholes. There was no tendency for genetic diversity to be lower in less persistent than in more persistent waterholes. However, when Cooper waterholes were ranked in order of persistence, positive correlation between water persistence time in waterholes and genetic diversity was detected in N. sublineata but not in M. australiense. Contrary to the second prediction, highly significant genetic differentiation was found among populations from both less persistent and more persistent waterholes. This indicates that not only populations from less persistent but also those from more persistent waterholes were very dissimilar genetically. This study demonstrated the importance of both contemporary and historical processes in shaping the population structure of obligate freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. It has indicated that contemporary movements of freshwater species generally are extremely limited across the region, whereas episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was possible during the Pleistocene, due to different patterns of river connectivity. Thesis (PhD Doctorate) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Australian School of Environmental Studies Full Text

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40

Chun, Young Jin. "The role of adaptive evolution of phenotypic plasticity and historical population genetic processes in purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) invasion in North America." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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41

Randi, Carolina. "Temporal variation of genetic diversity and differentiation of albacore, Thunnus alalunga, in the Mediterranean Sea." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7954/.

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This study is on albacore (Thunnus alalunga, Bonnaterre 1788), an epi- and mesopelagic oceanic tuna species cosmopolitan in the tropical and temperate waters of all oceans including the Mediterranean Sea, extending in a broad band between 40°N and 40°S. What it’s known about albacore population structure is based on different studies that used fisheries data, RFLP, mtDNA control region and nuDNA markers, blood lectins analysis, individual tags and microsatellite. At the moment, for T. alalunga six management units are recognized: the North Pacific, South Pacific, Indian, North Atlantic, South Atlantic and Mediterranean stocks. In this study I have done a temporal and spatial comparison of genetic variability between different Mediterranean populations of Thunnus alalunga matching an historical dataset ca. from 1920s composed of 43 individuals divided in 3 populations (NADR, SPAIN and CMED) with a modern dataset composed of 254 individuals and 7 populations (BAL, CYP, LIG, TYR, TUR, ADR, ALB). The investigation was possible using a panel of 94 nuclear SNPs, built specifically for the target species at the University of Basque Country UPV/EHU. First analysis done was the Hardy-Weinberg, then the number of clusters (K) was determined using STRUCTURE and to assess the genetic variability, allele frequencies, the average number of alleles per locus, expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosis, and the index of polymorphism (P) was used the software Genetix. Historical and modern samples gives different results, showing a clear loss of genetic diversity over time leading to a single cluster in modern albacore instead of the two found in historical samples. What this study reveals is very important for conservation concerns, and additional research endeavours are needed.

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42

Holmes, Tarquin. "Domesticating the wild type : a historical investigation of the role of the domestic-wild divide in scientific knowledge production." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21021.

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This thesis focuses on the role and historical development of strategies of experimental domestication in scientific knowledge production, with a particular focus on the function of the laboratory strains known as 'wild types' in the model organism systems of classical genetics, where they play the role of standing in for the 'natural' instance of the species so that variation may be measured. As part of establishing how lab wild types came to assume this role, I have situated them within a much longer historical trajectory that tracks how changes in the manner that European intellectual traditions conceptualised the domestic-wild divide were linked to the development of new forms of scientific domestication and knowledge production. These new developments required that existing domesticating practices be intensified, expanded and analogised in order to better control, capture and comprehend 'wild' nature. My first two chapters introduce the domestic-wild divide by discussing both contemporary and ancient interpretations of it. In my third and fourth chapter, I explore the roots of the knowledge regime of European scientific domestication. I highlight Francis Bacon's campaign to use knowledge of domesticating practices to restore human dominion, before showing how Linnaeus later re-conceptualised the natural economy as an autonomous order and original order, with domestication reinterpreted as an artful transformation of nature requiring human maintenance to prevent reversion to its wild 'natural state'. I identify this idea of the wild as original and the domestic as derivative and artificially maintained as the basis of the original wild type concept. In my fifth chapter, I discuss Darwin's attempt to unite the domestic and wild under common laws of variation and selection, including his argument that reversion was simply a product of a return to ancestral conditions of existence. I observe that Darwin's theory of variation was problematic for the effort to bring wild nature under controlled conditions for study, so in my sixth and seventh chapters discuss how this difficulty was resolved, first by experimental naturalists both before and after Darwin who utilised vivaria and microscopes to bring pieces of nature indoors, and then by Weismann and Galton's sequestration of heredity, which helped persuade scientists that domestication was not in itself a cause of germinal variation. In my eighth and ninth chapter, I detail how sequestration led the early Mendelians de Vries and Bateson to assume that wild types could be brought into the lab from nature and purified into true-breeding strains. I discuss their differing atomist and interactionist perspectives on wild type, with de Vries favouring 'elementary species' as units of nature, whereas Bateson held wild types and mutants to represent normal and abnormal forms of the species respectively. In my last chapter, I cover the replacement of Bateson's interactionist genetics by the reductionist genetics of the Morgan group and argue that this led to a disintegration of wild types into their component genes. I conclude with a discussion of what wild type strains in classical genetics were meant to be representative of, and end by establishing that whilst these strains may not wholly be representative of their species, they are nonetheless useful tools for scientific knowledge production.

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Soltani, Seyed Nasser. "La notion de constitution dans l'oeuvre de l'assemblée constituante iranienne de 1906." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32010/document.

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En 1906 le royaume de Perse connut une révolution constitutionnelle qui lui a donné la première constitution écrite du pays. Durant les années où la révolution se prépare, la société civile ouvre un grand champ d’émergence des concepts modernes du droit public. L’œuvre de l’assemblée constituante de 1906, qui a donné naissance à la constitution et à son complément, en est un exemple par excellence. Dans cette thèse nous allons procéder à l’exploitation de l’œuvre de l’assemblée constituante pour y suivre la genèse et l’évolution des concepts de droit public. Nous allons chercher à travers les concepts principaux du droit public - représentation, égalité civique et égalité devant la loi - la conception qu'avaient les constituants de la Constitution. Nous allons aussi observer la notion de constitution à certains moments décisifs de la révolution, où par exemple les révolutionnaires appelleront le roi au serment pour protéger la constitution. Dans cette thèse nous assisterons aussi à un processus qui par le biais de la redéfinition des anciens concepts de droit public, fait naître les concepts modernes du droit public. Cette thèse en se référant à l’histoire constitutionnelle du pays vise à relever un défi du droit constitutionnel d’aujourd’hui en Iran. Un droit constitutionnel qui, dès sa naissance, ne prend pas au sérieux l’histoire de la discipline. Par cette thèse nous voulons mettre en valeur l’importance et la nécessité des études historiques dans l’enseignement ainsi que dans l’étude du droit constitutionnel In 1906 the Persian Kingdom witnessed a constitutional revolution which gave it its first written constitution. In the early years of the revolution, civil society opened a great field for the emergence of modern concepts of public law. The work of the Constituent Assembly of 1906, which gave birth to the Constitution and its Supplement, is a unique illustration of this. The present thesis proceeds to explain the work of the Constituent Assembly in order to follow the genesis and evolution of the principles of public law in Iran. Referring to the principal concepts of public law - representation, civic equality and equality before the law - we will attempt to find the particular conception that the constituents of the Constitution had of these concepts. We also explore the notion of constitution at certain key moments of the revolution, where, for example, the revolutionaries called the King to give oath for the safeguard of the Constitution. Further, the thesis explains the process by which modern concepts of public law were given birth through a redefinition of ancient concepts. By referring to constitutional history, the present study aims to expose the challenges to constitutional law in Iran today, a constitutional law which has failed to seriously account for the history of the discipline. The present study therefore aims to show the importance of, and need for, historical studies in the teaching and study of constitutional law in Iran

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Viola, Andre Vidal. "Conteúdo da história ou gênese de pressupostos? o lugar expositivo de Aristóteles nas duas primeiras seções de O Capital, de Karl Marx." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21661.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-11-28T09:09:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Vidal Viola.pdf: 1414358 bytes, checksum: 3e7bf11ad30b7e0341afb62d27d9240f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-28T09:09:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Vidal Viola.pdf: 1414358 bytes, checksum: 3e7bf11ad30b7e0341afb62d27d9240f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-17 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq In this dissertation we try to analyze how Karl Marx mobilizes past and history to make a critical exposition of the present. It is known from the suppressed Introduction in his 1859 Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy that Marx did not wish to follow simply the historical development of the determinations of capital but to recover the order and the expositive movement of these determinations as put by the mode of capitalist production itself. By this we seek to identify in Marx's writings how economics general forms relate to the manifestations of their specific existences, particularly in capitalism. We also seek to point to criticism as a specific historical moment where concrete contradictions bring the need to overcome the theoretical expressions of the present. Thus, criticism and theory also differ in the way of apprehending history. From the notion of the genesis of presuppositions we seek to follow the marxian exposition of the value form and of capital in its general form to locate some passages that make references to Aristotle. Therefore, we do not attempt here any form of comparison, approximation or contrast between the two authors, but only to delimit and analyze such references in the precise place that they assume in the critical exposition of capital. Finally, we follow a small but relevant set of quotations from Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and Politics, which persisted for more than a decade in Marx's work, from the Contribution of 1859 to the second edition of Capital in 1872 Nesta dissertação procuramos analisar como Karl Marx mobiliza o passado e a história para fazer uma exposição crítica do presente. Sabe-se, pela Introdução suprimida em sua obra de 1859, Contribuição à Crítica da Economia Política, que Marx não desejava acompanhar simplesmente o desenvolvimento histórico das determinações do capital, mas sim recuperar a ordem e o movimento expositivo dessas determinações como posto pelo próprio modo de produção capitalista. Com isso procuramos identificar nos escritos de Marx como formas gerais da economia se relacionam com as manifestações de suas existências específica, particularmente no capitalismo. Também procuramos apontar a crítica como um momento histórico específico onde as contradições concretas trazem a necessidade de superar as expressões teóricas do presente. Assim, crítica e teoria se diferenciam também no modo de apreender a história. A partir da noção de gênese de pressupostos buscamos acompanhar a exposição marxiana da forma valor e do capital em sua forma geral para localizar algumas passagens que fazem referências a Aristóteles. Logo, não intentamos aqui nenhuma forma de comparação, aproximação ou contraposição entre os dois autores, mas tão somente delimitar e analisar tais referências no lugar preciso que estas assumem na exposição crítica do capital. Finalmente, acompanhamos um pequeno, mas relevante, conjunto de citações, da Ética a Nicômaco e da Política de Aristóteles, que persiste por mais de uma década na obra de Marx, desde a Contribuição de 1859 até a segunda edição de O Capital em 1872

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Viverette, Catherine B. "INFLUENCE OF HISTORIC LANDSCAPES AND CONTEMPORARY SPECIES MANAGEMENT ON CHESAPEAKE BAY BALD EAGLES AND OSPREY." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4197.

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Influence of historic landscapes and contemporary species management on Chesapeake Bay Bald Eagles and Osprey Catherine B. Viverette Co-distributed species with well documented demographic histories can provide good models for testing alternative hypotheses about the impact of evolutionary history, contemporary landscapes, and species management on current distribution and population structure. The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) have been extensively studied, managed and monitored across their North American breeding range, particularly in the Chesapeake Bay. We used a combination of ecological niche modelling, diet reconstruction, and population genetic modeling to understand the role of historic events--both shallow and deep time--on contemporary species distribution. The first objective of this study was to develop contemporary and paleo-distributional models for North American Bald Eagles and Osprey in order to explore the geographic histories of the two species, including the identity of possible Pleistocene refugia. Potential distribution during past (e.g. Last Glacial Maximum, LGM) and possible future climate scenarios were developed with species occurrence records for Osprey (n = 3034) and Bald Eagles (n = 8859) combined with 19 bioclimatic variables representing current conditions using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt). Paleoclimatic models predict multiple putative refugia that may explain differences in migratory behavior between the two currently co-distributed species, as well as geographically defined sub-populations within each species. We conducted bulk stable isotope analysis of feathers collected from museum specimens and contemporary nests to investigate the influence of historic declines in critical prey species on distribution of Bald Eagles (n = 41 ) and Osprey (n = 45) in the Chesapeake Bay over the past 140 y. Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR) was used to estimate the relative contribution of potential prey items in order to test the hypothesis that migration of estuarine-dependent and anadromous clupeid fishes represents an historically important seasonal subsidy in the form of marine-derived organic matter (MDOM). SIAR results demonstrate that MDOM contributed approximately 50% of the carbon and nutrients to Bald Eagle and Osprey occupying the upper estuary historically but declined to less than 5% of contemporary diets. Declines in anadromous prey in the diet correspond with historic spatial shifts in distribution and population growth of avian predators over the same period. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that conservation efforts, specifically translocation or “hacking” programs, rather than biogeographical history, best explains the current pattern of genetic variation exhibited by Osprey across their North American breeding range. We genotyped 11 microsatellite loci and a 513 base pair sequence of the cyt b region from 433 Osprey samples in order to investigate current population substructure, the genetic consequences of historic demographic bottlenecks, and the influence of hacking programs on contemporary gene flow. We calculated genetic differentiation (Dest) and Isolation-By-Distance (IBD) among regional populations and spatially cohesive genetic clusters identified using the program STRUCTURE. Our results indicate that although Osprey nesting in North America are subdivided into multiple cohesive genetic clusters, genetic differentiation among groups is low and unrelated to geographic variation. The findings of this study are discussed in light of past and present management practices and broader issues salient to species management and conservation of genetic diversity and adaptive response to future environmental change.

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Kalkvik, Haakon Myklevoll. "Conservation and population biology: genetics, demography and habitat requirements of the Atlantic coast beach mice." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5334.

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The conservation biology field seeks to preserve biodiversity and the processes shaping that variation. Conservation biology is intimately tied to evolutionary research, in order to identify evolutionary distinct lineages that may be in danger of disappearing. Interestingly, patterns and processes of lineage divergence and persistence change with respect to spatial and temporal scale. I seek to evaluate biodiversity, the factors that have shaped this heterogeneity, and how this variability persists. To accomplish this I used a phylogeographic approach as well as niche and population modeling on the Peromyscus maniculatus species group found widely distributed in North America. My emphasis was on the southeastern U.S. species P. polionotus and its distinct beach forms. At a continental scale, I found that environmental niches are likely involved in generating and/or maintaining genetic lineages within the P. maniculatus species group. These findings add to a growing number of studies that have identified lineages occupying different environmental spaces. At a regional scale, I supported the hypothesis that barrier islands on the Atlantic coast of Florida were colonized by an ancestral form of P. polionotus by a single colonization, from the central Florida area. Subsequently, at least two distinct lineages diverged (P. p. phasma and P. p. niveiventris). I also found evidence that suggests that the extinct form of beach mouse (P. p. decoloratus) is part of the P. p. phasma lineage. At the population level, I evaluated changes in genetic diversity in historical samples compared to those that experienced recent human encroachment on natural habitat I used tissue preserved in natural history collections to compare with live-trapped specimens, and found that P. p. niveiventris has maintained historical genetic diversity levels. I suggest that the continuation of historical levels of genetic diversity is due to the presence of a single large area of continuous habitat in the central portion of the species' current distribution. Finally, I evaluated the importance of scrub and beach habitat to the population dynamics of beach mice. Beach mice have traditionally have been associated with beach dunes rather than with the scrub habitat found more inland on barrier islands. Using almost three years of capture-recapture data from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), I created a stochastic matrix model to assess the relative contribution of populations from the two different habitats to a variety of demographic measures. Both field data and model results provided evidence that the population dynamics of beach mice may rely much more on scrub habitat than formerly documented. Overall, my research emphasized a hierarchical approach to evaluate biodiversity and the processes shaping differentiation at different spatial and temporal scales. The methods and findings give insight into speciation at different scales, and can be applied to a wide range of taxa for questions related to evolutionary and conservation biology. ID: 031001408; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Christopher L. Parkinson.; Co-adviser: I. Jack Stout.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references. Ph.D. Doctorate Biology Sciences Conservation Biology; Ecology and Organismal Biology

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Hultkrantz, Catharina. "Playtime! : en studie av lärares syn på film som pedagogiskt hjälpmedel i historieämnet på gymnasiet." Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-94422.

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Showing movies to pupils is hardly a new, innovative teaching method. However, knowledge about how film is used and why, as well as what kind of film is used is scarce. In the present licentiate thesis, eight active teachers have been interviewed on their experiences with and approached to using film as a pedagogic tool in high school history lessons. The purpose of the study is to analyze the respective teachers´ use and understanding of history, based on their opinion of film as a didactic alternative. Why do teachers to use film in class? How do they describe the way in which they work with it in concrete teaching situations? What films do they use and what makes them suitable for classroom viewing? The teachers emphasize five primary ways in which they use movies as teaching tools and the advantages in doing so: to present facts; as an example of multiperspectivism; to promote ethics and empathy; to discuss source criticism; and to arouse interest. The teachers see documentary film as an accurate, reliable form of presenting facts while considering drama more complicated and important to address in class. The study shows that the teachers feel they are left to their own devices to discover film´s potential as creators of meaning but that they rarely have the educational background or time to engage colleagues in didactic reasoning on the subject. The type of films they consider as having the most favorable effect in the classroom generally deal with war and other conflicts from a Western perspective. Most see film as an effective secondary source but a few also see it as a useful primary source. Analyzing their statements as a whole, the informants articulate that while film is widely used in high school history classes, it is done so for very different reasons.

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Ikediashi, Charles Isioma. "Population level variation of Atlantic salmon in the chalk streams of southern England and neighbouring regions." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22074.

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In this thesis, population level variation is elucidated for Atlantic salmon living in the chalk streams of southern England – a unique and unusual habitat – as well as in immediately surrounding regions. Salmon in these chalk streams have yet to be robustly investigated, despite individual populations standing out from neighbouring populations in several previous studies. This thesis attempts to identify how different they are and the reasons for it. Then, this thesis also investigates the effect of this distinction on their internal population structure, as well as the current and future trajectory. A panel of microsatellite markers from the SALSEA-merge project were used to complete four studies of population structure in Atlantic salmon. In the first study, which served primarily, as a training exercise, a multi-national baseline was used to identify the origins of salmon recolonising the river Mersey in northwest England. Fish entering the Mersey originated from multiple sources, with the greatest proportion (45–60%) assigning to rivers in the geographical region just north of the Mersey, including Northwest England and the Solway Firth. The number of fish originating from proximal rivers to the west of the Mersey was lower than expected. The results suggested that the recolonisers were straying in accordance with the predominantly clockwise gyre present in the eastern Irish Sea. In the second study, the relationship of salmon in the chalk streams of southern England to salmon outside this region was elucidated. Salmon from all five chalk streams in southern England with major salmon populations were found to all be genetically distinct from these neighbours and statistically less genetically diverse than salmon in southwest England and France. The reasons for this were relatively low immigration and a history of low effective population size. In the third study, the extent of population structure of salmon between the chalk streams and within one chalk stream, the river Frome, was explored. The results suggested these salmon were divided into three groups, i.e. 1) the Frome & Piddle, 2) the Avon and 3) the Test & Itchen. A significant pattern of isolation by distance between salmon in these five rivers was also identified. Historic samples from the Avon were assigned to the contemporary three groups. Surprisingly, most of these fish assigned to the Frome and Piddle group. Within the river Frome, further sub-structure was identified over two separate years of sampling. Salmon from 2009 comprised three genetic groups, and salmon in 2011 comprised just two. In the fourth study, historic scale samples were used to assess the current trajectory of genetic diversity and effective population size of salmon populations across Scotland, England, Wales and France. The majority of samples greater than 30 years old proved ineffective using the SALSEA panel. However, data was compiled from samples from eight rivers ranging from the Tweed in Scotland to the Scorff in France and from 1972 to 2012. Contrary to our hypothesis, most populations showed increases in allelic richness. Populations from one chalk stream show the steepest temporal decline in genetic diversity, which we speculate is partly due to the low immigration into the region. Effective population size proved difficult to determine using a number of methods and no robust pattern was identified. Together these studies indicate that low immigration of salmon into the chalk streams appears to be key to their low genetic diversity and genetic distinction. Low immigration may also have enabled marked within-river population structure and the current negative trajectory of genetic diversity. The implications for general understanding of Atlantic salmon population structure across their range, and for the conservation of this species are discussed.

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Buhagiar, Vincent M. "The refurbishment of historic buildings for re-use : an energy efficient and heritage sensitive approach : generic guidelines with applications for Malta." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403146.

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Hens, H. (Hilde). "Population genetics and population ecology in management of endangered species." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526215853.

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Abstract Knowledge of the determinants of the viability of populations is essential in order to undertake effective conservation and management of endangered species. In this study, long-term demographic data was combined with genetic data to study the viability of an endangered orchid species, Epipactis atrorubens. The genetic analyses revealed low levels of genetic variation and the presence of population genetic differentiation independent of the spatial scale. Low levels of seed-mediated gene flow, possibly linked to low seedling recruitment, is the likely cause of the low levels of gene flow. Indications of slow post-glacial colonisation rates were found, which together with the low gene flow predict a limited capacity of the species to shift its range to more suitable habitats after environmental change. Low genetic variation as a proxy for low evolutionary potential also suggests that the species has limited capacity to adapt to new environmental conditions. Furthermore, poor seedling recruitment lowers population viability in small populations, as highlighted by the low population growth rates. In addition, we found a strong effect of stochasticity that limits the viability of populations. Both the genetic and demographic analyses indicated low viability of the studied species and that seedling recruitment could be the main determinant for the viability Tiivistelmä Luonnonsuojelun perusta on populaatioiden elinkykyyn vaikuttavien tekijöiden tuntemus. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä tutkittiin uhanalaisen orkidean, tummaneidonvaipan (Epipactis atrorubens), elinkykyyn vaikuttavia tekijöitä yhdistämällä pitkäaikaisseurannoilla kerätyt demografiset aineistot geneettisin menetelmin kerättyihin aineistoihin. Lajin populaatioiden geneettisen muuntelun määrän havaittiin olevan pieni ja populaatioiden todettiin olevan geneettisesti erilaistuneita maantieteellisestä skaalasta riippumatta. Geneettisen erilaistumisen syy voi olla alhainen geenivirta, joka on seurausta vähäisestä siemendispersaalista ja huonosta taimettumisesta. Populaatioiden evolutiivista historiaa tutkittaessa havaittiin merkkejä hitaasta jääkauden jälkeisestä kolonisaatiosta, mikä yhdessä alhaisen geenivirran kanssa ennustaa, että lajilla on huono kyky siirtyä sille sopivammille alueille, jos ympäristö muuttuu. Huonoa evolutiivista potentiaalia kuvastava vähäinen geneettinen muuntelu ennustaa, että lajilla on huono kyky sopeutua uusiin ympäristöoloihin. Tämän lisäksi huono taimettuminen laskee elinkykyä etenkin pienissä populaatioissa, mikä näkyy muun muassa pienten populaatioiden matalina kasvukertoimina. Stokastinen vaihtelu vaikutti elinkykyä alentavasti, mikä pitäisikin huomioida nykyistä paremmin elinkykyanalyyseissä. Sekä geneettiset että demografiset analyysit osoittivat taimettumisen mahdollisesti olevan määräävä tekijä tummaneidonvaipan populaatioiden elinkyvylle

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The historical genesis'

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