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Journal articles on the topic 'The ice load'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Blanchet, Denis. "Ice loads from first-year ice ridges and rubble fields." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-073.

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A method for estimating global loads from consolidated first-year ice ridges and rubble fields on wide Arctic offshore vertical-sided structures is presented. The method utilizes full-scale global ice load measurements in the Arctic to represent the failure behavior of the consolidated layer and a Mohr-Coulomb approach for the remaining layers. By including full-scale data, the model can take into account the effects of scale and non-simultaneous failure of the consolidated ice layer across the structure width. The results are compared with those obtained from several other first-year ice ridge and rubble field load models.Key words: first-year ice ridges, rubble fields, ice load and pressure measurements, Arctic structures, ice load models.

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2

Aleksandrov, A., V. Platonov, and V. Shaposhnikov. "Ice going ships: speed vs ice load." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 2, no. 388 (May 22, 2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2019-2-388-69-76.

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3

TAKEUCHI, Takahiro, Mikio SASAKI, Satoshi AKAGAWA, Muneo KAWAMURA, Masafumi SAKAI, Hisao MATSUSHITA, Takashi TERASHIMA, Naoki NAKAZAWA, Nobuharu KIOKA, and Hiroshi SAEKI. "ICE LOAD OF MULTI ICE FAILURE ZONES." PROCEEDINGS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE OCEAN 15 (1999): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prooe.15.605.

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4

KIOKA, Shinji, and Takahiro TAKEUCHI. "ICE LOAD ON ICE BOOM CONSIDERING ROUGHNESS OF SEA ICE BOTTOM." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering) 67, no. 2 (2011): I_1021—I_1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejoe.67.i_1021.

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5

MAKITA, Shunsuke, Kunio ENOKI, Norihiro USAMI, Humihiro HARA, and Hirosi SAEKI. "MODE OF ICE LOAD ACTING ON ICE BOOM FOR ICE CONTROL." PROCEEDINGS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE OCEAN 15 (1999): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prooe.15.623.

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6

Kõrgesaar, Mihkel, Pentti Kujala, and Jani Romanoff. "Load carrying capacity of ice-strengthened frames under idealized ice load and boundary conditions." Marine Structures 58 (March 2018): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2017.10.011.

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7

Dong, Jiwu, Zhijun Li, Peng Lu, Qing Jia, Guoyu Wang, and Guangwei Li. "Design ice load for piles subjected to ice impact." Cold Regions Science and Technology 71 (February 2012): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.11.002.

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8

Comfort, G., Y. Gong, S. Singh, and R. Abdelnour. "Static ice loads on dams." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 42–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-080.

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A 9 year field program was undertaken from 19911992 to 19992000 to (i) measure the loads in the ice sheet near a dam, (ii) measure the load distribution between a gate and a pier, and (iii) compare the loads on wooden and steel stoplogs. Parallel work was conducted to develop analytical predictors for ice loads. Much progress has been made. One of the most significant findings has been to identify the importance of water level changes on the resulting ice loads. Ice loads are much higher and more variable (compared to purely thermal loads) when significant, but not excessive, water level changes occur. Methods have been developed to predict the ice load. The algorithms predict thermal loads well. They are less accurate for loads produced by a combination of water level and ice temperature changes. An environmental model was developed, and the predictions using the model compare well with the measured data. Hindcast analyses were carried out to evaluate the distribution of expected ice temperature changes and thermal events. With respect to the loads on gates and stoplogs, an analytical method was developed to extend the results obtained in this project to other stoplog or gate configurations (i.e., spans, flexural rigidities, etc.) and pier lengths.Key words: ice loads, dam(s).

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9

Kim, Young-Shik, Jin-Ha Kim, Kuk-Jin Kang, Solyoung Han, and Jinwhan Kim. "Ice Load Generation in Time Domain Based on Ice Load Spectrum for Arctic Offshore Structures." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 32, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26748/ksoe.2018.32.6.411.

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10

Wang, Jungyong, Ayhan Akinturk, and Neil Bose. "Numerical Prediction of Propeller Performance During Propeller-Ice Interaction." Marine Technology and SNAME News 46, no. 03 (July 1, 2009): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mtsn.2009.46.3.123.

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The aim of the present study was to predict propeller performance during propeller-ice interaction. Total loads acting on a propeller blade during propeller-ice interaction were assumed to consist of three major components: separable hydrodynamic loads, inseparable hydrodynamic loads, and ice milling loads. A panel method and an empirical formula were used for the hydrodynamic load calculations and the ice contact load calculations, respectively. This empirical model was implemented into a numerical panel code. The numerical prediction model for the ice loads including the detailed implementation is described, and the results are compared with experimental results.

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11

Zhang, Meng, Karl Garme, Magnus Burman, and Li Zhou. "A Numerical Ice Load Prediction Model Based on Ice-Hull Collision Mechanism." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020692.

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A simplified numerical model is introduced to predict ice impact force acting on the ship hull in level ice condition. The model is based on ice-hull collision mechanisms and the essential ice breaking characteristics. The two critical ice failure modes, localized crushing and bending breaking, are addressed. An energy method is used to estimate the crushing force and the indentation displacement for different geometry schemes of ice-ship interaction. Ice bending breaking scenario is taken as a semi-infinite plate under a distributed load resting on an elastic foundation. An integrated complete ice-hull impact event is introduced with ice failure modes and breaking patterns. Impact location randomness and number of broken ice wedges are considered in order to establish a stochastic model. The analysis is validated by comparison with the model ice test of a shuttle passenger ferry performed in May 2017 for SSPA Sweden AB at Aker Arctic Technology Inc. Good agreement is achieved with appropriate parameter selection assumed from the model test and when ice bending failure is dominant. This model can be used to predict the ice impact load and creates a bridge between design parameters (ice properties and ship geometry) and structure loads.

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12

Nessim, M. A., M. S. Cheung, and I. J. Jordaan. "Ice action on fixed offshore structures: a state-of-the-art review." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 3 (June 1, 1987): 381–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-058.

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The methods and approaches for calculating global ice loads on fixed offshore structures are critically reviewed. The review covers both the mechanical approaches used in load calculation and the probabilistic methods used to deal with the uncertainties involved. The paper gives a brief review of background information related to ice conditions, ice-load characterization, and ice mechanics. Load calculation methods for different types of ice behaviour are reviewed for vertical structures, as well as sloping-sided structures. Size effects are discussed, and the effects of rubble piles on ice loads are briefly reviewed. The emphasis of the review is on summarizing the different models and approaches reported in the literature, and making evaluations, comments, and suggestions for further research from the viewpoint of choosing design criteria. Key words: ice-structure interaction, design criteria, ice indentation, probabilistic load assessment, Arctic structures, size effects.

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13

Timco, G. W. "Ice/Structure Interaction Tests with Ice Containing Flaws." Journal of Glaciology 33, no. 114 (1987): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000008686.

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AbstractA test series has been performed to investigate the influence of flaws or cracks in ice during an ice/structure interaction event. The tests were carried out by measuring the horizontal load on a 6 cm diamter vertical indentor which was being pushed through sheets of fresh-water ice containing flaws of various shapes, lengths, and densities. The results are analyzed and correlated in terms of an elementary damage theory. The tests show that flaws can have a significant influence on the load which an ice sheet can exert on a structure.

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Timco, G. W. "Ice/Structure Interaction Tests with Ice Containing Flaws." Journal of Glaciology 33, no. 114 (1987): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000008686.

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AbstractA test series has been performed to investigate the influence of flaws or cracks in ice during an ice/structure interaction event. The tests were carried out by measuring the horizontal load on a 6 cm diamter vertical indentor which was being pushed through sheets of fresh-water ice containing flaws of various shapes, lengths, and densities. The results are analyzed and correlated in terms of an elementary damage theory. The tests show that flaws can have a significant influence on the load which an ice sheet can exert on a structure.

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15

Dunwoody, A. B. "Reliability Against Drifting Ice—An Adjunct to Monte Carlo Simulation." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 113, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919928.

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A method is presented for the calculation of the reliability of a structure against drifting ice subject to restrictions on the form of the ice load model and on the form of the probability distributions of the ice feature characteristics. The ice load model must have the form that the ice load is proportional to the product of the characteristics of the impacting ice feature raised to individual powers. Results from a Monte Carlo simulation program are presented to demonstrate that the ice loads for a number of useful ice interaction scenarios can be modeled by an equation of this form. The probability distributions of the ice feature characteristics must be from the log-normal family. A realistic example using publicly available ice data and ice load model is presented.

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16

Wong, T. T., N. R. Morgenstern, and D. C. Segoz. "Ice rubble attenuation of ice loads on arctic offshore structures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 881–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-104.

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A state of the art survey of ice rubble mechanics is first presented. This survey covers ice rubble morphology, laboratory testing of ice rubble, the study of the load transmission capability of existing rubble fields, and field measurements in ice rubble surrounding offshore structures. Then, the implementation of a new plasticity model for normally consolidated broken ice into an existing finite element stress analysis code is described. The resulting program is validated using triaxial test data. Using this model, a two-dimensional parametric study on ice force transmission through a grounded ice rubble field is performed. The study shows that, in addition to the mechanical properties of ice rubble, the island or berm geometry may significantly affect the ice load. Key words: constitutive model, finite element analysis, ice load, ice rubble, offshore structure, plasticity.

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17

Dinvay, E., H. Kalisch, and E. I. Părău. "Fully dispersive models for moving loads on ice sheets." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 876 (July 31, 2019): 122–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.530.

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The response of a floating elastic plate to the motion of a moving load is studied using a fully dispersive weakly nonlinear system of equations. The system allows for an accurate description of waves across the whole spectrum of wavelengths and also incorporates nonlinearity, forcing and damping. The flexural–gravity waves described by the system are time-dependent responses to a forcing with a described weight distribution, moving at a time-dependent velocity. The model is versatile enough to allow the study of a wide range of situations including the motion of a combination of point loads and loads of arbitrary shape. Numerical solutions of the system are compared to data from a number of field campaigns on ice-covered lakes, and good agreement between the deflectometer records and the numerical simulations is observed in most cases. Consideration is also given to waves generated by a decelerating load, and it is shown that a decelerating load may trigger a wave response with a far greater amplitude than a load moving at constant celerity.

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18

Taaffe, Kevin, Brandon Lee, Yann Ferrand, Lawrence Fredendall, Dee San, Cassandra Salgado, Dotan Shvorin, Amin Khoshkenar, and Scott Reeves. "The Influence of Traffic, Area Location, and Other Factors on Operating Room Microbial Load." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 4 (February 15, 2018): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.323.

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OBJECTIVETo determine how the movement of patients, equipment, materials, staff, and door openings within the operating room (OR) affect microbial loads at various locations within the OR.DESIGNObservation and sampling study.SETTINGAcademic health center, public hospital.METHODSWe first analyzed 27 videotaped procedures to determine the areas in the OR with high and low numbers of people in transit. We then placed air samplers and settle plates in representative locations during 21 procedures in 4 different ORs during 2 different seasons of the year to measure microbial load in colony-forming units (CFU). The temperature and humidity, number of door openings, physical movement, and the number of people in the OR were measured for each procedure. Statistical analysis was conducted using hierarchical regression.RESULTSThe microbial load was affected by the time of year that the samples were taken. Both microbial load measured by the air samplers and by settle plates in 1 area of the OR was correlated with the physical movement of people in the same area but not with the number of door openings and the number of people in the OR.CONCLUSIONSMovement in the OR is correlated with the microbial load. Establishing operational guidelines or developing OR layouts that focus on minimizing movement by incorporating desirable internal storage points and workstations can potentially reduce microbial load, thereby potentially reducing surgical site infection risk.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:391–397

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19

Andryushin, A., and K. Khlystova. "Design of ice-class propellers: ice load mitigation and strength calculations." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 1, S-I (February 17, 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2020-1-s-i-11-17.

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20

Lee, Jong-Hyun, Yong-Hyeon Kwon, Chae-Whan Rim, and Tak-Kee Lee. "Characteristics analysis of local ice load signals in ice-covered waters." International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 2016): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2016.01.001.

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21

Timco, G. W., M. Sayed, and R. M. W. Frederking. "Model Tests of Load Transmission Through Grounded Ice Rubble." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 112, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919852.

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A model test series has been performed to look at the load distribution through newly formed grounded ice rubble. In the tests, a section of a vertical-sided Arctic structure was built above a submerged berm. Both the structure and the berm were instrumented independently of one another so that the load apportioning through the rubble to the berm and structure could be determined. The results have important implications in the design loads of Arctic structures built on submerged berms.

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22

Ye, Kehua, Chun Li, Fudong Chen, Zifei Xu, Wanfu Zhang, and Junwei Zhang. "Floating Ice Load Reduction of Offshore Wind Turbines by Two Approaches." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 10 (October 2018): 1850129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418501298.

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The offshore wind turbines (OWTs) constructed at the northern sea areas under cold climate are frequently subjected to floating ice loads. It is imperative to reduce the damage owing to the floating ice with some appropriate approaches. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the effectiveness of the tuned mass damper (TMD) and the ice-breaking cone for reducing floating ice loads on OWTs. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) 5 MW OWT, which is treated as a multibody system with rigid and flexible parts, is adopted as the example model here. The multiple loads taken into consideration in the fully coupled simulation include floating ice and turbulent wind. The aerodynamic load acting on the blades is solved by the blade element momentum method based on a full-field turbulent wind farm generated by the Kaimal spectrum. The Matlock model and the Ralston model are adopted for evaluating the floating ice loads on the cylindrical and conical structures, respectively. The TMD system in the nacelle and the ice-breaking cone on the tower at the mean sea level are the two load reduction approaches of concern in this paper. A weak aeroelastic simulation of the OWT model is conducted. The solution of flexibility effectiveness depends on some accurate mode shapes by the linear modal representation. Finally, Kane's method is used for predicting the motion of the whole OWT. The relevant results reveal some positive effectiveness of the TMD system and the ice-breaking cone for reducing the floating ice load. The displacement of tower top decreases significantly with the utilization of the two approaches. The TMD system has a better performance for the side-side displacement than the fore-aft displacement. By switching the ice failure mode from crushing to bending, the ice-breaking cone reduces the floating load more effectively than the TMD system. It affects equally significantly the fore-aft and side-side displacements.

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23

Sasajima, Takahiko, Kunihiro Kawai, Masaki Sato, Masakuni Hanada, and Hiroshi Saeki. "Impact Ice Load Acting on Pile Structure." PROCEEDINGS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE OCEAN 12 (1996): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prooe.12.343.

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24

Kolerski, Tomasz, Parisa Radan, and Dariusz Gąsiorowski. "Ice Load Characteristics on Floating Photovoltaic Platform." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092466.

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Nowadays, based upon human needs and preferring perpetual types of energy, photovoltaic system (PV) is a suitable alternative and more frequently used in northern countries, which are recently more attracted by solar power. The new floating type of the structure is installed in the water bodies instead of land. One of the main elements in floating photovoltaic structures is the forces imposed on the panels. In the northern regions, the dominant load is considered to be ice interaction with the structure. This study aims at identifying the loads imposed on a floating PV structure located in the Łapino Reservoir on the Radunia River, which are produced by the wind action on the ice cover. The wind velocity varying between 10 and 26 m/s is implemented, and also the reduction of the pool level was studied. Wind direction plays an important role in the inclination and expansion of ice accumulation. Moreover, the magnitude of wind velocity is a determinative factor in the maximum thickness emerged in various spot of the area. Changes in pool level reduction is not able to cause noticeable changes in ice cover expansion and maximum ice thickness. Additionally, the shoving mechanism is able to originate abrupt changes in ice thickness by means of rising wind velocity.

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25

Brown, T. G., and M. S. Cheung. "Auto-determination of ice forces on arctic structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-082.

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This paper describes a variety of programs specifically designed for the determination of sea ice and iceberg loads on Arctic offshore and nearshore structures. As any ice load is a function of the interaction between ice feature and structure, the design of arctic structures is very much an interactive process. Many other factors determining the overall loads and local pressures are functions jointly of ice feature and structural characteristics. For example, the ice strain rate which is a primary determinant of ice strength and failure behaviour may be determined from ice velocity and structure size.The paper details the development of a number of programs directed at the evaluation of quasi-static ice loads, dynamic ice loads, and corresponding local pressures between ice and structure. Examples are provided of the use of the various programs, including the data required and the type of outputs resulting.As a number of the programs incorporate quite extensive theoretical developments or, in one case, a large number of discrete interactions, full description of each program is beyond the scope of this paper. The reader is directed to the listed references for full developments of the various programs and algorithms. Key words: sea ice, iceberg, global ice load, local ice pressure, finite element, ice/structure interaction, probabilistic analysis, ice failure mode.

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26

Gao, Hong, and Fuxiang Chen. "Thermo-Economic Analysis of a Bottoming Kalina Cycle for Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Heat Recovery." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113044.

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The use of a Kalina cycle (KC) with a superheater to recover waste heat from an internal combustion engine (ICE) is described in this paper. The thermodynamic and economic analyses are performed for KC. The results indicate that using KC with a superheater is a feasible method to recover waste heat from ICE. The maximum thermal efficiency of KC is 46.94% at 100% ICE percentage load. The improvement of thermal efficiency is greater than 10% at all ICE loads, and the maximum improvement of thermal efficiency is 21.6% at 100% ICE load. Both the net power output and thermal efficiency of the KC subsystem increase with ICE percentage load and ammonia mass fraction. A lower turbine inlet pressure leads to a higher net power output of KC and a greater improvement of thermal efficiency when the ammonia mass fraction of the mixture is greater than 0.34. In the paper, if the same KC, which uses the largest capital investment, is used at different ICE loads, the payback period decreases with ICE load and ammonia mass fraction. In addition, both longer annual operation times and lower interest rates lead to shorter payback periods. However, it is worth noting that the payback period will be longer than the ICE’s lifetime if the ICE load is low and the annual operation time is too short.

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27

Kharik, Ekaterina, Brian Morse, Varvara Roubtsova, Mario Fafard, Alain Côté, and George Comfort. "Numerical studies for a better understanding of static ice loads on dams." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 45, no. 1 (January 2018): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2017-0142.

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It is important to anticipate potential maximum ice loads to ensure the structural stability of dams in cold climates. Finite element modeling (FEM) can provide some insights into process mechanisms. Four important ice-loading events on dams are presented and simulated. The measured loads were caused by the thermal expansion of ice together with intermediate water level fluctuations. Only the thermal expansion is modeled by the FEM, but the impact of water level fluctuations can increase lateral confinement that increases the predicted load by 36% to 106%, particularly when the cover contains mostly columnar ice. It is demonstrated that the presence of snow ice in the cover can decrease the predicted load by 35% to 53%. The study also demonstrates how initial stresses in the ice can affect the ultimate load and show that the very-difficult-to-manage delayed-elastic strain term need not be included in the material model where preliminary results suffice.

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Kim, Hyunsoo, and Jae-bin Lee. "Estimation Method for Ice load of Managed Ice in an Oblique Condition." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 32, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26748/ksoe.2018.6.32.3.184.

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Bazˇant, Z. P. "Scaling of Sea Ice Fracture—Part II: Horizontal Load From Moving Ice." Journal of Applied Mechanics 69, no. 1 (July 19, 2001): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1429933.

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Continuing the analysis of fracture size effect in Part I, which was focused on the maximum force in vertical penetration of ice, Part II tackles the problem maximum force that can be applied by a moving ice plate on an obstacle presented by a fixed structure. Based on an asymptotic approach, approximate solutions for are obtained for the size effects of ice thickness, effective structure diameter and, in the case of a finite ice floe, the size of the floe.

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Glockner, P. G. "Reinforced Ice and Ice Domes: Opportunities for the North*." International Journal of Space Structures 3, no. 2 (June 1988): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635118800300203.

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It is suggested that reinforced ice domes in spans up to 100–150 metres and constructed by spraying water onto a spherical inflatable membrane could be economic solutions for constructing temporary enclosures in cold regions. The feasibility and practicability of such a novel and economical erection/construction technique has been demonstrated at The University of Calgary by constructing small-scale model ice domes and testing them until failure. Details of this erection technique, properties of the reinforcement (spun fibreglass yarn) and the load-deflection-time behaviour of the model domes are described. The first part of the paper gives some results on the short-duration load and creep response of unreinforced and reinforced ice samples, including shear. pull-out/bond and tensile strength. The results indicate that such fibreglass yarn reinforcement does not enhance the shear strength of ice but does inhibit initiation and propagation of cracking and thereby increase the ultimate tensile strength of the composite.

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31

Kubiczek, Jan M., Gyde Andresen-Paulsen, Hauke Herrnring, Franz von Bock und Polach, and Sören Ehlers. "Development of a design load patch for the consideration of ice loads." Ships and Offshore Structures 15, sup1 (May 15, 2020): S20—S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2020.1762303.

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32

Wang, Jun, Yifan Wu, Jueyi Sui, and Bryan Karney. "Formation and movement of ice accumulation waves under ice cover –an experimental study." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2019-0002.

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Abstract Ice jams in rivers often arise from the movement of frazil ice as cover-load under ice cover, a process which is conceptually similar to the movement of sediment as bed-load along a river bed. The formation and movement of an ice-accumulation wave is one facet of a larger class of cover-load movements. The movement of an ice-accumulation wave obviously plays a crucial role in the overall process of ice accumulation. In the present study, experiments under different flow and ice conditions help reveal the mechanics of formation and evolution of ice-accumulation waves. In particular, suitable criteria for formation of an ice-accumulation wave are investigated along with the resulting speed of wave propagation. The transport capacity of frazil ice under waved accumulation is modeled by comparing those of experiments collected in laboratories, and the resulting equation is shown to be in good agreement with measured experimental results.

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33

Svistunov, I., V. Platonov, and V. Tryaskin. "Calculation procedure for design structural loads on large berth-connected ships." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 1, no. 395 (March 9, 2021): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-1-395-35-41.

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Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses large berth-connected ships. The purpose of this study was to develop a calculation procedure for design structural loads on the ships of this class. Materials and methods. Probabilistically determined model of ice load calculation for ice-compression scenario. Statistical data on thermal and ice regimes. Main results. Assessment procedure for local ice compression loads on berth-connected ships based on the probabilistically determined model intended for introduction to Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (RS) rules for classification and con-struction of sea-going ships. Conclusion. This paper presents the procedure and main provisions of ice load assignment concept for berth-connected ships, used to develop the draft of RS Rules for ice strength of large berth-connected ships.

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34

Milinazzo, F., Marvin Shinbrot, and N. W. Evans. "A mathematical analysis of the steady response of floating ice to the uniform motion of a rectangular load." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 287 (March 25, 1995): 173–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095000917.

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In this article, we considered the steady response of an infinite unbroken floating ice sheet to the uniform motion of a rectangular load. It is assumed that the ice sheet is supported below by water of finite uniform depth. The ice displacement is expressed as a Fourier integral and the method of residues is combined with a numerical quadrature scheme to calculate the displacement of the surface. In addition, asymptotic estimates of the displacement are given for the far field and for the case where the aspect ratio of the load is large. The far-field approximation provides a good description of the surface displacement at distances greater than about one or two wavelengths away from the load. The behaviour of the steady solution at the two critical speeds Um, where the phase speed takes on its minimum, and Ug, the speed of gravity waves on shallow water, observed in Schulkes & Sneyd (1988) for an impulsively started line load is examined to see if these speeds are critical for two-dimensional loads. Unlike the steady part of the solution in Schulkes & Sneyd (1988), the solution is everywhere finite at the critical speed Ug. However, at the load speed Um, the solution is unbounded. At all load speeds the change in surface displacement is greatest near the load. A comparison with the experimental observations of Takizawa (1985) is made. Our calculations show a significant dependence of the amplitude of the ice displacement on the aspect ratio of the load. For wide loads the surface deflection has much more structure than does the surface displacement corresponding to loads of smaller aspect ratios.

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35

Appolonov, Evgeny M., Arkady V. Didkovsky, Mikhail A. Kuteinikov, and Alexander B. Nesterov. "Improvement in design models for ice load evaluation under vessel impact against ice." Ships and Offshore Structures 6, no. 3 (September 2011): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2010.548125.

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36

Ye, L. Y., C. Y. Guo, C. Wang, C. H. Wang, and X. Chang. "Strength assessment method of ice-class propeller under the design ice load condition." International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2018.09.008.

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37

Choi, Kyung-Sik, and Seong-Yeob Jeong. "Ice Load Prediction Formulas for Icebreaking Cargo Vessels." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea 45, no. 2 (April 20, 2008): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3744/snak.2008.45.2.175.

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38

Fan, Wen Xin, Wei Dong Song, and Jian Guo Ning. "Critical Load between Sea Ice and Sea Structure." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.715.

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The main objective of this paper is to propose the buckling equations of the sea sheets under concentrated forces. Two different cases of the acting forces are considered in this paper and the buckling equations of them are deprived, respectively. Then, the dimensionless forms of these equations are given. Furthermore, by adopting a numerical method, two cases of different thickness of the ice sheet and different distances between sea structures are explored. On the basis of the buckling equations, the expressions of the critical load between sea ice and sea structures are obtained. Finally, the relationship between the critical load factor and the dimensionless radius are presented

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39

Urban, Sten, and Michael Beitelschmidt. "Simulation of ice under mechanical and thermal load." PAMM 15, no. 1 (October 2015): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201510208.

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40

Chen, Junqi, Qingjun Xian, and Peng Zhang. "Buckling Analysis of Transmission Tower Considering Ice Load." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 473 (February 26, 2019): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/473/1/012036.

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41

Kinnunen, Aki, Maria Tikanmäki, Jaakko Heinonen, and Pekka Koskinen. "Dynamic ice contact load model for azimuthing thrusters." Ships and Offshore Structures 14, no. 8 (February 11, 2019): 890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2019.1578098.

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42

Politko, V. A., and I. G. Kantarzhi. "Factors of Ice Crushing Load on Vertical Structures." Power Technology and Engineering 52, no. 1 (May 2018): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-018-0909-1.

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43

Brown, Thomas G., J. Susan Tibbo, Dhruba Tripathi, Keely Obert, and Noorma Shrestha. "Extreme ice load events on the Confederation Bridge." Cold Regions Science and Technology 60, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.08.004.

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44

Lee, Min-Woo, Yong-Hyeon Kwon, Chae-Whan Rim, and Tak-Kee Lee. "A Comparative Study on Ice Load Characteristics between General and Ice-breaking Operations in Ice-covered Waters." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 29, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5574/ksoe.2015.29.1.028.

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45

Pfirman, Stephanie, Manfred A. Lange, and Tamara S. Ledley. "Potential Consequences Of “Dirty” Arctic Sea Ice." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500009290.

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Observations of high particulate loads on Eurasian Basin sea ice in 1987 raise questions of consequence for sediment budgets, ice melting, ice modeling and remote sensing. Biogenic and lithogenic particles were observed in concentrations high enough to color the ice surface brown over large area (greater than 15 × 15 km2) within the Siberian branch of the Transpolar Drift stream. The sediment is most likely incorporated when ice forms on the Siberian shelf seas, and is concentrated at the ice surface after several years of summer surface melting and biological growth within the Arctic basin. Much of the particle-laden multi-year ice appears to leave the Arctic basin via Fram Strait, depositing its sediment load along the axis of the East Greenland Current. To date, variation in sea-ice particle load has not been taken into consideration when modeling ice thickness or distribution for past or future environmental scenarios, with the exception of soot deposited from nuclear war. Naturally elevated surface-particle concentration may occur if there is increased deposition from long-range or coastal transport of aeolian material, increased sediment input into sea ice which is then exposed to surface melting, and/or increased biogenic productivity on the ice surface. Such conditions may have prevailed during the Younger Dryas. If particle loads become high enough to cause extensive sea-ice melting, changes may be expected in sea-ice concentration and distribution, sea-floor sedimentation rates, and oceanic productivity.

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46

Pfirman, Stephanie, Manfred A. Lange, and Tamara S. Ledley. "Potential Consequences Of “Dirty” Arctic Sea Ice." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500009290.

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Abstract:

Observations of high particulate loads on Eurasian Basin sea ice in 1987 raise questions of consequence for sediment budgets, ice melting, ice modeling and remote sensing. Biogenic and lithogenic particles were observed in concentrations high enough to color the ice surface brown over large area (greater than 15 × 15 km2) within the Siberian branch of the Transpolar Drift stream. The sediment is most likely incorporated when ice forms on the Siberian shelf seas, and is concentrated at the ice surface after several years of summer surface melting and biological growth within the Arctic basin. Much of the particle-laden multi-year ice appears to leave the Arctic basin via Fram Strait, depositing its sediment load along the axis of the East Greenland Current.To date, variation in sea-ice particle load has not been taken into consideration when modeling ice thickness or distribution for past or future environmental scenarios, with the exception of soot deposited from nuclear war. Naturally elevated surface-particle concentration may occur if there is increased deposition from long-range or coastal transport of aeolian material, increased sediment input into sea ice which is then exposed to surface melting, and/or increased biogenic productivity on the ice surface. Such conditions may have prevailed during the Younger Dryas. If particle loads become high enough to cause extensive sea-ice melting, changes may be expected in sea-ice concentration and distribution, sea-floor sedimentation rates, and oceanic productivity.

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Suominen, Mikko, Pentti Kujala, Jani Romanoff, and Heikki Remes. "Influence of load length on short-term ice load statistics in full-scale." Marine Structures 52 (March 2017): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2016.12.006.

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48

Sun, Yu, and Xiu Li Wang. "Extreme Weather Loading Risk Model of Overhead Transmission Line." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 2005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.2005.

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Power grid suffers tremendous economic loss in extreme ice disaster weather, suggesting that it lacks immediate precautionary system. On the basis of the standards of Q/GDW179-2008 and IEC60826-2003, the curve of transmission line design loads is built up. In view of ransom character for load-strength of transmission line, according to load-strength interference theory, a short-term wind and ice loading risk model is established, which is a time-dependent wind and ice loading model, and can be calculated unreliability probability and fault rate, showing risks about cluster fault and common fault. Furthermore, wind and ice loads are divided into five states, which show risk margin of loads. It also can provide precautionary information for operator, and can present risk measurement on time scale.

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Blanchet, Denis. "Thirteenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Ice design criteria for wide arctic structures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 701–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-085.

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The derivation of design global ice loads for wide vertical caisson-type arctic exploration structures is presented. Correction factors are applied to global ice-load data measured during ice–structure interactions to create a set of design criteria for two typical exploration structures: circular (100 m diameter) and rectangular (160 × 50 m). Return periods for the proposed deterministic design ice loads for these two structures are then determined for typical ice conditions encountered in the Harrison Bay shear zone area in 20–30 m of water. Key words: exploration structures, global design ice loads, risk, probability of exceedence, return periods.

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Timco, G. W. "Load Transmission Through Ice Rubble on the Gulf Molikpaq." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 115, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920120.

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A test program has been performed in an ice modeling basin to measure the load apportioning through ice rubble around Gulf’s Molikpaq, a steel caisson offshore structure. A model of the Molikpaq and its supporting submarine berm was built at a 1:75 scale. The Molikpaq and berm were instrumented independently, so the load apportioning could be determined. Thirty-six ice-loading events, including rubble formation from level ice as well as impacts through the rubble by extreme ice features, were analyzed. The results of the tests show that the ice rubble can deform and transmit load to the structure at force levels well below those predicted by a rigid-body analysis of the rubble.

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