To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: The institutional memory hypothesis.
Books on the topic 'The institutional memory hypothesis'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'The institutional memory hypothesis.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Berger, Allen N. The institutional memory hypothesis and the procyclicality of bank lending behavior. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2003.
Find full text
2
Berger, Allen N. The institutional memory hypothesis and the procyclicality of bank lending behaviour. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Dept., 2003.
Find full text
3
Working the past: Narrative and institutional memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Find full text
4
Silvapulle, Paramsothy. Testing stationary nonnested short memory against long memory processes. Bundoora, Vic., Australia: La Trobe University, Schools of Economics and Commerce, 1996.
Find full text
5
Cashion, Ty. Sam Houston State University: An institutional memory, 1879-2004. [Huntsville, Texas]: Sam Houston State University, 125th Anniversary Committee, 2004.
Find full text
6
Mallon, Gerard M. Did you hear the one about the short-sighted Irishman?: An investigation into the applicability of the institutional myopia hypothesis to the Irish markets. [s.l: The Author], 1993.
Find full text
7
Schorch, Philipp, and Daniel Habit, eds. Curating (Post-)Socialist Environments. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839455906.
Full textAbstract:
In which ways are environments (post-)socialist and how do they come about? How is the relationship between the built environment, memory, and debates on identity enacted? What are the spatial, material, visual, and aesthetic dimensions of these (post-)socialist enactments or interventions? And how do such (post-)socialist interventions in environments become (re)curated? By addressing these questions, this volume releases ›curation‹ from its usual museological framing and carries it into urban environments and private life-worlds, from predominantly state-sponsored institutional settings with often normative orientations into spheres of subjectification, social creativity, and material commemorative culture.
8
Ritchie, Donald A. Shaping Institutional Memory. Edited by Paula Hamilton and James B. Gardner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766024.013.15.
Full textAbstract:
In the wake of the Watergate scandal, the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. urged the leaders of the U.S. Senate to do more about opening the records of the legislative branch. His appeal led to the creation of the Senate Historical Office in 1975 and indirectly in 1983 to its counterpart in the House of Representatives. The two legislative bodies differ greatly in structure and traditions, and their separate historical offices have also evolved differently, although they share a common mission in serving members, staff, researchers, reporters, and the general public. Their efforts demonstrate how public historians can function within highly political institutions, providing objective and nonpartisan historical information.
9
Eve, Eric, and Chris Keith. Relating the Gospels: Imitation, Memory, and the Farrer Hypothesis. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021.
Find full text
10
Preserving and using institutional memory through knowledge management practices. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 2007.
Find full text
11
Hardt, Heidi. NATO's Lessons in Crisis: Institutional Memory in International Organizations. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2018.
Find full text
12
NATO's Lessons in Crisis: Institutional Memory in International Organizations. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2018.
Find full text
13
Preserving and Using Institutional Memory Through Knowledge Management Practices. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/14035.
Full text
14
Hardt, Heidi. Speak No Evil. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
As a fourth empirical chapter, Chapter 6 identifies the sources that motivate elites to share their knowledge of strategic errors. Employing a survey experiment on elites, the chapter presents hypotheses about the impact of three different sources: the United States, NATO's secretariat and international media. Surprisingly, experimental results indicate that NATO elites are less likely to record or share knowledge of a strategic error if an action is framed as such by the United States. Results also demonstrate that NATO elites are slightly more likely to record if the action is framed as such an error by the secretariat. The chapter concludes with a discussion of why a powerful state would counter-intuitively have a dampening effect on an international organization’s capacity for retaining knowledge across time and space. Findings support the book’s argument that the secretariat plays a critical role in facilitating the development of institutional memory about past strategic errors.
15
The Machinery of Talk: Charles Peirce and the Sign Hypothesis (Cultural Memory in the Present). Stanford University Press, 2004.
Find full text
16
Freadman, Anne. The Machinery of Talk: Charles Peirce and the Sign Hypothesis (Cultural Memory in the Present). Stanford University Press, 2004.
Find full text
17
Byrne, Alex. Memory, Imagination, and Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821618.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter further extends the transparency approach to memory, imagination, and thought. The kind of memory that is chiefly treated is episodic memory which, it turns out, is closely connected to the other two topics. Imagery is the key to a transparent epistemology of memory, and also to imagination and thought. That completes the defense of this book’s theory of self-knowledge. The theory needs controversial claims, most notably the idea that knowledge can be obtained by reasoning from inadequate evidence, or from no evidence at all, and that perception and imagery constitutively involve belief. Those controversial claims were backed by independent argument, but are hardly beyond dispute. The ambition has simply been to establish the transparency account as a leading hypothesis, deserving of further examination.
18
Vadakkan, Kunjumon I. Semblance of activity at the shared postsynapses and extracellular matrices: A structure-function hypothesis of memory. iUniverse, Inc., 2007.
Find full text
19
Darvas, Zsolt, and Dirk Schoenmaker. Institutional Investors and Development of Europe’s Capital Markets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0018.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter investigates the role of institutional investment in developing capital markets. It also examines the role of institutional investment in risk sharing. The contribution of institutional investment to risk sharing depends on: the size of institutional investment; the degree of geographical diversification of portfolios, and the composition of assets (equities vs bonds) held. The chapter investigates these three aspects of financial integration in the EU's Capital Markets Union and assesses the prospects for increased risk sharing in the EU. The main hypothesis is that the larger the assets managed by institutional investors, the smaller the home bias and thereby the larger the scope for risk sharing, ceteris paribus. The analysis will focus on portfolio equity home bias.
20
Hertig, Gerard. Governance by Institutional Investors in a Stakeholder World. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.35.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the increased attention paid to stakeholder interests and its economic or, at least, societal impact, and whether giving a new or stronger voice to stakeholders is justified. It first provides an overview of recent stakeholder-oriented reforms and their impact before assessing the merits of giving stakeholders a new or reinforced voice in terms of corporate governance. It then turns to the hypothesis of having institutional investors act as stakeholder representatives as well as the extent to which their ultimate beneficiaries can contribute to institutional investor governance. It also explores whether the ultimate beneficiaries of pension funds can have the option to choose between shareholder and stakeholder-oriented investment strategies.
21
Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. Introduction: Italy’s Decline, the Existing Interpretations, and Our Hypothesis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter summarizes the main analyses of Italy’s economic decline, discusses their limitations, and sketches the interpretation offered in this book. The discussion is set in the framework of Schumpeterian growth theory. It moves from the observation that during the 1980s Italy’s TFP performance began to diverge from that of its peers, andG that growth has been stagnant since the early 1990s. The existing interpretations identify the proximate causes of the country’s decline, not its deeper ones, nor do they satisfactorily explain why an unprecedented wave of structural reforms failed to reverse it. This chapter advances the hypothesis, explored in the book, that its deeper causes lie in the political economy of growth, for innovation and economic creative destruction can be hindered if political creative destruction is limited and the ensuing systemic constraints undermine institutional reform.
22
Institutional Practice And Memory Parliamentary People Records And Histories Essays In Honour Of Sir John Sainty. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2013.
Find full text
23
Horne, Cynthia M. Collaboration, Complicity, and Historical Memory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793328.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
The widespread complicity evident in the post-communist cases complicates approaches to transitional justice because it lays some of the blame on society. Lustration procedures use information in secret police files to shed light on the past. Those files contain information documenting how neighbors, friends, co-workers, and even relatives might have informed on you. There is a potential for such revelations about the scope of the interpersonal and institutional betrayals to undermine social trust and civil society. This chapter explores the problems associated with complicity and transitional justice measures by examining the cases of Hungary, Romania, Poland, and Bulgaria. The cases highlight how historical memory is affected by negative revelations about the past. These cases illustrate how rising nostalgia can collide with truth telling, forcing the reconsideration and sometimes revision of historical memory.
24
Donald, Merlin. The Evolutionary Origins of Human Cultural Memory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190230814.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
The term cultural memory describes a group’s shared experience, skill, and knowledge that is retained and updated through time. Individual memory has its social roots in this system. Although resources are distributed across different minds in the network, they must all obey the standards of thought and behavior imposed by belonging to it. As such, no single person can carry the burden of the system alone and thus has only modest possibilities of changing it. Cultural memory has evolved in relation to embodied, narrative, and institutional modes of representation. Humans became skilled before they became articulate: The prime driver of early evolution of mind and memory was tool master rather than language. This embodied mode of cultural memory still persists (e.g., in ritual, craft, and the arts) but has been transformed with the emergence of narrative mode and later the theoretical or institutional mode, which is dominant today.
25
Everist, Mark. Genealogies of Music and Memory. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546000.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The history of music is most often written as a sequence of composers and works. But a richer understanding of the music of the past may be obtained by also considering the afterlives of a composer’s works. Genealogies of Music and Memory asks how the stage works of Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787) were cultivated in nineteenth-century Paris, and concludes that although the composer was not represented formally on the stage until 1859, his music was known from a wide range of musical and literary environments. Received opinion has Hector Berlioz as the sole guardian of the Gluckian flame from the 1820s onwards, and responsible—together with the soprano Pauline Viardot—for the ‘revival’ of the composer’s Orfeo in 1859. The picture is much clarified by looking at the concert performances of Gluck during the first two thirds of the nineteenth century, and the ways in which they were received and the literary discourses they engendered. Coupled to questions of music publication, pedagogy, and the institutional status of the composer, such a study reveals a wide range of individual agents active in the promotion of Gluck’s music for the Parisian stage. The ‘revival’ of Orfeo is contextualized among other attempts at reviving Gluck’s works in the 1860s, and the role of Berlioz, Viardot, and a host of others re-examined.
26
G, Kofi Osei, and National Drought Task Force (Namibia), eds. Drought, once again: An institutional memory compilation on the 1991-1993 drought emergency in Namibia and details of the drought relief programme. Windhoek: National Drought Task Force, 1993.
Find full text
27
Gallistel, C. Randy. The Neurobiological Bases for the Computational Theory of Mind. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
The language of thought hypothesis is one of Fodor’s seminal contributions to cognitive science. Prominent among the objections to it has been the argument that there is no neurobiological evidence for materially realized symbols in the brain. If memory is materially realized by enduring alterations in synaptic conductances, then this is true, because the synaptic-conductance hypothesis is simply the ancient associative learning hypothesis couched in neurobiological language. Associations are not symbols and cannot readily be made to function as such, thus neurobiologists are unable to say how simple information—for example, the durations of intervals in simple Pavlovian conditioning paradigms—are stored in altered synaptic conductances. Recent results from several laboratories converge, strongly suggesting that memories do not reside in altered synaptic conductances but rather at the molecular level inside neurons. The chapter reviews the experimental evidence for this revolutionary conclusion, as well as the plausibility arguments for it.
28
Lowery, David. Mancur Olson,. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.7.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on Mancur Olson’s 1965 bookThe Logic ofCollective Action, which offers an in-depth analysis of the role of organized interests and is considered a classic work in the field of public policy. It explains how policy scholars should understand Olson’s contributions in light of work on the politics of interest representation, first by reviewing his central thesis, especially his claims about individual and institutional mobilization in relation to the collective action hypothesis. In particular, it examines the many ways his claims about individual and institutional mobilization have been modified, hedged, and sometimes contradicted by research on interest representation. The chapter then assesses the implications of Olson’s analysis for public policy in terms of how the diversity of interest communities should bias public policy outcomes and influence economic growth. Finally, it emphasizes how Olson’s work tends to be over- and underappreciated by students of both organized interests and public policy.
29
Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. The Conceptual Framework: Growth, Institutions, and Social Orders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter lays out one part of the theoretical framework of the book, drawn from institutional economics. This literature maintains that institutions are the main determinant of long-term growth, and that to remain ‘appropriate’ institutions must evolve in synchrony with an economy’s progress through the stages of its development. Their evolution depends on a society’s openness to political creative destruction. Limited-access social orders tend to constrain it, to safeguard elites’ rents, and typically undermine progressive institutional reforms, breaking that synchrony. The transition from that social order to the open-access one is an endogenous and reversible process, in which inefficient institutions, which allow elites to extract rents, coexist with appropriate ones, which constrain their power and make it contestable. The hypothesis is advanced that Italy has not yet completed this transition, and that the tension between its efficient and inefficient institutions can endogenously generate shocks, which open opportunities for equilibrium shifts.
30
Elwood, Mark. Selection of subjects for study. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discussed principles of subject selection and defines target, source, eligible, entrant and participant populations. Selection issues and selection bias may affect internal validity, external validity, and modify the hypothesis being tested. It shows methods to reduce selection biases and to define participation rate and response rate. Principles for the selection of the exposed or test group and the comparison groups are shown for all studies. In randomised trials, intention-to-treat analysis, contamination, blinding, data monitoring, stopping rules, the CONSORT format, and trial registration are discussed. For observational studies, it shows the purpose of control groups, issues of definition and choice of controls, institutional and community controls, and frequency and individual matching. Many examples are given.
31
Mills, Caitlin, Arianne Herrera-Bennett, Myrthe Faber, and Kalina Christoff. Why the Mind Wanders. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.42.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter offers a functional account of why the mind—when free from the demands of a task or the constraints of heightened emotions—tends to wander from one topic to another, in a ceaseless and seemingly random fashion. We propose the default variability hypothesis, which builds on William James’s phenomenological account of thought as a form of mental locomotion, as well as on recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and computational modeling. Specifically, the default variability hypothesis proposes that the default mode of mental content production yields the frequent arising of new mental states that have heightened variability of content over time. This heightened variability in the default mode of mental content production may be an adaptive mechanism that (1) enhances episodic memory efficiency through de-correlating individual episodic memories from one another via temporally spaced reactivations, and (2) facilitates semantic knowledge optimization by providing optimal conditions for interleaved learning.
32
Tir, Jaroslav, and Johannes Karreth. The Interplay Between Civil War Development and Highly Structured Intergovernmental Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699512.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter defines highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and examines their temporal and spatial evolution. It then describes the role that these organizations can play during civil war development. We argue that highly structured IGOs have an inherent, vested self-interest in the domestic peace and stability of member-states; the institutional structure and substantial resources that allow them both to act quickly and to be able to alter the cost-benefit calculations of both the government and rebel sides; and an enduring preference for member-states’ internal peace and stability. These features of highly structured IGOs satisfy all three conditions for successful civil war prevention identified in Chapter 2. The chapter further elaborates on why and how highly structured IGOs sanction member-states at risk of civil war and develops our main hypothesis: states’ memberships in highly structured IGOs decrease the risk that low-level armed conflicts escalate to full-scale civil wars.
33
Tidwell, Joe W., Daniel Buttaccio, Jeffrey S. Chrabaszcz, Michael R. Dougherty, and Rick P. Thomas. Sources of Bias in Judgment and Decision Making. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.17.
Full textAbstract:
Sources of bias in confidence and probability judgments, for example conservatism, overconfidence, and subadditivity, are some of the most important and rigorously researched topics within judgment and decision making. However, despite the seemingly obvious importance of memory processes on these types of judgments, much of this research has focused on external factors independent of memory processes, such as the effects of various types of elicitation format. In this chapter, we review the research relevant to commonly observed effects related to confidence and probability judgment, and then provide a memory-process account of these phenomena based on two models: Minerva-DM, a multiple-trace memory model; and HyGene, an extension of Minerva-DM that incorporates hypothesis generation. We contend that accounting for the dependence of judgments on memory provides a unifying theoretical framework for these various phenomena, as well as cognitive models that accurately reflect real-world behavior.
34
Gelman, Andrew, and Deborah Nolan. Statistical inference. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785699.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter begins with a very successful demonstration that illustrates many of the general principles of statistical inference, including estimation, bias, and the concept of the sampling distribution. Students each take a “random” sample of different size candies, weigh them, and estimate the total weight of all candies. Then various demonstrations and examples are presented that take the students on the transition from probability to hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and more advanced concepts such as statistical power and multiple comparisons. These activities include use an inflatable globe, short-term memory test, first digits of street addresses, and simulated student IQs.
35
Hardt, Heidi. Conclusion: Toward Total Recall in International Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 8 offers a summary of the findings discussed in earlier chapters and directions for future research. The chapter first reiterates the argument that institutional memory develops in international organizations (IOs) from elites’ reliance on informal processes, such as networks, because formal learning infrastructure can disincentivize reporting. The chapter then identifies the book’s theoretical and empirical contributions to scholarship on IOs, organizational learning and organizational change. Subsequent sections proceed to discuss how the book’s argument can be applied to explain institutional memory in other IOs beyond NATO. The chapter then presents a series of policy recommendations to strengthen institutional memory. Examples include realigning incentives in the institutional design of organizations’ formal learning infrastructure and means of supporting existing informal learning processes. The chapter then provides concluding remarks about the importance of transnational interpersonal networks for protecting IOs’ institutional memory of the past to prevent future failures.
36
Hardt, Heidi. NATO's Lessons in Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In crisis management operations, strategic errors can cost lives. Some international organizations (IOs) learn from these failures, whereas, others tend to repeat them. Given high rates of turnover and shorter job contracts, how do IOs such as NATO retain any knowledge about past errors? Institutional memory enhances prospects for reforms that can prevent future failures. The book provides an explanation for how and why IOs develop institutional memory in international crisis management. Evidence indicates that the design of an IO’s learning infrastructure (e.g. lessons learned offices and databases) can inadvertently disincentivize IO elites from using it to share knowledge about strategic errors. Under such conditions, IO elites - high-level civilian and military officials - view reporting to be risky. In response, they prefer to contribute to institutional memory through the creation and use of informal processes such as transnational interpersonal networks, private documentation and conversations during crisis management exercises. The result is an institutional memory that remains vulnerable to turnover since critical knowledge is highly dependent on a handful of individuals. The book draws on the author’s interviews and a survey experiment with 120 NATO elites, including assistant secretary generals, military representatives and ambassadors. Cases of NATO crisis management in Afghanistan, Libya and Ukraine serve to further illustrate the development of institutional memory. Findings challenge existing organizational learning scholarship by indicating that formal learning processes alone are insufficient to ensure learning occurs. The book also offers policymakers a set of recommendations for strengthening the learning capacity of IOs.
37
Hardt, Heidi. Lessons in Failure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 1 introduces the subject of institutional memory of strategic errors, discusses why it matters for international organizations (IOs) that engage in crisis management and reviews the book’s argument, competing explanations and methodological approach. One strategic error in the mandate or planning of an operation can increase the likelihood of casualties on the battlefield. Knowledge of past errors can help prevent future ones. The chapter explores an empirical puzzle; there remain key differences between how one expects IOs to learn and observed behavior. Moreover, scholars have largely treated institutional memory as a given without explaining how it develops. From relevant scholarship, the chapter identifies limitations of three potential explanations. The chapter then introduces a new argument for how IOs develop institutional memory. Subsequent sections describe research design and explain why NATO is selected as the domain of study. Last, the chapter identifies major contributions to literature and describes the book’s structure.
38
Domhoff, G. William. Does Dreaming Have Any Adaptive Function(s)? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673420.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 8 critiques three separate theories that claim that dreaming has a forward-looking adaptive function, such as problem-solving, threat simulation that prepares people to deal with waking threats, or memory consolidation. It shows that all three theories rest on questionable assumptions and are contradicted by a wide range of systematic empirical studies. The chapter concludes with the hypothesis that dreaming is a nonadaptation, a byproduct of cognitive skills that were selected for other reasons. The chapter further suggests that dreaming is in some ways a useful nonadaptation because in the course of human history virtually all cultures have invented uses for dreams, such as in healing and religious ceremonies. The final section reminds readers that there is psychological meaning in dreams, and claims that both cultural uses and psychological meaning have to be considered separately from the issue of evolutionary adaptations to develop a viable theory of dreams.
39
Carter, J. Adam, and Jesper Kallestrup. Extended Circularity: A New Puzzle for Extended Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769811.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Mainstream epistemology has typically presumed a traditional picture of the metaphysics of mind, whereby cognitive processes (e.g., memory storage and retrieval) play out within the bounds of skull and skin. Contemporary thinking in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science decreasingly favors this simple “intracranial” picture. Likewise, proponents of active externalist approaches to the mind—e.g., the hypothesis of extended cognition (HEC)—have largely proceeded without asking what epistemological ramifications should arise once cognition is understood as criss-crossing between brain and world. This chapter aims to motivate a puzzle that arises once these thought strands are juxtaposed, and highlights a condition of epistemological adequacy that should be accepted by proponents of extended cognition. Once this condition is motivated, the chapter demonstrates how attempts to satisfy it apparently inevitably devolve into a novel epistemic circularity. Eventually, proponents of extended cognition have a novel epistemological puzzle on their hands.
40
Wheeler, Michael. Knowledge, Credit, and the Extended Mind, or what Calvisius Sabinus got Right. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769811.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
According to one prominent view in contemporary epistemology, the correct application of one’s cognitive abilities in believing truly is necessary and sufficient for a kind of credit that is, in turn, necessary for knowledge. Epistemologists who hold this view typically take the cognitive abilities concerned to be based in states and processes that are spatially located inside the head of the knowing subject. Enter the hypothesis of extended cognition (henceforth ExC). According to ExC, the physical machinery of mind sometimes extends beyond the skull and skin. The present chapter will explore what happens when the credit condition on knowledge is brought into contact with ExC. Via discussions of (a) empirical psychological work on the adaptive character of technologically augmented memory and (b) thought experiments from the extended cognition and extended knowledge literatures, conclusions will be drawn for our understanding of ‘knowledge in the wild’.
41
Forte, Maurizio, and Helena Murteira, eds. Digital Cities. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190498900.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The guiding premise of this book is the role of the study of the city, its display and dissemination, in the information network of digital cities. A collection of essays on the ways the city can now be studied and presented, this book surveys the current situation in regard to various visualizations of cities of the past and present, built on historical evidence and scientific hypothesis. The chapters reflect the authors’ wide-ranging fields of interest and experience, from archeology to urban planning. Current methods of visualization, including 3D models and virtual reality simulations, are described and critiqued, primarily in regard to the field of cyber-archeology. Thus, the book offers a view of cities in the digital realm as simultaneously memory, imagination, and experience. In this way, it depicts how the ever-changing character of the past, present, and future is reformulated and re-presented in our digital era.
42
Hardt, Heidi. See No Evil. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
As a second empirical chapter, Chapter 4 employs a comparative case approach to test the book’s argument against competing explanations in three cases of contemporary NATO crisis management. The results of these cases draw on NATO elites’ responses to open-ended survey questions. The first case assesses elites’ memory of strategic errors from a long crisis management operation: ISAF in Afghanistan. The second case presents elites’ memory of strategic errors from a short operation: Operation Unified Protector in Libya. The third case discusses elites’ memory of strategic errors in a crisis management case where no operation occurred: NATO’s actions in response to the crisis in Ukraine. The chapter begins by describing the methodology and then provides evidence of institutional memory development in each case. The chapter concludes with a discussion of findings that support the book’s argument as elites employed informal processes when contributing to NATO’s institutional memory.
43
Lane, Richard D., and Lynn Nadel, eds. Neuroscience of Enduring Change. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881511.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The field of psychotherapy began over 100 years with the hope that its neural foundations could be understood. Since then, the field of neuroscience has burgeoned such that it is now possible to envision in a rudimentary way what brain mechanisms may participate in bringing about meaningful and enduring change. A key development has been the discovery that memories are not fixed but can be updated under certain circumstances, a process known as memory reconsolidation. This is critical because memories guide future behavior as well as provide a record of the past. Another foundational discovery is that emotions influence the content and context of what is recalled. Drawing upon a recent hypothesis that enduring change in all major psychotherapy modalities comes about through reconsolidation of emotional memories, the first section of the book addresses the basic science of some of the key ingredients of psychotherapy including emotion, different kinds of memory, interactions between different kinds of memory, the evidence for memory reconsolidation, emotion–memory interactions, and the role of sleep in memory consolidation and reconsolidation. The second section focuses on a number of psychotherapy modalities, including several in the cognitive-behavioral, experiential, and psychodynamic traditions, and discusses how enduring change is thought to occur including the possible role of memory reconsolidation. A major aim of this book is to describe what is and is not known for the purpose of defining the future research agenda. Guided by this new knowledge, the practice of psychotherapy may be transformed in the foreseeable future.
44
Hardt, Heidi. Tête-à-Tête. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 2 describes what institutional memory is and provides an overview of the book’s theoretical argument. The chapter begins by conceptualizing institutional memory. The subsequent section introduces the book’s theoretical argument, which builds on assumptions from rationalist institutionalist theories. Depending on an IO’s design, formal learning infrastructure can inadvertently deter IO elites from sharing their knowledge about strategic errors. Elites respond by choosing instead to socially construct memory through three informal processes: transnational interpersonal networks, private documentation and socializing during crisis management exercises. The chapter then identifies key premises of the book’s argument. These four premises concern the impact of the design of formal learning processes, elites’ built-in incentives to share, the role of an active secretariat and sources that motivate elites to act. The chapter concludes by identifying predictions, based on the book’s argument and by describing conditions under which the argument should hold.
45
Hardt, Heidi. Hear No Evil. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672171.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 5, the third empirical chapter, provides evidence of specific processes in the development of NATO’s institutional memory. The first part of the chapter describes process tracing as a methodology for testing competing explanations for how memory develops. The second part of the chapter applies process tracing tests to assess evidence from structured interviews and primary NATO documents. In these sections, the chapter demonstrates evidence in support of three mechanisms by which elites share knowledge of strategic errors. Interview evidence reflects elites’ use of these mechanisms. To assess the use of interpersonal networks (one mechanism), a social network analysis is applied. A visualization identifies who are the knowledge guardians within the network. The chapter provides discussion on what leads to someone becoming a guardian. Evidence from the process tracing tests and network analysis indicate that elites rely on a handful of individuals to maintain institutional memory across time.
46
Fleming, James Rodger. First Woman. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862734.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book, based on the life and work of Joanne (Gerould) Simpson (1923–2010), charts the history of women in meteorology and the history of tropical meteorology in the context of her long and productive career as pioneer scientist, project leader, and mentor. In 1943 women had no status in meteorology, tropical weather was largely aer incognita, and Joanne Gerould, a new graduate student at the University of Chicago, had just set her sights on understanding the behavior of clouds. Establishing her career in an era of overwhelming marginalization of women in science was no easy matter, and Joanne (who published under three married names and raised three children) had to fight every step of the way. Under the mentorship of Herbert Riehl, she received a PhD degree from Chicago in 1949. Later, while working at Woods Hole, she collaborated with Riehl on their revolutionary and controversial “hot tower” hypothesis that cumulonimbus clouds were the driving force in the tropical atmosphere, providing energy to power the Hadley circulation, the trade winds, and by implication, the global circulation. The mechanism of hot towers alludes to the incessant battle between buoyancy and entrainment in tropical convection, valorizing those clouds that successfully break through the trade wind inversion to soar to the top of the troposphere. The metaphor of hot towers points to the incessant battles Joanne waged between her sky-high aspirations and the dark psychological and institutional forces dragging her down. Yet she prevailed, reaching the pinnacle of personal and professional accomplishment, especially in her years at NASA, as she conditioned the atmosphere for further breakthroughs for women in science. She is best remembered as a pioneer woman scientist, the best tropical scientist of her generation.
47
Mashhoon, Bahram. Nonlocal Gravity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803805.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
A postulate of locality permeates through the special and general theories of relativity. First, Lorentz invariance is extended in a pointwise manner to actual, namely, accelerated observers in Minkowski spacetime. This hypothesis of locality is then employed crucially in Einstein’s local principle of equivalence to render observers pointwise inertial in a gravitational field. Field measurements are intrinsically nonlocal, however. To go beyond the locality postulate in Minkowski spacetime, the past history of the accelerated observer must be taken into account in accordance with the Bohr-Rosenfeld principle. The observer in general carries the memory of its past acceleration. The deep connection between inertia and gravitation suggests that gravity could be nonlocal as well and in nonlocal gravity the fading gravitational memory of past events must then be taken into account. Along this line of thought, a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein’s theory of gravitation has recently been developed. In this nonlocal gravity (NLG) theory, the gravitational field is local, but satisfies a partial integro-differential field equation. A significant observational consequence of this theory is that the nonlocal aspect of gravity appears to simulate dark matter. The implications of NLG are explored in this book for gravitational lensing, gravitational radiation, the gravitational physics of the Solar System and the internal dynamics of nearby galaxies as well as clusters of galaxies. This approach is extended to nonlocal Newtonian cosmology, where the attraction of gravity fades with the expansion of the universe. Thus far only some of the consequences of NLG have been compared with observation.
48
Covarrubias Díaz, Felipe. Evaluación de la Contribución de las Capacidades Numéricas Básicas y de la Memoria de Trabajo al Rendimiento Aritmético en Niños de Edad Escolar. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/20.500.12728/88642019mnc12.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: There are several causes and explanations of the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the deficits of mathematical learning difficulties. Several studies have evaluated the relations among general domain cognitive abilities (like intellectual coefficient and working memory (WM)) or cognitive abilities of specific domain; However, there are a few studies that evaluate simultaneously the contribution of cognitive variables of both domains to the arithmetic efficiency. Aim: The present study aims to simultaneously evaluate the unique contribution of the basic numerical capacities (BNC-subitizing, counting and symbolic and non-symbolic comparison) and the different components of WM (verbal and visual-spatial) to the explanation of the variance in academic achievement in basic arithmetic, in third-year students of Basic General Education with and without difficulties in basic arithmetic Methodology: A sample of 93 children was evaluated through computerized tests of BNC and working memory tasks: A group of 25 children with arithmetic learning difficulties (ALD) and 68 children without difficulties in arithmetic (NAD). Results: We found that the symbolic comparison and visuo-spatial WM contribute significantly to efficiency in basic arithmetic. Discussion: The results support the hypothesis of a deficit in the access to the symbolic numerical representations as the origin of the difficulties in the performance in arithmetic and show that certain skills of general domain (WM) contribute significantly to the development of mental numerical representations. Conclusions: It is interesting to evaluate the predictive capacity of these variables, delving into pedagogical issues related to assessment and intervention in mathematics.
49
Luis, Roniger. The Transformational Role of Culture and Education. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693961.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the experiences and impact of returnees, expats, sojourners, and migrants on the public life, culture, and institutions of their respective societies. It argues that their role has been crucial in shaping major political, social, and cultural transformations. Particularly, the chapter analyzes the varied institutional imprint of many of these individuals, and how they impacted culture and public discourse. The core issues addressed are the role of cultural expressions and academic contributions to the reconstruction and democratization of culture; the contribution of exiled and returning intellectuals and academics to postdictatorial cultural and academic spheres; and the returnees’ contributions in reshaping institutions, particularly higher education. Underpinning these issues is the politics of memory and oblivion, addressed throughout this study, and the impact of human displacement on the reconstitution of ideas, values, and representation and, in turn, their social, political, and institutional consequences.
50
Pak, Chris. Terraforming. Liverpool University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781382844.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book explores the emergence and development of terraforming in science fiction from H.G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds (1898) to James Cameron’s blockbuster Avatar (2009). Terraforming is the process of making other worlds habitable for human life. Its counterpart on Earth—geoengineering—has been positioned as a possible means of addressing the effects of climate change. This book asks how science fiction has imagined the ways we shape both our world and other planets and how stories of terraforming reflect on science, society and environmentalism. It traces the growth of the motif of terraforming in stories by such writers as H.G. Wells and Olaf Stapledon in the UK, American pulp science fiction by Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, the counter cultural novels of Frank Herbert, Ursula K. Le Guin and Ernest Callenbach, and Pamela Sargent’s Venus trilogy, Frederick Turner’s epic poem of terraforming, Genesis, and Kim Stanley Robinson’s acclaimed Mars trilogy. It explores terraforming as a nexus for environmental philosophy, the pastoral, ecology, the Gaia hypothesis, the politics of colonisation and habitation, tradition and memory. This book shows how contemporary environmental awareness and our understanding of climate change is influenced by science fiction, and how terraforming in particular has offered scientists, philosophers, and many other readers a motif to think in complex ways about the human impact on planetary environments. Amidst contemporary anxieties about climate change, terraforming offers an important vantage from which to consider the ways humankind shapes and is shaped by their world.