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Mahdi, Shireen. "Inefficient institutions and institutional change : theory and evidence from Tanzania." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/inefficient-institutions-and-institutional-change-theory-and-evidence-from-tanzania(98e14e0d-a267-48a4-9703-2d3bca3fffa3).html.
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The purpose of this thesis is to theoretically and empirically investigate the effects of institutional inefficiencies on markets and on non-elite groups, and to better understand the factors that prevent efficient institutions from evolving through the process of institutional change. It commences by reviewing the literature relating to institutions and institutional change and presenting a theoretical framework. It then presents three empirical chapters that aim to address the key questions and hypotheses relating to how inefficient institutions affect markets and why inefficient institutions persist. The first two empirical case studies of are of institutionally driven market failures that currently exist in Tanzania’s coffee and maize markets (coffee grading and maize farm gate buying). These chapters demonstrate how these failures contribute to market inefficiency and how they lower the incomes of some of the poorest groups participating in these market chains. The findings demonstrate that there is no automatic welfare maximising process in the functioning or the evolutionary path of institutions because even though these institutions are inefficient, they remain constant and largely unchallenged in the market. In other words, inefficient market institutions do not spontaneously disappear even though they disadvantage large groups. The findings also raise questions about how these inefficient institutions evolved and why they persist. The third case study of Tanzania’s agricultural market liberalisation reforms addresses these questions. It describes shifting alliances and local level resistance and shows how competition between groups around the reform period has changed their respective abilities to influence institutional change over time. Initially, elite power was characterised by the capture of local and village governments by big agricultural cooperatives during the liberalisation reform period. Subsequent to the reforms, private sector traders and processors have become powerful and influential even though they were the market underdogs for many years. This is because they have invested in reducing their influence costs by establishing strong business associations and by building strong relationships with local and village government authorities. It is argued that groups with low influence costs are more powerful and can build the links that are necessary for influencing institutional change more easily. The analysis of Tanzania’s agricultural market reforms also shows that these relative positions of power and influence evolved through a long process of distributional conflict at the micro level. The complexities, contradictions, delays and reversals of Tanzania’s agricultural market liberalisation reforms were largely determined at the most disaggregated level. Massive institutional change was taking place, but its path was steered by a drawn-out process of distributional conflict in rural villages that is still ongoing today. The findings of the coffee and maize chapters are directly linked to this above described process of distributional conflict, relative power and institutional change since the inefficient institutions analysed in the coffee and maize markets emerged as outcomes of the liberalisation reforms. What this thesis shows is that institutional change depends, to a large extent, on the preferences and responses of the most influential interest groups. The historical perspective is also important in that it acts as a clarifying lens for what may otherwise seem to be an opaque set of groups, structures and incentives. This is what this thesis has sought to achieve. By combining quantitative institutional impact investigations with interest group-based political economy and historical analyses, this research has been able to reveal the thread that links current economic outcomes with long-standing group conflict dynamics.
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Kwak, Seung Ki. "Institutional theory of naive money." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120202.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
In the first chapter, I propose a theoretical framework to elucidate how capital from unsophisticated investors (naive money) is associated with fund performance dynamics. In the framework, when naive money invested in a fund exceeds the ideal amount for the manager's skill, it leads funds to under-perform persistently. In contrast, the model predicts that, when the amount of invested naive money is smaller than the ideal size of a fund reflecting the manager's skill, the fund performs the same as the market on a risk-adjusted basis. Empirical results using mutual fund data support this prediction. In the second chapter, I develop a model that characterizes how naive money influences the decisions of active mutual fund managers: in particular, managerial effort, fees, marketing expenses, private benefit-seeking, and risk-taking. My model predicts that managers who receive a surplus of naive money are inclined to reduce their managerial effort, charge higher fees, allocate more resources towards marketing, and pursue their private benefit by sacrificing returns to investors. In addition, it also predicts that a manager is most likely to increase idiosyncratic risk when the amount of invested naive money gets closer to a certain size of the fund that reflects the manager's skill. In the third chapter, I build a model to study how naive money affects funds' survivorship and entry decisions. Sufficient capital provision from unsophisticated investors elongates the survival of unskilled managers. Competition among funds determines the industry equilibrium, and the equilibrium is affected by several key market conditions: the aggregate investment opportunities, the aggregate capital inflows from unsophisticated investors, and the supply of skilled managers. When AM markets are heterogeneous in investor sophistication, the model shows, AM markets with more sophisticated investors (say, hedge fund markets) differentiate from those with less sophisticated investors (say, mutual fund markets). Skilled managers generate more value in hedge fund markets, and choose to enter those markets.
by Seung Ki Kwak.
1. Theory and Evidence: Mutual Fund Performance Dynamics -- 2. IO of Active Mutual Funds -- 3. IO of the Active AM Industry: Entries and Exits.
Ph. D.
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Chizema, Amon. "Neo-institutional theory and institutional change : executive share options in Germany." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9811.
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This study focuses on one element of corporate governance, Executive Stock Options (ESOs) in Germany. The fact that ESOs are purely an Anglo-American innovation, and are now getting adopted in Germany; a country whose corporate governance system is so much different from that of the UKlUSA, makes this study more interesting. Several studies on executive compensation have used agency theory as a theoretical lens. On the contrary, this study employs neo-institutional theory, a theoretical lens that embraces socio-economic factors within the firm's institutional and market environment. In general, early institutional theory was associated with path dependence and inertia. In international corporate governance, it has been used as an explanation for the continued divergence of national systems in certain contexts. However, recent developments in neo-institutional theory, under a combination of the New Institutional Sociology strand and the Old Institutional Economics strand identify the circumstances in which change is likely to occur, and this theory is developed to produce hypotheses in relation to governance changes. The adoption in Germany of the US practice of rewarding executives with stock options is chosen as a governance institution suitable for empirical testing. Results show significant hypothesized associations between firms' ESO adoption and institutional variables such as the presence of US investors, declared shareholder value commitments, dispersed share ownership and large block-holdings. Profits seem to act as an enabling resource for ESO adoption, rather than low profits creating a crisis and a greater willingness to adopt ESO changes. This study adds theoretical development in the study of corporate governance, especially to the debate on governance convergence. Indeed, German corporate governance is far from converging on the American system, and as shown in this study, changes in the German system suggest a 'hybrid' of firm corporate governance. With a lot of institutional changes taking place in transition economies (e.g. China and Eastern Europe), the European Union, and developing countries, this study has great relevance for policy makers and firm-level strategy.
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Abrutyn, Seth Brian. "A general theory of institutional autonomy." Diss., UC access only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1871850211&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 425-458). Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.
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Bruce, Gonzalo R. "Institutional Design and the Internationalization of U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1247069809.
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Wittmer, Dana E. "Toward A Theory of Institutional Representation: The Link Between Political Engagement and Gendered Institutions." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306805663.
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Nhundu, Kenneth. "Effectiveness of irrigation water management institutions in Zimbabwe: a new institutional economics theory approach." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006784.
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Despite considerable advances in technology across the world, some scholars (Bratton, 1987; Namara et al., 2010) have argued that declining agricultural productivity among smallholder farmers in Africa remains a major bottleneck in the development of the continent. Unganai (1993) indicates that about 60% of the southern African region is semi-arid or arid and suffers from periodic droughts. In addition, World Bank (2003) notes that agricultural production is dominated by rain-fed agriculture and irrigation systems are limited. This is compounded by the scarcity and poor management of irrigation water resources. Water scarcity in agriculture has large impacts on the population, especially in rural areas, where more than 60 percent of the population are engaged in agriculture which represents their main source of food and income (FAO, 2008). On the macroeconomic level, agricultural share of the GDP is about 37 percent and 75 percent of the export value is generated from the agricultural sector globally. To this effect, management of agricultural water particularly in rain-fed systems remains imperative for improved farm level yields because the bulk of the food comes from rain-fed agriculture (FAO, 2008; Namara et al., 2010). However, increasing water scarcity and poor accessibility may become a limiting factor not only for agricultural production and the welfare of rural population but also for the entire economy. Improving the management of water resources and an efficient use of water by all sectors, including agricultural production, are therefore important if the welfare and health of the population, particularly in rural areas, are to be maintained and improved (Nyong & Kanaroglou, 1999).
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Hanzalik, Kathryn A. "Subversive Art and Institutional Vulnerability." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/64.
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George Dickie’s Institutional Theory of Art satisfies necessary and sufficient conditions for definition, but by leaving evaluation open cannot address artistic capacities to outstrip the usefulness of the theory for appreciating the concept of art comprehensively or meaningfully. Artworks that are known to members of the central and peripheral artworld seep into the general purview of the population at large as known “great works” of art. Upon examination of works that garner significant cultural influence, works broadly appreciated as great works, we find that their resistance to Dickie’s concept of “the artworld” and its associated behaviors is that which makes them conspicuously significant.
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Wärneryd, Karl. "Economic conventions : essays in institutional evolution." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 1990. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-917.
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Conventions are social institutions that solve recurrent coordination problems. Many of the written and unwritten rules that make up a modern market society may be said to have the coordinative property. This dissertation uses a game-theoretical framework to discuss the emergence and functioning of conventions of communication, private property rights, money, and the firm. In each case the anlysis provides new insigts for these classical areas of economic inquiry.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1990
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Herold, David Martin. "Demystifying the link between institutional theory and stakeholder theory in sustainability reporting." SciView.Net, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6727/1/Herold_JEMS.pdf.
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In response to the global challenge of climate change, companies increasingly disclose sustainability-related information in form of sustainability reports. These reports, however, vary significantly due to multiple institutional and stakeholder pressures. From an academic perspective, institutional theory links these different outcomes to the influences of competing institutional logics on the field-level, representing institutional complexity on the field-level which is characterised by multiple demands from different stakeholders. Although current literature acknowledges that stakeholder may affect institutional logics, it is limited to categorise stakeholder influences on the firm-level, lacking conceptual clarity. Based on institutional and stakeholder constructs, this paper demonstrates that institutional and stakeholder theory provide, on different levels, a theoretical foundation to examine the influences on sustainability reporting. Various constructs of stakeholder theory and institutional fields as well as their limitations and further classification concepts are identified and discussed. This paper thereby advances the understanding between field-level pressures and firm-level agency and demonstrate that both theories can complement each other when examining the influences on sustainability reporting.
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Taylor, Laurel Kim. "Contemporary physician practice patterns, insights from institutional theory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60352.pdf.
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Atkinson, Peter. "Assemblage and différance : an institutional theory and methodology." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14813.
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This thesis develops a postmodernist theory of institution, Discursive Organisation Theory (DOT), by building on elements of the work of Jacques Derrida and Giles Deleuze. One aspect of the theory is demonstrated by analysing transcriptions of eight focus groups composed of students studying in the field of business and management studies in universities in London. Postmodernists have so far eschewed theory development of this type but this study explicitly argues for the legitimacy of the project. The version of postmodernism to be used is carefully defined and takes as its central feature arguments from Derrida’s “Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences”. Derrida’s “absence of presence” is taken as the defining characteristic of this version of postmodernism. Its epistemology is developed from Derrida’s notion of différance. Its ontology is based on the realist ontology of Deleuze and places emphasis on the notion of assemblage (agencement). The theory assumes that the physical world is only knowable through the mediation of a system that is symbolic in nature which processes sense data. Since organisation of action is the ultimate purpose of this processing system, and is more fundamental than perception or cognition, it is necessary to build a model of this processing system in order to arrive at an understanding of institution, which is taken as the ultimate manifestation of organisation. This processing system is labelled as “discourse” in this thesis and includes all human symbolic systems and chiefly, but not limited to, language (Iedema 2007). The theory is developed by constructing a series of mutually dependent assemblages beginning with discourse itself, then the institution assemblage, then the organisation assemblage and ultimately the assemblage of everyday life, or society as a whole. These assemblages are fictions, reality is itself a continuum, but they are convenient for understanding the nature of the phenomena included at these levels and how they are interrelated. These phenomena traditionally come under the headings of subjectivity, identity, communication, conversation, power, institution, bureaucracy (Weber, 1964), culture, organisation and many others. Derrida’s concept of deconstruction is used as a method to analyse the processes of constructing and maintaining organisation. Bureaucracy is taken to be a diagram (Deleuze) belonging to the assemblage of everyday life and generates the only legitimate form of organisation in the fields of government and private enterprise that can be used today. Grid-Group Cultural Theory, as developed by Mary Douglas, Michael Thompson and others, is reinterpreted and used to analyse institutional construction. This part of the theory is tested empirically. The data gathered from the focus groups is analysed using Grid-Group Cultural Theory as a typology of thought styles. The analysis shows that the thought styles interact with each other both antagonistically and co-operatively in a way that confirms the contention that Grid-Group Cultural Theory may be used to deconstruct bureaucracy. This study makes several theoretical contributions by developing theory in an area where little has been done before. It makes a practical contribution by demonstrating how practitioners may be helped to make more effective decisions. It points the way to further development and applications of the theory.
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Zoch, Jeremy. "Hospitals With Physican CEOs: An Institutional Theory Perspective." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2623.
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ABSTRACT HOSPITALS WITH PHYSICIAN CEOS: AN INSTITUTIONAL THEORY PERSPECTIVE By: Jeremy S. Zoch, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Related Sciences at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Major Director: Kenneth R. White, Ph.D. Professor Department of Health Administration The complexities of the healthcare industry at the beginning of the 21st century continue to challenge hospitals to optimize their operations. A key leadership position in the overall success of a hospital is the role of the Chief Executive Officer. The purpose of this study was to determine the kind of leader that hospitals have in place and to analyze more closely those specific organizations that have physician CEOs. This study had three distinct objectives. The first was to describe the organizational variables for American Hospital Association (AHA) hospitals with CEOs who are physicians. The second objective was to analyze the organizational and market characteristics of hospitals with physician CEOs. The final objective was to examine the similarities and differences between hospitals that have a CEO who is a physician and those headed by a CEO who is not a physician. Institutional theory was utilized to form a theoretical model and to develop the relevant hypotheses. The study was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of over 5600 American Hospital Association (AHA) short-term, acute care hospitals located in the United States. Data sources utilized were the AHA’s Annual Survey of Hospitals, the Area Resource File, Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services, HealthLeaders-Interstudy, and SK&A from 2007-2008. There were 118 hospitals out of 5,671 with a physician CEO in 2008. The descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that although hospitals with physician CEOs are located in many different locations and types of hospitals, they are some attributes that indicate a greater likelihood. Hospitals with physician CEOs are most prevalent in the northeast. The multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed there is a greater likelihood that hospitals with physician CEOs are more likely to be larger, specialty, not-for-profit and non-church operated, teaching, and be in a market with higher physicians per capita. The study also found that there wasn’t more likelihood for a hospital to have a physician CEO when comparing with US News top hospitals, based on affluence of a market, based on the competition in the market, or the managed care penetration. The study identified several of the components and how they positively relate to the institutional theory model that was developed. The study also identified several limitations that could further be improved using additional research approaches and obtaining more data. Overall, the study has furthered the information available about hospitals with CEOs who are also physicians and their corresponding organizational and market characteristics.
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DeJordy, Rich. "Institutional Guardianship: the Role of Agency in Preserving Threatened Institutional Arrangements." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1394.
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Thesis advisor: Mary Ann GlynnInstitutional Theory has responded to early criticism that actors are characterized as passive "cultural dopes" primarily through work on Institutional Entrepreneurship, which implicitly links actors' agency to institutional change or creation. In this dissertation, I decouple change from agency, examining how actors work to maintain existing institutional arrangements that have come under threat. Through inductive, qualitative analysis of the creation of the Securities Exchange Commission in 1934, focusing primarily on the legislative history, I ground my analysis in the speech events of the actors involved in stabilizing the securities markets as an institution after the Crash begun in 1929, identifying different forms of Institutional Guardianship aimed at preserving different aspects of the institution. I then generalize across actors to present an abstracted model of Institutional Guardianship
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Organization Studies
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Kelm, Matthias. "Institutional determinants of economic evolution." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389840.
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BENÉR, DANIEL, and SANDRA APPELTOFFT. "Ledarskap och ISO 14001 : En fallstudie om hur ledarskapet påverkas och påverkar ISO 14001." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20768.
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Vi har gjort en fallstudie som utforskar hur ledarskapet påverkar och påverkas vid entillämpning av ISO 14001, samt hur tillämpningen av standarden är utformad påstudiens företag. Analysen har genomförts med hjälp av institutionell teori somteoretisk referensram. Vi kom fram till att ISO 14001 inte leder till eninterorganisatorisk homogenisering mellan olika företag, inomsamhällsplaneringsbranschen som vårt fallföretag agerar i. Vidare fastslog vi även enparadox i utformningen av ISO 14001-systemet hos företaget; otydliga istället förtydliga krav ökar chansen för att behålla certifieringen. Till sists kom vi också framtill att ledarskapets svårighet att kommunicera aktörernas rätt att översätta ISO 14001i sin praktik, beror på att ISO 9001 och ISO 14001 hos vårt fallföretag är utformatsom ett gemensamt system. Där ISO 9001 ligger i fokus. Uppsatsen syfte är att bidratill existerande institutionell teori.Program: Civilekonomprogrammet
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Disbrey, Claire. "Innovation and tradition : towards an institutional theory of religion." Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57299/.
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Philosophical theories of religion often appeal to supposed facts about the way religions change and, in particular, to the role of innovators. This, is true of theories that stress the priority of experience and the priority of language. In this thesis an historical case study of innovation in religion is used as evidence of the inadequacy of both these sorts of theories and to suggest that same form of 'institutional' theory would form a base for a more satisfactory theory of religion. Consideration is given to William James' and Alasdair McIntyre's accounts of religion and the implications of these for the roles of innovators. A case study of George Fox, wham they both invoke, is shown to validate neither, but to raise several general requirements for a theory of religion if it is satisfactorily to characterize innovation. The problems that arise in meeting these requirements in both empiricist theories and current theories derived fran Wittgenstein's ideas about language are surveyed. Problems encountered in attempts at setting up institutional theories in the field of aesthetics are considered. Any sort of essentialist theory or theories which see institutions solely in terms of bodies of people are rejected. Institutions are characterized'rather as repetitive forms of behaviour that have special representative or expressive meaning for a human community. It is demonstrated that the central concepts of religions - religious activities, religious objects and religious experiences - are institutional concepts. The criticisms that an institutional theory will inevitably lead to unacceptable forms of essentialism, relativism and naturalism, are faced and shown to be unfounded. It is concluded that it is possible to set up an institutional theory of religion that offers a satisfactory characterization of innovation in religion.
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Kijewski, Kristian, and Mensur Jasarevic. "Lean i hälso- och sjukvården - En studie på två kliniker i Region Jönköpings län." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-58614.
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Bakgrund: Offentliga organisationer har under de senaste decennierna utsatts för förändring, detta till följd av ett ökat krav på effektivitet. Som svar på detta har styrinstrument (management verktyg) från industriella sammanhang hämtats för att bemöta denna effektivitet, ett av dessa verktyg är Lean, som i hälso- och sjukvården fått namnet Lean Healthcare. Lean kan ses vara ett koncept som färdats från tillverkningsindustrin in till hälso- och sjukvården där den översatts, något som medfört att det teoretiska ramverket översättningsmodellen används för att förstå denna översättning i hälso- och sjukvården. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och förklara hur olika hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisationer översätter Lean. Detta för att bidra med kunskap om vad Lean står för i hälso- och sjukvården, samt vilka möjligheter och svårigheter som existerar. Metodval: En kvalitativ flerfallstudie har genomförts för att kunna förstår hur Lean översatts i hälso- och sjukvården. Datainsamlingen har genomförts genom semistrukturerade intervjuer på kliniknivå vilket inneburit att vi haft kontakt med läkare, sjuksköterskor, fysiker, specialistsjuksköterskor, barnmorskor samt administrativ ledning. Vi har även tagit del av olika dokument som medfört en bredare förståelse för hur översättningen sett ut. Slutsatser: Vi har sett hur idén, Lean, genomgått olika faser i klinikerna där det översatts till att bli något eget i klinikernas lokala praktiker. Vi kan konstatera att Lean i hälso- och sjukvården blir något som står för effektivitet, processtänk, samarbete och problemlösning, standardisering, visualisering, att ledarna investerar i sina anställda samt mätning och sökande efter överlevnadsgrad. Vidare kan vi konstatera att Lean i hälso- och sjukvården skapar möjligheter då det lett till effektivare behandlingstid, bättre tillgänglighet av personal, förkortade ledtider, förbättrade patientflöden, bättre arbetsmiljö och en bättre struktur. Svårigheter som visat sig uppkomma är att finna balans och anpassning, svårigheter med professioner, svårigheter med koppling till det industriella sammanhanget samt den komplexitet som hälso- och sjukvården består av där oförutsägbara händelser ofta uppstår.Background and discussion: Public organizations have in recent decades been subjected to change, and this is due to an increased demand for efficiency. The control instrument (management tool) from industrial settings has been taken in response to this efficiency and one of them is Lean, in Healthcare named “Lean Healthcare”. Lean can be seen as an idea that has been translated from the manufacturing industry to healthcare, and the theoretical framework translation model has been used to understand this in this paper. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe and explain how different healthcare organizations translate Lean. This is to provide knowledge of what Lean stands for in Healthcare, as well as the difficulties and opportunities that exist. Method: A qualitative case study has been conducted to understand how Lean is translated into Healthcare. Data has been collected through semi-structured interviews at the clinic level, which meant that we had contact with doctors, nurses, physicists, specialist nurses, midwifes and administrative management. We have also taken note of the documents that enabled us to have a broad understanding of how the translation looked which has given us an understanding of the opportunities and difficulties that existed. Conclusions: We have seen how the idea, Lean, has undergone various phases in both of the clinics, where it was translated into something local. We can conclude that Lean in Healthcare is something that stands for efficiency, the process of thinking, collaboration and problem solving, standardization, visualization, leaders investing in their employees, and measurement of quest for survival. Furthermore, we note that Lean in Healthcare creates opportunities as it leads to more effective treatment, better availability of personnel, shorter lead times, improved patient flow, better work, better structure and a better working environment. Difficulties arise as proven by finding balance and alignment, difficulties with professions, difficulties related to the industrial context and the complexity of healthcare where unpredictable events are common.
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Wilks, Brett Josh. "The impact of dynamic institutional capabilities on multinational enterprises’ subsidiary performance in emerging markets." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23065.
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In light of the global mining industry’s record profits in 2011, this inquiry explored the institutional drivers of mining multinational’s subsidiaries overall performance. Using a lens of institutional theory, this inquiry explored why the subsidiaries of emerging mining multinationals have outperformed the subsidiaries of developed mining multinationals in emerging markets.The inquiry used Mann-Whitney U hypothesis testing to compare the financial performance of 46 emerging mining subsidiaries and 39 developed mining subsidiaries. The inquiry ran eight multiple regression models to test subsidiary performance variables against institutional variables obtained from the 2011/2012 Fraser Institute annual survey of mining companies.The findings support and add to the institutional and international business literature. Emerging multinational enterprises and their subsidiaries possess dynamic institutional capabilities which allows them to better manage institutional uncertainty than developed multinational enterprises and their subsidiaries in emerging markets. An institutional development model has been developed to assist managers of multinational enterprises reduce their institutional uncertainty in emerging markets.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Park, Ji-Yeong. "Role of institutions in nations that have improved their competitiveness." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22817.
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This study explored the role of institutions in countries that have improved their competitiveness in a short time period, under the framework of institutional theory. This study investigated how informal and formal institutions have evolved and interacted. The purpose of the study was to build on institutional theory by exploring the role and interaction of institutions in nations that have undergone institutional changes. A literature review was done to provide a foundation for the study. Case studies of Singapore and Finland – countries that have improved their competitiveness in a short time period – were done in this study. A number of documents in the public domain were observed: internet resources, reports, and studies on Singapore and Finland. The study concluded that countries that have improved their competitiveness achieved their goals through their own institutional mix and through interactions among institutions. Active interactions among institutions were based on broad coalition among actors and the directions of interactions in each country differed.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Paulsson, Astrid. "Thomas Pogge's Theory of a Minimally Just Global Institutional Order." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-5244.
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The immense inequalities between the world’s poor and the world’s rich have compelledphilosopher Thomas Pogge to develop a moral framework based on the Universal Declarationof Human Rights that challenges our most commonsense political moral views. Poggedisputes minimally and universally that we all have a negative duty not to harm so long as theharm is foreseeable and avoidable, rather than a positive duty to do well. Furthermore Poggeargues for an institutional view of negative duties flown from the fact that we all shape,uphold and impose institutions.With the help of three philosophers; Polly Vizard, Tim Hayward and Mathias Risse, Idebate a number of their raised objections to Thomas Pogge’s theory of institutional globaljustice which all focus on the controversial causal claim that the present global order causesglobal poverty. The objections discussed are (a) Vizard’s scrutinizing of Pogge’s notion ofresponsibility (b) Hayward’s call for a full causal account of how the global order is harmingthe poor and (c) Risse’s alternative baseline for harm. I argue that although Pogge has somepotential problems, he nevertheless is not contradicted by these objections to the extent thatthey themselves claim. I hold that the debated criticism appeals for further investigation andthat in light of the arguments in this thesis we have a negative duty not to harm and a positiveobligation to reform global unjust institutions in responding to global poverty.
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Falls, Alan David. "Brand management in social media environments : an institutional theory perspective." Thesis, Ulster University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603532.
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The processes of branding and brand management have progressively transitioned from corporate offices to online social spaces in recent years as brands have become increasingly situated within social media. To date however there has been limited academic scrutiny directed towards understanding the impact of social media on brands and brand management. Taking the view that social media represent a new institutional environment for brands and brand management, this research draws from institutional theory in exploring brand management in social media environments. Specifically the study explores how social media impacts upon brand management, and how brand management responds to the institutional demands of social media. Following a case study approach, five cases were studied with data collected from semi-structured interviews, longitudinal observations of social media brand fan pages and consultation of secondary sources. The findings show that social media can serve as a medium capable of framing the brands situated therein as worthy of attention, and moreover as legitimate actors. However the transparency of social media renders brands highly visible, creating ambivalence for brand managers and serving to constrain the range of legitimate actions that can be employed by organisations ill the management of their brands. However, institutional demands are not entirely deterministic and the findings draw attention to the roles of internal organisational processes and individual actors in influencing brand management activities in social media. The findings demonstrated that organisations do not necessarily passively comply with the demands of social media, but rather develop subtle forms of maintaining control over their brands through attempts at influencing brand-related user-generated content and the behaviours of social media users.
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Linsley, Philip Mark. "The application of neo-Durkheimian institutional theory in accounting research." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19021/.
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The seven publications comprising this PhD by publication employ neo-Durkheimian institutional theory (NDIT) to examine the relationship between the concept of culture and accounting practice. The primary focus of all the publications is on the dynamics of cultural dialogues (as defined in NDIT) and cultural change, and the publications contribute to accounting research in the areas of: audit failure, the financial crisis, developments in management accounting post-1980, financialization, risk disclosure, and accounting regulation. The contributions of three of the publications contributions derive from identifying the impact that a shift to a dominant individualistic solidarity has upon the (in)effectiveness of Arthur Andersen as the Enron auditor, the behaviours of key actors in the 2007-8 financial crisis, and the development of strategic management accounting post-1980. The fourth publication contributes by employing NDIT to explain cross-country variations in experiences of financialization. The fifth publication contributes to a new understanding of risk disclosures by demonstrating it is possible to trace through from patterns of social relations to risk management strategies and risk disclosures. The final two publications contribute to debates regarding the development of regulation by evidencing that accounting regulation is not subject to regulatory capture but rather to regulatory self-capture. Prior accounting-culture studies have depended heavily upon Hofstede’s cultural dimensions as the theory base and this is problematic as his work has been subject to important criticisms. NDIT, unlike Hofstede, does not assume nations are culturally homogenous and static. There has been little use made of NDIT in prior accounting research and, in addition to the aforementioned contributions, the publications also demonstrate the efficacy of the theory for undertaking nuanced analyses of the four solidarities by reference to patterns of social relations and for explaining the dynamics of cultural change via the notion of cultural dialogues.
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Myers, Lindsey P. Myers. "Crime and Punishment: An Empirical Test of Institutional-Anomie Theory." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503049000260017.
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Mohamed, Abdulbari Mostafa. "International Financial Reporting Standards in Libya : an institutional theory perspective." Thesis, Keele University, 2016. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/4154/.
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This thesis seeks to investigate a number of issues relating to the mandating of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) in Libya in 2006. This includes examining the factors that influenced the decision of the Libyan government to mandate these standards and, following this decision, examining the obstacles to implementing these standards in Libya. The benefits of these standards are also investigated. In addition, this thesis seeks to assess the level of compliance of the companies listed in the Libyan Stock Market (LSM) with the disclosure requirements of IFRSs over two years (2008-2009) after the mandating of the standards. Finally, the study investigates the association between the level of compliance with the disclosure requirements of these standards and corporation-specific characteristics, namely company size, type of audit firm, profitability, liquidity, listing status, ownership structure and industry type. To explore the factors, benefits and obstacles to the mandating, the research is based on multiple methods for collecting data. These methods include questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews. To assess the mandatory disclosure level, a checklist is developed involving 72 mandatory disclosure items which representing 7 International Accounting Standards (IASs). Finally, the infonnation disclosed in the financial statements of a sample of 14 companies listed in the LSM carefully examined against the checklist The results of the questionnaire surveys and interviews show that the mandating of these standards in Libya was a result of a mimetic external force, that is, the influence of global capital markets. At the same time, the role of the Libyan government as an internal coercive force exerted pressure, through legislation on an organisational field (the Libyan stock market), to mandate these IFRSs. Regarding the benefits, the most perceived benefits of JFRSs are the improved of quality of financial reporting in Libya and the attraction of foreign investors. Lack of training and lack of professionalism among accounting staff are the most frequently perceived obstacles to IFRSs implementation. Finally, this study reports that the degree of compliance with the disclosure requirements of IFRSs is low in both 2008 and 2009, and has not significantly improved over time. The multiple regression results reveal that there is no significant association between the disclosure requirements of IFRSs and any independent variables in 2008. Type of audit firm is the only independent variable that is being positive and significant to the level of CMD (Corporate Mandatory Disclosure) in 2009. This result suggest that the Libyan authorises should give more attention to companies which are audited by local firms.
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Irwin, Jennifer, and Jennifer Irwin. "The More Things Change, the More Things Stay the Same: Institutional Maintenance in the Face of Social and Technological Change in American Public Libraries, 1876-2006." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12392.
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Institutions are generally assumed to be stable, but recent research has focused on how that stability may be overturned to create institutional change. The assumption of stability has led to a lack of research on the flip side of change, maintenance, even though we cannot fully understand change without understanding the forces change agents work against. By examining more than a century of American public library discourse, I develop the construct of core ideas and a model of the maintenance of these institutions. Core ideas are those institutionalized ideas at the heart of a field that act as touchstones of a field's work and identity. Like other institutions, core ideas may be both added to and subtracted from a field and require maintenance through reinforcement and reinterpretation to endure. The model of maintenance of core ideas shows how core ideas are maintained in the face of social and technological change through use, as actors draw on core ideas to justify or deny accounts of practice, which reinforces, reinterprets, or undermines existing or proposed core ideas. In developing a model of maintenance I also examine how core ideas illuminate the internal workings of institutional logics and explore how the multivocality of core ideas allows and even supports multiple logics within a field.
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Zlygosteva, Kseniia. "Institutional theory and local economic development policies: A case study of Stockholm municipality’s new Business Policy." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182725.
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The explorative case study aims to understand how the reform of business support and development undergoing in Stockholm municipality addresses existing institutions, and to what extent does the institutional context have the potential to adopt and sustain the change. Two case studies, Högdalen industrial area and Årsta wholesale center, illustrate how local economic development is organized in practice. A new policy document, Näringslivspolicy, is analyzed, along with interviews with key public and private agents. Two institutional theoretical frameworks are used: a dynamic perspective on the interaction between regulations and institutions and the concept of institutional thickness. Findings indicate that the examined reform is an example of institutional policymaking as it addresses institutional foundations underlying behavioral practices. Furthermore, empirical evidence shows that the City of Stockholm intends to adopt a place- and problem-based approach to local economic development, but its organizational forms are not specified at this stage. Findings illustrate (not exhaustively) factors of efficient external collaboration that reflect those in recent literature and can be used in future policy revisions. The success of the initiated reform might provide the fundament for improvements in future local economic development initiatives.
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Maatoug, Abubaker Gium Saad. "Accounting education in Libya : an institutional perspective." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/819cb01d-bbb9-4838-a076-7bea21936fd7.
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This thesis employs a new institutional sociology perspective to investigate factors influencing accounting education practices in Libyan universities. For this purpose, two pieces of empirical work, a case study and an analysis of accounting textbooks used in Libyan universities, were conducted. The case study was undertaken at one Libyan university and included interviews of accounting academics, document analysis and observations. The findings of the case study informed the second part of the empirical work of this thesis analysing the accounting textbooks used in Libyan universities through interviews with accounting academics and a content analysis of accounting textbooks. The main findings of this thesis indicate that accounting education practices in Libyan universities are largely shaped by coercive pressure emanating from the Libyan political context and political regime and a lack of funding that has fundamentally transcended normative or mimetic isomorphism from international accounting education practices. The influence of this coercive pressure also has led to embedded institutional logic of having a second job and not conducting research as the dominant logic of Libyan accounting academics. Hence, there is a lack of a systematic development and update of the accounting curriculum, syllabus and textbooks in Libyan universities leading to an outdated syllabus that is irrelevant to the needs of Libyan accounting students or to the profession. In addition, the teaching methods adopted to deliver the accounting syllabus are traditional methods such as lectures and tutorials that are led by teachers with little interaction with students which limits the skills development of Libyan accounting students.
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Bindler, Nils, and Monique Sieng Kao. "Coping with Institutional Voids in Cambodia : A Qualitative Case Study on Institutions." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149060.
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Although emerging economies have received increased attention by both firms and academia in recent decades, there is still more that can be done. Calls have been made by both academic authors and journals to conduct research within institutionally voided environments, a call that was answered by this study. Specifically, this study answers calls related to: examining institutional strategies; examining the relationship between nonmarket and market exchanges. The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how the nonmarket-market relationship affects firm strategies and behavior in Cambodia, an especially voided country due to their turbulent recent history. A second layer of the purpose was to compare firms and explore their similarities and differences to understand the isomorphic pressures of Cambodia. A qualitative case study approach to the study was undertaken to achieve the study’s purpose. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with various managers who have the ability to make strategic decisions in their respective firms. All the interviewees were from the private sector but were scattered throughout different industries and were asked about their experiences and perception of the Cambodian business environment, mainly focusing on the institutional context. The data collected were then structured based on three main themes and corresponding subthemes. This thematic division was the basis for the analysis of the study as well as the conclusion. Based on the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the nonmarket is indeed superordinate to the market environment in Cambodia. From a macro perspective, the institutional voids affect all firms in Cambodia, and the firms utilize similar variations of four institutional strategies: internalization, substitution, buffering, and bridging. Because the nonmarket environment in Cambodia is so strong, this results in both voids in the market environment and firms becoming more isomorphic. These four strategies were not the only ones identified, other strategies, namely outsourcing and institutional borrowing, were noted as well because of the institutional voids. Theoretically, this study contributes to revising and improving Institutional Theory and reinforcing both Institutional Theory and the Resource-Based View. Social contributions relate to assisting policymakers in Cambodia to understanding their most problematic institutions and developing or improving those institutions. Practical contributions are aimed at practitioners seeking to or doing business in Cambodia, assisting them in understanding the institutional context of Cambodia and knowing how to navigate within its boundaries. This practical contribution can also be considered a social contribution, as more businesses enter Cambodia and as firms grow, the combination of firm entrance and growth creates more jobs and stimulates the economy.
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Ferraz, Esteves de Araujo Joaquim Filipe. "Reform and institutional persistence in Portuguese central administration." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302536.
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Storm, Anders, Leonard Wolk, and Magnus Grimhed. "Institutional Pressures and Organizational Response : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-658.
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By investigating the business environment in Sub-Saharan Africa from an institutional theory perspective, the purpose of this thesis is to explain organizational response to the forces of this particular institutional environment. Coercive, normative and mimetic pressures serve as the basis for explaining the institutional environment. The organizations respond to these pressures by seeking legitimacy from the environment.
The study is based on a qualitative research method relying on qualitative secondary data. Additionally a questionnaire was sent out to a limited number of experts to validate the findings.
The main conclusion of this thesis is that networks are formed on the basis of norms and cultural processes working upon organizations in order to counter balance malfunctioning regulatory institutions. It has been revealed that organizations cannot rely solely on their response to coercive pressures for legitimacy. Normative aspects in networks are formed through repeated transactions that create trust and reputation between business partners that lead to legitimacy. Moreover, it is difficult for organizations to construct a proper response to cultural pressures since they stem primarily from heritage and ethnicity.
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Young, Susan L. "Cross-National Differences in Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Apparel Industry." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345481244.
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Bitektine, Alexandre B. "Legitimacy properties and their implications for institutional theory and strategic management." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115624.
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This doctoral thesis seeks to advance our understanding of organizational legitimacy through the analysis of types and properties of legitimacy and of its relation to the concepts of status and reputation. More specifically, this doctoral thesis seeks to contribute to organizational theory and strategic management by (1) reviewing and systematizing legitimacy types discerned in the literature and contrasting legitimacy with related concepts of reputation and status, (2) identifying the properties of legitimacy, and (3) exploring some of the implications of these properties for management practice and strategic management research.The doctoral research is presented in the form of a manuscript-based thesis consisting of three interrelated papers:
1. Organizational Legitimacy as a Form of Judgment. Through the analysis of legitimacy definitions, types and typologies, and operationalizations, this study first develops an enumerative definition of organizational legitimacy, maps different types of legitimacy discerned in the literature onto the process of legitimacy judgment formation and highlights the fundamental differences between cognitive and sociopolitical legitimacy types. This paper then advances a conceptualization of cognitive and sociopolitical types of legitimacy, reputation and status as four different types of judgment that actors can render in respect to an organization and explores some implications of this approach for organizational research, namely the role of social judgments in exchange partner selection and the use of social judgments under conditions of uncertainty.
2. Legitimacy-Based Entry Deterrence in Inter-Population Competition. This paper develops a theory of competitive social norm manipulations and explores the strategies that well-established organizational populations use to build legitimacy-based barriers to entry into their domain. The study develops a typology of legitimacy manipulation strategies that established organizational populations use to prevent, eradicate or palliate the new entrants' impact by: (1) changing the relative importance of legitimacy dimensions, (2) raising the legitimacy threshold and (3) altering perceptions of competitors' performance. Successful legitimacy manipulations are shown to lead to institutional immunization of the incumbents against similar competitive challenges in the future.
3. Defensive Institutional Strategies in Emergent Industries. Through a comparative analysis of two emergent industries in Canada, this study advances a conceptualization of the process of emergence of a new industry from a successful innovative business model, focusing on sequential lines of institutional defense that are available to emergent industries that come under such attacks: (1) keep a low profile; (2) form a trade association; (3) develop an industry code to provide guidelines and member coordination; (4) enforce the code through self-policing; (5) if everything else fails to end the attack, invite the government to impose regulation. Illustrations of the application of these strategies are provided.
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Klingvall, Mikael. "Adaptability or Efficiency : Towards a theory of institutional development in organizations." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Visby : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis ; eddy.se [distributör], 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8272.
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Foley, J. Aidan (James Aidan) 1977. "Multi-round auctions for institutional real estate assets : theory and practice." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29775.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2003.Includes bibliographical references.
The theory of auctions has grown dramatically over the last four decades; it offers guidance and insights into the conduct of efficient and optimal auctions in real estate, and other industries. In this thesis an auction process used to sell institutional real estate assets in the US is identified. This auction came into being during the 1990s, and is now in common use. The auction is recorded though surveys with industry representatives and is characterized. Problems with the auction are identified, and solutions are proposed, referencing this auction to the body of auction theory. The auction consists of two rounds of sealed bid submissions, with attrition in the number of competitive bidders. After competitive bidding is complete a preferred bidder is selected, and engages in due diligence, a practice that often uncovers new information and induces renegotiation. Bids are not binding during the bidding process, because the auction is informationally incomplete. Sellers analyze bids based on the perceived quality of the bidder as a contractual partner, as well as the bid's value, complicating the objective selection of the best bidder. The auction is bilaterally incomplete and unstable, potentially influencing efficiency and optimality. Recommendations to improve the process are made. Descriptive statistics are formed and presented of multi-round auctions for institutional real estate assets.
by J. Aidan Foley.
S.M.
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Lê, Patrick Lâm. "Does Clark Kent tweet ? Structure, Agency and Materiality in Institutional Theory." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHEC0001/document.
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Cette thèse examine deux questions de recherche: Comment l’adoption des technologies en ligne impacte-t-elle le comportement des acteurs et leur reproduction des institutions ? Quels rôles jouent la structure, l’agence et la matérialité dans ces changements ? Ma principale conclusion est que les acteurs font preuve d’une forme d’agence pratique en tirant avantage d’une situation émergente qui est caractérisée par de nouvelles conditions matérielles. La thèse s’articule autour de trois essais. Le premier essai examine comment les normes professionnelles et les caractéristiques matérielles de Twitter guident la gestion des rôles endossés par les journalistes. Le second essai analyse les dynamiques de la construction de sens et leur relation au contexte institutionnel. Le troisième essai consiste en une revue de littérature systématique portant sur la méthode de l’ethnographie en ligne. Dans le dernier chapitre de ma thèse, après avoir présenté ses limitations et des pistes pour des recherches futures, je souligne les implications pratiques de mes travauxThis dissertation examines two main research questions: How does the adoption of online technology impact actors’ behavior and their enactment of institutions? What roles do structure, agency and materiality play in this change? Its main conclusion is that actors mostly exhibit a form of practical-evaluative agency by taking advantage of an emergent situation which is characterized by new material conditions. The dissertation is articulated around three essays. In the first essay, I investigate how professional norms and the material features of Twitter guide journalists’ online boundary management behavior. In the second essay, I examine the dynamics of meaning construction and their relation to the institutional context. In the third essay, I systematically review online ethnography and its boundary challenges. Finally, in the last chapter of the dissertation, after presenting its limitations and avenues for future research, I highlight the practical implications of my work
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Parto, Saeed. "Regulatory Dynamics, Institutional Cohesiveness, and Regional Sustainability." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1007.
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It is generally acknowledged that economic activity continues apace and at the expense of social and ecological integrity while the course of economic development remains far from any approximation of sustainability. Few would dispute the fact that since 1992 little has been accomplished in practical terms to meet Agenda 21 objectives. Many would agree that Agenda 21-inspired local visions and goals have not translated into actual local change in part because of the complex and the multi-faceted nature of the issues involved.
Policy work on ecological modernization and sustainability needs to be explicit on the question of scale and the role of governments. The central challenge for policy makers, action takers, and researchers is to determine the appropriate territorial (physical, social, economic, and political) scale at and through which government power needs to be deployed to effect transition to sustainable modes of regulation. This question is particularly relevant given the current discourse on regionalization / globalization.
Adopting a 'post-disciplinary' approach this thesis examines how institutional inter-relations shape the outcome of plans to meet policy objectives on sustainable development at the local (municipality) scale. In-depth analysis of interview and secondary data reveals that numerous factors 'regulate' what occurs at local and other scales in relation to sustainable development. This thesis concludes with exploring the policy and future research implications of the findings.
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KHATUMBA, MUSIBA MUHAMAD, and PATRIK ERGÜL. "Vad är ledarskap? -Studenters uppfattning." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17121.
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Ledarskap finns på flera platser i samhället och kan se ut på olika sätt. Det är något som alla känner till eller har kommit i kontakt med på ett eller annat sätt. Likt ord som lycka eller kärlek är ledarskap subjektivt och öppet för tolkning. Vissa hävdar att ledarskap är en medfödd förmåga medan andra menar att det är en förmåga som kan tränas upp. Ledarskapets speciella karaktär med sin skiftande betydelse och utseende fick oss att skriva det här arbetet. Ledarskap är så mycket mer än att bara leda människor eller ge order. Som en social konstruktion skapas ledarskapet för att kunna styra, leda och bemöta krav från exempelvis omgivningen.Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur studenterna på Högskolan i Borås uppfattar ledarskap. Vi har valt att genomföra studien utifrån en kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod med utgångspunkt i form av enkätundersökning och intervjuer. Empirin ligger till grund för analysen och består av kännetecken och påståenden om ledarskap. Samtidigt som vi har gjort ett försök till att visa hur institutionalismen kan kopplas till ledarskap. Resultatet visar att studenterna har en bred uppfattning om företeelsen ledarskap. En ledare skall vara duktiga på flera olika saker och förfoga över egenskaper som exempelvis kommunikationsförmåga, förtroendeingivande och samarbetsvillighet.Program: Ekonomie magisterutbildning i företagsekonomi 60 hp
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Dhaliwal, Spinder. "The role of institutional investors in the UK economy." Thesis, Brunel University, 1992. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5783.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate the importance of institutional investors in the UK economy, in particular, the capital market. Institutional investors have grown considerably in size over the past three decades and are involved in many aspects of the economy, consequently investigation of this issue is essential in order to determine their influence. There are three main empirical studies in this thesis. The first examines a sample of UK non-financial firms in an attempt to explain the ownership structure. It will attempt to show which firm variables attract institutional investors. A second aspect of the research is an analysis of the buying and selling activities of institutional investors to see whether they effect the general level of share prices. A third focus of the research is to analyse the switching activities of the institutional investors. This refers to their switching of funds from one type of asset to another e.g. from real property into equities and vice versa. By examining these activities the study illustrates the demand characteristics these institutional investors create for certain assets and in addition it provides a clearer understanding of the economic conditions that influence such investment behaviour. The thesis confirms the continuing importance of institutional investors.
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Tan, Elaine S. "Beyond cliometrics : essays in the new institutional economic history." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270850.
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Ehrling, Gabriel. "All linkages are equal, but some linkages are more equal than others : Does the number of institutional linkages predict fundraising among aid organisations in Sweden?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302446.
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Several theorists have argued that organisations can increase performance through formalised cooperation with other important organisations (Baum & Oliver 1991). This notion of “institutional linkages” is appealing as it uses linkages as a proxy for legitimacy awarded to organisations for adherence to exogenous expectations. However, this operationalization also has its limitations. For what is the role of institutional linkages in groups of organisations where a majority of them – or all – are linked? Baum & Oliver (1991) provide meagre advice for what is to expect beyond the point of organisations being legitimate (linked) or not. But if organisations that hold (at least) one institutional linkage perform better than unlinked organisations, should not organisations that have multiple linkages also perform better than those who have but a single one? Intuitively, this seems reasonable. But considering that institutional linkages are associated with costs in terms of additional administration, audit and fees, it is not obvious that organisations desire ‘as many linkages as possible’. Using data for 339 aid organisations in Sweden, this study suggests developing the theoretical concept of institutional linkages, arguing that the number of institutional linkages serves as a prediction of organisational performance. Although further inquiry is needed to determine whether this effect persists as the number of linkages continues to increase, the findings suggest that organisations will strive towards having more institutional linkages than competing organisations.
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Smith, Wade Philip. "Toward a post-Cold War force and an organization-centric model of institutional change| Institutional work in the United States Army, 1991-1995." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3721890.
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Throughout the Cold War, the United States maintained a military prepared to confront a technologically advanced Soviet adversary. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the structure and purpose of the armed forces were called into question. In time, the U.S. military transformed from one prepared to conduct large-scale war, to one prepared to carry out a variety of missions ranging from war to humanitarian efforts. Throughout the 1990s, the U.S. Army's senior leaders engaged in a campaign to transform the organization from its warrior-oriented mindset to a service-oriented one. I report in this dissertation my findings from an analysis of the efforts of the Army's senior leaders in support of this transformation from 1991 to 1995. Specifically, I report my findings from an analysis of the discursive dimensions of their efforts.
Theoretically, this dissertation contributes to two emergent perspectives in organizational analysis: the institutional logics and institutional work perspectives. These perspectives highlight the fact that individual and collective actors are not only influenced by the structural, normative, and symbolic dimensions (i.e., the institutional logic) of the institutional environments in which they act, but those environments are shaped by their actions (by institutional work). Through my analysis of the efforts of the Army's senior leaders to disrupt and replace the Cold War institutional logic, I identified three distinct forms of institutional work. Environment work included efforts to construct an extra-organizational environment that demands change, and an intra-organizational environment hospitable to change. Organizational identity work involved the establishment of an organizational sense of self that encompassed new practices. Institutional logic work involved a recursive process of textualization that established a post-Cold War logic constituted in a well-structured discourse.
In conclusion, I consider the institutional work I identified as situated within the institutional field of the armed forces. I demonstrate how the management of organizational change can influence the logic that prevails within the broader institutional field. I conclude by highlighting the utility of focusing on the organizational level of analysis in studies of institutional change, and the benefits of considering the institutional logics and institutional work perspectives as complementary.
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Johansson, Elin, and Engblom Stephanie Gräns. "Coaching - en modefluga eller här för att stanna?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-56407.
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Background/Introduction: Coaching is a concept that has existed since the 16th century but recently seems to be in every context. There are life coaches, work coaches, sports coaches and coaching in companies. Suddenly coaching seems to be everywhere. Despite that, there is not many empirical studies about coaching. At the same time there is a discussion going on about wheater coaching could be seen as a short-lived fashion or not. Purpose: Develop an understanding of coaching by showing how coaching can end up in and how it can be expressed in organizations. Research questions: How has coaching ended up in the cases in the study? How has coaching been expressed in the cases in the study? Method: We have made a qualitative study with an abductive approach. First we have collected empirical material through semi-structured interviews without a theoretical basis. Then we analyzed and interpreted the empiricals using institutional theory. Conclusion: The study shows that coaching has spread through leadership educations, sport coach educations, university studies, own interest, lectures, books, and role models. The coaching then been expressed through communication, questions, goals and planning, support and feedback. The characteristics of coaching, the way it is spreads and the way it has come to the companies are in line with how fashion works according to the theory. The organisations also handle coaching in the exact same way as they are handling fashion. With these facts we claim that one could say that coaching is fashion today.Bakgrund/inledning: Coaching är ett begrepp som funnits sedan 1500-talet men som på senare tid verkar finnas överallt. Det finns livscoacher, jobbcoacher, idrottscoacher och coaching i företag. Det verkar vara något som plötsligt finns i alla sammanhang. Trots det finns det få empiriska studier om coaching. Samtidigt pågår en diskussion kring huruvida coaching kan ses som ett mode eller inte. Syfte: Utveckla förståelsen för coaching genom att visa på hur coaching kan komma till och ta sig i uttryck i organisationer Frågor: Hur har coaching kommit till fallen i studien? Hur har coaching tagit sig i uttryck i fallen i studien? Metod: Vi har gjort en kvalitativ studie med med ett abduktivt tillvägagångssätt. Vi har först samlat in empiriskt material via semi-strukturerade intervjuer utan en teoretisk utgångspunkt för att sedan analysera och tolka det empiriska materialet med hjälp av institutionell teori. Slutsats: Studien visar att coaching har spridit sig via ledarskapsutbildningar, idrottscoachutbildning, universitetsstudier, eget intresse, föreläsningar, böcker, och förebilder. Coachingen har sedan tagit sig i uttryck genom kommunikation, frågeställningar, mål och planering, stöttning och feedback. Cochingens egenskaper, sätt att sprida sig på och komma till företaget stämmer överens med hur ett mode fungerar. Organisationerna hanterar dessutom coaching precis som de hanterar moden vilket gör att vi menar att vi kan säga att coaching ses som ett mode idag.
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Almethen, Abdullah K. M. K. "Exposing institutional influences on entrepreneurship among Kuwaiti youth." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16046.
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This research focuses on the influence of institutions on entrepreneurship among Kuwaiti youth. It aims to capture the role played by institutions on youth entrepreneurship at the backdrop of a dampening ‘spirit’ for it. This research is currently very important due to various economic and geo-political factors leading to an economic downturn, which has led to the need for entrepreneurial ventures. It reviews and consolidates concepts and factors purported to facilitate and increase entrepreneurship for the benefit of the society and economy of Kuwait. This research uses a social constructionist approach to make sense of how institutions influence Kuwaiti youth in their quest to become entrepreneurs. It exposes institutional endorsement and legitimacy from formal and informal institutions. It shows the use of regulative, normative and cognitive dimensions and influences on entrepreneurial intentions and actions. This research shows how institutions interact with Kuwaiti youth and what role they play in the formulation of intentions and actions concerning entrepreneurship. A number of key formal and informal institutions have come to the fore that influence one another (in)directly as living entities, and likewise influence the youth (in)directly. The research contribution also shows that young people have to approach some key institutions and in return their desire to become entrepreneurs is strengthened or weakened depending on how institutions respond and what role they are willing to play in their lives.
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Ghachem, Montasser. "Essays in Evolutionary Game Theory." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-132433.
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Evolutionary game theory tries to explain the emergence of stable behaviors observed in human and animal societies. Prominent examples of such behaviors are cooperative and conformist behaviors. In the first part of the thesis, we develop a model of indirect reciprocity with institutional screening to study how institutions may promote cooperative behavior. We show that cooperation can emerge if screening institutions are sufficiently reliable at identifying cooperators. The second part presents a large-population learning model in which individuals update their beliefs through time. In the model, only one individual updates his beliefs each period. We show that a population, playing a game with two strategies, eventually learns to play a Nash equilibrium. We focus on coordination games and prove that a unique behavior arises both when players use myopic and perturbed best replies. The third part studies the payoff calculation in an evolutionary setting. By introducing mutual consent as a requirement for game play, we provide a more realistic alternative way to compute payoffs.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Paviera, Carmelo. "Three studies on institutional entrepreneurship in the informal economy : a grounded theory approach." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31448.
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The informal economy represents a large segment of the economic activities in emerging economies but still remains a puzzling phenomenon. In particular, research emphasising the organising processes of firms within the informal economy is scant. Weak formal institutions, conflicting institutional centres and large levels of economic inequality contribute to the development of informal entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Yet, an understanding of the links between institutional incongruence and economic exclusion as facilitating mechanisms of informal entrepreneurship remains limited. Furthermore, it is unknown how hybrid organisations, combining institutional logics, emerge and function within the informal economy. Despite a large number of empirical and theoretical studies, there is a lack of understanding about the interplay between the institutional dynamics and the creation of informal institutions developed by informal entrepreneurs. To enhance the understanding of informal entrepreneurship, this PhD thesis explores how institutional entrepreneurs embedded in the informal economy respond to economic inequality. This grounded theory study, based on interviews and participant observations conducted at La Salada, South America's largest black market, conceptualises how institutional entrepreneurs exploit the illegitimacy of formal labour institutions to generate institutional change. This qualitative study has followed a constructivist grounded theory design based on simultaneous data collection and analysis and making systematic comparisons throughout inquiry. In line with grounded theory guidelines, the researcher identified emerging first-order categories and looked-for relations between them, in order to move to a higher level of theoretical abstraction with the aim of generating new theory. The researcher conducted 75 in-depth interviews and semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, and made use of archival documents. The thesis is organised as three empirical studies which can be read independently, but together constitute an in-depth study of institutional entrepreneurship in the informal economy. The thesis's theoretical contributions to the field are as follows. The first study reveals the conditions that generated institutional change in the apparel value chain in response to prevailing conditions that were leading to increasing economic inequality. It presents a model that focuses on three social mechanisms which allow institutional entrepreneurs to build new institutions that were inclusive for large segments of society excluded by the formal sector. The second study explores the emergence of new forms of hybrid organisation in the informal economy. Particularly, it focuses on how informal entrepreneurs organisationally respond to institutional complexity by identifying two types of logic - community and market - and a meta-mechanism that facilitates the interaction between the two logics, named normalisation of deviant organisational practices. The study highlights the two key generative mechanisms of the logics at play and suggests that actors embedded in the informal economy are able to dynamically adapt to two types of logic. It also emphasises how informal entrepreneurs exploit institutional arbitrage, which refers to the circumstances where entrepreneurs are provided with opportunities to exploit differences between two dimensions of the institutional environment, formality and informality. The third study explores how various types of actors and organisations such as social movements or hybrid organisations are able to develop alternative institutional arrangements to overcome the liabilities of emerging economies' institutions in an informal context. The study reveals that informal entrepreneurs entering a polycentric system are able to establish norms and rules of interaction, to exploit brokerage opportunities and multivocality between contradictory networks, and through robust action, generate proto-institutional outcomes. Collectively, these three essays reveal novel knowledge about the organisational mechanisms behind informal economic activities, constituting a theoretical bridge between the fields of institutional theory, inequality and governance and providing fundamental insights for the development of new management theories.
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Erk, Can. "A theory of congruence : federalism and institutional change in Belgium and Germany." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37649.
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The main focus of this study is on the question of why political institutions change. By extension, the study is also about explaining and predicting the direction of change. Put simply, the study postulates that political institutions will change in order to be congruent with the society.Change is analysed within the context of two federal structures, the Federal Republic of Germany and Belgium. During the same time period from 1949 to 1993, one transformed from a unitary state into a loose federation while the decentralised federation consolidated and became central. The puzzle which the research project deals with is about this change: Why did the institutions of 1949 fail to survive?
The prevailing institutionalist logic in comparative politics would suggest that once in place, institutions would have socialised the political actors into the existing structure by providing veto points in such a way that institutions would have been reproduced over time, but this has not been the case. Furthermore, why has change come about in two opposing directions, centralising and decentralising, despite many common characteristics between the two cases?
This study is based on a theory of congruence which argues that political institutions change in order to reflect underlying societal structures. More specifically, the argument is that political institutions in federal structures change to correspond to the ethno-linguistic make-up of the country. Accordingly, the unitary state of Belgium has changed its political institutions in order to accommodate the Flemings, Walloons and Bruxellois; while Federal Germany has centralised many issues despite explicit constitutional clauses against such changes.
According to the theory of congruence, when confronted with an ethno-linguistic structure that does not match the political one, the political structure changes; not automatically, but through the pressure of public policy concerns pursued by political actors. The ethno-linguistic community is the primary collectivity for which public policy decisions are made. The choices available to political actors are constrained by the demarcations of this societal composition. Decision makers might disagree over the substance of the policies, but they share the choice of venue in the form of the ethnolinguistic 'nation'. In case of a discrepancy between the ethno-linguistic societal structure and the political structure, public policy concerns wold exert a pressure towards congruence by demarcating a social collectivity for which policies are made different from the one set up by the political institutions. Thus, if the 'nation' is bigger than the unit that marked off by political institutions, the tendency would be towards amalgamation with the other subunits of the 'nation' and centralisation. If, on the other hand, the 'nation' is smaller than the unit defined by the political institutions, there would be devolutionary pressures on the unitary institutions.
The empirical research was carried out on two policy areas, education and mass media, through a paired comparison of Flanders and Wallonia in Belgium and Baden-Wurttemberg and North Rhine Westphalia in the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Lake, David William. "Institutional entrepreneurship in organizational fields in Hong Kong : a grounded theory approach." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624187.
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Lee, Murray Wesley. "Institutional Change| Intra-Denominational Coalition Collaboration in the Presbyterian Church in America." Thesis, The University of Alabama, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10600317.
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The recent surge in religious studies coupled with the strict decline in religion creates the backdrop for the need for this paper. In this study, I use a fantasy theme analysis approach to analyzing data from 23 semi-structured interviews with Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) pastors. I utilize Institutional Work Theory, Symbolic Convergence Theory, and Bona Fide Group Perspective to understand how the dominant coalitions within the PCA interact to affect change in the institution. My findings highlight the difficulties associated with embedded agency and new contributions to each of the aforementioned theoretical perspectives. My project offers a perspective on the uniqueness and value of studying religious denominations as institutions.
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Crombie, Neil Alan. "Institutional Logics of Corporate Governance and the Discourse on Executive Remuneration." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Accounting and Information Systems, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8202.
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Purpose: This PhD research examines how two different institutional logics of corporate governance have shaped the discourse on executive remuneration. Corporate Logic implies executives are intrinsically motivated and will act in the best interests of shareholders as long as their total remuneration is competitive and fair. On the other hand, Investor Logic implies executives are extrinsically motivated (opportunistic) and will only act in the best interests of shareholders if short- and long-term incentive schemes are designed appropriately.
Approach: The research has an interpretive methodology and consists of three phases. First, the diffusion of both Logics is examined through a content analysis of a large sample of corporate governance codes of practice and corporate annual reports. Second, how both Logics are embedded in the remuneration principles and practices that are recommended by code issuers and adopted by companies is scrutinised using discourse analysis. Third, how both Logics have shaped the beliefs and decision-making of non-executive directors, executives, and others is studied using discourse analysis.
Findings: Both Logics are embedded in the discourse on executive remuneration, although there has been a strengthening of Investor Logic over time. Both Logics co-exist as distinct from compete in the discourse because it has become taken-for-granted that executives should be remunerated comparably to other executives (Corporate Logic) and in line with shareholder returns (Investor Logic). Directors and others manage tension between Corporate Logic and Investor Logic by prioritising (or ordering) the Logics.
Theoretical implications: The research shows how competitive and institutional pressures influence how remuneration decisions are made and reported. However, institutional change is complex because companies influence and are influenced by code issuers and others.
Practical implications: As both Logics are embedded in the beliefs of companies, code issuers and others, executive remuneration practices have become unnecessarily complex and convoluted. The case for a simpler approach to executive remuneration is advanced.