Journal articles: 'The International Corpus of English'

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GREENBAUM, SIDNEY. "Standard English and the international corpus of English." World Englishes 9, no. 1 (March 1990): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.1990.tb00688.x.

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Greenbaum, Sidney. "ICE: the International Corpus of English." English Today 7, no. 4 (October 1991): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400005836.

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Hassall, Peter John. "Developing an International Corpus of Creative English." World Englishes 25, no. 1 (February 2006): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0083-2919.2006.00451.x.

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GREENBAUM, SIDNEY, and GERALD NELSON. "The International Corpus of English (ICE) Project." World Englishes 15, no. 1 (March 1996): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.1996.tb00088.x.

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SCHNEIDER, E. W. "GLOBAL ENGLISHES COMPUTERIZED; Comparing English Worldwide: The International Corpus of English." American Speech 76, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-76-3-316.

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Aarts, Bas, Gerald Nelson, and Sean Wallis. "Using Fuzzy Tree Fragments to explore English grammar." English Today 23, no. 2 (April 2007): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078407002052.

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ABSTRACTReaders of ET may recall two papers, the first by the late Sidney Greenbaum (‘ICE: the International Corpus of English,’ ET7, 1991, 3–7), the second and by Akiva Quinn & Nick Porter (‘Investigating English Usage with ICECUP’, ET10, 1994, pp. 21–24) which introduced the International Corpus of English (ICE) and its search facility ICECUP (the ICE Corpus Utility Programme). The present paper has a two-fold aim: to (re-)acquaint readers with ICE and discuss the latest developments in ICECUP – including its recent release on CD-ROM. The International Corpus of English was initiated by Sidney Greenbaum, whose aim was to set up a number of identically constructed corpora (for the purpose of grammar research) in the world's various English-speaking countries.

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de Klerk, Vivian. "Starting with Xhosa English towards a spoken corpus." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 7, no. 1 (October 18, 2002): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.7.1.02dek.

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This paper describes the underlying motivation for the proposed structure and design of a corpus of Xhosa English, which aims ultimately to form part of a larger corpus of Black South African English (BSAE). The planned corpus will be exclusively based on spoken spontaneous Xhosa English, and full justification for this decision is provided in the paper. In particular the paper argues that the current South African English component of the International Corpus of English (ICE) cannot be regarded as representative of any particular variety of South African English, because of the wide range of Englishes spoken in the country (by mother-tongue speakers, Indians, white and coloured Afrikaans speakers and the speakers of South Africa's nine indigenous languages). In addition, the article problematises theoretical concepts such as deciding what “educated” or standard English is (in a multilingual country with a very complex socio-political history), and argues that some of the text categories of ICE and other spoken corpora are inappropriate for the planned Xhosa English corpus.

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Kirk, John, and Gerald Nelson. "The International Corpus of English project: A progress report." World Englishes 37, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 697–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/weng.12350.

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GREENBAUM, SIDNEY. "A proposal for an international computerized corpus of English." World Englishes 7, no. 3 (November 1988): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.1988.tb00241.x.

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Edwards, Alison, and Samantha Laporte. "Outer and expanding circle Englishes." English World-Wide 36, no. 2 (May 29, 2015): 135–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.36.2.01edw.

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The classification of English as a native (ENL), second (ESL) and foreign (EFL) language is traditionally mapped onto Kachru’s (1985) Inner, Outer and Expanding circles, respectively. This paper addresses the divide upheld between these different varietal types. We explore the preposition into using comparable corpora for all three varietal types: the International Corpus of English (ICE) for Inner and Outer Circle varieties, and a comparable Corpus of Dutch English to represent the Expanding Circle. Our results show that the least institutionalised varieties (Hong Kong and Dutch English) are the most dissimilar to the ENL varieties, and the most institutionalised variety (Singapore English) is the most similar. We also compare our results for the Corpus of Dutch English to the Dutch component of the International Corpus of Learner English. While the latter patterns with other learner varieties, the Dutch English corpus patterns with ESL varieties, suggesting that “Expanding Circle” and “EFL” are not synonymous.

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Brato, Thorsten. "‘Outdooring’ the Historical Corpus of English in Ghana." English Today 34, no. 2 (January 30, 2018): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078417000517.

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Over the last 30 years there has been an upsurge in research and theorising on postcolonial Englishes. Beginning with Kachru's (1985) Three Circles model, more recently the focus has shifted to models focusing on identity construction and historical developments (Schneider, 2007), central and peripheral varieties and their spheres of influence (Mair, 2013), and those aiming to provide a more integrated approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes (Buschfeld & Kautzsch, 2017). Dedicated corpora such as the International Corpus of English (ICE; Greenbaum, 1991) and the Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbe; Davies & Fuchs, 2015) have been designed to allow for a synchronic comparison of Englishes around the world and have since been widely used to study variation on the different levels of linguistic description within and across varieties. Recently, ICE corpora have also been used to test assumptions laid out by Schneider (2007), e.g. by comparing data from ICE corpora of varieties which have progressed to different phases (Mukherjee & Gries, 2009) or by taking an apparent-time approach to test developments within one variety (Fuchs & Gut, 2015).

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Meierkord, Christiane. "Syntactic variation in interactions across international Englishes." English World-Wide 25, no. 1 (May 12, 2004): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.25.1.06mei.

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Discussions of World Englishes mainly concentrate on the particularities of individual varieties of English spoken in the different parts of the world. There is, however, another form of World English which emerges when speakers of different international varieties interact with each other. When English is the mother tongue of neither of the speakers who use the language for communicative purposes, they employ it as a lingua franca. This paper describes the syntactic variation found in this variety of English. It presents the results of analyses of a corpus containing 22 hours of naturally occurring interactions and describes both unsystematic as well as (seemingly) systematic grammatical choices made by the speakers. The results reveal that, not unlike the processes which have previously been documented for dialect contact, interactions across international Englishes are characterised by processes of levelling and regularisation, whilst at the same time individual speakers retain the characteristics of their original varieties. Individual Englishes are further constrained by transfer processes and interlanguage patterns.

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MEHL, SETH. "Light verb semantics in the International Corpus of English: onomasiological variation, identity evidence and degrees of lightness." English Language and Linguistics 23, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674317000302.

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This study employs corpus semantic techniques to examine the semantics of light verbs and light verb constructions (LVCs) in Singapore English, Hong Kong English and British English via their respective components in the International Corpus of English (ICE; Greenbaum 1996). The study investigates onomasiological variation (see Geeraerts et al.1994) by identifying selection preferences in natural use between light verb constructions and their related verb alternatives. In addition, identity evidence is forwarded as a valuable corpus semantic tool, in which instances of naturally occurring language data resemble classic identity tests for polysemy. Via a close reading and manual semantic analysis of thousands of instances of light make, take, give and their semantic alternatives, this study finds remarkable consistency across the three varieties of World Englishes (WEs) in onomasiological preferences, even in extremely nuanced features of LVCs. Onomasiological evidence and identity evidence also suggest the new finding that the three light verbs and their constructions exhibit degrees of lightness, and that these degrees of lightness are extremely consistent across regional varieties.

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Zhang, Xinlu, and Jingxiang Cao. "A Corpus-Based Study on Construction of “Anger Adjectives + Prepositions” in World Englishes." English Language and Literature Studies 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v11n3p55.

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Anger as one of the basic emotions has attracted much attention. In the construction of “Anger adjectives + prepositions”, the temporal duration of the Anger adjectives is closely related to their prepositional collocates. Differences in the use of the Anger adjectives and their prepositional collocates might be captured in the world English varieties. The corpora used in this study cover eight varieties of English. The five varieties of English used in Canada, Philippines, Singapore, India and Nigeria are from the International Corpus of English (ICE). The China English corpus (ChiE) consists of news texts crawled from six Chinese English media. American English is taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and British English is taken from British National Corpus (BNC). By investigating the use of the Anger adjectives and their prepositional collocates in the eight varieties of English, this paper finds that, on the continuums of the temporal duration of Anger adjectives, most varieties of English are closer to American English, whereas only Singapore English is close to British English. The distribution of Anger adjectives in the English varieties is largely in accordance with the Concentric Circles of world Englishes whereas the continuums of the temporal duration of emotions present a new insight into their relations.

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Baugh, Simon, Andrew Harley, and Susan Jellis. "The Role of Corpora in Compiling the Cambridge International Dictionary of English." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.1.1.04bau.

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The interaction between corpora and lexicons in compiling a monolingual learner dictionary, based on the experience of writing the Cambridge International Dictionary of English (1995). Exploitation of search facilities, statistical collocation analysis and analysis of syntactic patterns in a grammatically tagged corpus. Some limitations of corpus-based lexicography. Ways in which dictionary data was exploited in the analysis and enhancement of the corpus. In this project the corpora, software and dictionary were developed simultaneously rather than sequentially. An advantage of this way of working was that the evolution of the software was constantly guided by the needs of lexicographers, and a number of desirable avenues of development for the software tools and for the corpus itself were identified.

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Deshors, Sandra C., and Stefan Th Gries. "Profiling verb complementation constructions across New Englishes." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 21, no. 2 (August 29, 2016): 192–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.21.2.03des.

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In this paper, we explore verb complementation patterns with to and ing in native English (British and American English) as compared to three Asian Englishes (Hong Kong, Indian, and Singaporean English). Based on data from the International Corpus of English annotated for variables describing the matrix verb and the complement, we run two random forests analyses to determine where the Asian Englishes have developed complementation preferences different from the two native speaker varieties. We find not only a variety of differences between the Asian and the native Englishes, but also that the Asian Englishes are more similar (i.e. ‘better predicted by’) the American English data. Further, as the first study of its kind to extend the MuPDAR approach from the now frequent regression analyses to random forests analysis, this study adds a potentially useful analytical tool to the often messy and skewed observational data corpus linguists need to deal with.

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Mark Davies. "The British component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-GB), Release 2, and: Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English (DCPSE), and: The International Corpus of English Corpus Utility Program (ICECUP), version 3.1 (review)." Language 85, no. 2 (2009): 443–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0105.

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Cao, Miao, and Wei Zhao. "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Business Contract English Registers." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 3 (April 6, 2019): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n3p158.

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In trades between different countries, business English is the basic step and business contract is the guarantee. In this special transaction context, the wording of business contract English is fair and rigorous; the structure of it is clear; and the style of it is solemn. Based on the register theory in systemic functional linguistics, this paper analyzes the lexical, syntactic and textual rhetorical features of contract English. Some of the data are from business English Corpus established by University of International Business and Economics. It aims to promote the writing of business contract English.

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Heller, Benedikt, Tobias Bernaisch, and Stefan Th Gries. "Empirical perspectives on two potential epicenters: The genitive alternation in Asian Englishes." ICAME Journal 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 111–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icame-2017-0005.

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Abstract The present study seeks to contribute to two sparsely examined areas of World Englishes research by (i) quantitatively evaluating two potential linguistic epicenters in Asia (Indian and Singapore English) while (ii) investigating the English genitive alternation in a cross-varietal perspective. In a corpus-based bottom-up approach, we evaluate 4,200 interchangeable genitive cases of written English from Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, the Philippines, Singapore and Sri Lanka, as represented in the International Corpus of English. We use a new method called MuPDARF, a multifactorial deviation analysis based on random forest classifications, to evaluate to what extent and with which factors the Asian varieties differ from British English in their genitive choices. Results show conspicuous differences between British English and the Asian varieties and validate the potential epicenter status of Indian English for South Asia, but not unanimously that of Singapore English for Southeast Asia.

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Amnuai, Wirada. "Analyses of Rhetorical Moves and Linguistic Realizations in Accounting Research Article Abstracts Published in International and Thai-Based Journals." SAGE Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 215824401882238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018822384.

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There has been a growing interest in the rhetorical move structure of research articles (RAs). Research studies reveal that articles written by native and nonnative English speakers show some similarities and differences in their rhetorical structure and linguistic features across disciplines. This study was therefore undertaken to investigate the rhetorical moves of English RA abstracts, which were written by authors from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Sixty RA abstracts from two corpora (international corpus and Thai corpus) in the field of accounting were analyzed using Hyland’s framework. The abstracts written by authors of different nationalities and published in internationally scholarly journals were collected for the international corpus, whereas the counterpart consisted of abstracts written by Thai authors and published in indexed Thailand-based journals. Both similarities and differences in terms of rhetorical move and linguistic realizations were found. The use of tenses and voices was quite different not only between the two corpora but also from the previous studies. The findings will provide practical and detailed description of the RA abstracts’ structures of the two corpora. This may lead to pedagogical implications for teaching students how to write accounting English RA abstracts effectively.

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Akinlotan, Mayowa. "Predicting Definite Article Usages in New Englishes: Variety Outweighs Genre and Syntactic Function in Nigerian English." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 26/2 (September 11, 2017): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.26.2.07.

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Variability in the use of the definite article in New Englishes, and in particular, Nigerian English has received the least attention from a quantitative, probabilistic and predictive perspective. The present study narrows this gap by not only assessing the extent to which article use in Nigerian English varies, but by also simultaneously testing out previous claims found in similar varieties, using similar corpus data from the Nigerian component of the International Corpus of English (ICE). Following theoretic framework for article use by Hawkins (1978) and Prince (1981), Wahid (2013) found that variability in definite article usage in New Englishes is more predictable on the basis of genre than on the basis of variety. Revising Wahid’s method and reconceptualising same theoretic frameworks of Hawkins and Prince, together with a comparable corpus sample of 8674 definite article the from ICE-Nigeria, the extent of article usage variability in the Nigerian variety is not only shown but also that variety outweighs genre and syntactic function predicting article usage in New Englishes.

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Wang, Qian. "A corpus-based contrastive analysis of I think in spoken Hong Kong English: Research from the International Corpus of English (ICE)." Australian Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 319–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2020.1823817.

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Satthachai, Mali, and Dorothy Kenny. "Deontic modality in English-Thai legislative translation." Corpus-Based Research in Legal and Institutional Translation 8, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ts.00012.sat.

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Abstract Scholarly interest in legislative translation has grown substantially over recent decades, with corpus-based approaches contributing to our understanding of the relationship between translated legislation and source texts, on the one hand, and translated and non-translated legislative texts in the target language, on the other. To date, however, most studies have been conducted on European languages. This study is part of a first attempt to use corpus techniques to explore legislative translation from English into Thai. Drawing on a purpose-built, 400,000-word, parallel corpus of international treaties translated from English into Thai, and a one million-word monolingual corpus of legislative texts originally written in Thai, we investigate how instances of deontic modality are translated into Thai. We analyse the modal strength of translations and conduct our inter-linguistic and intra-linguistic comparisons in the light of Biel’s (2014) concepts of equivalence and textual fit.

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Pauwels, Anne, and Joanne Winter. "Generic pronouns and gender-inclusive language reform in the English of Singapore and the Philippines." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 27, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.27.2.04pau.

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Abstract The concurrent trends of globalisation and ‘indigenisation’ affecting the English language (varieties) around the world pose some interesting questions for language planning and reform issues (e.g. Phillipson, 1992; Pennycook, 1994; Crystal, 1997). With this project we examine the impact of these competing trends on corpus planning relating to gender-inclusive language use in the Englishes of Singapore and the Philippines, categorised as ‘outer-circle’ Englishes by Kachru (1992,1997). In this paper we present some findings on aspects of gender-inclusive language reform based on an analysis of the student and academic texts in the Singapore and Philippine components of the International Corpus of English [ICE]1. Education, particularly higher education, has been identified as a leading site of contact with and trajectories of change for gender-inclusive language reform. We focus in particular on one of the main features of gender-inclusive language reform: generic pronouns. The results of the ICE corpus analysis suggest that adoption of gender-inclusive and gender-neutral generic pronouns is not yet profiled in these ‘outer-circle’ Englishes. Generic he remains the pervasive generic pronoun in the student and published academic writing in the Singapore English corpus. The Philippines data reveal a similar trend although there is some emergence of s/he forms as the preferred gender-inclusive alternative.

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Granger, Sylviane. "The Learner Corpus: a revolution in applied linguistics." English Today 10, no. 3 (July 1994): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400007665.

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Yurchenko, Asya, Sven Leuckert, and Claudia Lange. "Comparing written Indian Englishes with the new Corpus of Regional Indian Newspaper Englishes (CORINNE)." ICAME Journal 45, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 179–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icame-2021-0006.

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Abstract This article introduces the new Corpus of Regional Indian Newspaper Englishes (CORINNE). The current version of CORINNE contains news and other text types from regional Indian newspapers published between 2015 and 2020, covering 13 states and regions so far. The corpus complements previous corpora, such as the Indian component of the International Corpus of English (ICE) as well as the Indian section of the South Asian Varieties of English (SAVE) corpus, by giving researchers the opportunity to analyse and compare regional (written) Englishes in India. In the first sections of the paper we discuss the rationale for creating CORINNE as well as the development of the corpus. We stress the potential of CORINNE and go into detail about selection criteria for the inclusion of newspapers as well as corpus compilation and the current word count. In order to show the potential of the corpus, the paper presents a case study of ‘intrusive as’, a syntactic feature that has made its way into formal registers of Indian English. Based on two subcorpora covering newspapers from Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand, we compare frequencies and usage patterns of call (as) and term (as). The case study lends further weight to the hypothesis that the presence or absence of a quotative in the majority language spoken in an Indian state has an impact on the frequency of ‘intrusive as’. Finally, we foreshadow the next steps in the development of CORINNE as well as potential studies that can be carried out using the corpus.

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Čermáková, Ann, Jarmo Jantunen, Tommi Jauhiainen, John Kirk, Michal Křen, Marc Kupietz, and Elaine Uí Dhonnchadha. "The International Comparable Corpus: Challenges in building multilingual spoken and written comparable corpora." Research in Corpus Linguistics 10, no. 1 (2021): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32714/ricl.09.01.06.

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This paper reports on the efforts of twelve national teams in building the International Comparable Corpus (ICC; https://korpus.cz/icc) that will contain highly comparable datasets of spoken, written and electronic registers. The languages currently covered are Czech, Finnish, French, German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Slovak, Swedish and, more recently, Chinese, as well as English, which is considered to be the pivot language. The goal of the project is to provide much-needed data for contrastive corpus-based linguistics. The ICC corpus is committed to the idea of re-using existing multilingual resources as much as possible and the design is modelled, with various adjustments, on the International Corpus of English (ICE). As such, ICC will contain approximately the same balance of forty percent of written language and 60 percent of spoken language distributed across 27 different text types and contexts. A number of issues encountered by the project teams are discussed, ranging from copyright and data sustainability to technical advances in data distribution.

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Budohoska, Natalia. "Characteristic morphological and syntactic features of English in Kenya: a corpus study (ice)." Lingua Posnaniensis 54, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-012-0004-2.

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Abstract Natalia Budohoska. Characteristic Morphological and Syntactic Features of English inKenya: A Corpus Study (ICE). Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 45-56. This study discusses characteristic morphological and syntactic features of English in Kenya on the basis of the International Corpus of English (ICE) for Kenya. It contains a list of typical traits compiled following the universal criteria for describing varieties of English set up by Kortmann (2008: xxv-xxix). The features found were confronted with the Szmrecsanyi & Kortmann (2009: 68) concept of the inherent simplification of the new varieties of English. Finally, the amount of variation found in the ICE was placed into a wider context of other postcolonial varieties of English. The results of this analysis add to the discussion of recognizing English in Kenya as an emancipated variety of English (Budohoska 2011a, b). This study presents a high degree of characteristic features of English in Kenya, many of them shared with other recognized varieties of English. It also reveals tendencies of simplification common to New Englishes. The estimated frequencies of these features, however, are too low to reveal stigmatized forms of Kenyan English.

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Mehl, Seth. "Make us difficult." English World-Wide 41, no. 3 (November 9, 2020): 352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.00054.meh.

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Abstract This paper introduces a previously undiscussed English construction, termed the make us difficult construction. Examples of the construction are presented, from the International Corpus of English and the Corpus of Global Web-Based English, and a quantitative analysis is conducted of the construction’s text frequency and variant rates. Quantitative data on specific usage patterns is employed to inform an analysis of the construction and its productivity, and recommendations are made for future research.

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Chen, Yuan-shan, Wei Ren, and Chih-Ying Lin. "English as a lingua franca: From theory to practice." Language Teaching 53, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444819000302.

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English as a lingua franca (ELF) refers to ‘any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice, and often the only option’ (Seidlhofer, 2011, p. 7*). ELF research started relatively recently. It was only discussed occasionally in the last century. Landmark changes were the publications of Jenkins (2000*) and Seidlhofer (2001*). These works inspired more research into ELF, as witnessed by a dramatically increased interest in ELF since then, resulting in a large number of journal articles, monographs, edited books (e.g. Mauranen & Ranta, 2009*) and large corpora (e.g. the Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English, the Corpus of English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Settings, and the Asian Corpus of English). In addition, ELF researchers have launched the annual conference series (International Conference of English as a Lingua Franca), the Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, and the De Gruyter book series Developments in English as a Lingua Franca. These publications move from an initial understanding of ELF as a ‘variety’ or ‘varieties’ to a later conceptualisation of ELF as a dynamic, fluid and variable phenomenon. ELF has become a major focus of discussions and activities among both applied linguists and English language teaching professionals (Jenkins, Cogo, & Dewey, 2011).

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Namaziandost, Ehsan, Meisam Ziafar, and Dwiniasih Dwiniasih. "FORMULAIC LANGUAGE OF TOURISM IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE (EAP) COURSE BOOK: A CORPUS-DRIVEN APPROACH." Academic Journal Perspective : Education, Language, and Literature 8, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33603/perspective.v8i1.3285.

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One approach to taking advantage of corpora in language teaching would be adding to a textbook through enriching it through employing corpus-based research. When it comes to using English for Academic Purposes (EAP) materials, the inclusion of corpora in teaching language becomes even more urgent. In the current study, the authors did their best to investigate and describe the presence of formulaic language in an EAP textbooks titled: English for international tourism: Pre-intermediate studentsâ€™ book written by Dubicka and Oâ€™keeffe (2003) through a case study, and corpus-driven method as a research methodology. Therefore, this study aims to investigate to what extent the EAP course book designed for tourism titled English for international tourism (EIT) is compatible with a corpus-driven formulaic approach. Findings show that this EAP textbook falls fairly short of presenting the necessary formulas as frequently employed in tourism English. Supplementing such materials with corpora and the formulaic they provide may boost the quality of EAP education and practice.

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Stringer, David. "EMBEDDED WH-QUESTIONS IN L2 ENGLISH IN INDIA." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 37, no. 1 (August 27, 2014): 101–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263114000357.

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This corpus study brings a second language (L2) research perspective, insights from generative grammar, and new empirical evidence to bear on a long-accepted claim in the World Englishes literature—namely, that inversion with wh-movement in colloquial Indian English is obligatory in embedded clauses and impossible in main clauses. It is argued that this register of Indian English is a L2 variety, functioning as part of a multilingual code repertoire, but that syntactic universals apply to first and second languages alike. Despite recent attempts at formalization, this distribution should be unattested, as such a grammar would fall outside the constraints of Universal Grammar and would contradict proposed discourse-pragmatic principles of natural language. A Perl program was created to search the Indian subcorpus of the International Corpus of English (Greenbaum, 1996) for relevant distributional patterns. Results reveal that wh-inversion in Indian English operates in the same way as in other varieties: It is robustly attested in main clauses and appears only occasionally in embedded clauses where syntactic and pragmatic conditions allow; it is obligatory only with interrogative complementizer deletion. Thus, contrary to the standard account but commensurate with recent corpus studies, users of English in India exhibit knowledge of universal constraints in this domain.

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Wulff, Stefanie, and Stefan Th Gries. "Prenominal adjective order preferences in Chinese and German L2 English." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 122–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.5.1.05wul.

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This study presents a contrastive analysis of 3624 instances of prenominal adjective order retrieved from the Chinese and German sections of the International Corpus of Learner English and the International Corpus of English. The data was annotated for nine determinants of adjective order, including semantic, frequency-related, and articulatory features. Applying a two-step regression procedure called MuPDAR (Multifactorial Prediction and Deviation Analysis Using Regressions), the present study finds that overall, the intermediate-advanced level learners are well-aligned with native speakers’ preferences. However, we also see that while the German learners seem generally better aligned with regard to frequency-related factors, the Chinese learners behave more target-like with regard to the effect of adjective gradability, and they seem more sensitive to segmental alternation constraints. In discussing these and other results, the study hopes to illustrate how corpus-based methods can make a valuable contribution to contemporary SLA research, specifically with regard to multifactorially determined phenomena such as adjective order.

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Peters, Pam, Peter Collins, David Blair, and Alison Brierley. "The Australian corpus project." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.11.1.03pet.

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Abstract The functional variants of International English are often differently distributed in the different regional standards. With evidence from the corpus of Australian English, this has already been shown for lexical variants such as will/shall, maybe/perhaps etc. In this paper evidence from the Australian corpus is used to discuss a number of variables in a) morphology b) the system of conjunction c) the system of quantifiers. The redistribution of morphological variants-edl-t (as in burned/burnt), and -wards(s) (as in downward(s)) showed a tendency to assign different grammatical roles to each variant. Among the conjunctions, apart from individual differences the most interesting finding was the higher level overall in the use of subordinating conjunctions, when Australian newspaper data was compared with the equivalent in Britain or America. A possible explanation for this invokes the Hallidayan principle that subordination is actually more common in speech than in writing. The suggestion is that Australian press reporting approximates more closely to spoken than to written norms of language. But on the quantifiers a few/several the corpus provides no support for a new popular use of several, to mean vaguely large number.

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Seoane, Elena, and Cristina Suárez-Gómez. "The expression of the perfect in East and South-East Asian Englishes." English World-Wide 34, no. 1 (February 8, 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.34.1.01seo.

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This paper looks at variation in the expression of perfect meaning in Asian Englishes (Hong Kong, India, Singapore and the Philippines) as represented in the spoken component of the International Corpus of English. Findings confirm the existence of levelling between the present perfect and simple past in these varieties, and that the tendency of the present perfect to lose ground to the preterite is more pronounced in these New Englishes than in British English, especially in the expression of recent past. The occurrence of other variants in the corpus is accounted for in terms of the influence of the respective substrate languages, cognitive constraints characteristic of language-contact situations, pragmatic contextual factors such as the scant use of adverbial support, and, especially, diffusion from the input language, which is an earlier variety of spoken, non-standard English. Relevant intravarietal differences are also discussed and attributed to the different phases of development in which the four varieties currently find themselves.

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Grafmiller, Jason, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. "Mapping out particle placement in Englishes around the world: A study in comparative sociolinguistic analysis." Language Variation and Change 30, no. 3 (October 2018): 385–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394518000170.

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AbstractThis study explores variability in particle placement across nine varieties of English around the globe, utilizing data from the International Corpus of English and the Global Corpus of Web-based English. We introduce a quantitative approach for comparative sociolinguistics that integrates linguistic distance metrics and predictive modeling, and use these methods to examine the development of regional patterns in grammatical constraints on particle placement in World Englishes. We find a high degree of uniformity among the conditioning factors influencing particle placement in native varieties (e.g., British, Canadian, and New Zealand English), while English as a second language varieties (e.g., Indian and Singaporean English) exhibit a high degree of dissimilarity with the native varieties and with each other. We attribute the greater heterogeneity among second language varieties to the interaction between general L2 acquisition processes and the varying sociolinguistic contexts of the individual regions. We argue that the similarities in constraint effects represent compelling evidence for the existence of a shared variable grammar and variation among grammatical systems is more appropriately analyzed and interpreted as a continuum rather than multiple distinct grammars.

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WULFF, STEFANIE, NICHOLAS LESTER, and MARIA T. MARTINEZ-GARCIA. "That-variation in German and Spanish L2 English." Language and Cognition 6, no. 2 (March 20, 2014): 271–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2014.5.

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abstractIn certain English finite complement clauses, inclusion of the complementizer that is optional. Previous research has identified various factors that influence when native speakers tend to produce or omit the complementizer, including syntactic weight, clause juncture constraints, and predicate frequency. The present study addresses the question to what extent German and Spanish learners of English as a second language (L2) produce and omit the complementizer under similar conditions. 3,622 instances of English adjectival, object, and subject complement constructions were retrieved from the International Corpus of English and the German and Spanish components of the International Corpus of Learner English. A logistic regression model suggests that L2 learners’ and natives’ production is largely governed by the same factors. However, in comparison with native speakers, L2 learners display a lower rate of complementizer omission. They are more impacted by processing-related factors such as complexity and clause juncture, and less sensitive to verb-construction cue validity.

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Römer, Ute, and Selahattin Yilmaz. "Effects of L2 usage and L1 transfer on Turkish learners’ production of English verb-argument constructions." Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics, no. 16 (May 3, 2019): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35869/vial.v0i16.95.

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Using data from the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) and the British National Corpus (BNC), this article examines what Turkish learners of English know about a set of frequent verb-argument constructions (VACs, such as ‘V with n’ as illustrated by ‘I like to go with the flow’) and in what ways their VAC knowledge is influenced by native English usage and by transfer from their first language (L1), Turkish. An ICLE Turkish analysis gave us access to dominant verb-VAC associations in Turkish learners ́ English, and provided insights into the productivity and predictability of selected constructions. Comparisons with the BNC and other ICLE subsets (ICLE German and ICLE Spanish) allowed us to determine how strong the usage effect is on Turkish learners’ verb-VAC associations and whether Turkish learners differ in this respect from learners of other typologically different L1s. Potential effects of L1 transfer were explored with the help of a large reference corpus of Turkish, the Turkish National Corpus (TNC).

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Schweinberger, Martin. "How Learner Corpus Research can inform language learning and teaching." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 43, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 196–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.00032.sch.

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Abstract This study aims to exemplify how language teaching can benefit from learner corpus research (LCR). To this end, this study determines how L1 and L2 English speakers with diverse L1 backgrounds differ with respect to adjective amplification, based on the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) and the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS). The study confirms trends reported in previous research, in that L1 speakers amplify adjectives more frequently than L2 English speakers. In addition, the analysis shows that L1 and L2 English speakers differ substantially with respect to the collocational profiles of specific amplifier types and with respect to awareness of genre-specific constraints on amplifier use, and that even advanced L2 speakers tend to be unaware of stylistic constraints on adjective amplification because they model their academic output based on patterns generalized from informal conversation. These findings are useful for language teaching in that the data can be used to target L1-specific difficulties experienced by L2 English speakers.

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Gries, Stefan Th, and Stefanie Wulff. "The genitive alternation in Chinese and German ESL learners." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 18, no. 3 (October 28, 2013): 327–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.18.3.04gri.

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This paper exemplifies an approach to learner corpus data that adopts a multifactorial definition of ‘context’. We apply a logistic regression to 2,986 attestations of genitive alternation (the squirrel’s nest vs. the nest of the squirrel) from the Chinese and German sub-sections of the International Corpus of Learner English and the British component of the International Corpus of English that were coded for 12 factors. Importantly, the speakers’ L1 was included as a predictor to be able to compare properly the native speakers with the learners as well as the two learner groups with each other. The final regression model predicts all speakers’ genitive choices very accurately (> 93%) and suggests that (i) the learners rely heavily on processing-related factors, which can be overridden by semantic constraints, and (ii) learners’ choices are differentially modulated by their L1. We close with a discussion of how this context-based, multifactorial approach goes beyond traditional learner corpus research.

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Akinlotan, Mayowa, and Akande Akinmade. "Dative Alternation in Nigerian English: A Corpus-based Approach." Glottotheory 10, no. 1-2 (February 25, 2020): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/glot-2019-0005.

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AbstractDative alternation is that sort of construction which requires a choice from two available choices; the double object (DOC) (i. e. Please give Mary the book) and the preposition construction (TOC) (i. e. Please give the book to Mary). Empirical evidence detailing the characteristics and motivations of dative choices in different varieties have been put forward in the literature. Albeit, nothing is known about the nature and motivations of this phenomenon in Nigerian variety of English, an important source of empirical evidence in the English-world-wide paradigm. With 739 sentences extracted from International Corpus of English, we examined the effects of 16 predictors on this construction in the Nigerian variety; showing how the behavior of these predictors compares with findings reported in other varieties. Among other findings, we found that overall Nigerian variety is closer to American variety than Indian variety, and pronominality as the strongest predictor, outweighing register as a reputable predictor.

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Schneider, Gerold, and Gaëtanelle Gilquin. "Detecting innovations in a parsed corpus of learner English." Linguistic Innovations 2, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 177–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.2.2.03sch.

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In research on L2 English, recent corpus-based studies indicate that some non-standard forms are shared by indigenized (ESL) and foreign (EFL) varieties of English, which challenges the idea of a clear dichotomy between innovation and error. We present a data-driven large-scale method to detect innovations, test it on verb + preposition structures (including phrasal verbs) and adjective + preposition structures, and describe similarities and differences between EFL and ESL. We use a dependency-parsed version of the International Corpus of Learner English to automatically extract potential innovations, defined as patterns of overuse compared to the British National Corpus as reference corpus. We measure overuse by means of collocation measures like O/E or T-score, and compare our results with similar results for ESL. In both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we detect similarities between the two varieties (e.g. discuss about) and dissimilarities (e.g. accuse for, only distinctive for EFL). We report more verb/adjective + preposition combinations than previous studies and discuss the roles of analogy and transfer.

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Carrió-Pastor, María Luisa. "Mitigation of claims in medical research papers: A comparative study of English- and Spanish-language writers." Communication and Medicine 13, no. 3 (June 16, 2017): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cam.28424.

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This study identifies variation in the use of mitigation devices in medical written English between authors with English as their first language and those with Spanish as their first language. A corpus of 30 medical research papers written in English and published in international journals was compiled, 15 by researchers with Spanish as their first language and 15 by native English-speakers, and this was compared with a second corpus of 15 medical papers written in Spanish. By a comparative analysis of how mitigation devices were used in both corpora, it was possible to establish whether their frequency and the rhetorical strategies adopted varied depending on the writer’s linguistic background.

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Pang, Jixian, and Fang Chen. "Evaluation in English earnings conference calls: a corpus-assisted contrastive study." Text & Talk 38, no. 4 (June 26, 2018): 411–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2018-0008.

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Abstract An earnings conference call is a hybrid genre of reporting and promotional discourses in which evaluation plays an important role. Using data from two self-built corpora, this study aims to explore the frequency and functions of evaluation in English earnings conference calls issued by Chinese companies and international companies. Using the computer software package Wmatrix, we carried out a key semantic domains analysis and keywords analysis of the data. The major findings of the analyses are as follows: First, the four parameters of evaluation receive different degrees of importance in earnings conference calls. Second, in earnings conference calls evaluation performs three inter-related functions: as an image promotion strategy, as a speaker identity indexing strategy, and as metadiscourse. Third, although there are similarities, speakers of Chinese companies deviate from their international counterparts in using evaluative language during the calls in aspects of parameters and word choice. Possible reasons for these similarities and differences are discussed with reference to the functions of evaluation in the call as a hybrid genre, genre awareness, and cultural influences.

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Yuliawati, Susi, Dian Ekawati, and Ratna Erika Mawarrani. "INVESTIGATING LEXICAL BUNDLES IN THE CORPORA OF ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN RESEARCH ARTICLES WITH THE SKETCH ENGINE." Jurnal Sosioteknologi 20, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/sostek.itbj.2021.20.2.5.

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The low publication rate of Indonesian researchers in reputable international journals, particularly in arts and humanities,is caused, among others, by difficulties they faced in producing precise expository texts in English, which are differentfrom texts in Indonesian. The present study examines lexical bundles in the corpora of English and Indonesian researcharticles (RA) on literature and linguistics to describe the similarities and differences of conventionalized phraseology inthe scientific genre of English and Indonesian by using corpus software, namely Sketch Engine. The study focuses onthe frequency, structural and functional characteristics of lexical bundles using a mixed-method research design. TheEnglish corpus comprises 1,351,048 words derived from 124 RA, while the Indonesian corpus consists of 637,910 wordscollected from 124 RA. We found that three-word lexical bundles are more prevalent than four-word lexical bundles inboth corpora. Based on the structural forms, prepositional-based bundles are the most frequent form in English RA, whilenoun-based bundles are the most common form in Indonesian RA. There were no participant-oriented bundles foundin the Indonesian RA corpus in terms of functional classification, whereas the English RA corpus involved more variedfunctional categories of lexical bundles. The findings provide an understanding of phraseological combinations in Englishand Indonesian scientific writing, characterizing disciplinary discourse as well as native and non-native English speakers’rhetorical style, and have pedagogical implications for EAP practitioners.

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Edwards, Alison, and Rutger-Jan Lange. "In case of innovation." Linguistic Innovations 2, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 252–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.2.2.06edw.

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This paper addresses the equivalence often drawn between labels such as ESL, New Englishes and Outer Circle on the one hand, and between EFL, Learner Englishes and Expanding Circle on the other. It argues that this mapping takes insufficient account of both intra-varietal variation and inter-varietal similarities. We compare the two non-native varietal types with each other and with native English on the basis of ‘user’ data from the International Corpus of English and the Corpus of Dutch English, focusing on three-word clusters in academic writing. Quantitative analyses reveal no clear grouping per circle, but rather a regional East Africa grouping. Case studies of four specific clusters (in case of, due to the, the fact that and the other hand) mostly show a native/non-native divide. Characteristics of both ESL and EFL, including innovative processes as well as learner strategies, are shown to be at play in the Outer and Expanding Circle alike. The findings are consistent with the notion of neither a strict divide between varietal types, nor a continuum.

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Columbus, Georgie. "A comparative analysis of invariant tags in three varieties of English." English World-Wide 31, no. 3 (October 11, 2010): 288–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.31.3.03col.

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Discourse markers are a feature of everyday conversation — they signal attitudes and beliefs to their interlocutors beyond the base utterance. One particular type of discourse marker is the invariant tag (InT), for example New Zealand and Canadian English eh. Previous studies of InTs have clearly described InT uses in one language variety (e.g. Berland 1997, on London teenage talk; Stubbe and Holmes 1995, on NZ English; on sociolinguistic features e.g. Stubbe and Holmes 1995 and on single markers e.g. Avis 1972; Love 1973; Gibson 1977; Meyerhoff 1992 and 1994; Gold 2005, 2008 on eh). However, the class of InTs has not yet been fully described, and the variety of approaches taken (corpus- and survey-based) does not easily allow for cross-varietal or cross-linguistic comparison. This study investigates InTs in three varieties of English from a corpus-based approach. It lists the InTs available in New Zealand, British and Indian English through their occurrences in their respective International Corpus of English (ICE) corpora, and compares usages of four tags across the varieties. The description offers a clearer overview of the InT class for descriptive grammars, as well as more explicit definitions and usage guides for e.g. EFL/ESL pedagogy. An unambiguous description of several InTs and their meanings will also allow more thorough comparison in studies of other English varieties. Finally, the results offer another viewpoint on the issue of representativeness in corpora with respect to regional versus national varieties of the Englishes.

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Huang, Li-Shih. "Taking Stock of Corpus-Based Instruction in Teaching English as an International Language." RELC Journal 49, no. 3 (April 20, 2017): 381–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033688217698294.

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Corpora are essential tools in the teaching of English as an international language (EIL). With the advent of high-powered computers, online corpora have been developed with the potential to transform how EIL is taught both inside and outside the classroom, since anyone with a mobile device and internet access can now take advantage of numerous corpora databases. But applying computer corpora to language pedagogy also requires teacher mediation; moreover, the issues involving the lack of corpus integration in either the EIL language classroom or teacher training programmes are both challenging and complex. Nonetheless, there is hope that empowering teachers with the necessary tools, skills, and knowledge in using online corpora will lead to the day when corpora resources and their use are no longer the exclusive preserve of researchers and reference material developers.

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Ooi, Vincent B. Y. "Review of Peyawary (1999): The Core Vocabulary of International English: A Corpus Approach." English World-Wide 23, no. 1 (June 13, 2002): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.23.1.11ooi.

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Lange, Claudia. "Focus marking in Indian English." English World-Wide 28, no. 1 (March 23, 2007): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.28.1.05lan.

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This paper investigates the use of only and itself in Indian English, drawing on data from the Indian subcorpus of the International Corpus of English (ICE-India). In all varieties of English, only is used as an exclusive focus particle and itself as a reflexive pronoun and intensifier. Indian English has developed an additional use for only and itself as presentational, i.e. non-contrastive focus markers. The paper investigates the syntactic and semantic contexts of itself and only in order to capture the two lexical items’ functional extension in current Indian English. One interesting finding concerns the distribution of the two forms within the corpus: Itself is mainly found in written texts, while only is restricted to the spoken language. The paper further considers the origin and the likely future of this innovation in Indian English: Whereas it is quite clear that substrate influence is directly responsible for the innovative usage, the question whether this usage will also become accepted as part of an emerging Indian English standard remains to be settled.

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Journal articles on the topic 'The International Corpus of English'

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