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Uruszczak, Wacław. "Suwerenność polskich organizmów państwowych w latach 1795–1848." Problems of Economics and Law 5, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.3627.
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Abstrakt Cel: Celem artykułu było odniesienie się do zjawiska suwerenności, która uznawana jest za podstawową cechę współczesnych państw. Jej istota oznacza w stosunkach międzynarodowych niezależność danego państwa od jakichkolwiek podmiotów zewnętrznych, w szczególności innych państw. W stosunkach wewnętrznych pozycję suwerena zajmuje podmiot sprawujący najwyższą władzę, którego wola decydowała o wszystkich sprawach najważniejszych dla danego państwa. Metody i materiały: W artykule opisano i przedstawiono problematykę suwerenności organizmów państwowych, utworzonych na ziemiach polskich po rozbiorach Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów, funkcjonujących w ramach struktur politycznych poszczególnych państw zaborczych. Były to w szczególności Księstwo Warszawskie, Królestwo Polskie kongresowe, Rzeczpospolita Krakowska, Królestwo Galicji i Lodomerii, Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie. Cechy państw niesuwerennych posiadały w szczególności Księstwo Warszawskie i Królestwo Polskie. Rzeczpospolita krakowska była wolnym miastem pod protekcją mocarstw. Królestwo Galicji i Lodomerii oraz Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie miały jedynie status prowincji. Celem przyjętych rozwiązań było uspokojenie aspiracji polskich elit do odbudowy niepodległej Rzeczypospolitej. Wyniki i wnioski: Polskie organizmy polityczne, jakie utworzone zostały z woli mocarstw rozbiorowych w latach 1795 – 1848, stanowiły formy przejściowe, które miały ułatwić całkowite wcielenie ziem polskich do struktur polityczno-organizacyjnych państw zaborczych. Były to rozwiązania doraźne, których celem było uspokojenie aspiracji polskich elit, w szczególności arystokracji, a także częściowo niższej szlachty i mieszczaństwa do odbudowy niepodległego państwa. Summary Sovereignty is considered a fundamental feature of modern states. Its essence in international relations means the independence of a given state from any external entities, in particular other states. In internal relations, the position of the sovereign is occupied by the entity exercising the highest power, whose will determined all the most important matters for a given state. The article presents the issues of the sovereignty of state organisms established in Poland after the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, functioning within the political structures of individual partitioning states. These were, in particular, the Duchy of Warsaw, the Congress Kingdom of Poland, the Republic of Krakow, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Poznań. The features of non-sovereign states were held, in particular, by the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Poland. The Republic of Kraków was a free city under the protection of great powers. The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Grand Duchy of Poznań had only the status of a province. The purpose of the adopted solutions was to appease the aspirations of the Polish elite to rebuild the independent Republic of Poland.
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Rygielska, Małgorzata. "O prawniczych kompetencjach Ignacego Czerwińskiego w świetle opinii profesjonalistów. Przewodnik testatora w komentarzach Antoniego Rosbierskiego." Prace Kulturoznawcze 23, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-6668.23.4.8.
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Ignacy Czerwiński’s legal competences in the light of the opinions of professionals: Przewodnik testatora in Antoni Rosbierski’s commentsIn this article I present the opinions of Antoni Rosbierski 1764–1815, a jurist educated in Vienna, who worked in the area of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria inter alia as a councillor of court for the aristocracy in Lvov, on the subject of one of the first books of Ignacy Czerwiński 1749–1836, an active lawyer and, later, the author of Okolica Za-dniestrska 1811 which is considered to be the first ethnographic monograph. In Annales Jurisprudentiae pro Regnis Galiciae et Lodomeriae Rosbierski published in Latin a review of Czerwiński’s Przewodnik testatora [A testator’s guide], published in 1818 in Lvov. Until now, it has not been a subject of further studies. Both publications can be considered important sources for the evolution of positive laws in 19th-century Galicia that provide insight into the law culture of that time, which is an important element of the intangible cultural heritage of any society. For this reason, the publication is worth reminding of. Przewodnik testatora may be interesting not only to jurist specialists but also to those researchers of Polish culture who are interested in the problem of the relation between law and custom. It was one of many attempts at giving an answer to the question of how to counteract denationalization in the face of the sudden loss of sovereignty and extensive surveillance systems.
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Iryna, Tsiborovska-Rymarovych. "Head Physician of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Andrew Krupinski: His Professional Activity and Published." Bibliotechnyi visnyk, no. 6 (February 1, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/bv2020.06.034.
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Rutynskyi, Mykhailo. "Geography of Ukrainian lands in scientific heritage of famous German geographer Anton Busching." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 49 (December 30, 2015): 296–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2015.49.8647.
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A. Busching is one of the greatest European geographers of second half of the XVIII century. The most fundamental work – Neue Erdbeschreibung oder Universal Geographie (1754) – brought him worldwide fame only during his lifetime was reprinted eight times and has been translated into almost all European languages. A. Busching systematized geographic information is very valuable source of historical geography of Ukraine. Each new reissue of the information (including statistics) A. Busching meticulously update, detailed and changed with the times era. In the 60’s gave a lengthy description of Ukrainian lands Red Ruthenia as part of the Kingdom of Poland. In the 70’s he was first among European geographers who published a geographical description of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. In the 80’s A. Busching published a series of statistical-geographical studies of new data on the geography of population, economy, communications and commerce Western, Central and Southern Ukrainian lands. The role and contribution of A. Busching in a geographical study of Ukraine in the second half of the seventeenth century are considered. In 1762–1763 A. Busching introduced to the world geographical community a new generalizing geographical name of the country, which was known from earlier treatises as Kievan Rus, Red Ruthenia, Cossacks’ province. The title of the relevant section of it preserved colonial official name given in 1764 by Catherine II disbanded it Hetman state – Little Russia. But below its geographical characteristics, this definition was begun: “The country of the Cossacks, usually called Ukraine...” A. Busching filed a brief geographical reference of all provinces and major cities of Ukraine. Busching’s books interesting information about her administrative-territorial structure, number cities, geography of trade, state of the river and road transport, formation centres manufactured crafts etc. A. Busching in 1772–1775 was the first systematized scientific community for world geography major geographic information system on the new administrative-territorial unit Europe – the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria – successor of earlier Principality of Galicia-Volyn Rus and Rus country. A. Busching is the author of the first survey maps of Europe that reflect this geographical unit. Content and factual materials of the scientific heritage of geographer were critically analysed and modified. It is shown the value of certain works of the scientist for historical-geographical studios and territorial development of Ukrainian lands that period. Key words: Ukraine, the Ukrainian lands, historical geography, scientific heritage, A. Busching.
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Ciuciura, Theodore. "Provincial Politics in the Habsburg Empire: The Case of Galicia and Bukovina." Nationalities Papers 13, no. 2 (1985): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998508408024.
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The creation of an Austrian province, titled “The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria” (“with the Grand Duchy of Cracow” added later) was the result of the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. The addition of this territory to the already imposing number of Habsburg's realms was ostensibly based on the dubious claim of the Hungarian kings to sovereignty over the medieval Ruthenian (Ukrainian) realm of Galicia and Volhynia. Under the subsequent Polish rule, the southern part of this duchy was organized as thewojewództwo ruskie(Ruthenian [Ukrainian] Province), which was one of the several provinces in the so-calledZiemie Ruskie(Ruthenian Lands) of the Commonwealth, or rather of theKorona(Kingdom of Poland),vis-à-visthe Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Galicia as an Austrian creation included small parts of the adjacent Ruthenian provinces of Podilia (Podole), Volhynia and Belz, (i.e. Galicia proper), and in the west also the province of Cracow, with territorial enclaves, really medieval relics, such as the “Duchy of Oświȩcim [Auschwitz]” and “Duchy of Zator” (i.e. the non-historical “Western Galicia”). Under Austrian rule, Galicia became a common home for Ukrainians (officially called Ruthenians) in the eastern counties and Poles in the western counties. Many Poles lived in Galicia proper. The Polish or Latin-Polish culture deeply influenced the Ukrainian population. However, it stubbornly, though inarticulately, maintained a sense of ethnic community with the Ukrainians who lived under the Russian imperial rule. A prominent Polish historian (and for more than a decade President of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow), Stanislaw Smolka, ascertains the “common features” of the “ethno-historical indivudiuality” known in Polish history as Ruś (Ruthenia) which had been “dormant through the centuries but never moribund [obumarla].” This Ruthenia “at the present attempts to find for herself a new distinguishing name and wants it to be ‘Ukraine'.” He also determines “the historical continuity” in the past of the old Ruthenia of Yaroslav and Monomakh and the “Ruthenian Lands” of the Commonwealth.
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Zimmermann, Peter. "Uwarunkowania historyczne roli i statusu języka polskiego w systemie edukacji w Galicji 1. połowy XIX wieku." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 23, no. 2 (December 4, 2016): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2016.23.2.14.
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During the partitions of Poland in 1772, 1795 and 1815 its southern part was annexed by the Habsburg Monarchy and integrated into the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Till the end of World War I the inhabitants of Galicia were citizens of the Austrian Empire and their lives were influenced by the political and social ideology of the Austrian government. One of the most significant changes were connected to the language issue. Austrian or German-speaking officials came to Galicia and so did German as it became the main administrative language. This was also the case for the Austrian education system, which mainly focused on teaching German language as they wanted to integrate the multilingual and multicultural inhabitants of the Austrian Empire under the leadership of the Austrian rulers.This article deals with the issue how the Austrian education system influenced the development and understanding of national consciousness of the Polish population in Galicia in the first half of the 19th century by analysing which role the Polish language played in the primary and secondary school system. This period is important because it shows the main intentions of the Austrian educational system and also because the first important School Laws were passed, which influenced the education system in Galicia for over half the century.This article is structured in two parts. The first part contains an analysis of the most important School Laws. The aim is to show the intentions and the ideology which guided the Austrian government in creating the education system and to analyse which role the Polish language played in it. The second part deals with the actual effects of the Austrian education policy for the young Polish generations of Galicia. This will allow a more realistic interpretation of the influence the education system in Galicia had on building or suppressing the development of a Polish national consciousness. This part includes analyses of school statistics and most importantly memories from schooldays from former Galician school children which gives an inside on the role the Polish language played in the school and in their own lives.
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Stasenko, Roksoliana. "Verbalised stereotypic beliefs about Ruthenians in the German-language literature of Austrian Galicia and its Ukrainian translations." SHS Web of Conferences 105 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110501008.
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This article presents the ways to verbalise the stereotypic beliefs about Ruthenians, considering linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The study is based on the German-language literature, namely of works of Alexander von Guttry, Salcia Landmann, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch and Karl Emil Franzos written during the period of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1918), or simply Austrian Galicia. The selection of works was carried out according to the following criteria: German-language source text, time of writing the work, its plot, existence of Ukrainian translation in the postmodern era. The stereotypes about Ruthenians were singled out using the keywords Ruthene, ruthenisch, Ukrainer, ukrainisch, рycuн, рycuнсьκuŭ, yκраїнеųь, yκраїнcьκuŭ. The stereotypes themselves are considered as simplifying ideas about the character, appearance, daily life, habits and traditions of a certain social group, in this case – the Ruthenians as one of the largest ethnic groups in Austrian Galicia. The implementing of Ruthenians stereotyping are represented on the level of lexis and grammar, context and discourse. The research results show that stereotypes about Ruthenians tend to have negative connotations, which is primarily due to their miserable situation in the Empire. However, the authors fondly described the positive qualities of the Ruthenians’ character, such as hospitality, talent for singing, kindness. Within the framework of a cultural approach in translation studies, which takes into account the cultural, social and historical factors of writing the source and target texts, the ways of verbalising the Ruthenians stereotyping in modern translation are examined.
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SLUSARENKO, Andrii, and Tetiana KOLOMOETS. "“THE MEMORIAL” OF PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS OF BIBRKA COUNTY OF THE KINGDOM OF GALICIA AND LODOMERIA (1891) AS A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL SOURCE." Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, no. 16 (September 17, 2020): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.16.211182.
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Mataniak, Mateusz. "Recenzja książki Krzysztofa Brońskiego Finanse publiczne w Galicji w okresie autonomii (1867–1914). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie, 2019, stron 319." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 14, no. 2 (2021): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.21.019.13527.
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Review of Krzysztof Broński’s Book Public Finance of Galicia in the Autonomy Era (1867–1914). Kraków: Kraków University of Economics Press, 2019, 319 Pages The review discusses the latest book on the situation of public finances in Galicia during the period of autonomy (1867–1914). The author, using numerous statistical studies, materials of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the National Department as well as academic literature (nineteenth-century and modern), presents Galicia’s place in the Austro-Hungarian tax system and recreates the structure of its budgets, as well as the financial situation of local government, and the basic principles of the social security system. This is all offered against a broad constitutional and political, as well as socio-economic, background. The result of the work is several important research theorems, which significantly enrich knowledge about Galicia.
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SOKIL, Bohdan. "TO THE PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONING OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN THE EASTERN GALICIA COURTS (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE MEETINGS OF THE DIET OF GALICIA AND LODOMERIA)." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 32 (2019): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2019-32-304-312.
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After the partition of Poland in 1772, Galicia was annexed to Austria as a separate administrative and territorial unit, not as an integral part of former Poland. It seemed that the Eastern Galicians would forever get rid of the problems they faced while in Poland. Galicians had grounds to hope to enjoy the same rights and freedoms as other nationalities of the monarchy, that is, to be able to develop their nationality and cherish their mother tongue. However, the political situation regarding the Eastern Galicians on their native land hardly changed. The Poles could not accept the loss of Ukrainian territory and tried every way to restore Poland's borders from sea to sea. The biggest obstacle to achieving their goal was the existence of the Ukrainian language, which they did not recognize as an independent language, but called the Polish language. The Poles tried to eliminate the usage of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of life in Eastern Galicia. The courts were no exception. The language issues in the courts in the Eastern Galicia were repeatedly raised at the meetings of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria. In 1861 a decree was passed according to which German language was removed from the courts, and the court proceedings could be conducted in Polish or Ukrainian. However, due to the request of the local Polish authorities in 1869, the Polish language was introduced as a government language in the Eastern Galicia by the Emperor's order. This decision of the Emperor provoked the opposition of the Ukrainians. Therefore, Ukrainian ambassadors tried to defend the rights of the Ukrainian language in the courts at meetings of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria. They addressed the Diet with a proposal to recognize the two regional languages, Polish and Ukrainian, as government during court hearings. The Polish ambassadors did not support the Ukrainians, calling the Ukrainian language either Polish or under-developed. Thus, they did not want to introduce Ukrainian into the court system. Keywords Ukrainian language, Polish language, German language, government language, local language, language of court hearings.
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Baran-Szołtys, Magdalena. "Gonzo, Ironic Nostalgia, Magical Realism, or, How to Re-Narrate Traumatic Transnational Borderland Stories. Examples from the Twenty-First Century Polish(-German) Literature." Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo, no. 9(12) cz.1 (July 4, 2019): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/pflit.107.
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This paper focuses on the former Austrian crown land of Galicia and Lodomeria and its return in literary texts of a new generation that can recall it only from collective and family memory. Spaces like Galicia are situated in shifting political borders and often marked by (fragmented) memories connected to traumas caused by migration, forced resettlements, expulsions, or violence. The rediscovery of these spaces, often from nostalgia for a lost home and bygone times, is the starting point of many narratives of the postmemory generations in contemporary literature. Authors use new rhetorical strategies when dealing with adversarial nationalistic and traumatic topics: ironic nostalgia, gonzo, and magical realism. These narratives do not verify “truths,” instead they play with different myths, possibilities, and “alternative futures.” The analysis includes Tomasz Różycki’s Dwanaście stacji (2004), Sabrina Janesch’s Katzenberge (2010), and Ziemowit Szczerek’s Przyjdzie Mordor i nas zje (2013).
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Suchowiejko, Renata. "The musical theater in Kraków and Lviv around 1900: Social functions and cultural meanings." Studia Musicologica 58, no. 3-4 (December 2017): 379–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/6.2017.58.3-4.6.
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At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Kraków was a flourishing city, both economically and artistically. During the period of Galician autonomy, Kraków was granted significantly greater political freedom than other Polish cities located in the Prussian or Russian partitions. For this reason it became an important center for cultivating national tradition. Lviv, as the capital of the Crownland of Galicia and Lodomeria, was one of the most important centers of scholarship, education, and culture in this region. The city was a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, and multilingual conglomerate of Poles, Ukrainians, Jews, and Ruthenians. Lviv’s significance as an operatic center grew from the time when the German theater was closed in 1872 and a permanent Polish stage was created. This was a decisive moment for the development of the national opera, and Lviv became the main rival to Warsaw. The aim of this article is to present a general overview of the functioning of musical theater in Kraków and in Lviv, the two musical centers of Galicia. These cities were closely linked by institutional, artistic, cultural, and social bonds. In the artistic life a crucial part was played by the directors of the two city theaters, Tadeusz Pawlikowski and Ludwik Heller. Both made important contributions to the development of the opera.
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Ilyn, Liubomyr. "Halytsian-Volynian Principality: ethymology of the concept, authorities and their status." Scientific and informational bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi, no. 11(23) (June 11, 2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2021.11.23.16-22.
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Purpose. The purpose of the study is to establish the authenticity and legal grounds for the application in relation to the state formation that existed in Galicia and Volhynia in the XIІ – XIII centuries. Names principality or kingdom. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific, special scientific and philosophical methods, as well as the principles of historicism and objectivity. The key method was historical retrospective and comparative approach, which allowed determining the features and etymology of the concepts of «state», «kingdom», «principality». Results. It is established that there are approaches in the Ukrainian historical and legal nation to the name of the state formation that existed in Galicia and Volhynia in the XII-XIV centuries. – «principality», «kingdom», «state», is evidence that this issue is poorly understood and requires detailed attention of scientists. First, it is advisable to streamline both the terminology and approaches to understanding the key stage of nation building. It is stated that the established practice of simultaneous and parallel application of the terms Galicia-Volyn principality, Galicia-Volyn state and even the Kingdom of Rus, does not rely on existing legal, political and historical circumstances. Their use is usually in the form of synonyms, which is not entirely correct from a scientific point of view. In this case, the authoritative titles of «king» and «prince» are equivalent, and their formal difference is the symbol of power – the crown, because there is no reliable information about a similar element of power in Russia. Scientific novelty. The analysis of etymological and scientific approaches to the concepts «Galicia-Volyn principality», «Galicia-Volyn state» and «Kingdom of Russia» is given, the legal bases of application of each of them are defined. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal research, preparation of special courses.
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Dziadzio, Andrzej. "The Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria in Relation to the Government at the Dawn of the Constitutional Era in Austria." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 25, no. 3 (February 14, 2017): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2016.25.3.261.
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Małecki, Marian. "On the National Substance. The Role of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria and National Department in Preserving Jan Matejko’s Heritage." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 25, no. 3 (February 14, 2017): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2016.25.3.629.
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Walasek, Stefania. "Budownictwo szkół elementarnych (ludowych) w Galicji i Królestwie Polskim na łamach czasopism przełomu XIX i XX wieku." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 33 (February 11, 2019): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2015.33.3.
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Construction of elementary (people’s) schools in Galicia and the Kingdom of Poland as discussed in periodicals published at the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuryAmong the numerous pieces of information pertaining to the social life of the population of the Kingdom of Poland and Galicia a number of notes and articles about the necessity to undertake the construction of schools were published. The authors would frequently mention the outrageous conditions in which children were forced to study, the lack of flats for teachers, and the failure to follow the rules of hygiene in schools. It was argued that combating illiteracy could bring positive results by securing the proper conditions for raising and educating all school-age children. Discussions in the press covered examples of local initiatives aimed at building schools, as well as ways of making the local communities of villages and towns more active.
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Koźbiał, Jan. "Ruś polska – synopsis." Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 9 (July 14, 2016): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.8267.
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The article is aimed at introducing the brief recapitulation of the history of Polish Rus’. This history begins from Mieszko I of Poland (Red Ruthenia or Red Rus’ – that was as a matter of fact the residence of the Polish tribes). Gradually the Polish dominion (The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland) was stretched out on the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia (during the reign of Casimir the Great), and after the Union of Lublin – on the Volhynia and the rest of territories that nowadays belong to Ukraine. During the second Rzeczpospolita (The second Commonwealth of Poland) Polish Rus’ encompassed the Volhynia and the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia (Galicia – Eastern Małopolska, e.g. Lesser Poland). After 1945 the Polish Rus’ got separated from Poland (except Red Ruthenia or Red Rus’).
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Baczkowski, Michał. "Rozbudowa uzdrowiska w Krynicy w latach 1806–1830 w świetle akt Gubernium Lwowskiego." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 1 (2021): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.007.13684.
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Extension to the health resort in Krynica in 1806–1830 in the light of the files of the Lviv Governorate The Austrian authorities in Galicia sought to use the mineral springs existing in that land. Krynica was one of the few state-owned villages that had mineral springs. The health resort was founded in 1793. But it was only the investments from 1806-1810 that transformed the village into a real health resort. In 1811, further works were stopped, and after a few years they were resumed to a very limited extent. The main reason for the lack of new investments was the financial crisis of the state related to the Napoleonic wars. Hopes for a quick transformation of Krynica into the main health resort of Galicia, to which Poles would also come from abroad (Russia, Prussia, the Duchy of Warsaw – later the Kingdom of Poland), ended in failure. The high number of visitors recorded in the first years of the 19th century soon declined. Krynica lost the competition with other spas in Southern Poland (Krzeszowice, Swoszowice), as well as with resorts in the Kingdom of Bohemia and in Hungary. Only in the second half of the 19th century, Krynica became the largest spa in Galicia, and one of the most important in Austria. However, this took place under completely different socioeconomic circumstances.
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Szymczak, Damian. "War and mobility. Galicians in the Kingdom of Poland during World War I." Galicja. Studia i materiały 6 (2020): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2020.6.4.
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The period of World War I was not only a military confrontation of soldiers of fighting countries. It also significantly affected the daily lives of millions of ordinary people. One of the manifestations of this influence was war mobility. It also concerned the inhabitants of Galicia. As a result of warfare’s, the Galicians were forced to move in different directions; as soldiers, refugees, evacuated. One of the directions of Galician migration was the Kingdom of Poland, that was conquered in 1915 by the Central Powers. The influx of people from Galicia into this area can be divided into several waves. As the first came the Polish soldiers in Austrian uniforms. The next one was made up of Galician Poles served in the Austrian occupation government. Then came to the Kingdom scholars, officials, and intelligentsia invited by the authorities of the rebuilding Polish state. The Galicians were not always well received by their countrymen from the Congress Poland. One of the reasons was prevailing stereotypes and prejudices. However, the Galician’s made a significant contribution to the work of building Polish statehood.
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Kuzmyn, Roman. "Order of the Dominicans on the Lands of the Galicia-Volyn Principality (Russian Kingdom) (the case of Lviv 13th – 14th centuries): Between Legend and History." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, no. 37 (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2021-37-9-16.
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The purpose of the publication is to find out the circumstances of the emergence of the Roman Catholic Dominican monastic order on the territory of the Galicia-Volyn principality (Russian Kingdom) and its efforts to consolidate in these lands. General scientific methods (comparison, analysis) are used as a research methodology. In preparation for publication, the leading methods were historical-comparative, synchronous and retrospective. The use of these scientific methods made it possible to analyze the sources and draw conclusions about the scientific problem. The scientific novelty of the study is that the researcher attempted to analyze available sources and formed historiographical narratives about the emergence of the Dominican Order in the Galicia-Volyn principality in general and in Lviv in particular. Conclusions. The emergence of the Dominican Order in the 13-th – 14-th centuries in the territory of the n kingdom was not accidental. The missions of the spiritual order served for the penetration of the Roman Catholic clergy, the establishment of missionary centers and were preparation for the establishment of a permanent church administration in the lands of the Galicia-Volyn principality. The expansion of the Order's network was closely linked to the growth of the urban network and the intensification of the migration processes of the urban Roman Catholic population from German and Polish lands. The issue of religion played an important role in the diplomacy of the Galician-Volyn princes and Polish kings of this period. Balancing between the Catholic and "steppe" worlds, the princes of the Russian kingdom were forced to compromise and give permission for the establishment of Roman Catholic centers in Lviv and other cities. The Dominican Order actively led the penetration of Catholicism and the influence of the Apostolic See in Rome on the territory of Kyiv Rus.
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Kobuta, Stepan, and Svitlana Kobuta. "LITERARY WORK OF THE UKRAINIAN GALICIAN LAWYERS AT THE END OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY." Problems of humanities. History, no. 6/48 (April 27, 2021): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2312-2595.6/48.228477.
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Summary. The purpose of the article is to analyse literary heritage of the Ukrainian lawyers who dealt with literature, to present an overview of its sense and essence with their professional work as a background. The paper aims at disclosing different genres of their literary activity, as well as their creative authenticity. The paper sheds light on the personalities whose literary works were long forgotten due to the Soviet propaganda of the former era. The methodology of the research relies on the historic and objective principles. It includes the historical, historical-comparative, biographical, behavioural, and contrastive methods. The scientific novelty of the paper is revealed by the need to determine and systemize the role and place of the lawyers-writers in the cultural life of Galicia at the turn of two centuries, to understand peculiarities of their professional and creative work and to comprehend their perception of national ideas with their further embodiment in literature. Conclusions. The turn of the XIX–XX centuries introduced a new socio-professional stratum to the public arena of Western lands which were under the Austro-Hungarian Empire rule, and this stratum consisted of the Ukrainian lawyers. Not only its representatives, particularly lawyers, acted as legal defenders of national and civil rights of their compatriots in the local courts, they also took leading positions in the Ukrainian political and public life of Eastern Galicia, and fought for the rights of Ukrainians in both the Austrian Parliament and the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria. Besides their professional, political and social activity, a significant part of Galician lawyers (as all representatives of the legal professions were called back then) became famous because of their cultural and creative activities which were not a part of their working routine but part-time activities or hobbies. A lot of them took to creative writing as a means of expressing their ideas, and they works appeared in various genres of literature: scientific, journalistic, fiction (poetics, prose, etc.), representing their worldview and beliefs. The list of the well-known literary figures of that time includes such people as an ethnographer and folklorist M. Buchynsky, writers L. Martovych, I. Semanyuk, A. Tchaikovsky, poets M. Kichura and M. Kozoris, a publicist and one of the first Ukrainian futurists A. Kos, literary critics and editors V. Levitsky and M. Mochulsky and others. In fact, literary work was a complementary component of their way of life, a way of self-expression, as their main activity was legal work. Their literary work was an important component of life, a way of self-expression, which complemented their main legal work in a way. Their literary works depicted bitter reality of that time and hard life of fellow stateless people. Yet, they also served to show the best features of Ukrainians in literature.
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Himka, John-Paul. "Western Ukraine in the Interwar period." Nationalities Papers 22, no. 2 (1994): 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999408408332.
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The concept of “Western Ukraine” is not entirely a static one. As a valid unit of historical analysis it first appears in the late eighteenth century, when the Habsburg monarchy added Galicia (1772) and Bukovina (occupied 1774, annexed 1787) to its collection of territories; already part of the collection was the Ukrainian-inhabited region of Transcarpathia (depending on how one counts, it had been Habsburg since as early as 1526 or as late as the early eighteenth century). Of course, one can also read back certain features unifying Western Ukraine prior to the 1770s, such as the culturally formative influence on all three regions of the medieval Rus’ principality, later kingdom, of Galicia and Volhynia, as well as the presence of the Carpathian mountains, which was much more than a matter of mere geology (hence the Russophiles’ preferred name for Western Ukraine—Carpathian Rus'). Still, in the centuries prior to their incorporation into the Habsburg monarchy, the three regions had experienced such disparate political histories—Galicia as part of Poland, Bukovina of Moldavia, and Transcarpathia of Hungary—that there is little validity in treating them then as a historical unit.
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DE ARTAZA, MANUEL MARÍA. "Regional political representation in the Spanish Monarchy during theAncien Regimé:theJunta Generalof the Kingdom of Galicia." Parliaments, Estates and Representation 18, no. 1 (January 1998): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02606755.1998.9627033.
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Núñez Feijóo, Alberto. "Transposition of the Services Directive and subsidiarity: A view from Galicia." European View 18, no. 1 (April 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685819843206.
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The implementation of the directive on services in the internal market has been a challenge in many parts of the EU. This is particularly true with regard to the interaction between the member states and their public entities, for example, the interaction between the Kingdom of Spain and Galicia. Implementing the directive in Spain required the passage of important legislation, at both the Spanish and Galician levels, and this took several years. Galicia’s experience is particularly interesting since the implementation of the directive had to take into account the community’s cross-border business activities with Portugal. This article argues that European regions, especially those with legislative powers, cannot confine themselves to merely being recipients of matched funding from the EU budget. Instead, they must take shared responsibility and work together as equal collaborators in implementing European law, even where it clashes with the status quo and the vested interests of certain minorities.
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Novalija, Alen. "The Russian Matica." Monitor ISH 16, no. 1 (November 21, 2014): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33700/1580-7118.16.1.69-85(2014).
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The matica is a type of Slavic cultural institution that was established in the 19th century by all Slavic peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, including the Galician Russophiles in 1848. The establishment of the Slovenian Matica was promoted by certain Russian individuals and institutions. In 1924, when the Russian Matica in Galicia had almost ceased to exist, Russian refugees to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians established their own ‘Russian Matica’ in Ljubljana. Several branches sprang up in various parts of the Kingdom. The Russian Matica organised lectures, literary evenings, Sunday school, literary competitions, sports events, exhibitions, and courses in the Russian language, photography and music, while also providing special funds for poor children, Russian schools, the disabled, etc. Its most successful branch was the one in Novi Sad (Serbia), while its planned publishing activity was not as vigorous as its work on establishing Russian libraries. The Russian Matica died out with the occupation of Yugoslavia by the Fascist and Nazi troops in 1941.
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Sierakowska, Katarzyna. "The Expulsions from the ‘Congress’ Kingdom of Poland and Galicia as Seen from Personal Accounts (1914–18)." Acta Poloniae Historica 113 (July 1, 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/aph.2016.113.03.
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Gajdek, Agata, and Dominik Porczyński. "Trwanie granic rozbiorowych w praktykach, kolekcjach i krajobrazie." Politeja 16, no. 1(58) (October 31, 2019): 311–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.58.17.
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The Ongoing Existence of Partition Borders in Practices, Collections and Landscape: In Search of Common Points of Sociology, Museology and Landscape Architecture
The subject of this paper is the phenomenon of the so called phantom borders – former political borders, presently non‑existing, however influencing the social environment. Concentrating on practices, collections and landscape we attempt to integrate three disciplines: sociology, museology and landscape architecture to study today’s manifestations of these boundaries separating the territories of Poland for 123 years. Recognizing the perspective of borderscaping we assume (phantom) borders as complex and multilevel phenomena thus requiring holistic approach reflected in the application of aforementioned disciplines during intensive ethnographic studies of former Kingdom of Poland and Kingdom of Galicia borderland communities. We argue that successful integration of methods can be based on the assumption of materiality as a common element of interactions, collections and space, making possible – in the second step – a study of meanings invoked by these tangible components and then a recreation of material‑symbolic systems shaping everyday life and festive times of phantom‑borderlands communities.
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Tatarova, T. O. "FISCAL CONTROL WITHIN UKRAINIAN LANDS IN THE DAYS OF THE KYIV RUS’ AND THE KINGDOM OF GALICIA–VOLHYNIA." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University. Series: Juridical Sciences 1, no. 2 (2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2707-0581/2020.2-1/06.
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GARCÍA-FERNÁNDEZ, Miguel. ""Dominae viatrices". Viajes y desplazamientos de las mujeres nobles en la Galicia medieval." Medievalismo, no. 29 (December 18, 2019): 175–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/medievalismo.406861.
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El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una primera aproximación a los viajes y desplazamientos, tanto cotidianos como excepcionales, en los que participaron las mujeres de la nobleza medieval a partir de diferentes fuentes e interesándonos, sobre todo, por las motivaciones que las impulsaron a viajar por diversos lugares tanto dentro como fuera del viejo reino de Galicia: desde el acceso al estado matrimonial o el ingreso en un monasterio, hasta el deseo de peregrinar, sin olvidar los viajes por los diferentes lugares que conformaron los amplios y dispersos señoríos nobiliarios que poseyeron ellas o sus familias o aquellos otros viajes que fueron realizados con motivo de practicar el ocio, asistir a ceremonias o huir de situaciones complicadas. The aim of this paper is to offer a first approach to the trips and journeys –both daily and exceptional– , in which medieval noblewomen took part. Particularly, we analyse their motivations for traveling to different places within the kingdom of Galicia and abroad. The main causes to be considered include access to marriage, joining a monastery or the wish to pilgrim. Apart from this, we must take into account their trips throughout the different places that constituted their vast and scattered land, owned by them and their families, as well as the trips meant for leisure, for attending ceremonies or for fleeing from complicated situations.
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Gajak-Toczek, Małgorzata. "Język domostwem bycia — o funkcjonalnym nauczaniu polszczyzny w podręcznikach dla nauczycieli Tadeusza Czapczyńskiego." Kształcenie Językowe 16 (October 8, 2018): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1642-5782.16(26).2.
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The language as home — on the functional teaching of Polish in textbooks for teachers by Tadeusz Czapczyński The aim of this article is to discuss Tadeusz Czapczyński’s textbooks for teachers: Exercises in Speaking 1922 and Methodology of Stylistic Exercises in Primary and Secondary School. The Manual for Taught 1929. It grew out of the reform tendencies specific to the education in Galicia and the Kingdom of Poland and correlated with the innovative findings of the pedagogical and psychological sciences and the disciplines of motherhood. In an innovative way Czapczyński prevented nineteenth-century verbalism, placing the student in a new role: researcher and explorer. This Polish teacher was advocating for the training of correct and proficient skills in speech and writing, and thus subjected practical purposes to classroom activities. In place of memorizing the norms and rules he introduced exercises in everyday language use.
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de la Teja, Jesús F. "St. James at the Fair: Religious Ceremony, Civic Boosterism, and Commercial Development on the Colonial Mexican Frontier." Americas 57, no. 3 (January 2001): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2001.0021.
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Every year a fair is held in the last days of September at which not only the inhabitants of Saltillo provision themselves for the entire year, but also those of the Kingdom of Nuevo León, Coahuila, Texas, and a great part of the colony of Santander as well. They come to sell wool, deer skins, salt, mules, and some other products that those places produce, and return with clothes, tanned hides, soap, saddles, and a variety of foodstuffs that come from Michoacán and Nueva Galicia, such as rice, sugar, chickpeas, and other commodities harvested in those lands. As a result, Saltillo has become a sort of warehouse, where the neighboring provinces provision themselves not only at fair time, but where they come between-times to stock themselves of those articles that they lack, which are considerable because of the impossibility of preserving them in such hot places.
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POUSA DIÉGUEZ, Rodrigo. "señorío medieval a la jurisdicción señorial en Galicia: transformaciones y cambios entre los siglos XIV y XVI." Medievalismo, no. 28 (October 8, 2018): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/medievalismo.28.345081.
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El territorio gallego es desde sus orígenes medievales un espacio fuertemente señorializado. No obstante, y pese al carácter feudal de estas estructuras, los señoríos gallegos no constituyeron una realidad feudal en sí misma, tampoco homogénea, ni menos estática, sino que experimentaron numerosos cambios durante la Baja Edad Media hasta configurarse como los señoríos jurisdiccionales que llegan a la Edad Moderna. El presente artículo intenta ofrecer una visión global caracterizadora de estos señoríos, sus orígenes, evolución y transformación en las jurisdicciones de la Galicia Moderna. Para ello se recurre al análisis comparativo de un buen número de señoríos laicos y eclesiásticos y la documentación generada por ellos a través de los siglos. Galician Kingdom was since its origins in the Middle Ages a feudal territory consisting of multiple manors. However, despite their feudal nature, Galician manors did not correspond to a uniform, homogeneous or static reality, but undergone important changes along the Late Middle Ages, until turning into modern jurisdictional manors. This article aims to offer an overall picture of the main characteristics of these manors, their origins and evolution. To this end, we draw on the comparative analysis of several examples of secular and ecclesiastical manors and the documentation generated by these manors.
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Walasek, Stefania. "Construction of Elementary Schools in Galicia and the Kingdom of Poland in Magazines of the late 19th and Early 20th Centuries." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 38 (November 7, 2019): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2018.38.24.
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Protsiv, Oleg Romanovych. "STATE REGULATION OF FOX EXTRACTION IN GALICIA IN 16TH TILL EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: HISTORICAL ASPECT." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 11 (January 24, 2018): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i11.30.
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The article analyzes the state regulation of the fox extraction in Galicia from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century: the methods and terms of extraction, the regulation of the number, the authority of the hunting service in obtaining foxes, and the trade in fur. It has been carried out a comparative analysis of the legal mechanism of regulation the fox population, and the com- petence of the bodies of state executive power and local self-government bodies. It describes the customary rules and internal rules for hunting on fox in some hunting societies. The economic factors that influenced to the state regulation of the number of foxes were identified, making it possible not only of rational use of the resource for obtaining valuable fur, but also for increasing the number of game, especially the hares. Factors influencing on population size, including political influences and military events, were established. The features of state regulation the fox extraction in the investigated period are described. On the basis of comparative analysis, it was described the fox extraction of the Austro- Hungarian monarchy, Halychyna in the context of the counties, the Second Polish Commonwealth, it was described the specifics of organization the hunting for fox among the hunting elite, in particular the emperor of Austro-Hungarian, Franz Josef I and emperor of Germany, Wilhelm II.It is noted that according to the right of the predators, the owner of the hunt- ing grounds on which they are located is the property of the owner. Based on these principles, the owner of the hunting grounds was required to destroy preda- tors, as predators are not only harmful to hunting game, but also for domestic animals. The legislation of the Polish kingdom, which regulated the destruction of predators, determined that predators should be destroyed without taking into account the extraction time, and it is permitted to use different means and tools for this, but only to those who have the right to hunt. The predators were bear, badger, wolf, fox, lynx, wild cat, otter, marten, trich, ermine.
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Protsiv, Oleg Romanovych. "STATE REGULATION OF FOX EXTRACTION IN GALICIA IN 16TH TILL EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: HISTORICAL ASPECT." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 12 (February 14, 2018): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i12.65.
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The article analyzes the state regulation of the fox extraction in Galicia from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century: the methods and terms of extraction, the regulation of the number, the authority of the hunting service in obtaining foxes, and the trade in fur. It has been carried out a comparative analysis of the legal mechanism of regulation the fox population, and the competence of the bodies of state executive power and local self-government bodies. It describes the customary rules and internal rules for hunting on fox in some hunting societies. The economic factors that influenced to the state regulation of the number of foxes were identified, making it possible not only of rational use of the resource for obtaining valuable fur, but also for increasing the number of game, especially the hares. Factors influencing on population size, including political influences and military events, were established. The features of state regulation the fox extraction in the investigated period are described. On the basis of comparative analysis, it was described the fox extraction of the AustroHungarian monarchy, Halychyna in the context of the counties, the Second Polish Commonwealth, it was described the specifics of organization the hunting for fox among the hunting elite, in particular the emperor of Austro-Hungarian, Franz Josef I and emperor of Germany, Wilhelm II.
It is noted that according to the right of the predators, the owner of the hunting grounds on which they are located is the property of the owner. Based on these principles, the owner of the hunting grounds was required to destroy predators, as predators are not only harmful to hunting game, but also for domestic animals. The legislation of the Polish kingdom, which regulated the destruction of predators, determined that predators should be destroyed without taking into account the extraction time, and it is permitted to use different means and tools for this, but only to those who have the right to hunt. The predators were bear, badger, wolf, fox, lynx, wild cat, otter, marten, trich, ermine.
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Voloshchuk, Myroslav. "The Court of Rostyslav Mykhailovych, Prince and Dominus of Machou, in Hungary (An Excerpt from a Family History between the Late 13th and Mid 14th Centuries)." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 7, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.7.2.42-50.
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One of the least-explored aspects of the biography of the Ruthenian Prince Rostyslav Mykhailovych, a maternal nephew of King Daniel Romanovych of Rus’, is his court in a new homeland, the Kingdom of Hungary, between 1242/43 and 1262/64. It is known from various sources that he had numerous supporters among the secular and clerical nobility not only in Hungary but also in the lands of Galicia, Chernihiv, and Bolokhov. To date, however, too little information has been obtained from historical records containing clear mention of individuals who threw in their lot with the runaway prince in the lands of King Bela IV, especially after the defeat at Yaroslav on August 17, 1245. Having verified chronicles and Hungarian charters, the author concludes that the family of Rostyslav Mykhailovych and Princess Anna might well have been related to Lev and his sons, Fedir and Stephan, who were lords of Borod Land near Mukachevo in Bereg County. These people, who must have been descended from the nobility of Chernihiv or Galicia, succeeded one another in an effort to put Prince Rostyslav himself or his second cousin Iziaslav Volodymyrovych on the Galician throne throughout the 1240s and 1250s, all to no avail. What is important is that such attempts were always timed to coincide with the Mongol threat to the lands of the Romanids, which provided the claimants to the Galician throne with additional (albeit missed) chances of success. Their loyalty to the son-in-law of the Hungarian king was rewarded by the latter’s daughter Anna (terminus ante quem 1264); she granted them lands, which were afterwards in the successive possession of the last members of the Arpad dynasty on the Hungarian throne as well as the new kings from the Anjou dynasty. Borod Land remained in the family’s possession at least until the second half of the 14th century.
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Majoroshi, Maria. "THE METROPOLITANATE GALICIA AND THE GREEK CATHOLIC EPARCHY OF MUKACHEVO: DIFFICULT RELATIONS UNDER OCCUPATION REGIMES (1939 – 1944)." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, no. 1 (44) (June 27, 2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(44).2021.232448.
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The relationships between two Greek Catholic Provinces: the Metropolitanate of Galicia and the Eparchy of Mukachevo under occupation regimes, are highlighted in the article. During this difficult period in the history of both church institutions, cooperation between them was almost impossible since the Metropolitanate of Galicia was already under the Soviet regime while the Eparchy of Mukachevo became part of Hungary. Metropolitan of Galicia Andrey Sheptytsky was forced to fight attacks on the Greek Catholic Church by the "Soviets" and Bishop of Mukachevo Oleksandr Stoyka after receiving the status of "one's own right" ("Ecclesia sui juris") by the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo in 1937, was aimed at full autonomy of the eparchy. The author pays special attention to the incident with the arrest of monks from the Order of St. Basil the Great by the Hungarian authorities. The author describes the process of their release, in which bishops Oleksandr Stoyka and Miklosh Dudash, as well as archpriest Leontii Dolhii (Mariiapovchanskyi (Máriapócs) monastery), took an active part. After analyzing the letters of the mentioned bishops to various government structures of the Kingdom of Hungary, the author concluded that they made every effort to get the Basilian monks out of prison as soon as possible. After the first appeals, the arrested monks were transferred from prison to the Jesuit Church in Budapest, and later, until the moment of their liberation, they lived only in monasteries. Finally, the Basilian monks were released and returned to serve in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo in August 1942. They were also allowed to engage in missionary activities and participate in mass events. Based on the analysis of archival sources, namely correspondence between Galician priests (who found themselves in refugee camps in Hungary, Austria and Germany) and Mukachevo bishops, we learn about the fate of these pastors, as well as the fact that Bishop Teodor Romzha accepted them for service in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo. Unfortunately, after the arrival of Soviet authority, Galician priests were arrested: they were accused of anti-Soviet activities and cooperation with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and sentenced to imprisonment in correctional camps. The researcher introduced into scientific circulation a series of epistolary sources concerning the history of relations between the two ecclesiastical provinces in 1939 – 1944.
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Bevz, Mykola. "TOWN OF DOBROMIL AND ITS CASTLES: AN ATTEMPT OF RECONSTRUCTION THE PLANNING STRUCTURE FOR THE 17TH CENTURY." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 15, no. 2021 (2021): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2021.15.096.
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In this article we try to reconstruct the planning structures of town of Dobromil in Rus` (Rythenia) province of Kingdom of Poland at the time of 17th century. Dobromil (ukr. Dobromyl) was the main private city of Herburt family in the valley of the river Strvyazh in the Sambir district. We perform attempts of a hypothetical planning reconstruction of this city on the basis of an analysis of a number of historical maps of the late 18th and 19th centuries. The city of Dobromyl also has the peculiarity that Herburts founded two castles here – the High Castle at a certain distance from the city and the Low Castle near the midtown. Jan Herburt from Felshtyn became famous for founding a printing house in Dobromyl, where significant written historical works were first printed in 1611-1616 – a chronicle of Poland by Jan Długosz and letters by Orżechowski. An important material for the hypothetical reconstruction of city layouts and city fortifications was the hand-drawn map by d'Otto from 1772, the map by F. von Mieg from the 1779-1781, cadastral maps from the 1852, and 1853, maps from 1860-1864 of the Second cartographic survey of Galicia.
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Marek, Miloš. "The Protection of the Northern Borders of the Kingdom of Hungary (Slovakia) with Poland in the Middle Ages." Res Gestae 11 (December 4, 2020): 44–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/24504475.11.3.
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The frontier defense system of the Kingdom of Hungary, which consisted of guard settlements, gates and border fortifi cations-made of piles of stone and earth, rows of fallen trees, artificial hedges – as well as ditches (gyepű in Hungarian) was established in the 11th century. This socalled “gyepű line” was guarded by special troops called speculatores, consisting mainly of Hungarians, Siculs, Pechenegs and Cumans. It surrounded the territory of the state from all sides like a hoop. On the northern border of Hungary, in present-day Slovakia, a defensive system was built on road crossings leading to Moravia, Poland and Galicia. It used the mountain ridge of the Carpathians, which formed a natural barrier between the countries mentioned, and disappeared during the 13th century. But it is from this period that most written data is available, when some frontier guards were promoted and reached the ranks of nobility, while others left their guard posts and moved to another location. Most of them were bestowed by the king together with the settlement upon new aristocratic owners. It was also the case with frontier guard sites locatedtoward the Polish border. Many of the frontier settlements manned with border guards were deserted by their former inhabitants (Fintice, Slivník). The Tatar invasion of 1241 showed that this system was ineffective. Therefore, Hungarian crown began the construction of new stone castles, a few of which had already existed before and proved their worth. New stone fortresses had been erected throughout the country, but especially near the borderline. A whole chain of castles was established in the Little Carpathians, the valley of the Váh River, as well as the Orava Castle, Liptov, Spiš, Stará Ľubovňa Castle, etc., which better suited the new requirements of the Kingdom’s defense.
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Dawidziak-Kładoczna, Małgorzata. "Zagajenia marszałka sejmu — ewolucja wzorca gatunkowego od XVI wieku do dziś." Język a Kultura 26 (February 22, 2017): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1232-9657.26.13.
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Opening speeches of the Speaker of the Sejm — evolution of the genre pattern from the 16th century till todayAn opening speech is avariant of aparliamentary speech delivered by the Speaker of the Sejm at the beginning of each day of parliamentary debate. It differs from other types of parliamentary speeches, because typically the latter represents the rhetoric style, whereas an opening speech combines rhetoric and official styles. The former style predominated until the 19th century, while after 1861 atypically official style begins to predominate. It has always been amulti-segment text, but the number of segments and their character have evolved with time. Thus, the number of elements of the composition is limited and the degree of their mandatory nature varies, which results from, e.g. external determinants context. When illocutions are concerned, their general aims never change, contrary to detailed aims, even though since the times of the Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia relative stability may be observed in this respect. The stylistic aspect is the most significant. Although a feature of the opening speech is its openness, its form is schematic allowing for certain modifications. Two phenomena may be observed here — restricting the repertory of means petrification, standardisation and enriching the texts with etiquette formulas
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JOHER, S., E. BALLESTEROS, and C. RODRÍGUEZ-PRIETO. "Macroalgal-dominated coastal detritic communities from the Western Mediterranean and the Northeastern Atlantic." Mediterranean Marine Science 17, no. 2 (July 18, 2016): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1438.
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This is a qualitative comparison of the distribution of macroalgal-dominated coastal detritic communities from the Western Mediterranean and the Northeastern Atlantic, based on our own data from the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) and available data from literature. The macroalgal-dominated coastal detritic bottoms from both regions could be distinguished by the presence of a high number of regional exclusive non-carbonated species, and the presence of a high number of maërl-forming species in the Mediterranean. Further, regional differences in the distribution of some exclusive species allowed the distinction of three zones in the Northeastern Atlantic (United Kingdom, French Brittany and Galicia), while no differences were found within the Western Mediterranean. However, the algal communities considered in the selected literature could not be qualitatively distinguished, and all the samples should be considered as maërl beds. Lithothamnion corallioides and Phymatolithon calcareum were the most widespread maërl forming species in the two regions, while in the Western Mediterranean Spongites fruticulosus was also very frequent. According to the differences in the species composition of the basal and erect strata of these beds, and also in their species richness, five different morphologies of macroalgal-dominated detritic bottoms could be distinguished. Their main characteristic species and their biogeographical distribution are detailed.
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Rodríguez-Salgado, M. J. "Christians, Civilised and Spanish: Multiple Identities in Sixteenth-Century Spain." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8 (December 1998): 233–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679296.
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In January 1556 Charles V renounced his rights to the Iberian kingdoms and passed them on to his son, Philip, who at once assumed the title of King of Spain. To his surprise and consternation, the English council refused to endorse it and pertly reminded him that the Kingdom of Spain did not exist. While the title had long been used, and almost every language had an equivalent for Spain and Spanish, the truth was that legally there was no such entity. Philip II's will reflected this judicial reality. He was, ‘by the grace of God, king of Castile, Leon, Aragon, the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Portugal, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Mallorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordoba, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, Algarve, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the Eastern and Western Indies, the islands and terra firma of the Ocean Sea; archduke of Austria; duke of Burgundy, Bravant and Milan; count of Habsburg, Flanders, Tirol, Barcelona; Lord of Biscay, Molina etc.’. This lengthy litany partly explains why he and all his contemporaries habitually resorted to the title King of Spain as convenient short-hand. As we will see, however, there was more to it than simple utility. The terms were used because they were broadly understood and accepted. But it will be apparent at once that the concept of a specific Spanish identity in the sixteenth century is likely to be particularly problematic since Spain did not exist.
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Timiryaev, Denis O. "“But it’s All Clear: Most Poles and Germans Are Enemies of Russia”: Western Russian Intellectuals on the Polish Issue (Late 19th – early 20th Centuries)." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (August 1, 2020): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-2-135-146.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the publicism on the Polish issue of the three West Russian intellectuals – M.O. Koyalovich, A.S. Budilovich and P.A. Kulakovsky. Publicists expressed their views on all the aspects of the Polish question: the reasons for the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the debates on the historical and cultural affiliation of the Western Province, granting of autonomy to the Kingdom of Poland, assessment of the experience of solving the Polish question by Austria-Hungary and Germany, participation of the Poles in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907. The publicists were convinced that the fall of Poland was the natural result of its historical development, and Russia was not at fault for the Polish destiny. The territories of former Old Russian principalities, incorporated into the Empire, were part of the Russian and not the Polish world. They believed that the Poles had no rights to Western Russia. At the same time, they draw the society’s attention to the existence of the Russian-Polish conflict in the region and its topicality. Publicists argued that Poland’s autonomy would only lead to another Polish rebellion. According to them, Polish autonomy in Galicia demonstrated the true attitude towards the Russian people. A similar situation would be in the Western Province if the Poles could actively pursued the polonization of the Eastern Slavs in the region. Budilovich and Kulakovsky were convinced that the revolution of 1905–1907 was only an instrument of the Poles in achieving their cherished goal – the restoration of the Commonwealth within the borders of 1772.
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Тупиця, Михайло. "УТВОРЕННЯ І ПОЧАТКИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СЯНОЦЬОГО ГРОДСЬКОГО УРЯДУ ТА ІНТЕГРАЦІЯ СЯНОЦЬКОЇ ЗЕМЛІ ДО СКЛАДУ ПОЛЬСЬКОГО КОРОЛІВСТВА В XIV-XV ст." Аннали юридичної історії (The Annals of Legal History) 3, no. 1-2 (2019): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.38129/ann.yur.ist.2019.3.1.2.105.
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Стаття розповідає про впровадження традиційного польського права на території Галицької Русі. Розглядається історіографія проблеми і джерела, які вже були опубліковані, але не залучалися до такого роду досліджень. Автор стверджує, що правові традиції Середньовіччя в Центрально-Східній Європі змогли об’єднати правові культури двох цивілізацій – католицької західної і православної східної. Злиття руської та польської правових культур розглядається на прикладі історії юридичої установи – ґродського уряду. Ґродський уряд обраний автором для того, щоб подивитися, яким чином протікав процес впровадження польських правових інститутів на території Сяноцької землі Руського воєводства. Щоб відслідкувати процес інтеграції правової системи Сяноцької землі проаналізовані джерела та знайдені перші згадки про посади, які до того часу не були властиві тутешнім юридичним практикам. Причини, хід та наслідки інтеграції Сяноцької землі представлені роздумами про роль місцевої та прийшлої аристократії (шляхти). Ключові слова: Сяноцька земля, Сяноцький замок, Сяноцьке самоврядуваня Галичина, Польське королівство. The article tells about the acquisition of traditional Polish law in the territory of Galicia. The historiography of the problem and sources that have already been published, but not involved in this kind of research, are considered. The legal traditions of the Middle Ages in Central-Eastern Europe thus were able in some way to unite the rights of the two civilizations – the Catholic West and the Eastern Orthodox. The merging of the Rus and Polish legal cultures are examined on the example of the history of institutions, and in this case, the main attention was drawn to the castle court. The castle court was chosen to see how the process of introducing Polish legal institutions to the territory of the Sanok Land of the Rus province was proceeding. In order to track down the process of integrating the legal system of the Sanok Land, we analyze the sources and look for the first mentions of those or other offices that were not inherent in the local law before. The reasons for the course and consequences of the integration of the Sanok Land are represented by thinking about the role of the local and alien aristocracy. Understanding the integration process is facilitated by the proposed periodization of historical sources of research. For its establishment, the principle of the availability of the sources and the specificity of their separation after the administrative reform of 1434 is taken. At the same time, the general picture of the composition of the Sanok castle court is presented before and after the reform. The territory of jurisdiction and the scope of authority of this institution are also presented in this article. At the same time, it must be said that often in medieval practices there was a significant personal factor that was associated with the economic and political influence of a particular official. Key-words: Sanok Land, Sanok Castle, Sanok Government, Galicia, Polish Kingdom.
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Amigo-Dobaño, Lucy, María Dolores Garza-Gil, and Manuel M. Varela-Lafuente. "Analyzing the Attitudes of Spanish Firms towards Brexit’s Effects on the Management of European Fisheries." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 5819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145819.
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The United Kingdom has played a prominent role in the Common Fisheries Policy—by contributing to fisheries activities and also by participating in the design of the fisheries policy. Brexit is certain to have significant repercussions for European fisheries activities and their management. This study analyses the views held by companies linked to the fisheries sector in Galicia (fishing, wholesale trade, canned fish, aquaculture, and fish processing), one of the European regions most affected by Brexit given that more than 80% of the Spanish fishing fleet working on UK waters is located in this region. We adopt a quantitative methodology based on the Pearson’s chi-squared test, the likelihood ratio, and the Fisher’s exact test for analyzing opinions about various topics. Results indicate that companies engaged in marine fisheries or trade in fishing goods hold a mostly negative view of Brexit’s effects. In total, 30% of those surveyed anticipate that Brexit will have negative consequences for EU workers in UK fishery companies; a slightly higher percentage of these respondents expect the United Kingdom’s exit from the EU to depress Spain’s foreign trade; over half of those surveyed perceived Brexit as resulting in the adverse scenario of reduced access to fisheries’ resources and were in favor of reformulating the current system of total allowable catches (TACs) and quotas among the remaining post-Brexit member states. Most respondents also agreed that Brexit will have negative repercussions on vessels of the Galician fleet operating under the British flag. Our statistical analysis identifies a significant relationship between negative attitudes and the firm’s size for fisheries’ sectors as a whole; however, no relation between those attitudes and firm size or turnover is identified when the particular fishing companies’ perceptions are evaluated.
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Sitnik, Aleksander Krzysztof. "Szkoły bernardyńskie na terenie Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w latach 1772–1864." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 41 (December 15, 2019): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2019.41.1.
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Between 1772 and 1864, the Bernardines ran in total 46 schools in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ten of them, at least in certain periods, were high schools (sub-departmental, district, secondary schools). A majority of the schools (24) were managed by monasteries in the Lithuanian Province. The successful development of Bernardine education in this territory should be attributed to the monks’ understanding of the need of spreading educationas well as to the relative political freedom in post-partition Lithuania. For that reason, educational activities could freely develop under the supervision of Adam Czartoryski, the Vilnius district superintendent and in the care of the Vilnius University. The well-developing education system of the Bernardines was destroyed by repressive measures applied by Nikolay Novosiltsev who replaced Czartoryski in 1823, and finally the tragic end of the November Uprising. Education in Podolia and Volhynia could be successfully developed owing to Tadeusz Czacki. The situation was different in the Kingdom of Poland where schooling was subjected to the Commission of National Education and the subsequent education authorities. Despite the hostile attitude towards monasteries, the Bernardines managed to run several schools. The most difficult situation was in Galicia which was incorporated by Austria after the Partitions of Poland and not under the beneficial influence of the Commission of National Education. A majority of Bernardine schools in Lithuania, just like in the Russian Province, survived the November Uprising. However, the subsequent restrictions imposed on political freedom had negative consequences for the standard of teaching. The dissolution of the monasteries put an end to the educational activity of the Bernardines in the five provinces in question. Most of the schools closed down as the monasteries were dissolved.
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Nowak, Daniel. "Austriackie katastry gruntowe w zasobach Centralnego Historycznego Archiwum Państwowego Ukrainy we Lwowie." Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe 11 (December 31, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/kpk.11.2019.11.03.
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Austrian Land Cadasters in the Possession of Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lvov
The paper outlines the most important sources for economic history of Galicia (Austrian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria) that are kept in the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lvov. The sources comprise tax fassus (statements) of 1772 and Galician cadasters, that is Josephin Metrics, made in 1795-89, and Franciscan Metrics, started in 1819-20, as well as Fixed Galician Cadaster, compiled in mid-19th century. The paper describes the place of storage of the documents in the Lvov Archives, their contests, and the ways they can be utilized. In addition, changes in administrative division of Galicia have been delineated to facilitate the search of the archive.
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Więch, Arkadiusz S. "Próby uporządkowania archiwów miejskich na prowincji galicyjskiej w 2 poł. XIX w." Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe 11 (December 31, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/kpk.11.2019.11.04.
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Attempts at Ordering Municipal Archives of Galician Smaller Towns and Settlements in the Second Half of the 19th Century: An Introduction to the Problem
The second half of the 19th century saw an increased interest in documents that were stored in various public offices, institutions, and archives throughout Galicia (Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria). However the condition of the documents themselves and of their storage were far from ideal. When modern archives were established in Krakow and Lvov, a regulation by National Department (the executive organ of the local parliament Landtag) of July 22, 1887 started the process of registering, ordering, gathering, and preserving of the documents. These efforts were vastly supported by an association of Galician conservators Grono Konserwatorów Galicyjskich.
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Świątek, Adam. "Nieznana praca o historii stosunków polsko-ukraińskich w Galicji autorstwa Mariana Tyrowicza w zbiorach Archiwum Nauki PAN i PAU w Krakowie." Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe 11 (December 31, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/kpk.11.2019.11.07.
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An Unknown Scholarly Text about Polish-Ukrainian Relations in Galicia by Marina Tyrowicz in the Archives of PAN and PAU in Krakow
The paper aims at acquainting the reader with an unknown typescript by Marian Tyrowicz (1901-89), a Lvov-born researcher of Galicia (Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria) who was a professor of the Higher School of Pedagogy (today’s Pedagogical University) in Krakow after WWII. The text entitled A Brief Outline of the Ukrainian-Polish Relations in Galicia and Reborn Poland (1772-1939) was created under the German occupation of Lvov in 1943 and is kept in the Scientific Archive of PAN and PAU in Krakow now. Since the unclear copyright status currently prevents its publication, the author of the paper has decided to present its contents and make the most significant findings of Tyrowicz available to scholars. Based on relevant Polish and Ukrainian antebellum literature Tyrowicz arrived at a synthetic picture of relations between Poles and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) on the territory of Eastern Galicia with reference to the political situation, foreign relations, and socio-cultural processes.
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Prisacaru, Ana-Maria. "The Romanian language in Habsburg Bukovina from the institutionalized bilingualism perspective." Diacronia, no. 12 (December 27, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17684/i12a169en.
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From the perspective of the power relationships manifested in a territory under foreign occupation, institutionalized bilingualism involves the differentiation between the languages coming into contact and their hierarchization according to the communicative functions they are to fulfill within the new state organization governed by a sovereign authority. A linguistic phenomenon that proves to be unbalanced as far as the interfering languages are concerned, this type of bilingualism imposed the German language in Habsburg Bukovina as the only language used in the “administrative structures of the country”, officially declared as such in Northern Moldavia in 1784. The fact that the communication functions of the Romanian language were almost exclusively limited to the colloquial register is the result of an intense policy of linguistic “leveling” (Ausgleichspolitik), implemented by the Court of Vienna in all its imperial provinces in order to reduce national specificity by means of imposing the use of the German language. The cohesion and uniformity of all Habsburg territories was only possible through the reformation, according to the Josephine principles, of the institutions responsible with the preservation of the national identity of the subjugated nations. In Bukovina, the juridical-administrative, church and school sectors were targeted, being affected by the Germanization process especially after the North of Moldavia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.