Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The land utility'

This thesis is a landscape ethnography examining conflicting epistemologies and land use values in the Athabasca region of subarctic Canada. Based on 18 months of fieldwork in Fort McMurray, Alberta with the Fort McMurray Métis community and peatland scientists, I analyse oil sands reclamation as a site of encounter between Indigenous and settler peoples. I show how reclamation, a process of reconstructing ecological integrity of a post-extractive landscape for future use, is a historically contingent activity that centres on settler colonial ideologies of productivity. I argue that this ideology spurred a process that I call 'making productive land' which seeks to 'improve' upon or transform the Athabasca region from Indigenous homeland into settler territory or 'useful' land. Weaving archival documents with experiential material from ethnographic fieldwork, I analyse the Athabasca region as a multilocal and multivocal place to demonstrate that Indigenous communities such as the McMurray Métis hold their own definitions of land use that exist alongside, beyond, against, and entangled with settler notions of productivity. I conclude that, for Métis community members, reclaimed areas in fact represent a diminished experience of place or an unproductive landscape. For reclamation to be successful for Métis community members, I contend that reclamation policy and practice must expand beyond purely scientific and resource-based utility narratives to involve a relational element of healing and Métis notions of use that transcend settler colonial ideals of 'productive' land.

Teisės aktais yra reguliuojamas visas, tiek privačios, tiek valstybinės žemės naudojimas. Žemės naudotojai privalo žemę naudoti taip, kaip numatyta teisės aktuose nepažeidžiant jų nuostatų. Žemės savininkai ir naudotojai privalo žinoti teisės aktų nustatytus reikalavimus – leidžiamą veiklą, jos apribojimus, savo teises, pareigas bei prievoles, taip pat – taikomas sankcijas už įstatymų pažeidimus. Priversti žemės savininkus ir naudotojus žemę naudoti pagal tikslinę žemės naudojimo paskirtį, būdą, pobūdį ir ją tausoti galima tik aktyviai vykdant valstybinę žemės naudojimo kontrolę, nevengiant surašyti administracinių teisės pažeidimų protokolų. Nors Telšių apskrityje nuosavybės teisių atkūrimo procesas baigiasi, tačiau vis dažniau iškyla nusiskundimų dėl riboženklių nebuvimo, projektuose numatytų ar nenumatytų privažiavimų prie sklypų, dėl ribų tarp gretimai besiribojančių sklypų savininkų. Klausimus, ar visuomet piliečiai skundžiasi pagrįstai, ar jie vykdo savo pareigas ir prievoles, nagrinėja apskrities viršininko administracija. Pagal Lietuvos Respublikos Apskrities valdymo įstatymo nuostatas apskrities viršininkas, neviršydamas savo įgaliojimų, nagrinėja fizinių bei juridinių asmenų pareiškimus bei prašymus ir priima dėl jų sprendimus. Atlikta anketinė apklausa parodė, kad su skundų tyrimu susijusios išlaidos valstybei turi būti kompensuojamos savininko lėšomis.
The law deeds control the use of both a private and public territories. The owners of the land must use a holding agreeably to the law and not violating its regulation. The owners and the users of a land must know the requirements of law articles: permissible activity and its restrictions, the rights, responsibilities and duties of the owner, also the penalties for violating the law. In order to lead the land owners to use their holdings agreeably to the objective purpose of the use and to save it, the national land use control has to be positively implemented, not avoiding to draw up the reports on violating the administrative rights. Although the restitution of proprietary rights in the district of Telšiai is almost finished, but there are still a lot of complaints about landmarks, approaches to the holdings, which are represented or not represented in the projects and for the boundaries between neighboring land owners. The Administration of the county chief analyses the validity of complaints of citizens and if the citizens are keeping their responsibilities and duties. According to the provisions of the law of the County Administration of Lithuanian Republic, the governor of the county staying within his authority deals with applications of legal persons and decreases it. The performed survey showed that the state expenses for the analysis of complaints have to be compensated by the owner.

The Greater New Orleans Urban Water Plan promotes the ideology of integrating green infrastructure into the City’s water management strategy to cultivate resiliency. In order to develop enough green infrastructure to have a significant impact on the hydrological functioning of the area, New Orleans officials are investigating different options for encouraging property owners to manage their stormwater on-site. Philadelphia Water Department’s parcel-based stormwater utility fee has been offered as a model for working within the constraints of the municipal government’s regulatory authority to increase the water retention capacity of individual properties. This thesis provides an analysis of Philadelphia Water Department’s stormwater utility policy and offers recommendations to other cities, like New Orleans, that are considering adopting a similar policy in their jurisdiction.

Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka vilken rättighetsupplåtelse olika bredbandsutbyggare föredrar att använda för att ordna markåtkomst för bredband via fiber. Mer specifikt undersöks i arbetet om valet av rättighetsupplåtelse skiljer mellan olika typer av bredbandsutbyggare och/eller i områden inom och utanför detaljplan. Med tanke på att bredbandsutbyggnad framför allt behöver ske utanför tätort för att det slutliga bredbandsmålet ska nås år 2025, undersöks särskilt hur bredbandsutbyggare tycker att markåtkomst i område för allmän väg fungerar. Detta då lokalisering av fiberkablar i allmän väg är ett särskilt viktigt alternativ utanför tätort. Vidare undersöks vilka huvudsakliga problem bredbandsutbyggare upplever i samband med markåtkomst. För att uppfylla syftet har kommunägda- och kommersiella bolag samt fiberföreningar intervjuats. Totalt har åtta intervjuer utförts. Alla med personer som är ansvariga för fiberutbyggnad från respektive bolag/förening. Urval har skett utifrån ledningsägare i tre kommuner, alla belägna i Stockholms län. Utöver detta har rättsfall analyserats för att illustrera delar av den problematik som föreligger vid markåtkomst för bredband via fiber. Resultatet från intervjuerna visar att markavtal, som är en nyttjanderättsform, är det alternativ som föredras av alla tre typer av bredbandsutbyggare. Detta gäller både i områden inom och utanför detaljplan. Vidare är både kommunägda- och kommersiella aktörer samt fiberföreningar restriktiva i användningen av ledningsrätt, främst för att underlätta för framtida relationer och med respekt för markägare men också på grund av hög kostnad och lång tid för upplåtelse. Intervjuerna visar att bredbandsutbyggare tenderar att värdera en relation med markägare högre än att markåtkomst ska ske på ett snabbt sätt. Någon större skillnad i val av markåtkomst mellan olika typer av aktörer eller i områden inom eller utanför detaljplan kunde ej urskiljas. Studien indikerar att det snarare handlar om den enskilde markägarens inställning till att upplåta mark. De upplevda problemen kring markåtkomst för bredband uppstår främst då fiberetablering i område för allmän väg sker, detta har framför allt att göra med samarbetssvårigheter med den statliga väghållaren. Ett annat förekommande problem i samband med markåtkomst är gemensamt ägd mark, sådan mark gör att processen med att ordna markåtkomst ofta drar ut på tiden.
This study aims to investigate what legal right different broadband developers prefer to use to get access to the land they want to establish fiber. More specifically, it investigates if the type of developer or the area's planning influences the choice of land access. For the final broadband goal to be reached in 2025, broadband expansion needs to occur mainly outside urban areas. According to this, special consideration has been given to how broadband developers experience land access in areas for public roads. This is because locating fiber cables in public roads is an essential alternative outside urban areas. To fulfill the purpose, municipal-owned and commercial companies and fiber associations have been interviewed. A total of eight persons responsible for fiber expansion from the respective company/association have been conducted. The selection has been made by asking different actors in three municipalities located in Stockholm County.Moreover, court cases have been analyzed to create a picture of the different problems that can arise when getting land access for this purpose. The interviews show that usufruct agreements are exclusively the alternative used in the first place, both within and outside the detailed plan. The results from the interviews show that usufruct agreements are used by all the different types of broadband developers. Furthermore, the actors in this study are restrictive in the use of utility easement. This in order to facilitate future relationships and to show respect for landowners. The usufruct agreements thus appear to be a better alternative from the perspective of active actors. The relationship with the landowners tends to have a higher value than the time aspect to get land access.Moreover, no distinction between whether the choice of land access between different types of broadband developers or the area's planning could be distinguished in the study. It has somewhat to do with the landowner's attitude to leasing land. The perceived problems regarding land access for broadband arise mainly when fiber establishments in public roads are made, and this has to do with the Swedish Transport Administration's cooperation. Another problem arises when access to land on joint-owned land is required, this often leads to an extended process in time.

Die höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung von BGH und BVerwG und die darauf aufbauende Fachliteratur führen aus, daß eine Umlegung oder eine Flurbereinigung privatnützig seien und aus diesem Grund eine Inhaltsbestimmung darstellen würden; die Enteignung sei im Gegensatz dazu durch ihre Fremdnützigkeit gekennzeichnet. Dabei wird die Privatnützigkeit durch das „wohlverstandene Interesse der Eigentümer“ und den „wirtschaftlich vernünftig denkenden Eigentümer“ beschrieben. Diese Denkweise spielt nach wie vor die entscheidende Rolle, wenn ein Bodenordnungsinstrument für die Bewältigung einer Bodenordnungsaufgabe ausgewählt wird. Das BVerfG hat die Baulandumlegung ebenfalls als eine Inhalts- und Schrankenbestimmung eingeordnet. Das Gericht hat jedoch eine von der oben beschriebenen abweichende Argumentation gewählt und die Einordnung der Umlegung in Art. 14 GG anhand der aktuellen Eigentumsdogmatik vorgenommen. Demnach findet während der Umlegung wie bei der Enteignung ein Entzug von Eigentum statt. Beide Instrumente werden jedoch nicht über die Schwere des Eigentumseingriffs voneinander unterschieden, sondern anhand des Zwecks des Eigentumsentzugs. Ob die Umlegung jedoch privatnützig zu sein hat, spielt im Urteil des BVerfG keine Rolle, da dieses Kriterium eher materiellen Charakter hat. Dieser Umstand bildete den Ausgangspunkt für die vorgelegte Arbeit, nämlich ob der Aspekt der Privatnützigkeit trotzdem noch eine Rolle bei der Wahl des Bodenordnungsverfahrens spielt oder zu verwerfen ist. Dafür wurde zunächst die Eigentumsdogmatik des BVerfG im Vergleich zur Rechtsprechung des BGH und des BVerwG eingehend ausgewertet. Später fand auch noch eine Fokussierung auf die Rechtsprechung statt, die sich unmittelbar mit der Umlegung bzw. der Flurbereinigung befaßt. Diese, für eine ingenieurwissenschaftliche Arbeit ungewöhnlich tiefgründige, Auseinandersetzung mit der Eigentumsdogmatik war notwendig, da nur so eine Annäherung an die Thematik der Privatnützigkeit möglich war. Außerdem werden Bodenordnungsverfahren nach dem BauGB oder dem FlurbG in der Regel von Vermessungsingenieuren durchgeführt, und diese müssen ja auch das geeignete Bodenordnungsverfahren auswählen. Die Annäherung an das, sich gegenseitig ausschließende, Begriffspaar „privatnützig“ und „fremdnützig“ wurde in rechtsprechungsbezogener, in eigentumsbezogener, in philosophischer und in planungsbezogener Hinsicht durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis wurden dem Begriff „privatnützig“ insbesondere die Attribute der „eigenen Wertschöpfung“ und der „Umsetzbarkeit der Nutzung in eigener Person“ zugeordnet, und zwar aus Sicht des jeweiligen Grundstückseigentümers. Dies korrespondiert auch mit der Rechtsprechung des BVerfG zur Baulandumlegung, wo ein Bezug zur Baubefugnis aus Sicht des Betroffenen gezogen wird. Anhand der Kombination der Rechtsprechung und der Ausgestaltung des Begriffspaars „privatnützig“ und „fremdnützig“ wurde ein Untersuchungsschema aufgestellt, nach dem beispielhafte Verfahren der städtischen und agrarischen Bodenordnung analysiert wurden. Dieses Schema sieht eine Vorverlagerung der Untersuchung der Privat- und der Fremdnützigkeit von der Ebene der Bodenordnung in die Planungsebene vor. Dafür werden der Adressat der Planung, der Anteil und die Funktion öffentlicher Gemeinbedarfsflächen sowie die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Landzuteilung in einem künftigen Bodenordnungsverfahren analysiert. Daraus sind dann Schlüsse zu ziehen, wie die Bodenordnungsaufgabe zu lösen ist. Liegt eine insgesamt privatnützige Planung vor, ist die Bodenordnung in jedem Fall im Rahmen einer Inhaltsbestimmung des Eigentums lösbar. Dazu gehören insbesondere auch die Erschließungsflächen für die Umsetzung einer privatnützigen Planung. Im Fall einer fremdnützigen Planung verbleibt die Enteignung. Dafür wurden jedoch Möglichkeiten entwickelt, nach denen die Enteignung selbst in ein inhaltsbestimmendes Bodenordnungsinstrument eingebettet werden kann. Anhand der Schlüsse aus den untersuchten Bodenordnungsverfahren wurden schließlich ein Schema für die Wahl des geeigneten Bodenordnungsverfahrens entwickelt sowie Empfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung der gesetzlichen Grundlagen getroffen
The supreme courts administration of justice of BGH and BVerwG and the professional literature, building up on it, explain that a reallocation or a land consolidation are serving private interests and that because of this these instruments are contents and barriers regulations; the expropriation is by contrast marked by its common utility. Besides, the private utility is described by its “well-understood interest of the owner” and “the economically rationally thinking owner”. This way of thinking still plays the determining role if a land division instrument is selected for the coping of a land division job. The BVerfG has also arranged the reallocation as a contents and barriers regulation. Nevertheless, the court has chosen an argumentation which deviates from the described ones on top to classify the reallocation into art. 14 GG with the help of the topical proprietary dogmatics. Therefore, a denial of property takes place during the reallocation like with the expropriation. Nevertheless, both instruments are distinguished not about the gravity of the proprietary intervention of each other, but with the help of the purpose of the proprietary denial. Whether the reallocation has to be serving private interests, nevertheless, plays no role in the judgement of the BVerfG, because this criterion has rather material character. This fact formed the starting point for the presented work, namely whether the aspect of the private utility plays, nevertheless, one more role with a choice of the land division procedure or is to be rejected. For that the proprietary dogmatics of the BVerfG was evaluated first in comparison to the administration of BGH and the BVerwG thoroughly. Later a focusing took place on the administration of justice which deals immediately with the reallocation or the land consolidation. This, for an engineer-scientific work unusually profound, discussion with the proprietary dogmatics was necessary, because only that way an approach to the topic of the private utility was possible. Moreover, land division procedures according to the BauGB or the FlurbG are operated by measurement engineers, and these must select also the suitable land division procedure. The approach to this, mutually excluding, concept pair \"serving private interests\" and \"serving common interests\" was carried out in administration of justice-related, in property-related, in philosophical and in planning-related regard. In the result in particular the attributes “own added value” and “feasibility of the use in person” were assigned to the concept “serving private interests”, namely from the point of view of the respective property owner. This also corresponds with the administration of justice of the BVerfG to the reallocation where a relation is pulled to the construction competence from the point of view of the affected person. With the help of the combination of the administration of justice and the arrangement of the concept pair \"serving private interests\" and \"serving common interests\" an investigation pattern was put up to analyse exemplary procedures of urban and agrarian land divisions. This pattern intends a forward displacement of the investigation of the private and the common utility from the level of the land division into the planning level. Then from this conclusions are to be drawn as the land division job is to be solved. If a planning is given which is all together “serving private interests”, the land division is solvable, in any case, within the scope of a contents and barriers regulation. The development surfaces in particular also belong to it for the conversion of a planning which is “serving private interests”. In the case of a planning which is “serving common interests”, remains the expropriation. Nevertheless, for this case the possibilities after which the expropriation itself can be embedded into a land division instrument that is a contents regulation were developed. With the help of the results from the examined land division procedures were developed, finally, a pattern for the choice of the suitable land division procedure as well as recommendations were made to the advancement of the legal bases

This diploma thesis solves issue of the easements and their impact on evaluation of the land. Primary there are decribe basic topics of the isuue, further on legal procedure of the easements and the constituon, modification and termination. Next there is describe types of prises and evaluation of the land, easements and the lands with these easements. In the practical part there is evaluation of the specific land (with the market value and administrative price), which is loaded by easement of way over the land.

This master’s thesis deals with analysis of documents for the realization of the new buildings the wider area of Brno. It is divided into the theoretical part and the empirical part. The theoretical part describes defines and characterize different stages of implementation of building plots in the framework of utility lines and roads on agricultural land (greenfields), designated for residential housing. In the empirical part goals and methodology of the research project are mentioned and it is divided into two parts. The first part is devoted to case studies comparing and analyzing the costs and revenues of the developer selected localities of satellite towns. The second part is focused on the actual development of land prices. It points to items affecting profit or loss of the developer. In the last chapter the author of this thesis describes creating a preliminary calculation, which the developer can determine whether a satellite town of the selected project will be successful or not. In conclusion, the thesis points out important factors affecting the project success of the satellite town.

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This study sought to evaluate the contribution of different sources producing in sediment on a representative property in river basin of the shortcut, Cruz Machado, PR, and through utility survey of the physical environment in the basin was proposed map a capacity of land use to basin and a in specific for property in representative. The property has a representative system of family farms with low technological level and with the use of rudimentary tools (sickle, hoe use and animals to till the soil), relief is characterized by the constant presence of blocks and boulders of igneous rocks, beyond the steep slopes of the slopes, features that predominate in other properties of the basin and the region as a whole. To measure the erosion were installed plots with erosion pins in a crop of corn, mate, pasture, an area near the house and four snippets of rural roads inside the property, and two stretches of road outside a property on the road general of the basin and the other with access from the house of a farmer in general road, these two have paved with gravel. With the monitoring of parcels and profiles of roads for a year, there were levels of soil removal at each pin or mediated profile road. The results indicate the removal of soil above the tolerance levels for soil characteristics, especially on roads and crop areas. The maps of land use capacity of the basin and representative of the property indicate that more than half of the areas have no aptitude for agriculture and should be used for permanent crops or preserving the flora and fauna..
O presente estudo buscou avaliar a contribuição das diferentes fontes produtoras de sedimentos em uma propriedade representativa na Bacia do Rio do Atalho em Cruz Machado no Paraná. Através de levantamento utilitário do meio físico na bacia, foi proposto um mapa de capacidade de uso da terra para a bacia e um em específico para a propriedade representativa. Esta propriedade possui um sistema de agricultura familiar com baixo nível tecnológico, com uso de ferramentas rudimentares (foice, enxada e o uso de animais para cultivar o solo). O relevo é caracterizado pela constante presença de blocos e matacões de rochas ígneas, além das declividades acentuadas das vertentes, características que predominam em outras propriedades da bacia e região. Para mensuração da erosão foram instaladas parcelas com pinos de erosão em áreas de lavoura com milho, erva-mate, pastagem, quintal e 4 trechos de estradas rurais internas da propriedade, além de 2 trechos de estrada (pavimentadas com cascalho), fora da propriedade, um na estrada geral da bacia e outro que liga a casa de um agricultor à estrada geral. Com o monitoramento das parcelas e trechos de estradas durante um ano, verificaram-se os níveis de remoção de solo em cada pino ou mediada de perfil de estrada. Os resultados indicaram a remoção acima dos níveis de tolerância para as características do solo, principalmente nas estradas e áreas de cultivo. Os mapas de capacidade de uso da terra da bacia e da propriedade representativa apontam que mais da metade das áreas, não apresentam aptidão para agricultura e devem ser usadas para culturas permanentes ou preservação da flora e fauna.

The subject of this thesis is to determine the value of the easement of way over the land of another owner. The value of the easement will be established for an indefinite period, the duration of 20 years and for the life of the creditor. It will be calculated current price and official price. The theoretical part is concentrated on clarifying the concept of an easement, the possibility of the constitution, termination and changes, hereinafter referred to problems of valuation of the easement. In the project part is solved the specific passage in terms of benefits warrantee and losses liable party.

L’occupation sans titre porte atteinte au droit de propriété des personnes publiques sur leurs domaines public et privé. Il s’agit de faits récurrents dans les collectivités territoriales de l’article 73 de la Constitution que sont la Guadeloupe, la Martinique, la Guyane, La Réunion, et Mayotte. Pour juguler cette occupation illégale, vectrice d’insécurité juridique et foncière, nonobstant l’atteinte portée à leur droit de propriété, ces personnes publiques procèdent à des régularisations foncières axées sur la délivrance ou la validation d’un titre de propriété au profit des occupants sans titre de leur domaine public, dont la zone des cinquante pas géométriques, grâce à des dispositifs légaux, et de leur domaine privé, grâce à des dispositifs locaux. Ces procédures de régularisation sont-elles appropriées pour répondre de manière définitive à l’objectif du législateur de juguler l’occupation sans titre outre-mer, dans les collectivités territoriales de l’article 73 de la Constitution, et ne constituent-t-elles pas la légitimation d’une atteinte portée au droit de propriété des personnes publiques = ? Devant la persistance de l’occupation sans titre outre-mer, il conviendrait de passer d’une régularisation foncière à moyens inégaux à une régularisation d’intérêt public, mieux encadrée. La régularisation foncière est une limite nécessaire au droit de propriété, dont le fondement est dans la volonté du propriétaire, dans l’intérêt public, voire dans l’utilité publique. Adossée au respect de la dignité humaine et au droit au logement digne, elle induit une amélioration de ses outils, et contribue à l’émergence d’un véritable droit de la régularisation foncière outre-mer
Untitled occupancy infringes the property rights of public persons in their public and private domains. These are recurrent facts in the local authorities of Article 73 of the Constitution: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyana, Reunion, and Mayotte. To curb this illegal occupation, which is the vector of legal and land insecurity, notwithstanding the infringement of their property rights, these public persons carry out land regularizations focused on the issuance or validation of a title of property for the benefit of untitled people of their public domain, including the fifty geometric steps zone, through legal arrangements, and their private domain, through local arrangements. However, the question is: are these regularization procedures appropriate to definitively respond to Parliament's objective of curbing untitled overseas occupation in local authorities of Article 73 of the Constitution and, on the contrary, do they not constitute the legitimization of an infringement on the property rights of public persons? Given the persistence of untitled occupation overseas, it would be appropriate to move from unequal land regularization to public interest land regularization, better regulated. Land regularization is a necessary limit to the right of ownership, the basis of which is in the will of the owner, in the public interest, or even in the public utility. Backed by respect for human dignity and the right to dignified housing, it leads to an improvement in its tools, and contributes to the emergence of a real right of land regularization overseas

The thesis deals with the determination of real estate value easements established in favour of constructions transport infrastructure. The aim is determination of real estate value in an current price and official price. In connection with the established easement it is substantiate the devaluation of the real estate related with the occurrence of the easement. In the first part the thesis I deal with the forensic engineering, real estate market, easements and with their valuation. In the project part there is concretely solved valuation of real estate loaded with the easement.

My diploma thesis deals with the problems of easements put on buildings in the Czech Republic. The whole work is divided into the text part and the draft part. In the text part there are the common concepts going together with valuation in general, methods of the valuation. Next, there is a legislation of easements, methods and processes of easements and getting the value. Based on the knowledge gained in the text part, in the introduction of the draft part there is a valuation of the family house, including the whole equipment. On this family house there are three easements, including the easement of the free accommodation in one part of this house, the easement of the limitation of the construction activities, easement of the location of the mail box on the family house. The house and easements are valuated either for the taxes or for selling the building. At the end there is the final value of the building with easements, conclusion and recommendation for similar cases.

The diploma thesis is aimed on course of the easements in perspective of a forencis engineer. First chapter specifies the legal regulation of the easements, its division, the causes of its constitution, modification and termination. General description of easements’ assessment methodology ensued, the definition of the particular types of prices and values and purposes of evaluation of the easements alike. In the proposal part is the theoretical analysis used on two actual cases of easements, specifically the right to crossing another owner's land and the right of construction on land owned by another individual.

This assignment concentrates on the problematics of encumbrance. It is about the flat ministry encumbrance in a family house. The job is split into two parts, written and suggested. The written part analyses general notions which are found in the pricing of the property’s belongings. Next, there are stated methods to pricing the property’s belongings. The next chapters are dealing with the legislation of eternal encumbrance, the procedures and the ways of their pricing. The second part, suggested, contains the pricing itself. The property’s belonging is priced in two methods. One of the methods to pricing is value regulations; the second method prices by the regular value. First, the whole family house is priced with all its’ accessories, on the principal of half basis ownership and the given area of the flats, we can consider the value of the priced flat at the same value as half of a family house. Next, the encumbrance itself is priced. The age of the authorised is considered in one group of 30 years and the second group of 80 years. The following step is deducting the value of the eternal encumbrance. From these given final results, we state the chosen price of the flat including taxing purposes. At the conclusion of the done job, evaluation and recommendation is done for pricing similar cases.

碩士
國立成功大學
都市計劃學系碩博士班
95
This paper outline the methodology testing the bid prices of land in new town are more expensive than equitable prices of metropolitans or not. In the real estate market this situation may cause undesirable new town development environment. Whether lives in metropolis or new town, every household seeks a residence maximizes its utility, and subjected to the budget constrain. The marginal utilities of these households’ non- localized expenditure are equivalent when the market reaches equilibrium. The household’s utility function depending on the attributes of its housing and non-localized expenditure which means income minus housing rent and commuting cost. We treat non-localized expenditure as dependent variable and housing attributes as independent variables, using regression analysis to estimate the coefficients of each variable, then we may estimate one household’s non-localized expenditure and transform it into housing rent. 　　We transform housing rent into housing price by Rent Multiplier theorem and Cost of Capital theorem, then calculate the land price by united-contribution theorem, finally we define the land price is equitable. Different income level households have different utilities, so we group the samples into different income levels. We estimate the equitable land prices of all groups by their housing attributes and compare with the bid prices of land in Kaohsiung new town. The Center for Survey Research of Academia Sinica is responsible for the data distribution. The samples are the households between Kaohsiung city and the new town. 　　We found that the equitable land prices of households with different income levels are more expensive than the bid prices of land in Kaohsiung new town. It means the bid prices are acceptable and there are some other reasons to explain the undesirable situation of land bidding of Kaohsiung new town. The result may provide the government and investors a theoretical foundation in estimating land price.

Increasing populations, shifting demographics and changes in diet are driving increases in crop production. However, any increases in food demand are ultimately limited by water availability, which is under pressure globally, but especially so in arid and semi-arid regions. To address this challenge, spatially distributed information on crop water use, vegetation health, soil moisture status and a range of other water, energy and carbon variables are all required. However, critical to the determination of many of these processes is an accurate characterization of the land surface temperature (LST). The only feasible manner by which to estimate this variable across a range of spatial and temporal scales is using thermal infrared (TIR) satellite data. Here we investigate the estimation of LST, focusing on its accurate retrieval across a range of different spatial scales. First, we examine the influence of atmospheric correction on retrieval accuracy by employing a radiative transfer model and Landsat data using a variety of available atmospheric profile data, with the aim of identifying an optimal product combination for retrieval. Using these results, we then investigate the potential to downscale coarse resolution (O~103 m) MODIS satellite data to scales appropriate for agricultural application (less than O~102 m), using a machine-learning approach. To further advance the downscaling technique, we explore the utility of novel Cubesat data to produce within-field scale (O~101 m) distributions of land surface temperature. Finally, to expand upon the multi-resolution/multi-satellite LST strategy explored here, we examine the capacity of ultra-high resolution (O~10-1 m) thermal imagery from an unmanned aerial vehicle to characterize surface temperature response and behavior, focusing on the retrieval accuracy and diurnal variability of these spatially and temporally varying land surface temperature estimates. The ultimate goal of this research is to advance the utility of LST for agricultural application by providing description and insights into product development, accuracy issues, and identifying some limitations and opportunities of both current and future remote observation platforms.

The Ontario Municipal Board (OMB) is a provincial land use planning and development appeal board. The powers of the board are vast in comparison to other land appeal boards in Canada. One of the most frequent appeals that the OMB adjudicates emerges from disputes between municipalities and landowners (or other members of the public) regarding the severance of land. In this thesis I empirically examine factors that influence OMB decisions. More specifically, I model the decision of an OMB adjudicator to affirm, or overturn, the decision of the municipality with regards to severance appeals. The explanatory variables include characterizations of the adjudicator – e.g., professional background, gender, experience, etc. – as well as characterizations of the OMB hearing – e.g., the number of participants (public and professional), etc. The empirical analysis allows for a better understanding of theoretical issues in the law-economic literature concerning judicial utility functions and the extent to which judges take into consideration their public and peer reputation (Posner, 1993).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1989.
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碩士
南臺科技大學
企業管理系
106
Taiwan Sugar Corporation (TSC) was founded in 1946. It has been 72 years. TSC is a corporation managed by Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taiwan. TSC has more than 49 thousand hectares land assets in the end of. 2017. In the early days, the export of sugar was the main source of foreign exchange earnings in Taiwan. The economic has been transformed in the past 20 years in Taiwan. The agricultural economic output value has been decreasing year by year, and the government has approved the policy of importing people's livelihood sugar, which directly impacts the survival of TSC. Therefore, the sugar factories have been reduced from 36 to only two, Shanhua and Huwei, since 1947 in Taiwan. In the future, TSC needs to positivity change the business direction in rapidly changing environment since it was focused on agricultural produces development. Land is the largest asset of TSC. Therefore, TSC make the idle land can be used for activation and reuse to get other earning. This study will use the cases of the Tainan Land Management District Office, by Papers, 2006~2017 data collecting, and survey of experts’ opinions, to analyze the trends of land management of the Tainan Land Management District Office. Tainan Land Management District Office use three priority of the activation methods , land bidding and renting、superficies and lending to other government agencies to make green earth , now. The end of this study has provided many suggestions to land management , land activation direction and cost down to improve earning.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1995.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-146).

碩士
樹德科技大學
建築與環境設計研究所
100
Taiwan Sugar Corporation (TSC) has large tract of agricultural land. Over the past years, it has not only conducted business of granulated sugar and byproducts, but also has provided support to finance and land to the country in due time when the country was implementing various economic and construction policies at all stages, thus exerted enormous contribution to the development of the country’s economy. In response to the upsurge of economic liberalization since 1981, a vast scale of reform on Taiwan’s agriculture and sugar industry has been brought about. In order to cope with rapid decline of sugar industry in Taiwan, the Ministry of Economic Affairs authorized TSC to “Selecting proper land sections for development of tourism undertakings and for utility of construction undertaking to coordinate with urban planning”, revised ”Procedure for trading and exchanging land of government-owned enterprises”, and added “Land of government-owned enterprises planned for development, approved by Executive Yuan, and developed according to the said plan may be sold”, which allowed TSC to release private land. At that moment, TSC focused on the issues of expropriating and selling land as policy of release. That was the reason TSC being doubted selling family property for the purpose of prettify the accounts. However Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan, promoted “Project for Six-Year National Construction” to extensively reallocate overall resource of our country in 1991. Large-scale public infrastructure required not only sufficient financial budget but also needed to encourage private participation and investment more actively. This Project planned to use 8,822 hectares of TSC’s land. Under such developmental context, only an analysis on “Overall Planning and Utility of TSC’s Land Resource” could identify agricultural land which had lower productivity, and could coordinate land development project, area plan, major national economic development project, and local development to proceed the strategic planning of land development, in order to provide large amount of land for national construction, as well as create the opportunity for sustainable management in accordance with national policy, so as to form good image for the company. In recent years, privatization of government-owned enterprises presenting poor performance has displayed a trend in many countries. Nevertheless, TSC’s land disposal primarily aimed on implementing the goal of national policy. The country was the policy maker, and TSC was the policy executor. In other words, the country exploited TSC’s land resource based on policy to subsidize enterprises for their cost of land usage, which turned TSC’s land into policy tool to play the role of attracting capital investment. TSC’s land creating business income was mainly under Kaohsiung District Office. Therefore, this Office had many problems in land management. And now as Kaohsiung City and County consolidated on December 25, 2010, which led to increase in hinterland for the newly formed Kaohsiung Municipality. Due to the requirement of a balance in local development, the overall planning for the land of Kaohsiung Municipality will emerge some changes. How to separate the city and the industry has become a critical issue for the new municipal government. Since about 5,400 hectares out of the land managed by the Kaohsiung District Office is not located in the urban, expansion of industry has become to a must. As a result, TSC’s land which has not been developed or used after urban readjustment and has been returned from zone appropriation will incur huge amount of land tax and irregular cost for land management and maintenance. It is an important issue for Kaohsiung District Office in solving the problem lying in land management and utility in order to create maximum performance and comply with the requirement of economic development without wasting land resource. Through literature review and data collection and investigation, this study tried to figure out TSC’s historical policies on land from history which were implemented and from literatures, problems of land management occurred due to its land released to targeted authority for the purpose of fostering the industry under its competence, and whether such problems of control would last. On the other hand, this study also figured out the correlation of spatial development between the overall planning proposed by Kaohsiung Government after city-county consolidation and land management of Kaohsiung District Office, the problems occurred before and after city-county consolidation through analysis, and illustrated the problems TSC had in management and utility due to city-county consolidation by way of case study.

Die höchstrichterliche Rechtsprechung von BGH und BVerwG und die darauf aufbauende Fachliteratur führen aus, daß eine Umlegung oder eine Flurbereinigung privatnützig seien und aus diesem Grund eine Inhaltsbestimmung darstellen würden; die Enteignung sei im Gegensatz dazu durch ihre Fremdnützigkeit gekennzeichnet. Dabei wird die Privatnützigkeit durch das „wohlverstandene Interesse der Eigentümer“ und den „wirtschaftlich vernünftig denkenden Eigentümer“ beschrieben. Diese Denkweise spielt nach wie vor die entscheidende Rolle, wenn ein Bodenordnungsinstrument für die Bewältigung einer Bodenordnungsaufgabe ausgewählt wird. Das BVerfG hat die Baulandumlegung ebenfalls als eine Inhalts- und Schrankenbestimmung eingeordnet. Das Gericht hat jedoch eine von der oben beschriebenen abweichende Argumentation gewählt und die Einordnung der Umlegung in Art. 14 GG anhand der aktuellen Eigentumsdogmatik vorgenommen. Demnach findet während der Umlegung wie bei der Enteignung ein Entzug von Eigentum statt. Beide Instrumente werden jedoch nicht über die Schwere des Eigentumseingriffs voneinander unterschieden, sondern anhand des Zwecks des Eigentumsentzugs. Ob die Umlegung jedoch privatnützig zu sein hat, spielt im Urteil des BVerfG keine Rolle, da dieses Kriterium eher materiellen Charakter hat. Dieser Umstand bildete den Ausgangspunkt für die vorgelegte Arbeit, nämlich ob der Aspekt der Privatnützigkeit trotzdem noch eine Rolle bei der Wahl des Bodenordnungsverfahrens spielt oder zu verwerfen ist. Dafür wurde zunächst die Eigentumsdogmatik des BVerfG im Vergleich zur Rechtsprechung des BGH und des BVerwG eingehend ausgewertet. Später fand auch noch eine Fokussierung auf die Rechtsprechung statt, die sich unmittelbar mit der Umlegung bzw. der Flurbereinigung befaßt. Diese, für eine ingenieurwissenschaftliche Arbeit ungewöhnlich tiefgründige, Auseinandersetzung mit der Eigentumsdogmatik war notwendig, da nur so eine Annäherung an die Thematik der Privatnützigkeit möglich war. Außerdem werden Bodenordnungsverfahren nach dem BauGB oder dem FlurbG in der Regel von Vermessungsingenieuren durchgeführt, und diese müssen ja auch das geeignete Bodenordnungsverfahren auswählen. Die Annäherung an das, sich gegenseitig ausschließende, Begriffspaar „privatnützig“ und „fremdnützig“ wurde in rechtsprechungsbezogener, in eigentumsbezogener, in philosophischer und in planungsbezogener Hinsicht durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis wurden dem Begriff „privatnützig“ insbesondere die Attribute der „eigenen Wertschöpfung“ und der „Umsetzbarkeit der Nutzung in eigener Person“ zugeordnet, und zwar aus Sicht des jeweiligen Grundstückseigentümers. Dies korrespondiert auch mit der Rechtsprechung des BVerfG zur Baulandumlegung, wo ein Bezug zur Baubefugnis aus Sicht des Betroffenen gezogen wird. Anhand der Kombination der Rechtsprechung und der Ausgestaltung des Begriffspaars „privatnützig“ und „fremdnützig“ wurde ein Untersuchungsschema aufgestellt, nach dem beispielhafte Verfahren der städtischen und agrarischen Bodenordnung analysiert wurden. Dieses Schema sieht eine Vorverlagerung der Untersuchung der Privat- und der Fremdnützigkeit von der Ebene der Bodenordnung in die Planungsebene vor. Dafür werden der Adressat der Planung, der Anteil und die Funktion öffentlicher Gemeinbedarfsflächen sowie die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Landzuteilung in einem künftigen Bodenordnungsverfahren analysiert. Daraus sind dann Schlüsse zu ziehen, wie die Bodenordnungsaufgabe zu lösen ist. Liegt eine insgesamt privatnützige Planung vor, ist die Bodenordnung in jedem Fall im Rahmen einer Inhaltsbestimmung des Eigentums lösbar. Dazu gehören insbesondere auch die Erschließungsflächen für die Umsetzung einer privatnützigen Planung. Im Fall einer fremdnützigen Planung verbleibt die Enteignung. Dafür wurden jedoch Möglichkeiten entwickelt, nach denen die Enteignung selbst in ein inhaltsbestimmendes Bodenordnungsinstrument eingebettet werden kann. Anhand der Schlüsse aus den untersuchten Bodenordnungsverfahren wurden schließlich ein Schema für die Wahl des geeigneten Bodenordnungsverfahrens entwickelt sowie Empfehlungen für die Weiterentwicklung der gesetzlichen Grundlagen getroffen.
The supreme courts administration of justice of BGH and BVerwG and the professional literature, building up on it, explain that a reallocation or a land consolidation are serving private interests and that because of this these instruments are contents and barriers regulations; the expropriation is by contrast marked by its common utility. Besides, the private utility is described by its “well-understood interest of the owner” and “the economically rationally thinking owner”. This way of thinking still plays the determining role if a land division instrument is selected for the coping of a land division job. The BVerfG has also arranged the reallocation as a contents and barriers regulation. Nevertheless, the court has chosen an argumentation which deviates from the described ones on top to classify the reallocation into art. 14 GG with the help of the topical proprietary dogmatics. Therefore, a denial of property takes place during the reallocation like with the expropriation. Nevertheless, both instruments are distinguished not about the gravity of the proprietary intervention of each other, but with the help of the purpose of the proprietary denial. Whether the reallocation has to be serving private interests, nevertheless, plays no role in the judgement of the BVerfG, because this criterion has rather material character. This fact formed the starting point for the presented work, namely whether the aspect of the private utility plays, nevertheless, one more role with a choice of the land division procedure or is to be rejected. For that the proprietary dogmatics of the BVerfG was evaluated first in comparison to the administration of BGH and the BVerwG thoroughly. Later a focusing took place on the administration of justice which deals immediately with the reallocation or the land consolidation. This, for an engineer-scientific work unusually profound, discussion with the proprietary dogmatics was necessary, because only that way an approach to the topic of the private utility was possible. Moreover, land division procedures according to the BauGB or the FlurbG are operated by measurement engineers, and these must select also the suitable land division procedure. The approach to this, mutually excluding, concept pair \"serving private interests\" and \"serving common interests\" was carried out in administration of justice-related, in property-related, in philosophical and in planning-related regard. In the result in particular the attributes “own added value” and “feasibility of the use in person” were assigned to the concept “serving private interests”, namely from the point of view of the respective property owner. This also corresponds with the administration of justice of the BVerfG to the reallocation where a relation is pulled to the construction competence from the point of view of the affected person. With the help of the combination of the administration of justice and the arrangement of the concept pair \"serving private interests\" and \"serving common interests\" an investigation pattern was put up to analyse exemplary procedures of urban and agrarian land divisions. This pattern intends a forward displacement of the investigation of the private and the common utility from the level of the land division into the planning level. Then from this conclusions are to be drawn as the land division job is to be solved. If a planning is given which is all together “serving private interests”, the land division is solvable, in any case, within the scope of a contents and barriers regulation. The development surfaces in particular also belong to it for the conversion of a planning which is “serving private interests”. In the case of a planning which is “serving common interests”, remains the expropriation. Nevertheless, for this case the possibilities after which the expropriation itself can be embedded into a land division instrument that is a contents regulation were developed. With the help of the results from the examined land division procedures were developed, finally, a pattern for the choice of the suitable land division procedure as well as recommendations were made to the advancement of the legal bases.

Racial tension in the United States has moved to the forefront in social discourse with the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement and elections of far-right wing politicians who provide support and empathy for White supremacist groups. In higher education, colleges and universities often serve as microcosms of the broader society’s racial climate. Experts have revealed that 56% of U.S. university presidents believed that inclusion and diversity had grown in importance between 2015-2017. Additionally, 47% of presidents at 4-year institutions stated that students had organized on their campus amid concerns about racial diversity. In attempts to combat the divisiveness present in American culture, colleges and universities have begun appointing Chief Diversity Officer (CDO) administrative positions to lead their inclusion and diversity missions to better support minoritized and marginalized communities. Experts estimate that nearly 80% of CDO positions were created in the last 20 years. Despite efforts to develop CDOs, higher education institutions sometimes struggle to foster inclusive and diverse environments. Recently, a small body of literature has been developed to better understand the CDO role in higher education. Predominantly White Land-Grant Universities (PWLGUs) have also seen an influx of issues related to diversity and inclusion over the years. The purpose of the current study was to uncover how CDOs see their role and responsibilities in the context of Predominantly White Land-Grant Universities. This study used Critical Race Theory (CRT) framework to examine how CDOs navigate their identities, the presence of racism, and the social climate of their university and the broader United States. This study was guided by five research questions, including one topical question which served to provide demographic information of the CDOs. The other four research questions covered barriers and successes of CDOs, how CDOs navigated their own identity while in the role of CDO, and how they observed the presence of racism at PWLGUs. Two rounds of interviews were conducted with seven CDOs at PWLGUs. Topic and pattern coding were used to analyze data via NVivo qualitative data analysis software. There were four findings for this study. First, racism has had a constant presence on, and at times has been supported by, land-grant universities further complicating the jobs of CDOs. Second, CDOs of color often connected elements of their identity to the responsibilities of the CDO position. Third, CDOs described ways in which inclusion and diversity were part of the purpose of land-grant universities and ways in which race factored into academic achievements of the institution, but then become afterthoughts in other elements of campus life. Finally, PWLGUs often invoke liberal processes and decision-making that further limits the capabilities of the CDO to foster inclusive and diverse campuses. Future study recommendations include comparing and contrasting CDOs of Color and White CDOs, CDOs at Minority-Serving Institutions with CDOs at Non-Minority Serving Institutions, and perception of satisfaction by people of color with the job of the CDO at their institution.

Search strategies have been a central activity within archaeology, varying with the types of questions being addressed, technological tools available, and theoretical proclivity of the investigator. This thesis will test the utility of LiDAR remote sensing and GIS spatial technologies against a phenomenological field methodology. Modeled lands include select areas within Northeast Graham Island, Haida Gwaii, located off the northern Pacific coast of Canada. The time scale in question includes the entire Holocene. A history of the landscape concept is evaluated, fleshing out a decisive working term. An Interdisciplinary Multilogical Framework is devised, linking the two modeling methods with a breadth of information sources on the physical and cultural attributes of landscapes. This dialectic approach culminates in a holistic anthropological practice, and grounds for interpretive analysis of the archaeological record. The role of archaeological predictive modeling in the contemporary socio-political context of heritage management in British Columbia is discussed.