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1
Devir, Nathan P. "Exposing pathology, playing God: parsing psychosocial discourse in ‘The Last Commander’ by A.B. Yehoshua." Jewish Culture and History 15, no. 3 (2014): 188–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1462169x.2014.973261.
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Blume, Kenneth J. "Preparing the South Pacific for U.S. Influence: The uss Narragansett in Samoa, 1872." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 27, no. 1 (2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02701002.
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This article explores the diplomatic negotiations that U.S. Navy Commander Richard W. Meade conducted in Samoa in 1872. The resulting agreement that came to be known as “the Meade Treaty” was the first the United States negotiated with Samoa, but scholars usually have not explored the details of it and the process that produced it because the U.S. Senate rejected the treaty. Meade’s motivations and actions in Samoa provide a case study in how the interactions of naval officers, business leaders, islanders, and diplomats converged to produce early U.S. diplomacy in the Pacific. The article sketches the situation in Samoa in 1872 when Commander Meade and his ship, the uss Narragansett, arrived. The role of the United States in the Pacific was changing in the last third of the 19th Century, and Commander Meade’s motivations, influences, and actions illustrate the new wave of U.S. Pacific expansion during the years after the American Civil War.
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Stoker, Donald J. "Georg von Trapp: To the Last Salute: Memories of an Austrian U-Boat Commander (review)." Journal of Military History 71, no. 3 (2007): 936–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2007.0236.
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Kolpakov, P. A. "Daily Official Activities of V. F. von der Launitz, Last Commander of Separate Corps of Internal Guard." Nauchnyy dialog, no. 3 (2019): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2019-3-261-275.
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Amanat, Abbas. "The Downfall of Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir and the Problem of Ministerial Authority in Qajar Iran." International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 4 (1991): 577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800023424.
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On 11 November 1851, Nasir al-Din Shah (r. 1848—96), the 20-year-old Qajar ruler of Iran, dismissed from the post of premier his guardian-tutor (atābak) and brother-in-law Mirza Taqi Khan Farahani, Amir(-i) Nizam, better known to posterity as Amir Kabir. He allowed him to continue in the post of commander-in-chief of the army (amārat-i niẓām), however. “Since the office of the grand vizierate in volves too much labor,” the shah wrote to Amir Kabir, “and the burden of such a task was arduous for you. we have relieved you of this duty. You must continue as commander-in-chief with full confidence.”1 Only two months later, on 10 January 1852, Amir Kabir was secretly put to death in the Fin royal garden near Kashan, where he had spent the last days of his exile.
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Fei, LONG, KAN Yabin, and DENG Ke. "An Algorithm of Missile Incoming Area in Surface Warship Air Defense Operations." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 03068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817503068.
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Aiming at the algorithm of the enemy missile incoming area in surface warship air defense operations, this paper sets up the algorithm coordinate system, and distinguishes the position situation of both parties. Based on these, the paper defines the regional shape of the missile attack area, and establishes the calculation method. At last, it develops a demonstration verification program and supplies the application examples in various cases. The missile attack area can be calculated accurately with this algorithm, so it is able to effectively assist the commander to form scientific air defense plans.
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Clode, Linda. "A Crisis in Space — A Futuristic Simulation Using Creative Problem Solving." Gifted Child Today Magazine 15, no. 6 (1992): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107621759201500616.
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The architect looked solemnly out on the assembled voyagers. “The crack in the ship seems to be stabilized for the moment,” she said. “Our biggest concern is the loss of oxygen tanks which floated out through the crack on impact. Our emergency supplies should last until morning when I hope to have the area redesigned so that we can land to resupply.” The Commander gravely acknowledged her report and called on the rest of the group for comments before moving to the problems of the other members of his team.
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Sergushkin, Sergey. "“I am a Soldier; I Have Never Meddled in Politics and Do Not Meddle Now”: General A. E. Evert and the February Revolution." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.2.32224.
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The article focuses on the role of A. E. Evert, the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front, in the events of the February Revolution. Russia's top military leadership took a consolidated position on the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne, but the unity regarding the fate of the Empire's future was only an appearance. This is made clear through a detailed examination of the decisions made by Evert during the last crucial days for the Russian Empire and of his motives. The author pays particular attention to the period after the emperor’s abdication when, in the political vacuum, the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front changed his line of conduct and proposed the bold project of transferring the country's real political power under military control. The methodological basis of this study is the principles of historicism, systematicity and scientific objectivity, while also using the comparative and historical-genetic methods.  Evert considered the constitutional monarchy with Mikhail Alexandrovich on the throne as a worthy alternative to the forceful suppression of the revolution in the rear, which cannot be said about his view on the Provisional Government and the prospect of elections to the Constituent Assembly during the war. In this regard, the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front hoped, with the support of his colleagues, to impose his will on the rebellious capital. However, his project did not receive the necessary support, and his disloyalty to the Provisional Government led to his early resignation.
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Sultana, Samar, Muhammad Ali Junaid, and Asif Raza. "Life and Services The Holy Prophet (SAWW) During War and Period of Peace." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v1i1.489.
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To write few words regarding prophet of Islam is not an easy task. one should have total command over theprophet sayings (ahadith) and a literature of prophet biographies.For muslims he is not an ordinary men but a,leader,a statesmen,a military commander andthe spirtual leader.In reality he is considered more then all above mentioned titles. For them he is a last prophet and sealed of prophet Hood ship. Men who is divinely innocent by nature and instinction, a rightous men. Ths article focuses on the two aspects of prophet (P.B.U.H)) life during war and his daily life during the period of peace. This articlesdefine how he maintained morality with strategy in the battle fields and preserved his kindness,humbleness and austerity during peace writer expresses his views that prophet (P.B.U.H) follows and observes rights of men (huqooq al abad) that is islamic predecessoring alternatives to western concept of human rights. It also reveiw the crtitical point of view presented by orientalist and retaliates their objection in philosophical manners and tried his level best to use authentic prophet sayings.
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Kazakov, Mikhail. "The Beginning of the Last Dynasty of the Roman Empire." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 4 (52) (December 16, 2020): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-52-4-220-236.
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The article focuses on the principles and mechanisms of the supreme
 power transition from one ruler of the Roman Empire to another one and on
 Theodosius’ the Great accession to power. Hereditary monarchy principle was
 not always basic in the history of imperial Rome in spite of dynasties. Actually, throughout the era of the Empire, the army proclaimed each new emperor; also, the recognition of the legal heir required the soldiers’ approval. An attempt to create an artificial mechanism, presented by the system of tetrarchy, failed,
 therefore after Constantine the supreme power transition by hereditary principle seemed to be affirmed. However, the sudden death of Julian, who had no heirs, made the Empire return to the choice of emperor by the army. It led to the establishment of the Valentinian dynasty. After the Battle of Adrianople and the death of the eastern emperor Valens, the power succession problem was resolved in an unexpected way: Spaniard Theodosius, retired military commander was proclaimed the new emperor
 and he was the third one, because two Augusti from the Valentinian dynasty had already existed. The circumstances of his rise and accession to power are differently covered in the sources and do not allow researches to make firm conclusions
 about how it actually happened. As is often the case in history, not the only one factor could play a role, but their combination and intermingle. Theodosius had founded a dynasty, which remained in power for almost a century and which could be considered the last dynasty of the Roman Empire that reigned both in western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire.
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Young, Alden. "Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History (bt Mona Hassan)." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 36, no. 2 (2019): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v36i2.588.
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In her superbly learned book, Mona Hassan sets out to explain the enduring meaning of Muslim lamentations after two of the greatest Muslim caliphates were abolished in 1258 and 1924 CE. 1258 marks the date when the last Abbasid Caliph, al-Musta‘sim, knelt before the Mongol Commander Hulegu outside the walls of Baghdad, shortly before he was executed. Hassan is not here directly concerned with the history of either the Abbasid Caliphate or the Mongol conquest; rather, she seeks to understand what was a novel problem for the Muslim community, namely, the absence of a caliph, which then lasted three and a half years.
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Estes, James A., Alexander Burdin, and Daniel F. Doak. "Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller’s sea cow." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 4 (2015): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502552112.
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The late Pleistocene extinction of so many large-bodied vertebrates has been variously attributed to two general causes: rapid climate change and the effects of humans as they spread from the Old World to previously uninhabited continents and islands. Many large-bodied vertebrates, especially large apex predators, maintain their associated ecosystems through top-down forcing processes, especially trophic cascades, and megaherbivores also exert an array of strong indirect effects on their communities. Thus, a third possibility for at least some of the Pleistocene extinctions is that they occurred through habitat changes resulting from the loss of these other keystone species. Here we explore the plausibility of this mechanism, using information on sea otters, kelp forests, and the recent extinction of Steller's sea cows from the Commander Islands. Large numbers of sea cows occurred in the Commander Islands at the time of their discovery by Europeans in 1741. Although extinction of these last remaining sea cows during early years of the Pacific maritime fur trade is widely thought to be a consequence of direct human overkill, we show that it is also a probable consequence of the loss of sea otters and the co-occurring loss of kelp, even if not a single sea cow had been killed directly by humans. This example supports the hypothesis that the directly caused extinctions of a few large vertebrates in the late Pleistocene may have resulted in the coextinction of numerous other species.
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Fisher, Alan. "Three Meditations on the Destruction of Vergil's Statue: The Early Humanist Theory of Poetry." Renaissance Quarterly 40, no. 4 (1987): 607–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2862444.
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On the last day of August, 1397, Carlo Malatesta, Count of Rimini and commander of the Florentine League, won a battle outside Mantua. He entered the city and shortly afterward ordered the destruction of a statue of Vergil which had stood there “for centuries” upon the poet's tomb. In Bologna and Florence, humanists were alarmed. Carlo was no ordinary military vandal: he was a cultivated man, trained in the virtues of the bonae litterae; members of his family had been friends with Petrarch; the chief men of his league were enthusiastic about the new literary culture. Yet here he was, desecrating the memory of the king of poets. To desecrate Vergil was to desecrate poetry itself—or so the humanists construed it when they responded to the event.
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Gu, Hong Qiang, Hui Song, and Cheng Zhang. "Study on Supply Chain Performance Evaluation Method of Equipment Spare Parts." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.553.
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Conducting the performance evaluation of equipment supports parts supply chain timely and accurately can provide reliable information for equipment support commander to adjust equipment spare parts inventory policy. Fuzzy comprehensive hierarchy analysis method is used to evaluate the supply chain performance of equipment spare parts. The performance evaluation index system of equipment spare supply chain is established firstly based on the analysis of all the influence factors. The application steps of fuzzy comprehensive hierarchy analysis method to supply chain performance evaluation are illustrated in detail. A performance evaluation example is conducted at last. The evaluation result demonstrates that the provided method can give the performance level, which verifies the correctness and validity of the proposed method and provides an efficient method for supply chain performance evaluation of equipment spare parts.
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Kolchanov, Vladimir Viktorovich. "“Aleksandr Semenovich Rokk”: chief commander of The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army S.S. Kamenev and his surroundings in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov “The Fatal Eggs”." Neophilology 4, no. 15 (2018): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2018-4-15-39-53.
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The historical and political prototypes are the material for the creation of bright and memorable images in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov “Fatal eggs” are described: A.S. Rokk (chief commander of the Workers' And Peasants' Red Army S.S. Kamenev), Polaitis (Marshal M.N. Tukhachevsky), Shchukin (A.I. Egorov), “red-moustached driver” (a talented scientist-inventor, engineer of III rank P.K. Oshchepkov). We determine theatrical and genre sources that influenced the creation of images: mystery, farce, buffo, pantomime. The text satirical and grotesque nature the is investigated. In the framework of the farce and buffo the First Moscow process where the prototypes are is considered. The composition and genre issues are touched upon, the problem of attribution of the story is raised. To the source base of the work are added: occult novel by A. Crowley “Moonchild”, stories by A. Schnitzler “Rock”, U. Allen “Fatal Experience”, R. Market “Invention of Professor Carter”, R. Presber “Last Feast of the Last of Birkovich”, B. Lavrenev “The Child Gregory”. References to the iconic systems of the Egyptian “Book of the Dead” and the collection of Arab fairy tales “One Thousand and One Nights” are used.
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Kolchanov, Vladimir Viktorovich. "“ALEKSANDR SEMENOVICH ROKK”: CHIEF COMMANDER OF THE WORKERS’ AND PEASANTS’ RED ARMY S.S. KAMENEV AND HIS SURROUNDINGS IN THE NOVEL BY M. BULGAKOV “THE FATAL EGGS”." Neophilology, no. 16 (2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2018-4-16-65-72.
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The historical and political prototypes are the material for the creation of bright and memorable images in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov “Fatal eggs” are described: A.S. Rokk (chief commander of the Workers' And Peasants' Red Army S.S. Kamenev), Polaitis (Marshal M.N. Tukhachevsky), Shchukin (A.I. Egorov), “red-moustached driver” (a talented scientist-inventor, engineer of III rank P.K. Oshchepkov). We determine theatrical and genre sources that influenced the creation of images: mystery, farce, buffo, pantomime. The text satirical and grotesque nature the is investigated. In the framework of the farce and buffo the First Moscow process where the prototypes are is considered. The composition and genre issues are touched upon, the problem of attribution of the story is raised. To the source base of the work are added: occult novel by A. Crowley “Moonchild”, stories by A. Schnitzler “Rock”, U. Allen “Fatal Experience”, R. Market “Invention of Professor Carter”, R. Presber “Last Feast of the Last of Birkovich”, B. Lavrenev “The Child Gregory”. References to the iconic systems of the Egyptian “Book of the Dead” and the collection of Arab fairy tales “One Thousand and One Nights” are used.
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Стојић, Биљана. "СОЛУНСКИ ФРОНТ У МЕМОАРСКИМ БЕЛЕШКАМА ГЕНЕРАЛА МОРИСА САРАЈА И МАРШАЛА ФРАНШЕ Д’ЕПЕРЕА THESSALONIKI FRONT IN MEMOIRS OF GENERAL MAURICE SARRAIL AND MARSHAL FRANCHET D’ESPEREY". Историјски часопис, № 69/2020 (30 грудня 2020): 443–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34298/ic2069443s.
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У раду смо на основу дневничких бележака двојице француских официра, генерала Мориса Сараја и маршала Франше Д’Епереа дали приказ Солунског фронта и рата на Балкану у периоду од јесени 1915. када је фронт успостављен до његовог пробоја у септембру 1918. године. Морис Сарај је био први заповедник Источне армије (јул 1915 – децембар 1917) док је Франше Д’Епере био њен трећи и последњи командант (јун 1918 – јул 1920). Реч је о двојици по свему различитим историјским личностима чија ће нам компаративна анализа омогућити свеобухватно разматрање рата на Балкану и однос Савезника према овом, за њих, другоразредном фронту. У фокусу нашег истраживања су њихов однос и сарадња са српском војском, као и њихово виђење улоге и значаја Солунског фронта у свеукупној победи Антанте над Централним силама у Првом светском рату. Based on memoirs of two French officers – General Maurice Sarrail and Marshal Franchet D’Esperèy, the paper gives an overview of the Thessaloniki front and the war in the Balkans from autumn 1915, when the front was established, until its breakthrough in September 1918. Maurice Sarrail was the first commander-in-chief of L’Armée d’Orient (July 1915 – December 1917) and Franchet D’Esperèy was its third and last commander (June 1918 – July 1920). These are two entirely different historical personalities and the comparative analysis of them will enable us to comprehensively examine the war in the Balkans and the Allies’ attitude towards this, in their view, second-rate front. Our research focuses on their relationship and cooperation with the Serbian army, and their view of the role and importance of the Thessaloniki front in the Entente’s victory over the Central Powers in the First World War.
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Jurewicz, Aldona Rita, and Konrad Tomasz Tadajczyk. "‘EDICTUM CLAUDII DE CIVITATE VOLUBILITANORUM’." Zeszyty Prawnicze 13, no. 2 (2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2013.13.2.03.
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‘EDICTUM CLAUDII DE CIVITATE VOLUBILITANORUM’Summary‘Edictum Claudii de civitate Volubilitanorum’ is an inscription placed on the pediment of the statue dedicated to Marcus Valerius Severus, son of Bostar. He was the commander of the auxiliary units during the war against Aedemon. The statue was set up by Valerius’s wife Fabia Bira. The inscription contains enumeration of the privileges having been granted by Claudius to the inhabitants of Volubilis. This bestowal of rights appears to have been the emperor’s acknowledgment of the assistance the inhabitants of Volubilis rendered the Romans against Aedemon’s rebellion after the death of Ptolemy, the last king of Mauretania. The rebels rose up following the murder of their king by Caligula and the subsequent incorporation of their country in the Roman Empire. However, the Volubilians supported the Romans. The emperor granted them Roman citizenship and the right to marry nonRoman women, while the town itself was allowed to acquire the estates of inhabitants who had died without leaving an heir (bona vacantia).
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Gotovetsky, Pavel. "A war hero or a Hitler soldier?" Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 39 (June 16, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2019.39.50-57.
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The article is devoted to the biography of General Pavlo Shandruk, an Ukrainian officer who served as a Polish contract officer in the interwar period and at the beginning of the World War II, and in 1945 became the organizer and commander of the Ukrainian National Army fighting alongside the Third Reich in the last months of the war. The author focuses on the symbolic event of 1961, which was the decoration of General Shandruk with the highest Polish (émigré) military decoration – the Virtuti Militari order, for his heroic military service in 1939. By describing the controversy and emotions among Poles and Ukrainians, which accompanied the award of the former Hitler's soldier, the author tries to answer the question of how the General Shandruk’s activities should be assessed in the perspective of the uneasy Twentieth-Century Polish-Ukrainian relations.
 Keywords: Pavlo Shandruk, Władysław Anders, Virtuti Militari, Ukrainian National Army, Ukrainian National Committee, contract officer.
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Selján, Péter. "Military Intervention and Changing Balance of Power in Libya." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public 19, no. 3 (2020): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2020.3.5.
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Libya has sunk into chaos since Muammar Gaddafi was deposed by a Western-led military intervention in 2011. Since then, the Libyan crisis has escalated into an internationalised armed conflict, and a major power struggle between Turkey, Qatar, Italy, and Russia, Egypt, France, and the United Arab Emirates. In the last few years, General Khalifa Haftar has become Libya’s most prominent military commander, who is now ruling the eastern part of the country, as the head of the Libyan National Army. His military offensive, launched in April 2019, to capture the capital Tripoli forced Turkey to help the UN-backed Government of National Accord to avoid defeat. But Haftar too received additional military support, especially from Abu Dhabi and Moscow. This escalated the conflict even further, spurring Ankara for another, this time more consequential intervention, which was able to change the local balance of power, so diplomatic efforts and the peace process could get another chance.
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ANSON, EDWARD. "The General's Pre-Battle Exhortation in Graeco-Roman Warfare." Greece and Rome 57, no. 2 (2010): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383510000045.
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The first-century-AD philosopher Onasander (Strategikos 1.13, 15) comments that a general must be a good and effective speaker in order to encourage his men before battle, and ancient historians on occasion have commanders address large audiences of soldiers in an age when there was no artificial amplification of the human voice. In 1993, and reiterated in 1998, Mogens Hansen argued that the extensive pre-battle ‘speech’ found in our sources was, if given at all, only ‘a few apophthegms that could be shouted by the general as he traversed the line, or a speech made to the officers only who passed it on to the soldiers’. He accepts that a general often addressed his troops in camp or in parade formation; his objection solely relates to those speeches ostensibly given immediately before battle to troops already arrayed for combat. For Hansen, ‘a brief exhortation of the troops, unit by unit, while the commander walked along the front is probably all the historical reality [one] may expect to find behind the fully-fledged speeches reported by the historians’, these being a ‘literary composition and not the historian's report of a speech which had actually been made’. In Hanson's view, unless the harangues were given to troops in camp, or to individual units in battle formation, or, perhaps, to small military forces, these speeches could not have been given as reported. With respect to the last possibility, Hansen only rather reluctantly acknowledges that Thrasybulus' speech delivered to approximately 1000 Athenian insurgents in 404 BC, and reported by Xenophon (Hell. 2.4.10–12), ‘is possibly right’.
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Dermer, Philip J. "Trip Notes on a Return to Israel and The West Bank: Reflections on U.S. Peacemaking, the Security Mission, and What Should be Done." Journal of Palestine Studies 39, no. 3 (2010): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.3.66.
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The following document, previously unpublished, was written in March 2010 by a recently retired ( June 2009) U.S. Army colonel with thirty years experience in the Middle East, including tours of duty and advisory roles (in both military/security and civilian domains) from North Africa to the Persian Gulf. The subject of the informal report is the author's first two trips as a "civilian" to Israel and the West Bank, where he had served two tours of duty, most recently as U.S. military attachéé in Tel Aviv during Israel's 2005 unilateral disengagement from Gaza and the formation of the U.S. Security Coordinator's (USSC) mission to reform Palestinian Authority (PA) security forces. Written as an internal document for military colleagues and government circles, the report has been circulating widely——as did the author's earlier briefings on travel or missions in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, and especially Iraq——among White House senior staff, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Defense Intelligence Agency, CENTCOM (U.S. Central Command), EUCOM (U.S. European Command), and the USSC team. The document's focus is the state of the "peace process" and the current situation in the West Bank, with particular attention to the PA security forces and the changes on the ground since the author's last tour there ended in mid-2007. But the real interest of the paper lies in the message directed at its intended audience of military and government policy officials——that is, its frank assessment of the deficiencies of the U.S. peace effort and the wider U.S. policy-making system in the Israel-Palestine arena, with particular emphasis on the disconnect between the situation on the ground and the process led by Washington. The critique has special resonance in light of the emerging new thinking in the administration fueled by the military high command's unhappiness (expressed by CENTCOM commander General David Petraeus and Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman Admiral Michael Mullen) with the State Department's handling of Middle East diplomacy, especially with regard to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, on the grounds that diplomatic failures are having a negative impact on U.S. operations elsewhere in the region. For most JPS readers, the report has additional interest as an insider's view of the U.S. security presence in the Israel-Palestine arena. It also reflects a military approach that is often referenced but largely absent in public discourse and academic writings. The author, in addition to his tours of duty and peacekeeping missions in various Middle Eastern countries, has served as advisor to two U.S. special Middle East envoys, the U.S. negotiating team with Syria, General Petraeus, Lieutenant General Keith Dayton, Vice President Dick Cheney, and, more generally, to CENTCOM, the Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, among others. In retirement, he has worked with CENTCOM as a key primary subject matter expert in the development of analyses and solutions for its area of responsibility, leads predeployment briefings for army units heading to Iraq, and travels frequently to Iraq and elsewhere in the region as an independent consultant. He is currently in Afghanistan with the CENTCOM commander's Afghanistan-Pakistan Center of Excellence. The report, made available to JPS, is being published with the author's permission.
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Elam, Üyesi Nilgün, and Alexandra-Kyriaki Wassiliou-Seibt. "Ist Andronikos Synadenos um die Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts in normannische Gefangenschaft geraten?" Byzantinische Zeitschrift 114, no. 1 (2021): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2021-9007.
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Abstract The museum of Trebizond houses a seal with a metrical legend of special interest, documenting a Synadenos, who had for some time been in a Sicilian prison but managed to escape, and thanks the apostle Thomas for this liberation. He might be Andronikos Synadenos, the husband of Theodora Komnene, a daughter of Alexios I, who served with distinction as general and as diplomat. As a military commander he maintained order in several border regions such as Dyrrachion, Niš, Cyprus, and finally Trebizond. The legend of the seal enhances the information from his epitaph which is known from Codex Marc. gr. 574: Synadenos must have been taken prisoner as dux of Dyrrachion, either at the fights during the Second Crusade in 1147/49, or during the failed expedition to Southern Italy; it ended in 1158 by a peace treaty which included an exchange of prisoners. The seal stems from Synadenos’ last post in his military career as dux of Trapezunt (before 1179), since it was found there. A parallel piece, also published in this article, is nowadays in Dumbarton Oaks.
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Lutikov, A. I., E. A. Rogozhin, G. Yu Donzova, and V. N. Zhukovez. "Earthquake july 17, 2017, Mw = 7.8 near the Komandorsky islands and strong seismic manifestations in the western segment of Aleut island arc." Вулканология и сейсмология, no. 2 (April 21, 2019): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0203-03062019252-66.
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The tectonic position, seismological characteristics and features of the aftershock process of the source of the strongest Near-Aleutian earthquake on July 17, 2017 on the Commander Islands with Мw = 7.8 are considered. The analysis showed that the seismic source according to the distribution of aftershock epicenters in the form of a linearly elongated narrow zone with a length of about 400 km almost completely occupied the northern slope of the Commander island elevation and was located in the Bering fault zone. It covered the whole of this seismic-generating zone up to the transverse structure to the west of the Near Islands (Attu is.). In accordance with the focal mechanisms solution and the nature of the displacements in the foci of the main shock, the strongest foreshocks and aftershocks, the shift in the source was an almost pure right-sided shift. The aftershock process of the July 17 earthquake developed quite enough inertly for an earthquake of such strength. In addition, it has two features in comparison with the aftershock processes of most of the Kuril-Kamchatka earthquakes: 1) low release of the cumulative scalar seismic moment (M0cum aft), which according to various estimates was from 0.75% to 1.0% of the seismic moment of the main shock (M0me); 2) a very slow increase in the deficit in the release of the seismic moment (M0). At the same time, the duration of the quasi-stationary phase of M0cum release in aftershocks, estimated at about ½ year and covering a significant part of the duration of the entire aftershock process of this earthquake, seems unusually long. These features of the aftershock process of the Middle Aleutian earthquake on July 17, 2017 distinguish it from the aftershock processes characteristic of most strong Kuril-Kamchatka earthquakes. In general, its source can be considered as a transform between the two Benioff zones – Aleutian and Kuril-Kamchatka, and not subduction, that is characterise the last two.
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Lutikov, A. I., E. A. Rogozhin, G. Yu Donzova, and V. N. Zhukovez. "Earthquake july 17, 2017, Mw = 7.8 near the Komandorsky islands and strong seismic manifestations in the western segment of Aleut island arc." Вулканология и сейсмология, no. 2 (April 21, 2019): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0205-96142019252-66.
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The tectonic position, seismological characteristics and features of the aftershock process of the source of the strongest Near-Aleutian earthquake on July 17, 2017 on the Commander Islands with Мw = 7.8 are considered. The analysis showed that the seismic source according to the distribution of aftershock epicenters in the form of a linearly elongated narrow zone with a length of about 400 km almost completely occupied the northern slope of the Commander island elevation and was located in the Bering fault zone. It covered the whole of this seismic-generating zone up to the transverse structure to the west of the Near Islands (Attu is.). In accordance with the focal mechanisms solution and the nature of the displacements in the foci of the main shock, the strongest foreshocks and aftershocks, the shift in the source was an almost pure right-sided shift. The aftershock process of the July 17 earthquake developed quite enough inertly for an earthquake of such strength. In addition, it has two features in comparison with the aftershock processes of most of the Kuril-Kamchatka earthquakes: 1) low release of the cumulative scalar seismic moment (M0cum aft), which according to various estimates was from 0.75% to 1.0% of the seismic moment of the main shock (M0me); 2) a very slow increase in the deficit in the release of the seismic moment (M0). At the same time, the duration of the quasi-stationary phase of M0cum release in aftershocks, estimated at about ½ year and covering a significant part of the duration of the entire aftershock process of this earthquake, seems unusually long. These features of the aftershock process of the Middle Aleutian earthquake on July 17, 2017 distinguish it from the aftershock processes characteristic of most strong Kuril-Kamchatka earthquakes. In general, its source can be considered as a transform between the two Benioff zones – Aleutian and Kuril-Kamchatka, and not subduction, that is characterise the last two.
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FINLAY, ROBERT. "MOLLY GREENE, A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000). Pp. 228." International Journal of Middle East Studies 35, no. 4 (2003): 644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743803280260.
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In 1669, after twenty-four years of devastating war, Venice surrendered the island of Crete to the Ottoman Turks. As a Venetian commander described it, Crete was “the most beautiful crown to adorn the head of the Most Serene Republic” (p. 4). It was a grievous loss for Venice, which did not resign itself to the loss of its beautiful crown for another fifty years, until the end of the last Ottoman–Venetian war in 1718. The period of early Ottoman rule between 1669 and 1718 is the subject of Molly Greene's excellent study. Her emphasis throughout is on multiple identities, mixed narratives, hybrid solutions, cross-cutting allegiances, and historical continuity. Along with historians such as Leslie Pierce and Jane Hathaway, she rejects the model of Ottoman decline, styling it a “meat-grinder” (p. 20) of a thesis that focuses on a weak sultanate and ignores both the complexity and vitality of Ottoman imperial governance. She also rejects the notion that the transition from Venetian to Ottoman control in Crete marked a sharp dividing line, an event that helped wring the ambiguity out of the Mediterranean world (p. 5).
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Měřička, Matěj. "Vilém Gabler’s Library and Alexander the Great." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 61, no. 1-2 (2016): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amnpsc-2017-0021.
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Abstract The article is divided into three parts. The first one aims to present the figure of Vilém Gabler, a close colleague of Karel Havlíček and František Ladislav Rieger, as a person important for the beginnings of Czech–French relations and for the spread of the knowledge of the Czech language and culture in the Czech milieu. The second part is devoted to the summary of previous research and the reconstruction of the personal library of Vilém Gabler, scattered in the central collection of the National Museum Library. The last, third part discusses Gabler’s article Alexander Veliký [Alexander the Great], written in reaction to the work Alexandre le Grand from the pen of Alphonse de Lamartine and under the impression of the events of 1859. Despite its thematic focus on the ancient commander, it provides abundant information on the author’s view of the recent Austrian-Czech past as well as present. It thus shows a man with his own world of opinion and moral schemes created based on his own experience from 1848 and strongly influenced by the study of French history, especially the period after 1789.
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Dysart, Jane E., Frank Laumer, and John K. Mahon. "Dade's Last Command." Journal of Southern History 62, no. 2 (1996): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2211813.
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Spiller, Ronald L., and Frank Laumer. "Dade's Last Command." Journal of the Early Republic 15, no. 2 (1995): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3123930.
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Lanzinger, Daniel. "Alcimus’ Last Command." Journal for the Study of Judaism 46, no. 1 (2015): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12340095.
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The note in 1 Maccabees 9:54 that the high priest Alcimus ordered the destruction of the wall of the inner temple court is taken by most scholars as a description of a historical event. This paper, however, suggests that the note should rather be read as part of a pro-Maccabean propaganda which serves to defame Alcimus. It is argued that, from a historical perspective, it was not Alcimus but Judas who was responsible for serious damage at the temple precinct as a result of his unsuccessful military operation against the Seleucid Acra (6:18-54). The author of 1 Maccabees tries to downplay this event and to villainise Alcimus by calling destruction what was actually restoration. The paper ends with a comparison to two other passages in 1 Maccabees (4:44-46 and 5:55-62) which shows that the suggested understanding of 9:54 fits well the strategies of legitimisation and delegitimisation that can be found throughout the book.
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Sofjin, Dmitriy M., and Marina V. Sofjina. "Review of the Personal Fund of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich in the State Archive of the Russian Federation." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2021): 891–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-891-903.
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This article presents an overview of the personal fund of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, a member of the Russian Imperial House, the younger brother of Emperor Alexander III, an outstanding state, military and public figure who held the posts of Moscow Governor-General, Commander of the Moscow Military District, Chairman of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society. The fund, formed and described in the Soviet era, contains 160 cases, including youth and adult personal diaries of the fund-builder, epistolary, educational and official documents, photographs and other illustrative materials, and other documents. Various groups of storage units of the fund are analyzed, the features of each group and its information potential, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the materials, the source analysis of the most important documents is given. Special attention is paid to the diaries of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich and the letters of his correspondents, among which the most significant historical sources should be recognized as the letters of his nephew, Emperor Nicholas II, his cousin and friend, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, Ober-Procurator of the Most Holy Synod Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a former teacher of the fund-builder. These documents, among other things, cover important issues of state policy, show the behind-the-scenes side of making certain decisions in the leadership of the country. The fund also deposited letters and telegrams from other outstanding Russian figures – Alexander III, Commander-in-Chief of the Guard Troops and the Petersburg Military District Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, Minister of the Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve, Minister of War Aleksey Kuropatkin, Minister of Justice Nikolay Muravyov, Metropolitan Sergius of Moscow. Among the official documents, it is particularly necessary to highlight the reports of the Moscow commandant to Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich as the Moscow Governor-General, given at the time of celebrations during the coronation of Nicholas II. These materials shed additional light on the organizational aspects of the last coronation in the history of the Russian Empire. The fund has a fairly extensive collection of illustrative material, primarily photographs, including photographs taken personally by Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich. A significant array of storage units of the fund has already been put into scientific circulation, and some materials have been published. At the same time, many documents still require research.
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Van Den Donk, Hesther. "Een Middelburgs tapijt aan de vergetelheid ontrukt: The last fight of the Revenge, 1598." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 108, no. 2 (1994): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501794x00378.
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AbstractSix tapestries depict the resistance of Zeeland's Sea Beggars to the Spaniards during the Eighty Years' War. Between 1572 and 1576 the fight for freedom was waged in the Scheldt delta. In 1591 the Estates of Zeeland ordered the first tapestry, a representation of the battle of Bergen op Zoom, from Francois Spierinx, a weaver in Delft. When it arrived in 1595, the Estates decided to have a series of tapestries made for the Prinsenlogement, or royal apartments, in Middelburg Abbey. The five tapestries were woven in the De Maecht workshop in less than ten years. Four of them, representing naval engagements, were designed by Hendrick Cornelisz. Vroom: The Battle of Rammekens, The Battle of Lillo, The Battle of Zierikzee and The Battle of Den Haak. The fifth, the Arms Tapestry, was woven after a design by Carel van Mander. Lord Charles Howard of Effingham, Earl of Nottingham (1536-1624) ordered from Spierinx a series of ten tapestries depicting the English victory over the Spanish Armada. These tapestries, which had hung in the House of Lords since 1650, were destroyed in a fire at the Houses of Parliament in 1834. Vroom based his designs for the Armada tapestries on maps by Robert Adams, engraved by Augustine Ryther. Compared with the Armada series, the composition of the Zeeland tapestries is fluent and vigorous. Vroom had actually visited Zeeland and spoken with eye-witnesses such as Joos dc Moor. The silhouettes of the towns are rendered in detail. Lord Thomas Howard ordered The Last Fight of the Revenge, dated 1598, from the De Maecht workshop in Middelburg. This fairly unknown tapestry, in a private collection since 1934, was on show at the Armada exhibition in the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich in 1988. It was erroneously presumed to have been woven by Spierinx in Brussels. Spierinx, however, came from Antwerp, and moved to Delft in 1591. In view of the dating and an art-historical comparison, an attribution to the Dc Maccht workshop is more likely. Hendrick Vroom designed The Revenge. It bears a marked resemblance to the Zierikzee and Den Haak tapestries in the Zeeland series; the border, too, is similar. Wool, silk, gold and silver thread were used. The latter were costly materials and rarely used in North Netherlandish tapestry production. The tapestry may have been ordered to commemorate Sir Richard Grenville's valiant action. On August 31 1591 Admiral Howard led his fleet to the Azores, off Pico island. His intention was to intercept a Spanish treasure fleet on its return voyage from the West. However, the English were taken by surprise by Armada ships. Howard ordered the retreat, but Grenville, vice-admiral and commander of the Revenge, ignored these orders. He engaged in battle with the attackers, was wounded and died on the Spanish flagship. The composition, a bird's-eye view, of the Revenge tapestry, bears a strong resemblance to the Zierikzee (1599-1603) and Den Haak (1600-1602) tapestries, both of which were woven under the supervision of Hendrick de Maecht, Jan de Maecht's successor. The borders of the tapestries woven in Middelburg echo Spierinx's Bergen op Zoom. The colours in the Bergen op Zoom tapestry are bright and soft, the figures are plastic and the surround merges harmoniously with the representation. Unfortunately this cannot be said of the Zeeland borders. Various alterations in the border of the Revenge mar the harmony and symmetry. The word 'Anno' and the year in the top corners are in the wrong order. In view of the woven rendering of the composition, the use of dark colours and the rather clumsy borders, The Last Fight of The Revenge is more likely to have come from Hendrick de Maecht's studio than from Jan de Maecht's. The latter's products are distinguished by the use of lighter colours and more accurate weaving, as is particularly evident in De Battle of Rammekens and to a lesser extent in The Battle of Lillo.
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Fox, Robert Elliot. "The Legend of the Rockhills and Other Stories, and: The Remains of the Last Emperor, and: Bulletin from the Land of the Living Ghosts: Romance in the Reign of Commander Cobra (review)." Research in African Literatures 34, no. 3 (2003): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ral.2003.0063.
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Wagstaff, J. M. "Colonel Leake and the Classical Topography of Asia Minor." Anatolian Studies 37 (December 1987): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642888.
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Almost everyone interested in the classical topography of Asia Minor is acquainted with the name of Leake. To Ramsay (1890, 51) he was “the greatest of modern topographers”. But few will know more than that he was a scholar to be reckoned with when attempting to locate classical sites or reconstruct ancient topographies. This paper outlines his career and his work on Asia Minor.Colonel Leake (Plate II a), as he was generally known during the last 47 years of his life, was born in Bolton Row, off Bolton Street, Piccadilly, on 14 January, 1777. The family name was actually Martin-Leake. It was adopted by William's great-grandfather, Captain Stephen Martin, in 1721 after he had inherited much of the property of his life-long friend, brother-in-law and commander, Sir John Leake (1656–1720), Rear-Admiral of Great Britain (Markham 1895). William's grandfather, after a spell in the Navy Office, became a herald (1727) and finally (1754) Garter King of Arms. Stephen Martin Leake, in fact, was one of the great holders of that office. Not only did he save the College of Arms from foundering, but he also launched it on a major phase of revival. He was a considerable heraldic scholar, as well (Noble 1805, 408–14; Wagner 1967, 380–406). Garter's second son, and William's father, was John Martin Leake (1739–1836).
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David, Stephen. "Lack of Return in Nigeria-Biafra Civil War Literature." Matatu 50, no. 1 (2018): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-05001007.
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AbstractWhen the Nigeria-Biafra civil war ended in July 1970, the Commander in Chief of the Federal Army, General Yakubu Gowon, declared that there was “no victor no vanquished” and, consequently, drew an iron curtain on a painful historical moment. This closure foreclosed further engagements with the events of the war in a manner that imposed a “code of silence” on its historiography. However, in the face of this silence and the silencing of public remembrances, private remembrances have continued to bloom. And in recent times, these remembrance(s) have fertilized a virulent demand for secession. I argue that literary accounts of the conflict question its ‘closure’ through what I call ‘lack of return.’ Relying on Van der Merwe and Gobodo-Madikizela’s conception of narratives as spaces of healing, I engage in a close reading of one fictional account—Saro-Wiwa’s Sozaboy—and two memoirs—Achebe’s There Was a Country and Chukwurah’s The Last Train to Biafra—to examine how narratives of Biafra call attention to the persistent freshness of the wounds and trauma of the war by creating stories that lack denouement. I find that in these texts, the silencing of ordnance doesn’t herald a return home—whether spatially or mentally. Consequently, these stories could be read as palimpsests that reveal a need for spaces of narrative engagements, abreaction, and healing.
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Rutkoff, Peter. "Two-Bass Hit: Baseball and New York, 1945–1960." Prospects 20 (October 1995): 285–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300006098.
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As a youngster, Art Rust, Jr., one of New York's first prominent black sportscasters, lived on St. Nicholas Avenue, a stone's throw equally from Minton's and Monroe's, the after-hours clubs where Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk created bebop, and the Polo Grounds, home of the New York Giants. Rust remembered the day in the 1930s when “Billy the Cop,” just off duty, told Rust's father that Giant manager Bill Terry, the last National League player to hit over 400, complained to the precinct commander. Terry didn't want any “nigger cops” patrolling the Polo Grounds, at least not near the executive entrances. Almost twenty years later, in the early 1950s, George Weiss, the general manager of the New York Yankees, a team whose Ruthian dominance prevailed in the Stadium, built with intentional perversity within eyesight of the Polo Grounds just across the East River in the South Bronx, responded to charges that the Yankees had failed to sign black players. In private, Weiss said, “I will never allow a black man to wear a Yankee uniform. Boxholders from Westchester don't want that sort of crowd. They would be offended to have to sit with niggers.” Publicly, in the spring of 1952, he responded that the team had been looking long and hard for a black player, “good enough to make the Yankees.” Weiss's accuser, Jackie Robinson, then entering his sixth season with the Brooklyn Dodgers, rejoined, “Bullshit.”
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ROMANIUK, Mykhailo. "THE LIFE PATH OF IVAN CHERVAK («DNISTROVYI») - A KNIGHT OF THE SILVER CROSS OF MERIT OF THE UKRAINIAN INSURGENT ARMY." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 33 (2020): 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2020-33-352-363.
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The research deals with the life and military path of Ivan Chervak («Dnistrovyi») (1923–1953). He was a leading person of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists' Youth department in Stanislaviv region (now - Ivano-Frankivsk region), a political educator at the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UIA), one of the leaders of the OUN's armed underground in Zakerzonnia, the commander of a courier group that provided communication on the «Carpathians-Zakerzonnia–western zones of German occupation» line, and the Zolochiv district leader. By the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council's decision and the Main Team of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, I. Chervak was awarded the Silver Cross of Merit because of selfless work and struggle for the Ukrainian state. Particular attention is paid to forming the future leader's personality, family upbringing, and education. I. Chervak's administrative workin the OUN, UIA divisions, the OUN's armed underground, his career growth from an ordinary member to the head of one of the most important structural units of the Ukrainian liberation movement of 1940-1950 in Western Ukraine was analyzed. The author determined pseudonyms and cryptonyms used by I. Chervak, being in an illegal position and acting in the UIA ranks and the OUN underground, under which he was noted by the USLC, which he signed memoirs and journalistic articles. Activities of the Soviet repressive and punitive system to identify I. Chervak and attempt to liquidate him with agents and military-chekist operations were recreated. The last activities of the district leader and OUN battle groups that covered him have been revealed in detail, and the circumstances that led to his death together with the typist Stefaniia Virlyk («Kalyna») and the last battle of the Knight of the OUN and UIA. Keywords: Ivan Chervak, «Dnistrovyi», «Oles», Silver Cross of Merit of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Knight of the OUN and UIA, Zolochiv District of the OUN, Zakerzonnia, armed underground of the OUN.
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Hadi, Salah Mahdi, and Noor Abdul-Ilah Ajrash. "Iraq and the mutual accumulation strategy between the international and regional powers: The United States of America and Iran are a model." Tikrit Journal For Political Science, no. 21 (September 28, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i21.236.
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The rules of (mutual accumulation strategy) overshadow the history of the crisis relations between the United States of America and Iran four decades ago, and if we recall that, we will notice several collision joints between the two parties, starting with the hostage crisis of the American embassy in Iran from 4/11/1979 to 20 / 1/1981 AD, to the "Marines" attempt to storm this embassy in an operation called "Eagle Claw" on 4/24/1980 AD, to the tanker war in the eighties of the last century, to the exchange of downing drones in 2019, and finally what happened between the United States The United States and Iran from the moment targeting (Qassem Soleimani), commander of the "Quds Force" on 1/3/2020, until the Iranian missile response and targeting of the American forces in the two "Ain al-Assad" bases in Anbar province, and the "Harir" base in Arbil province on 1/8/ 2020 AD, all of this falls within the context of (mutual accumulation strategy) between the two parties, without going to a comprehensive confrontation through war or a knockout, because the logic of war or comprehensive confrontation is outside the political and military mindsets of the two parties, and the meaning of all of this is that turmoil forms the basis of the relationship between the states The The United States and Iran, because the turmoil and the limited clash with it through mutual strikes, do not necessarily lead to an open clash.
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Khismatulin, Alexey A. "The Fustat al-‘adala’s relation to the Siyar al-muluk: textual analysis." Orientalistica 4, no. 1 (2021): 150–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-1-150-189.
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The bureaucratic system of the Great Saljuqs (431–552/1040–1157) reached the apogee of its development in connection with extensive conquests and the need to effectively manage the conquered territories. This system was later preserved by their Anatolian successors (c. 483–707/1081–1308), along with the methods of climbing the administrative career ladder. Along with the hereditary succession in government appointments, the making of literary forgeries, hidden plagiarism and the deliberate editing of texts written by other people occupied not the last place among these methods in order to obtain a high position at the Saljuqid сourt. These methods clearly characterize both the genre of administrative literature and the authors who worked in it. The structure and content of their compilations in this genre directly depended on the vacancies they applied for.The Fustat al-‘adalaorganically fits into a number of other texts written in the genre of administrative literature in the Saljuqid era. As shown by the textual analysis in this article, theFustat al-‘adala’scompiler resorted to hidden plagiarism of voluminous fragments from sources of different genres, as well as to their deliberate editing in order to get a position at the сourt of Muzaffar al-din b. Alp Yurak (d. 691/1292) who was the military commander and ruler of the Chobanidsbeylikwith its administrative center in Kastamonu. One of the basic sources for this compilation was the first redaction of theSiyar al-muluk(Siyasat-nama), which was fabricated by Amir Mu‘izzi about 185 years before and ascribed by him to Nizam al-mulk also with the aim of obtaining a high position at the Saljuqid сourt.
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MOORE, D. T. "NASH, M. D. (Editor.) The last voyage of the Guardian, Lieutenant Riou, Commander 1789–1791. (Second series no. 20.) Van Riebeeck Society, Cape Town: 1990. Pp xl, 243, [9]. Price: R 35. ISBN: 0-620-14455-6." Archives of Natural History 19, no. 1 (1992): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1992.19.1.139.
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KING, ANTHONY. "Military command in the last decade." International Affairs 87, no. 2 (2011): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2011.00978.x.
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Marko, Peter B., and Nadezhda I. Zaslavskaya. "Geographic origin and timing of colonization of the Pacific Coast of North America by the rocky shore gastropod Littorina sitkana." PeerJ 7 (November 4, 2019): e7987. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7987.
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The demographic history of a species can have a lasting impact on its contemporary population genetic structure. Northeastern Pacific (NEP) populations of the rocky shore gastropod Littorina sitkana have very little mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence diversity and show no significant population structure despite lacking dispersive planktonic larvae. A contrasting pattern of high mtDNA diversity in the northwestern Pacific (NWP) suggests that L. sitkana may have recently colonized the NEP from the NWP via stepping-stone colonization through the Aleutian-Commander Archipelago (ACA) following the end of the last glacial 20,000 years ago. Here, we use multi-locus sequence data to test that hypothesis using a combination of descriptive statistics and population divergence modeling aimed at resolving the timing and the geographic origin of NEP populations. Our results show that NEP populations share a common ancestor with a population of L. sitkana on the Kamchatka Peninsula ∼46,900 years ago and that NEP populations diverged from each other ∼21,400 years ago. A more recent population divergence between Kamchatka and NEP populations, than between Kamchatka and other populations in the NWP, suggests that the ACA was the most probable dispersal route. Taking into account the confidence intervals for the estimates, we conservatively estimate that L. sitkana arrived in the NEP between 107,400 and 4,100 years ago, a range of dates that is compatible with post-glacial colonization of the NEP. Unlike other congeners that are relatively abundant in the Pleistocene fossil record of the NEP, only one report of L. sitkana exists from the NEP fossil record. Although broadly consistent with the molecular data, the biogeographic significance of these fossils is difficult to evaluate, as the shells cannot be distinguished from the closely-related congener L. subrotundata.
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Pająkowska-Bouallegui, Anna. "The History of the Remains of the Roman Emperor, Julian the Apostate." Studia Ceranea 9 (December 30, 2019): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.09.18.
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Julian (Flavius Claudius Iulianus), called the Apostate, Roman emperor in the years 361–363, was one of the most intriguing rulers. From antiquity to the present day he invariably aroused great interest, both during his life and after his death. He was a just emperor, a wise commander, and a very talented writer. On 26 June 363 Julian the Apostate was mortally wounded during a battle with the Persians. He spent the last moments of his life discussing with philosophers Priskus and Maksimus the nobility of the soul, as we learn from the historian Ammianus Marcellinus. The ruler then showed, perhaps too ostentatiously, his greatest passion: love of virtue and fame. Julian the Apostate died at the age of thirty-two after only twenty months of his rule. Julian’s body, as Gregory of Nazianzus recalls, was transported from Nisibis to Tarsus in Cilicia, which took fifteen days. The subjects greeted the arrival of the body with a mournful lament or contemptuous insults, as the Father of the Church adds. Julian wanted to rest after death in Tarsus, in a mausoleum next to a small temple on the banks of the Cydnus River. Then, at an unspecified time, as the chronicler Zonaras recalls, the body of Emperor Julian the Apostate was transferred to Constantinople and buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles. Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his collection On the ceremonies of the imperial court (book II, chapter 42) mentions the grave of Julian. Today one of the porphyry sarcophagi, kept in the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul, is sometimes considered the Julian sarcophagus. The theme of this article is an attempt to determine the posthumous fate of Emperor Julian the Apostate’s body, i.e. when and in what circumstances it was transferred to Constantinople.
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Van Bueren, Truus. "Gegevens over enkele epitafen uit het Sint Jansklooster te Haarlem." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 103, no. 3 (1989): 121–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501789x00103.
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AbstractIn 1625 the Monastery of St. John's in Haarlem, which housed the local Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (Hospitallers), was dissolved. The property, including a large collection of paintings, passed to the City of Haarlem, which claimed all the monasteries in the district of Haarlen as compensation for damage sustairted during the siege and rebellion against Spain. In the monastery's archives, now in the Haarlem Municipal Archives, memorial panels are menizoned fourteen times. Nine of thern occur in three inventories of 1573, one in a testament of 1574 and the rest in the Commander's accounts of 1572, 1573 and 1574. In the case of six of the thirteen items there is no description of the representation at all; one is simply said to depict a number of persons. Four of the six other items are Passion representations. Like The Last Judgment, such themes are in keeping with the functiort of a memorial panel. The description of one epitaph as 'in laudem artis musiccs' is not sufficiently clear to give an idea of the representation. More information is available as to the patrons or commemorated persons. All of them seem to have been members of the Order of St. John: four panels were memorials to commanders, three to ordinary hospitallers and one painting commemorated the founder of the monastery. All were priests. Nothing in the archives suggests that the church contained memorials to non-members of the order. This must nonetheless have been the case: a 'Liber- memoriarum' compiled in 1570 indicates that numerous memorial services were held for the laity, many of whom apparently chose St. John's as their last resting-place. It is thus highly likely that memorials for these worshippers were placed in the church. A 1572 inventory of St. John's Monastery makes no mention of memorial panels, probably because the contents of the church were not listed. After the monastery had been destroyed during the siege of Haarlem, three inventories were drawn up: one of the ruined monastery, one of the items - mainly paintings which were moved to Utrecht, and one of the property taken to the Sint Adriaansdoelen, the temporary home of the order after the destruction of the monastery. Only in these three inventories are epitaphs mentioned. The inventories of 1580 and 1606 were drawn up by order of the City, the claimant to the mortastery's propery. They make no mention of private possessions, not even those of the members of the Order. The 1625 inventory, drawn up after the death of the last inmate, only mentiorts the painting that was bought by the convent to be placed on the grave of its founder. Epitaphs which were not orderend by the convent were probably regarded as private property, and passed to the heirs prior to 1625. Exact dates cannot be ascertained. The author has identified two epitaphs and a painting coming from St. John's. It is not clear whether the small painting of Mary, her cousin Elizabeth and Commander Jan Willem Jansz. (1484-1514) (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Weimar) is (part of) an epitaph or a devotional painting (ill. 2). The 1572 inventory mentions a picture of Jan Willem. It is not described, but the painting in Weimar is a likely candidate because of its small size (72 x 50). The 1573 inventory of the property in the Adriaansdoelen lists a wing of the epitaph of 'Heer Jan', but again, the representation is not described. The 17thcentury genealogist Opt Straeten van der Moelen described the four family coats of arms on the painting, but said nothing about the representation or where he saw it. It was possible to identify the Hospitaller in the Weimar work because of the armorial shield hanging on a tree behind the kneeling figure. The arms correspond with what Opt Straeten van der Moelen described as the arms of the Hospitaller's father, and with a wax impression of Jan Willem Jansz.'s arms (ill. 1) on a document of 1494, now in the Haarlem Municipal Archive. The date and painter of the picture are not known. In the series of portraits of the Commanders of St. John's Monastery in Haarlem (Frans Hals Museum) is a second portrait of Jan Willem. In this, the seventeenth portrait in the series (ill. 3), he is grey-haired, in contrast to the Weimar painting, in which he is depicted with black hair. Jan Willem Jansz. was born in about 1450. In 1484 he was elected Commander of the order, a function which he held until his death in 1514. The Bowes Museum, Durham, owns a triptych of an Entombment (ills. 4 and 5). On the middle panel is a kneeling Knight Hospitaller; on each of the side panels are four persons, arranged in pairs. One of them, on the right wing, is another member of the Order. Coats of arms can be seen on the prie-dieu's behind which three of the four couples kneel, and on the back of the panels (ill. 6). Comparison of these arms with the one on the seal of Philips van Hogesteyn, Commander of the Order frorn 1571 to 1574, suggests that this is his epitaph (ill. 7). The memorial panel is mentioned in the 1573 inventory of property in the Adriaansdoelen. In 1570, before becoming prior of the monastery, Philips had a 'Liber memoriarum' compiled which contained the names of his grandparents and parents. His grandmother came from the Van Arkel family, whose arms bore two opposing embattled bars. This coal of arms facilitated identification of the couples on the left wing. The grandparents are kneeling behind the last prie-dieu - the Van Arkel arms are on the heraldic left of the shield. In front of them are Philips van Hogesteyn's parents. It is harder to establish the identity of the people on the right wing, but the couple kneeling behind the prie-dieu are very likely Philips' brother and sister-in-law. The woman behind them could be his sister. The brother and sister are mentioned in his will, which he made in 1568. However, it is not clear who the Hospitaller on this panel is. It could be an unknown member of the family, but it is also possible that Philips van Hogesteyn was depicted in the triplych twice, first simply as a member of the family on one wing and again, later on in life, on the middle panel as the most important patron. Besides this painted epitaph, an elegy on Philips van Hogesteyn, written bij Cornelys Schonaeus, headmaster of the Latin school in Haarlem, has been preserved. This poem only mentions the effigy of the late Philips in front of the 'worthy reader' - not a word about his family. The 1572 inventory lists two separate portraits of Philips. It is not known where he was buried, nor has it been possible to establish whether his epitaph, with or without the elegy, or a portrait plus an elegy were ever placed on his grave. The painter is not mentioned by name anywhere either. Philips van Hogesteyn took holy orders in 1553. Assuming that he was 17 years old when he joined the Order of St. John, he would have entered the monastery in 1544. If this assumption is correct and he is portrayed twice on the triplych, it could have been painted any time from 1544 on. The reason for the commission must remain unanswered. In the Catharijneconvent Museum in Utrechl is a triptych with a Crucifixion. On the left wing is a kneeling man in a chasuble and stole, and on the right wing a Hospitaller (ill. 8). Today the outsides of the panels are empty. In the catalogue of an exhibition of North-Netherlandish painting and sculpture before 1575, held in 1913, however, the vestiges of the armorial shields -- four on each panel - are mentioned. Apparently this is an epitaph for a member of the Oem van Wijngaarden family, brought to Utrecht in 1573. The Hospitaller is Tieleman Oem van Wijngaarden, who was living in St. John's Monastery in Haarlem at the beginning of the 16th century and died in 1518 person on the right-hand panel appears to be Dirk van Raaphorst -- also known as Dirk van Noordwijk. The Utrecht triptych is identified here as the Van Wijngaarden epitaph from St. John's Monastery despite the fact that the description of shield I on the right-hand panel does not point towards the Oem van Wijngaarden family. Thanks to the fourth shield on the same panel, still in fairly good condition in 1913, it was possible, by dint of invenstigating Tieleman's family, to establish him as the person portrayed on the right-hand panel (see Appendix II). Dirk van Raaphorst of Noordwijk was a canon of St. Pancras' Church in Leiden. He probably owed the name 'van Raaphorst of Noordwijk' to the fact that he was called after his maternal grandfather. For the same reason, the armorial shields on the back of the lefthand panel are not arranged in the usual manner but inverted, i being the mother's arms, II the father's (see also Appendix III). Dirk van Noordwijk was a nephew of Tieleman Oem van Wijngaarden (see Appendix IV). He died in 1502. In 15 18 Tieleman was buried in the same grave in the church of St. John's Monastery. This memorial panel, too, prompts several questions. It is not clear why distant relatives, whose deaths moreover were sixteen years apart, were commemorated on the same panel. Neither the painter nor the dale of the triptych is known. However, perhaps the source of Tieleman's portrait can be established (fig.9). The features in this portrait bear a marked resemblance to those in the portrait of the Hospitaller on the Van Wijngaarden epitaph in Utrecht. Despite publications on individual North-Netherlandish memorial panels, no scholarly examination of the total number of known pieces has yet been initiated. The author is preparing such an examination, which may yield more insight into the customs pertaining to the corramemoration of the dead and the place accupied by memorial panels.
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Coles, Harry L., and Martin Blumenson. "Mark Clark: The Last of the Great War II Commanders." American Historical Review 90, no. 3 (1985): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1861140.
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Zakirova, Ilsiyar G. "Memories are an Echo of War." Historical Ethnology 6, no. 1 (2021): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/he.2021-6-1.151-170.
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Reminiscences and a bait of the war years recorded in 1948 during a folklore expedition which was organized by scholars of the Institute of Language, Literature and History Hamid Yarmi and Khalida Gatina, are offered to readers’ attention. The expedition visited Aktanyshsky, Kalininsky, Muslyumovsky and Menzelinsky districts of Tatarstan. The expedition was attended by a third-year student of Kazan State University Nurikhan Fattakhov, who later became the author of historical novels. During the post-war expeditions, most of the informants were the Great Patriotic War veterans, front-line soldiers. They share memories of the Great Patriotic War, talk about the battles in which they participated, and about their military comrades. The first memory was recorded based on the story of Mukhammatziya Valiev. Valiev was a scout on the Leningrad and Stalingrad fronts for three years, and was wounded four times. According to the memoirs of a corporal intelligence officer, he spent one day in reconnaissance on the Stalingrad front. Salikh Shakirov ended the Great Patriotic War with the rank of Guard Captain, for display of courage he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Medal For Courage. Salikh Shakirov was the commander of the reconnaissance department and recalls the events that took place during the military campaign to the German rear. Mirza Ibragimov tells about fierce battles in Ukraine, on the banks of the Dnieper. The memoirs describe how the soldiers resisted to the last, blew up German tanks, and carried out the wounded. Khanif Shaimardanov describes the tragedy of captivity. No edits were introduced into the texts. This gives you an opportunity to feel the live speech of the informants. The documents are kept in the funds of the Center for Written and Musical Heritage “Miraskhane” of the G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (collection No. 34, folder No. 4).
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Kalinov, Todor. "RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMAND, MANAGEMENT, AND COMMUNICATIONS. TO CONTINUE IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OR TO REMAIN IN SAME FIELD." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 6 (2018): 1887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28061887t.
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Management and Command253 are two different words and terms, but military structures use them as synonyms. Military commanders’ authorities are almost equal in meaning to civilian managers’ privileges and power. Comparison between military command and the civilian management system structure, organization, and way of work shows almost full identity and overlapping. The highest in scale and size military systems are national ministries of defense and multinational military alliances and coalitions. Military systems at this level combine military command structures with civilian political leadership and support elements. Therefore, they incorporate both military command and civilian management organizations without any complications, because their nature originated from same source and have similar framework and content. Management of organizations requires communication in order to plan, coordinate, lead, control, and conduct all routine or extraordinary activities. Immediate long-distance communications originated from telegraphy, which was firstly applied in 19th century. Later, long-distance communications included telephony, aerial transmitting, satellite, and last but not least internet data exchange. They allowed immediate exchange of letters, voice and images, bringing to new capabilities of the managers. Their sophisticated technical base brought to new area of the military command and civilian management structures. These area covered technical and operational parts of communications, and created engineer sub-field of science, that has become one of the most popular educations, worldwide. Communications were excluded from the military command and moved to separate field, named Computers and Communications. A historic overview and analysis of the command and management structures and requirements shows their relationships, common origin, and mission. They have significant differences: management and control are based on humanities, natural and social sciences, while communications are mainly based on engineering and technology. These differences do not create enough conditions for defragmentation of communications from the management structures. They exist together in symbiosis and management structures need communications in order to exist and multiply their effectiveness and efficiency. Future defragmentation between military command and communications will bring risks of worse coordination, need for more human resources, and worse end states. These risks are extremely negative for nations and should be avoided by wide appliance of the education and science among nowadays and future leaders, managers, and commanders.
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Kashirin, Vasily. ""The Tartar raid in great multitude was committed": Khan Qirim Girai's incursion into the Russian Empire province of Yelisavetgrad in the winter of 1769." Slavs and Russia, no. 2019 (2019): 8–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2019.1.
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The article is devoted to the depredatory and massive incursion of the Crimean Khanate forces commanded by Khan Qirim Girai into Yelisavetgrad province of the Russian Empire (former Novoserbia) in January 1769, at the very beginning of the Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774. 2019 was marked by the 250th anniversary of this milestone event that became the last full-scale Tatar raid into Russian lands. There has been no special research devoted to this topic so far while in the existing historical works the assessments of the consequences of the Khan Qirim Girai's incursion and the actions of Russian military commanders, general en chef Pyotr Rumyantsev in particular, seem one-sided and biased. The article covers the prerequisites and preparations for the incursion, Russian military commanders' intelligence data, parties' plans and forces, their actions as well as recreation of detailed timeline and geographical scope; disputes among Russian military leaders and the reasons for their misfortunes are also analysed; records of losses and material damage are presented in this paper. Along with the well-known sources the author uses the documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive and the Manuscripts Department of the Russian State Library that have not been introduced into scientifi c discourse.
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Fox, Robert Elliot. "BOOK REVIEW: Funso Aiyejina.THE LEGEND OF THE ROCKHILLS AND OTHER STORIES. Toronto: TSAR, 1999. and Adebayo Williams.THE REMAINS OF THE LAST EMPEROR. Ibadan: Spectrum, 1994. and Adebayo Williams.BULLETIN FROM THE LAND OF THE LIVING GHOSTS: ROMANCE IN THE REIGN OF COMMANDER COBRA. Xlibris, 2002." Research in African Literatures 34, no. 3 (2003): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/ral.2003.34.3.208.
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Wang, Zakarias. "Helgoland og Norðurhavsoyggjar / Heligoland and the Norwegian Islands in the North Atlantic." Fróðskaparrit - Faroese Scientific Journal 57 (February 26, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18602/fsj.v57i0.70.
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<p><strong>Ú</strong><strong>r</strong><strong>t</strong><strong>ak</strong>: Í 1814 kom friður í lag Stórabretlands, Svøríkis og Danmarkar millum. Stórabretland fekk frá Danmørk oynna Helgoland. Svøríki læt Danmørk svenska Pommern og Rügen móti at fáa Noreg, men í evstu stund var friðarsáttmálin broyttur, so norsku oyggjarnar í Norðurhøvum, Grønland, Føroyar og Ísland, ikki fylgdu við Noregi. Skjalatilfarið sigur lítið um, hví hetta hendi, men settar eru fram ymsar tilgitingar. Her verður tann tilgiting førd fram, at tað kann vera bretska kravið um Helgoland, sum hevur fingið Karl Johan at sleppa Norðurhavsoyggjum fyri at fáa friðin í lag beinanvegin. Á tann hátt slapp hann undan illstøðu við sameindu sínar, serliga bretar, sum vóru misnøgdir við, at hann hevði tikið seg burtur úr bardaganum ímóti Napoleon fyri at vinna Noreg.</p><p><strong>A</strong><strong>bstract</strong>: The peace treaties of Kiel in 1814 between Denmark and the United Kingdom, and Denmark and Sweden ceded the island of Heligoland (Helgoland) to the UK and Norway to Sweden. In return for Norway, Denmark was given Pomerania and Rugen, the Swedish provinces in Germany. At the last moment, the treaty between Denmark and Sweden was changed, so the Norwegian islands in the North Atlantic, Greenland, Faroe and Iceland, should not be ceded to Sweden with Norway. The sources are rather silent on the reasons for this change. Different hypotheses have been put forward. Here the hypothesis is launched, that it is possible that the British demand for the island of Heligoland caused the Swedish crown prince and commander-in-chief Karl Johan relinquish on the islands in the North Atlantic in order to get the peace treaties signed at once so that he could prevent a conflict with his allies, especially the British, who were rather upset because he had pursued his own war aims instead of following the allies in their westward thrust in order to topple the reign of the emperor Napoleon.</p>