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1

Whittle, Ian. Head injury. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0589.

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Head injury or traumatic brain injury is a ubiquitous phenomenon in all societies and affects up to 2 per cent of the population per year (Bullock et al. 2006). Although the causes of head injury and its distribution within populations vary, it can have devastating consequences both for the patient and family (Tagliaferri et al. 2006). In some countries severe traumatic brain injury is the commonest cause of death in people under 40 years (Lee et al. 2006), and it is estimated that the sequelae of head injury cost societies billions of dollars per year. Understanding of the pathophysiology, di
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2

Andrews, Peter J. D., and Jonathan K. J. Rhodes. Assessment of traumatic brain injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0342.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounts for the majority of traumatic deaths and most disability due to trauma in people aged less than 40 years old. Current trends suggest this burden of disease will increase dramatically over the next 20 years. Successful management of patients after traumatic brain injury requires recognition of patients at risk of deterioration, appropriate investigation, including imaging, and prevention of systemic and intracranial secondary injury processes. Unlike trauma affecting other body systems, outcome from TBI has not improved in the last 10–15 years. Assessment o
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3

Brown, Jeremiah R., and Chirag R. Parikh. Cardiovascular surgery and acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0245.

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Over the last decade, cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) has been recognized as a frequent adverse event following cardiac surgery. In this clinical context and others, AKI has been strongly associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and length of hospitalization. These adverse events that accompany AKI have been shown to be directly proportional to the magnitude of the peak rise in serum creatinine and the duration of AKI making AKI a costly complication and a target for prevention in hospitalized patients around the world. This chapter discusses the subsequent healthca
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4

Covington, Laura S. Psychological Aspects of Infertility Post-Injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190461508.003.0010.

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This chapter explores how service members with injuries that damage sexual and reproductive functioning may experience the psychosocial implications of impaired fertility. It addresses a general overview of infertility and then describes the experience within the military context. Infertility can be an invisible, secondary wound that is not felt until one considers procreation and that may last for many years. Further, infertility is an injury that affects not only the service member but also his or her partner. Many ethical considerations and barriers, including limited insurance coverage and
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5

Chamberlen, Anastasia. Self-Harming and Prison Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749240.003.0007.

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This chapter develops the links between coping and painful emotions in prison, by looking at self-injury practices as one particularly problematic form of coping that is both common among women prisoners, and increasingly more prominent in English prisons overall. This last substantive chapter of the book uses self-injury as a case study through which to explore an application of the book’s main arguments, findings, and implications, examining the participants’ explanations of why they self-injured during and after custody. In doing so, it advocates for an embodied perspective to the study of
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6

Mundy, Anthony R., and Daniela E. Andrich. Upper urinary tract trauma. Edited by Anthony R. Mundy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0051.

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Of all the major urological injuries, injury to the kidney is the most common. Indeed it is the most commonly injured intra-abdominal organ. Blunt or penetrating external injury is almost always the cause. The diagnosis and treatment of renal trauma has changed dramatically in the last 30 years or so reflecting the development of CT scanning for diagnosis and of endovascular interventional radiological techniques for treatment, at the expense of intravenous urography and surgery, respectively. Complications can be divided into early and late. The commonest early complications are bleeding and
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7

Longo, Umile Giuseppe, and Nicola Maffulli. Lower limb injuries. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0045.

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Physical activity plays a significant role in the well-being of a child. Long-term health benefits depend on continuation of physical activity, which enhances well-being and favours balanced development. Injuries can counter the beneficial effects of sports participation, especially if a child is unable to continue participating because of any residual effects of injury. Prevention of sports injuries has been largely implemented in the last few years. This chapter reviews common lower limb injuries in children with an emphasis on injury management. Sports-related injuries of the lower limb in
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8

Suffredini, Anthony F., and J. Perren Cobb. Genetic and molecular expression patterns in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0031.

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Investigators who study RNA, proteins, or metabolites use analytic platforms that simultaneously measure changes in the relative abundance of thousands of molecules in a single biological sample. Over the last decade, the application of these high-throughput, genome-wide platforms to study critical illness and injury has generated huge quantities of data that require specialized computational skills for analysis. These investigations hold promise for improving our understanding of the host response, thereby transforming the practice of intensive care. This chapter summarizes recent technologic
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9

Vimalesvaran, Kavitha, and Michael Marber. Myocardial Remodelling after Myocardial Infarction. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0031.

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This chapter focuses on myocardial remodelling, a process that affects the heart’s shape, structure, and function, following myocardial injury (MI). Post-MI remodelling can be divided into three phases, with the first phase 0–72 hours beginning at the time of ischaemic injury, the second phase 72 hours to 6 weeks, and the third and last phase 6 weeks and beyond. During post-infarction remodelling, hypertrophy is an adaptive response that compensates for the increased load, reduces the effect of progressive dilatation, and balances contractile function. The chapter discusses the factors involve
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10

Laffey, John G., and Brian P. Kavanagh. Hypercapnia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0086.

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Hypercapnia is a central component of current ‘protective’ ventilator management. Hypercapnia, and the associated acidosis, has potentially important biologic effects on immune responses, injury and repair. Arterial carbon dioxide tension PaCO2 is tightly governed under physiological conditions and small elevations rapidly increase spontaneous minute ventilation. In the mechanically-ventilated patient, elevated PaCO2 usually reflects reduced elimination. This can be because tidal volume or respiratory rate delivered by the ventilator are reduced, or because of the diseased lung per se. Hyperca
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11

Teoh, Eugene, and Michael Weston. Computed tomography. Edited by Michael Weston. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0133.

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Over the last two decades, the exponential use of CT in the assessment of the urological patient has been fuelled by the advent of multidetector thin slice CT and supersession of intravenous urography by CT urography. The latter may be considered as a one-stop imaging investigation for haematuria, with increased detection of urinary tract cancers and urolithiasis alike. Multi-planar reformats are made possible with the use of thin slices, allowing clear delineation of other pathologies such as urinary tract injury, and can aid PCNL planning. Outside of this spectrum, unenhanced CT of the kidne
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12

Wang, Kevin K. W. Neurotrauma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190279431.001.0001.

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This new book volume, simply titled Neurotrauma, aims to bring together the latest clinical practice and research in the field of two forms of trauma to the central nervous system: namely, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Nationally, more 1.9 million Americans sustain a TBI annually. In parallel, there are an estimated 12,000 new cases of SCI in the United States annually. In addition, approximately 1.2 million people live with paralysis due to SCI. In recent years, dramatic advancements in the field have resulted in much improved outcomes for patients and higher stan
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13

Cardinale, Daniela, and Carlo Maria Cipolla. Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, prophylaxis, management, and prognosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0290.

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Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is of considerable concern, as it may compromise the clinical effectiveness of treatment, affecting both quality of life and overall survival in cancer patients, independently of the oncological prognosis. It is probable that anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is a unique and continuous phenomenon starting with myocardial cell injury, followed by progressive left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decline that, if disregarded and not treated progressively leads to overt heart failure. The main strategy for minimizing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity
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14

Sell, Alex, Paul Bhalla, and Sanjay Bajaj. Anaesthesia for orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0063.

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This chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section concerns the patient population that presents for orthopaedic surgery, specifically examining chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the medications commonly used for their management, and the impact this has when these patients present for surgery. Included in this section are the surgical considerations and the anaesthetic implications of orthopaedic surgery, ranging from patient positioning to bone cement implant syndrome. The last part of this first section looks at specific orthopaedic operations, starting wit
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15

Plebani, Mario, Monica Maria Mion, and Martina Zaninotto. Biomarkers of renal and hepatic failure. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0039.

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In the last few years, major advances have been achieved in the understanding of the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms which underlie the complex interactions between the heart and the kidney, as well as between the heart and the liver. According to these new insights, new biomarkers have been proposed for better evaluating and monitoring patients affected by cardiovascular diseases. In addition, some biomarkers should be used as risk factors and for an early identification and treatment of these severe diseases. This chapter reviews the most important biomarkers for evaluating the ‘
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16

Feemster, Kristen A. Vaccines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190277901.001.0001.

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Immunization is regarded by many as one of the greatest advances in modern civilization. The widespread use of vaccines has led to increases in life expectancy, reductions in the occurrence of childhood diseases, and is generally credited with saving millions of lives annually. But since their discovery two centuries ago, vaccines have been dogged by pockets of persistent distrust among those who are skeptical of their science or who find compulsory immunization at odds with personal liberty. The rise of these voices in contemporary culture has contributed to trends of vaccine delay and vaccin
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17

Cavanaugh, T. A. Snake? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190673673.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 (Snake?) reflects on Asclepius’ snake (symbolic of the healing profession) as indicative of the need for Hippocrates’ Oath. Chapter 1 proposes that this ancient medical symbol reveals medicine’s vexing ethical problem, iatrogenic harm—wounds caused by a physician. Such wounds take three forms: wounds ineliminable from therapy (e.g., cauterizing), harmful errors committed while caregiving (e.g., wrong drug dose), and, last of all, but most ethically problematic, wounds of role-conflation, such as euthanizing a patient or assisting suicide (at the patient’s request). By the last type o
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18

Raitz, Karl. Making Bourbon. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178752.001.0001.

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Kentucky distillers have produced bourbon and rye whiskeys for more than two centuries. Part I of this book examines the complexities associated with nineteenth-century distilling’s evolution from an artisanal craft practiced by farmers and millers to a large-scale mechanized industry that adopted increasingly refined production techniques. The change from waterpower to steam engines permitted the relocation of distilleries away from traditional sites along creeks or at large springs. Commercial-scale distilling was accompanied by increasing government taxes and oversight controls. Mechanized
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19

Grene, Nicholas. Defining Performers and Performances. Edited by Nicholas Grene and Chris Morash. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198706137.013.30.

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One measure of a great performer is his or her capacity to define a major role for a generation. This chapter considers the acting styles and achievement of four such performers in some of their principal parts: Siobhán McKenna from her internationally acclaimed playing of Shaw’s Saint Joan to her last part, as Mommo in Murphy’sBailegangaire; Cyril Cusack as Christy Mahon, the Shaughraun, and Drumm in Hugh Leonard’sA Life; Donal McCann as Frank Hardy in Friel’sFaith Healer, the Captain inJuno and the Paycock, and Thomas Dunne in Sebastian Barry’sThe Steward of Christendom; the tour de force of
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