Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The Last judgment'

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1995.
Title from title page screen, viewed April 26, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Larry D. Kennedy, John R. McCarthy (co-chairs), Judith A. Mogilka, James C. Palmer. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-84) and abstract. Also available in print.

Assignment (M. Div.)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This assignment deals with the question of whether and how it is possible to preach about texts on the last judgment in the New Testament under the premise of a merciful God. This question will be approached from a hermeneutical angle. Therefore the researcher will, after some introductory comments, deal with two different texts about the last judgment (Luk 16:19-31 and Rev 20:11-15) and investigate them exegetically. This will form a large part of the assignment. After the exegesis, a homiletical as well as a systematical reflection will be done on these specific biblical texts. Each of these chapters will conclude with a draft of a sermon on the texts, showing what a possible sermon on these texts may look like. In the last chapter, the researcher will summarize the approaches she used on her way from the biblical texts to the sermons. A general outline of different approaches depicting how a sermon on the last judgment in the New Testament can be done is followed. The researcher will come to the conclusion that it is possible to preach about the last judgment in the New Testament under the premise of a merciful God. She shows this in dealing with the biblical texts in exegetical and contextual, rhetorical and historical, theological and homiletical ways.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werkstuk handel oor die vraag of en inderdaad hoe dit moontlik is om te preek oor tekste wat handel oor die laaste oordeel in die Nuwe Testament vanuit die veronderstelling van ‘n genadige God. Hierdie vraag sal benader word vanuit ‘n hermeneutiese hoek. In hierdie verband sal die navorser, na ‘n paar inleidende opmerkings, handel met twee verskillende tekste oor die laaste oordeel nl. Luk 16:19-31 and Openbaring 20:11-15. Hierdie tekste sal eksegeties ondersoek word en dit sal ‘n groot deel uitmaak van hierdie werkstuk. Na die eksegese sal ‘n homiletiese sowel as ‘n sistematiese refleksie gedoen word oor hierdie spesifieke Bybeltekste. Elk van hierdie hoofstukke sal afgesluit word met ‘n preekontwerp van die teks wat sal dien as voorstel hoe ‘n moontlike preek oor die betrokke teks sal kan lyk. Binne die laaste hoofstuk sal die navorser ‘n opsomming maak van al die benaderings deur haar gebruik op haar weg vanaf die Bybelse tekste na die preke. ‘n Algemene raamwerk van die verskillende benaderings wat voorstel hoe ‘n preek oor die laaste oordeel in die Nuwe Testament gedoen kan word sal hierop volg. Die navorser sal dan tot die gevolgtrekking kom dat dit wel moontlik is om oor die laaste oordeel in die Nuwe Testament te preek vanuit die veronderstelling van ‘n genadige God. Dit dui sy aan deur op ‘n eksegetiese en kontekstuele, ‘n retoriese en historiese, en op ‘n teologiese en homiletiese wyse te handel met die Bybeltekste.

During the early stages of the seventeenth century in Seville, images of the Last Judgment participated in a long artistic tradition of inspiring fear about the impending apocalypse. This thesis focuses on two paintings of the Last Judgment, one by Francisco Pacheco for the church of St. Isabel in 1614 and the other by Francisco Herrera el Viejo for the church of St. Bernardo in 1628. Pacheco was an influential artist and theoretician in the development of Sevillian art, who substantiated the core values of the Counter-Reformation. In a similar way, Herrera's participation in such development was vital because he was one of the first artists to experiment with naturalism in Seville. The Last Judgment paintings by Pacheco and Herrera sought to activate viewers' consciousness and self-assessment on their actions and thus modify their behavior. By interpreting primary sources such as Pacheco's Arte de la Pintura, this thesis investigates the cultural impact of these paintings through phenomenological methods. These methods derive from theoretical materials formulated by Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Louis Lankford, and Paul Ricoeur. The goal of these methods is to describe the experience of fear and evil in response to the Last Judgment paintings by Pacheco and Herrera. The results of this study illustrate the cultural perspective of evil by placing these paintings in relation to other popular and institutional manifestations of religion, particularly the Spanish auto de fé.

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The present dissertation discusses the Last Judgment that is a current theme of investigation. This is due to the fact that the three major monotheistic religions approach it in their religious essence. In judaism, it is related to the acts of piety present in the Old Testament; in christianity, to acts of mercy which involve a compromise of love to God and neighbor and are fundamental for obtaining salvation; and, in Islam, the good or evil that one practices with his brothers are important acts for either gaining paradise or ending in hell. In the first part, the question of text in its context is approached: the social reality of the Roman Empire, of the judeo-christian community, in Antiocus, and the necessity of solidarity that this text expresses. In the second part, there is a complete exegesis in all its steps to the Last Judgment (Matthew 25,31-46), within these, there is the delineation, the structure, the linguistic configuration, the wording, the characteristics of God present in the text and much other exegetical informations. In the third part, the updating of the message of the Last Judgment is presented which has, as its base, three dimensions: the personal, ecclesiastical and social, where, according to Jesus teachings, the acts of mercy, practiced in relation to the least of God s creature, here and now, will be decisive at the Last Judgment, when the Son of Man will judge each according to his acts.
A presente dissertação discorre sobre o Juízo Final que é um tema atual e questionador. Isto se deve ao fato das três grandes religiões monoteístas o abordarem em sua essência religiosa. No judaísmo, está relacionado às obras de piedade presentes no Antigo Testamento; no cristianismo, às obras de misericórdia que envolvem compromisso de amor a Deus e ao próximo e são fundamentais para se obter a salvação; e, no islamismo, o bem ou mal que se pratica com os irmãos são obras importantes para possuir o paraíso ou acabar no inferno. Na primeira parte, é abordada a questão do texto em seu contexto: a realidade social do Império Romano, da comunidade judaico-cristã, na Antioquia, e a necessidade da solidariedade que este texto expressa. Na segunda parte, há uma exegese completa em todos os seus passos sobre o Juízo Final (Mateus 25,31-46), dentre estes, a delimitação, a estrutura, a configuração lingüística, a redação, as características de Deus existentes no texto e muitas outras informações exegéticas. Na terceira parte, é apresentada a atualização da mensagem do Juízo Final que tem, por base, três dimensões: pessoal, eclesial e social, onde, de acordo com os ensinamentos de Jesus, as obras de misericórdia, praticadas em relação aos mais pequeninos, aqui e agora, serão decisivas no dia do Juízo Final, quando o Filho do Homem julgará cada um de acordo com suas obras.

A Basílica de Santa Maria Assunta, localizada em Torcello, uma das ilhas que compõem a Laguna de Veneza, abriga um programa iconográfico de três painéis em mosaico, caracterizados como bizantinos. Em um deles, na contrafachada, está figurado o painel do Juízo Final, nosso objeto de estudo. Produzido na segunda metade do século XI, ele inaugura (juntamente com o afresco de SantAngelo in Formis, na cidade de Cápua) a tradição de representação monumental desse tema iconográfico na Itália, aproximando-se do chamado modelo bizantino clássico, encontrado em Constantinopla a partir do século XI. Há, porém, algumas diferenças em relação aos exemplares conhecidos desse modelo bizantino, como o suporte e a localização em uma contrafachada de uma igreja. Assim, nossa preocupação nesta dissertação foi dupla: por um lado, analisar tais diferenças e, por outro, discutir o que levou à escolha deste tema ainda pouquíssimo comum para ornamentar uma igreja, buscando entender seus modos de funcionamento e as funções que desempenhava, tanto na igreja e em seu programa iconográfico quanto na própria sociedade veneziana da época de sua confecção.
The Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, located in Torcello, one of the islands in the Venetian Lagoon, houses an iconographic program of three mosaic panels, characterized as Byzantine. In one of them, on the counter-façade, is figured the panel of the Last Judgment, our object of study. Produced on the second half of the eleventh century, it inaugurates (together with the fresco of Sant\'Angelo in Formis, in the city of Capua) the tradition of monumental representation of this iconographic theme in Italy, approaching the so-called \"classical Byzantine model\", found in Constantinople from the 11th century. There are, however, some differences from the known examples of this Byzantine model, such as the support and the location on a churchs counter-façade. Thus, our concern in this dissertation was twofold: on the one hand, to analyze such differences and, on the other hand, to discuss what led to the choice of this very uncommon subject to decorate a church, trying to understand its modes of functioning and the functions it performed, both in the church and in its iconographic program, as well as in Venetian society itself at the time of its confection.

Throughout the seventeenth century, numerous Scots became convinced that the major political and religious upheavals of their age signified the fulfillment of, or further unfolding of, the vivid prophecies described in the Book of Revelation which foretell of the final consummation of all things. To date, however, an in-depth analysis of the evolution of Scottish apocalyptic belief during the seventeenth century has never been undertaken. This thesis utilizes a wide variety of source material to demonstrate the existence of a cohesive, persistent, and largely conservative tradition of apocalyptic thought in Scotland that spanned the years 1588 to 1688. Chapter One examines several influential commentaries on the Book of Revelation published by notable Scots during the decades either side of the Union of Crowns. These works reveal many of the principal characteristics that formed the basis of the Scottish apocalyptic tradition. The most important of these traits which became a consistent feature of the tradition was the rejection of millenarianism. In recent years, historians have exaggerated the influence of millenarian ideals in Scotland during the Covenanting movement which began in 1638. Chapter Two argues that Scottish Covenanters consistently denounced millenarianism as a dangerous, subversive doctrine that could lead to the religious radicalism espoused by sixteenth-century German Anabaptists. Chapter Three looks at political and religious factors which led to the general decline of apocalyptic expectancy in Scotland during the Interregnum. It also demonstrates how, despite this decline, Scottish apocalyptic thinkers continued to uphold the primary traits of the apocalyptic tradition which surfaced over the first half of the century. Lastly, Chapter Four explains how state-enforced religious persecution of Scottish Presbyterians during the Restoration period led to the radicalisation of the tradition and inspired the violent actions of Covenanter extremists who believed they had been chosen by God to act as instruments of his divine vengeance in the latter-days.

À l'opposé du Paradis céleste que rejoignent les élus, les artistes romans ont imaginé le monde de tourments qui attend les pécheurs. Ce lieu de terreur, duquel s'élèvent « des pleurs et des grincements de dents » (Matth. 22, 13), ne peut être illustré sous des formes simples et communes. L'imagerie médiévale, précocement, dès le IXe siècle dans le domaine anglo-saxon, donne à l'Enfer l'apparence d'une tête hybride, la Gueule d'Enfer. Sculpteurs et enlumineurs se sont-ils inspirés de monstres issus des mythologies païennes anciennes et contemporaines ? Sur quelles sources textuelles se sont-ils appuyés pour élaborer ce motif ? Aisément reconnaissable, l'image de la Gueule s'inscrit dans les nombreuses représentations du Jugement Dernier et de la Descente du Christ aux Enfers. Une étude typologique pourra déterminer l'influence de la présence et de l'aspect de la Gueule d'Enfer sur la signification de ces épisodes fondateurs du Christianisme. La Gueule terrifiante devient le symbole même d'un Enfer fantasmagorique et vivant ; elle envahit progressivement toute l'iconographie religieuse et il convient de voir si elle ne modifie pas le sens de nombreux épisodes bibliques. Présente encore à l'époque gothique, la Gueule d'Enfer est transformée par les artistes de la fin du Moyen Âge, avant de disparaître progressivement de l'iconographie religieuse. Si l'Enfer médiéval a suscité de nombreuses études, le motif de la Gueule dévorante a paradoxalement peu attiré l'attention des Historiens de l'Art. Cette thèse tend à combler, au moins en partie, cette lacune
Opposed to the Celestial Heaven waiting for the blessed, the roman artists invented a netherworld waiting for the sinners. This terrifying place, from where « tears and gnashing of the teeth » arrive (Matth, 22 , 13 ) cannot be illustrated in simple and common ways. As soon as the 11th century, in the anglo-saxon world, Hell was represented as an hybrid head, the Maw of Hell, in the medieval imagery. Did the sculptors and the illuminators get their inspiration from the monsters belonging to the oldest and contemporary pagan mythology ? Which textual sources did they use to elaborate this pattern ? Easily recognisable, the image of the Maw is one of the many representations of the Last Judgment and of Christ's Descent to Hell. A typological study will determine the influence of the presence and the aspect of the Maw of Hell on the meaning of those founding episodes of Christianism. The terrifying Maw became the symbol of a fantasmagoric and real hell slowly invading the whole religious iconography and it is worth wondering if it didn't change the meaning of many biblical episodes. Still present during the Gothic period, the Maw of Hell was changed by the artists of the late Middle Ages, before disappearing slowly from religious iconography. If medieval Hell was the subject of many studies, the Maw of Hell surprisingly attracted few Art History researchers. This thesis partially tries to fill this gap

Le théâtre religieux, devenu un média de masse dans les villes européennes entre le XIVe et le XVIe siècle, est depuis toujours un défi pour la recherche comparatiste. Malgré les nombreuses similitudes qui existent entre les jeux de différentes zones linguistiques, aucun lien génétique entre eux n’a pu être prouvé. La présente thèse se propose d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives à la recherche comparatiste en changeant d’approche méthodologique. Afin de dégager les stratégies de persuasion du théâtre religieux, elle identifie son répertoire sémiotique, consistant en signes linguistiques, iconiques, sonores (musique et bruits) et gestuels. Bien que les représentations historiques soient essentiellement inaccessibles à l’analyse, la « représentation imaginée », inscrite comme potentialité dans les signes transmis par les manuscrits, peut être reconstruite. À l’aide de méthodes provenant majoritairement de la linguistique textuelle, cette étude décrit certaines stratégies de persuasion dans une sélection représentative de Passions et de jeux eschatologiques germanophones et francophones. Elle identifie des lieux argumentatifs (topoï) qui structurent les pièces. Un chapitre est consacré au topos qui inscrit dans une certaine matière un scénario menaçant qui souligne l’importance et l’urgence de la représentation. La comparaison diachronique montre comment des stratégies de diffamation, employées aux XIVe et XVe siècles pour caractériser et diaboliser le collectif des juifs, sont appliquées aux protestants au XVIe siècle. L’évocation d’autorités permettant aux jeux de s’auto-légitimer est abordée dans un autre chapitre. L’analyse des différentes techniques d’évocation permet non seulement de décrire l’usage rhétorique et performatif des autorités, mais aussi de mettre en évidence différents concepts d’autorité. Enfin, une dernière partie montre comment le théâtre construit et perpétue des stéréotypes qui interpellent le public de façon tant rationnelle qu’émotionnelle, entraînant des processus d’inclusion et d’exclusion
Religious drama, which developed into a mass medium in European cities between the 14th and the 16th century, has always been a challenge for comparative research. Despite the many similarities between plays in different linguistic areas, no direct textual relationship between them could be proven. This dissertation aims to open up new perspectives for comparative research by changing the methodological approach. In order to identify the persuasion strategies of religious drama, this work considers the theatrical semiotic repertoire, consisting of language, image, sound (music and noise) and gesture. Although historical representations are essentially inaccessible to analysis, the ‘imagined representation,’ inscribed as potentiality in the signs transmitted by the manuscripts, can be reconstructed. Using methods mainly from textual linguistics, the study describes some persuasion strategies present in a representative selection of German and French Passion plays and eschatological plays. It identifies argumentative places (topoi) that structure the plays. A chapter is devoted to a topos, which recasts a certain subject in a threatening light. The plays use this in order to underline the relevance and urgency of theatrical representation. The diachronic comparison shows how defamation strategies, used in the 14th and 15th centuries to characterize and demonize the Jews as a collective, were applied to Protestants in the 16th century. Another chapter examines how the plays use authority as a topos to legitimize themselves. The analysis of the different evocation techniques makes it possible not only to describe the rhetorical and performative use of authorities, but also to highlight distinct concepts of authority. Finally, the last part shows how theatre builds and perpetuates stereotypes that affect the audience in both rational and emotional ways, leading to processes of inclusion and exclusion

La presente ricerca si concentra sul gruppo dei santi martiri nell’affresco del Giudizio Universale dipinto da Michelangelo Buonarroti per la parete d’altare della Cappella Sistina. Il gruppo riveste un ruolo importante nella composizione sia per quanto concerne l’inedita iconografia e rilevanza nel contesto dell’Ultimo Giudizio sia per ciò che riguarda i significati dell’affresco. La presente indagine si propone attraverso una ricostruzione della committenza papale dell’opera, divisa tra Clemente VII e Paolo III, di contestualizzare la presenza dei martiri nell’iconografia del Giudizio ponendola a confronto con la tradizione figurativa precedente e relazionando, infine, il tema del martirio ai protagonisti di questa commissione, nel più ampio quadro della Chiesa del XVI secolo.
This research focuses on the martyrs’ group depicted by Michelangelo Buonarroti in the Sistine Chapel’s Last Judgment. This group has an important role in the composition thanks to its new iconography in the Last Judgment subject and to its significance in the meaning of the fresco. This thesis, reconsidering the papal patronage of pope Clement VII and Paul III, wants to underline martyrs’ role in Last Judgment iconography, comparing it with the previous figurative tradition and to relate the theme of martyrdom with the protagonists of this artistic commission into the wider context of sixteenth century Church.

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This is a historiographical work that aims to reconstruct the debates and influences between the so-called Baden's neo-kantianism and the husserlian phenomenology. More precisely, it attempts to trace the impact of some theses of Husserl's Logical Investigations in the philosophy of values of Rickert and Lask. The first part shows how phenomenology influences the development and maturation of Rickert's philosophy of values in relation to the Windelband's original project. The second part shows how Lask appropriates phenomenology and completely transform the philosophy of values, opening new avenues for philosophical research in the twentieth century, such those followed by Heidegger. In general terms, it attempts to show that the background of these discussions between phenomenology and philosophy of values turn around the problem of sense (and/or meaning), not only with regard to knowledge and science, but also all other dimensions of human experience, like ethics, aesthetics, law and religion
Trata-se o presente de um trabalho historiográfico que procura reconstruir as discussões e influências entre o chamado neokantismo de Baden e a fenomenologia husserliana. Mais propriamente, procura-se remontar o impacto de algumas teses das Investigações Lógicas de Husserl na filosofia dos valores de Rickert e Lask. Na primeira parte, mostra-se como a fenomenologia influencia a elaboração e o amadurecimento da filosofia dos valores de Rickert em relação ao projeto original de Windelband. Na segunda parte, mostra-se como Lask se apropria da fenomenologia transformando completamente a filosofia dos valores e abrindo novos caminhos para a pesquisa filosófica no século XX, tal como aqueles trilhados por Heidegger. Em termos gerais, procura-se mostrar que o pano de fundo dessas discussões entre fenomenologia e filosofia dos valores gira em torno do problema do sentido (e/ou significação), não só no que diz respeito ao conhecimento e às ciências, mas a todas as dimensões da experiência humana, como a ética, a estética, o direito e a religião

This article provides a different approach to the debated issue of the criterion of solution of what has come to be called “property not registered vs. embargo registered”. In it, it argues that all the solutions that has been raised (even the adopted as “binding precedent” in the judgment of the Seventh Civil CassationPlenary) are based on an optical error, because they look at the embargo act of a static way, as if it were an act that creates a final situation, forgetting that the embargo is a procedural act that is not an end in itself, but is inserted into the dynamic of the execution process, a process in which the final situation occurs (the awarding of the asset under seizure to the successful bidder or creditor, that is, the acquisition of a real right). Observed, however, theembargo on the dynamic of the executive procedure, as an act that prepares the forced alienation of the asset, is postulated, as a criterion of solution to the problem, that of priority registration (that is, the contained in the first paragraph of the article 2022 of the Civil Code, but with the tempering of the appreciation of good faith), once the annotation of the embargo “reserve priority” to the act of forced alienation of the asset.
El presente trabajo pretende aportar un enfoque distinto al debatido tema del criterio de solución de lo que ha venido a llamarse “propiedad no inscrita vs. embargo inscrito”. En él, se sostiene que todas las soluciones que se han planteado (incluso la adoptada como “precedente vinculante” en la Sentencia del VII Pleno Casatorio) parten de un error de óptica, pues miran el acto del embargo de manera estática, como si se tratara de un acto que crea una situación final, olvidando así que el embargo es un acto procesal que no es fin en sí mismo, sino que se inserta en la dinámica del proceso de ejecución, proceso en el cual se produce la situación final (la adjudicación del bien embargado al postor adjudicatario o al acreedoradjudicatario, esto es, la adquisición de un derecho real). Observado, en cambio, el embargo en la dinámica del procedimiento ejecutivo, como acto que prepara la enajenación forzada del bien, se postula, como criterio de solución al problema, el de la prioridad registral (esto es, la contenida en el primer párrafo del artículo 2022 del Código Civil, pero con el atemperante de la apreciación de la buena fe), en cuanto la anotación del embargo “reserva prioridad” al acto de enajenación forzada del bien.

Diese Arbeit untersucht prominente Erfassungsmethoden metakognitiver Aktivitäten die während des Lernprozesses zum Einsatz kommen (online) auf deren Güte und Reaktivität. Im Fokus stehen die Methoden Laut-Denken, Fragebogenmethode sowie die Erfassung von Lernleistungsurteilen. Lernaufgaben werden durch komplexe Textlernaufgaben sowie Problemlöseaufgaben in deren Rahmen abduktive Schlüsse gefordert sind repräsentiert. In Studie 1 wurden metakognitive Aktivitäten die mittels retrospektiv eingesetzten Fragebögen sowie mittels Laut-Denken erfasst wurden gegenübergestellt. Dabei wurden die Fragebogenitems parallel zum polytomen Kategoriensystem mit dessen Hilfe die Daten aus der Laut-Denken-Methode ausgewertet wurden konstruiert. Im Rahmen der Auswertung der Laut-Denken Daten war die Übereinstimmung zweiter unabhängiger, gut geschulter Urteiler unbefriedigend. Die Übereinstimmungsunterschiede zwischen den Kategorien sowie zwischen den Probanden waren erheblich. Dies weist darauf hin, dass das Kategoriensystem nicht zur Auswertung der Laut-Denken Daten geeignet ist. Zudem scheinen große Unterschiede in der Nutzung metakognitiver Aktivitäten zwischen den Probanden zu bestehen. Zwischen Fragebogendaten und Laut-Denken-Daten besteht ein geringer nicht signifikanter negativer Zusammenhang. In Studie 2 wurde die Reaktivität der Laut-Denken-Methode und der Aufzeichnung von Lernleistungsurteilen während des Bearbeitens einer Textlese- sowie Problemlöseaufgabe untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser experimentellen Studie mit 2x2 Design legen nahe, dass von Laut-Denken im Rahmen von Problemlöseaufgaben reaktive Effekte zu erwarten sind. Von Lernleistungsurteilen hingegen sind reaktive Effekte lediglich im Rahmen von komplexen Textleseaufgaben zu erwarten. Auch im Rahmen dieser Erhebung mittels Laut-Denken konnte lediglich eine unbefriedigende Reliabilität der Messung berichtet werden obgleich in dieser Studie 11 unabhängige Urteiler zum Einsatz kamen. Auch hier wurde keine erwähnenswerte Korrelation zwischen Fragebogendaten und Laut-Denken Erhebung ermittelt. In Studie 3 wurden metakognitive Aktivitäten zu mehreren Messzeitpunkten im Kontext einer komplexen Gruppenlernaufgabe erhoben. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf einen individuellen Einsatz metakognitiver Aktivitäten unabhängig von der Lernsituation hin. Insgesamt lassen die Ergebnisse der Studien darauf schließen, dass Laut-Denken zumindest dann keine valide Erfassung metakognitiver Aktivitäten während des Lernens ermöglicht, wenn polytome Kategoriensysteme mit einer hohen Anzahl an Kategorien zum Einsatz kommen. Außerdem ist in spezifischen Lernsituationen von potentiellen reaktiven Effekte der Erhebung auszugehen. Dies gilt auch für die Erfassung des Monitoring- und Überwachungs-/Regulierungsverhaltens mittels Lernleistungsurteilen.

La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’Aréopage
The first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1991
Although the perception of the design of Michelangelo's Last Judgment as dependent upon a basically circular composition around the figure of Christ has generally been observed in the literature, no sailsfactory explanation of this has been presented. In the following hypothesis, a cosmological interpretation of Michelangelo's Last Judgment proposes new sources for the circular design of the fresco around a central Apollonian Sun-Christ. After. an outline of the basic nature of the problem, an examination of earlier examples of the Last Judgment demonstrates the cosmological associations of the traditional iconography of the subject, primarily related to the hierarchical implications! of the 'flat-earth theory,' which places Heaven above and Hell beneath the earth's surface. Close formal analysis of Michelangelo's own version of the Last Judgment, which emphasizes the innovative aspects of its organisation, is then followed by an assessment of various existing interpretations of the work. In then examining the type of Sources which appear likely to have contributed to the final programme of the work, different areas of religious, literary and philosophical material are brought under consideration. In order to resolve the meaning of the fresco's iconography and composition, the influences upon Michelangelo of the Catholic religion and Reform thought, of the writings of Dante, and of Florentine Neoplatonism have been examined in an entirely new way, from a cosmologicalpoint of view, which brings to light their common emphasis on the Sun as a eymbol of the Deity. A new area of potential source material, that of contemporary scientific cosmology, has also been considered. Prevailing knowledge of Copernicus' theory of the Sun-centred universe, hitherto dismissed as a possible direct influence by renowned writers like Charles de Tolnay, on the grounds of chronology, is specifically discussed and found to be securely documented in Vatican circles at the time of the commission. Thus the sources finally proposed for the overall theme of Sun-symbolism and Cosmologyin the fresco are found to 'be dependent upon the common. ground shared between the Catholic Reformation revival of the traditional Christian analogy between the Deity and the Sun, the Neoplatonic cult of Sun-symholism, literary sources in Dante and the scientific theory of heliocentricity, as developed by Copernicus. Against this background of the History of Ideas in the Renaissance period, consideration of art historical methods leads to the suggestion of a newly proposed Biblical source for the fresco and, finally)l discussion of the deductive method of art historical intterpretation suggests the broader implications of the hypothesls, Ii both for the life and work at Michelangelo himself as well as for the/! sixteenth-century 'context of the fresco's creation.
MT2017

Magister Legum - LLM
In this mini-thesis, I will present a historical development of the manner in which South African courts have tested the fairness of dismissals, for misconduct. South African Labour history has been marred by confusion and inconsistency in relation to the test to be adopted in determining the fairness of dismissals. This has been so, because there have been two dominant schools of thought, one referred to as the ‘own opinion’ approach, whereby the commissioner/court has the discretion to express his/her own view based upon value judgments on the fairness of the dismissal. The other approach is known as the reasonable employer test ( ‘ defer to the employer’ approach), whereby the commissioner had to defer to the decision of the employer, unless the dismissal is one that no reasonable employer would impose, or is so excessive that it would shock one’s sense of fairness, then the commissioner may interfere.This thesis will reveal the inconsistency that has been caused, by these two approaches, and the South African courts dissent as to the approach consistent with our law. This dissent, as shall be shown in this thesis, has led to our courts contradicting themselves as to the test consistent with the law.There will be a critical discussion on the source of the reasonable employer test and its application in South Africa during the Labour Relations Act 28 of 1956 ( old LRA ) and the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 ( new LRA). With a further discourse on the development of the ‘own opinion’ approach during the periods of both the old LRA and the new LRA.This will lead to me looking at the provisions of the South African Constitution, together with the meaning of the right to fair labour practice as provided in the Constitution. Based upon a critical analysis of past jurisprudence, the provisions of the ILO Convention, the provisions of the old LRA and new LRA, foreign law and the Constitutional imperatives, I will attempt to illustrate the approach most consistent with our law.This thesis will culminate with a critical analysis of the Supreme Court of Appeal’s judgment, in the case of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd vs Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration and the ruling of the Constitutional court in Sidumo and Another v Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd and Others.The purpose of providing this historical journey, is to further highlight the rulings of past judgments, that have developed the concept of fairness, as was consistent with the Constitution. It is envisaged that the body of judgments cited in this thesis, may be used as authority, whenever the issue of determining the fairness of dismissal for misconduct arises, before a court or tribunal, such as the Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration(CCMA). It is may further be used by employers and employees, in obtaining clarity of the law in relation to the test for fairness of dismissals for misconduct.

This master's degree written work aims at charting and minute depicting romanesque church tympanums of the Last judgment in France using the accesible bibliography and photographic materials. The main part of the text is devoted to the detailed description of the representative monuments based on the photographic documentation and their detailed iconography. The treatise about these monuments of art is placed in the historical and art-historical context. The regional and typological variations of the forms of art of the monuments are also described. The work describes the characteristic elements of the imagery of the theme of the Last judgment in medieval arts and the evolution of the coherent iconographic themes especially during the romanesque era.

The work offers a comprehensive preview of opinion streams on the theme of eschatology, final things or also the end of time , in various stages of the development of human society, whether Jewish or Christian, with an emphasis on the medieval period in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Iťs based on the biblical texts of the Old and New Testaments, particularly on the New T estament text of the Book of Revelations. It deals with religious situation in the Middle Ages and simultaneously also with political, cultural and social factors. It reveals certain sources of heretical teachings, especially the Vaudois Church, from which eminent theologists' opinions crystallized and mentions the status of heretics in medieval society. It also covers the teachings of John Wycliffe. The work is divided into six parts, in which eschatological moods and vision that reigned i n contemporary societies are substantiated. It analyses them, and literary woeks document the main ideas and opinions of eminent reformátory scholars, such as for example Milíč of Kroměříž, Matěj of Janov, Master Jan Hus and Petr Chelčický. The work presen ts the teachings of these theological and philosophical personalities in the way that they are linked to one another in the issue of eschatology. The individual parts of the work present and...

Diese Arbeit untersucht prominente Erfassungsmethoden metakognitiver Aktivitäten die während des Lernprozesses zum Einsatz kommen (online) auf deren Güte und Reaktivität. Im Fokus stehen die Methoden Laut-Denken, Fragebogenmethode sowie die Erfassung von Lernleistungsurteilen. Lernaufgaben werden durch komplexe Textlernaufgaben sowie Problemlöseaufgaben in deren Rahmen abduktive Schlüsse gefordert sind repräsentiert. In Studie 1 wurden metakognitive Aktivitäten die mittels retrospektiv eingesetzten Fragebögen sowie mittels Laut-Denken erfasst wurden gegenübergestellt. Dabei wurden die Fragebogenitems parallel zum polytomen Kategoriensystem mit dessen Hilfe die Daten aus der Laut-Denken-Methode ausgewertet wurden konstruiert. Im Rahmen der Auswertung der Laut-Denken Daten war die Übereinstimmung zweiter unabhängiger, gut geschulter Urteiler unbefriedigend. Die Übereinstimmungsunterschiede zwischen den Kategorien sowie zwischen den Probanden waren erheblich. Dies weist darauf hin, dass das Kategoriensystem nicht zur Auswertung der Laut-Denken Daten geeignet ist. Zudem scheinen große Unterschiede in der Nutzung metakognitiver Aktivitäten zwischen den Probanden zu bestehen. Zwischen Fragebogendaten und Laut-Denken-Daten besteht ein geringer nicht signifikanter negativer Zusammenhang. In Studie 2 wurde die Reaktivität der Laut-Denken-Methode und der Aufzeichnung von Lernleistungsurteilen während des Bearbeitens einer Textlese- sowie Problemlöseaufgabe untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser experimentellen Studie mit 2x2 Design legen nahe, dass von Laut-Denken im Rahmen von Problemlöseaufgaben reaktive Effekte zu erwarten sind. Von Lernleistungsurteilen hingegen sind reaktive Effekte lediglich im Rahmen von komplexen Textleseaufgaben zu erwarten. Auch im Rahmen dieser Erhebung mittels Laut-Denken konnte lediglich eine unbefriedigende Reliabilität der Messung berichtet werden obgleich in dieser Studie 11 unabhängige Urteiler zum Einsatz kamen. Auch hier wurde keine erwähnenswerte Korrelation zwischen Fragebogendaten und Laut-Denken Erhebung ermittelt. In Studie 3 wurden metakognitive Aktivitäten zu mehreren Messzeitpunkten im Kontext einer komplexen Gruppenlernaufgabe erhoben. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf einen individuellen Einsatz metakognitiver Aktivitäten unabhängig von der Lernsituation hin. Insgesamt lassen die Ergebnisse der Studien darauf schließen, dass Laut-Denken zumindest dann keine valide Erfassung metakognitiver Aktivitäten während des Lernens ermöglicht, wenn polytome Kategoriensysteme mit einer hohen Anzahl an Kategorien zum Einsatz kommen. Außerdem ist in spezifischen Lernsituationen von potentiellen reaktiven Effekte der Erhebung auszugehen. Dies gilt auch für die Erfassung des Monitoring- und Überwachungs-/Regulierungsverhaltens mittels Lernleistungsurteilen.