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Journal articles on the topic 'The law of requisite variety'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Raadt, J. D. R. de. "ASHBY'S LAW OF REQUISITE VARIETY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY." Cybernetics and Systems 18, no. 6 (1987): 517–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01969728708902152.

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2

Casti, J. L. "Canonical models and the law of requisite variety." Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 46, no. 4 (1985): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00939150.

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Gershenson, Carlos. "Requisite variety, autopoiesis, and self-organization." Kybernetes 44, no. 6/7 (2015): 866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-01-2015-0001.

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Purpose – Autopoiesis is a concept originally used to define living systems. However, no measure for autopoiesis has been proposed so far. Moreover, how can we build systems with a higher autopoiesis value? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Relating autopoiesis with Ashby’s law of requisite variety, self-organization is put forward as a way in which systems can be designed to match the variety of their environment. Findings – Guided self-organization has been shown to produce systems which can adapt to the requisite variety of their environment, offering mor

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Demel, Gail, and Najmedin Meshkati. "Requisite Variety: A Concept to Analyze the Effects of Cultural Context for Technology Transfer." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 12 (1989): 765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903301204.

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The Law of Requisite Variety states that “the system must possess as much regulatory variety as can be expected from the environment” (Ashby, 1957). This law may have some implications for culture. Specifically, the four cultural dimensions by which national cultures differ (as proposed by Hofstede, 1980a): Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism-Collectivism, and Masculinity-Femininity influence Requisite Variety depending on the country to which the technology is transferred. Therefore, it is proposed in this study that Requisite Variety can be used as a concept to systematicall

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Kalina, Jaroslav. "Law of requisite variety: a case of IT and business alignment." Journal of Systems Integration 2 (2011): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20470/jsi.v2i3.91.

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6

Zeleny, Milan. "The law of requisite variety: Is it applicable to human systems?" Human Systems Management 6, no. 4 (1986): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1986-6401.

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Palumbo, Rocco, and Rosalba Manna. "The need for requisite variety to support growth: an organizational life cycle perspective." Journal of Strategy and Management 11, no. 2 (2018): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-10-2016-0072.

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PurposeDrawing on the “Giffoni Experience” case study, the purpose of this paper is to establish a conceptual link between requisite variety and organizational life cycle. The law of requisite variety states that – to be viable – a system should be able to achieve the minimum number of states which are required to deal with environmental uncertainty.Design/methodology/approachA descriptive case study approach was taken, which allowed a holistic analysis of the subject being investigated. Multiple sources and different techniques were used to collect relevant data, including: document analysis,

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Alojairi, Ahmed S. "Application of Ashby’s Law of Requisite Variety to Interorganizational Conflicts in Nonprofit Organizations." Administration & Society 53, no. 7 (2021): 987–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399720985431.

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This study examines conflict that can co-determine the effectiveness of nonprofit organization performance. Based on Ashby’s law of requisite variety, interorganizational conflict is defined in terms of a lack of fit between input variety and variety-handling capabilities. The calculated organizational interaction effectiveness (IE) ratio of 2.04 is used to determine the quality of interactions. “Flexibility” is the dominant category for helpful incidents (49.03%). Within non-helpful incidents (45.67%), however, “Unreliability” is the dominant category. This major source of conflict commonly p

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Fischer, Thomas. "Transcomputability, (Glanville’s corollary of) Ashby’s law of requisite variety and epistemic processes." Kybernetes 48, no. 4 (2019): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-11-2017-0457.

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Purpose Ranulph Glanville has argued that ambitions of strict control are misplaced in epistemic processes such as learning and designing. Among other reasons, he has presented quantitative arguments for this ethical position. As a part of these arguments, Glanville claimed that strict control even of modest systems transcends the computational limits of our planet. The purpose of this paper is to review the related discourse and to examine the soundness of this claim. Design/methodology/approach Related literature is reviewed and pertinent lines of reasoning are illustrated and critically exa

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Hirose, Takayuki, Hideki Nomoto, Yasutaka Michiura, and Shota Iino. "Functional Analysis of Law of Requisite Variety: Envisioning How Systems Variety Affects Their Resilience Based on FRAM." IFAC-PapersOnLine 55, no. 29 (2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.10.231.

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Poulis, Konstantinos, and Efthimios Poulis. "Problematizing Fit and Survival: Transforming the Law of Requisite Variety Through Complexity Misalignment." Academy of Management Review 41, no. 3 (2016): 503–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0073.

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Owsiński, Jan W. "Is There Any ‘Law of Requisite Variety’ in Construction of Indices for Complex Systems?" Social Indicators Research 136, no. 3 (2017): 1125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1545-5.

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Tsirel, S. "“QWERTY-effects”, “Path Dependence” and the Law of Hierarchic Compensations." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 20, 2005): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-8-19-26.

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The concepts of the "QWERTY-effects" and "path dependence" are close to the cybernetic law of hierarchic compensations which refines the law of requisite variety. The law states that in a complex hierarchic system the variety of forms at higher levels of a structure is in inverse proportion to that at its lower levels. On the basis of closeness of these concepts conditions of unification and disintegration of standards and institutions are considered. These are illustrated by the analysis of several particular cases.

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Canny, MJ. "Ashby's Law and the Pursuit of Plant Hormones: a Critique of Accepted Dogmas, Using the Concept of Variety." Functional Plant Biology 12, no. 1 (1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9850001.

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A rule from the theory of the control of systems, Ashby's Law of Requisite Variety, is outlined and applied to the requirements of a message system that could specify the control of plant development. It is concluded that the recognized plant hormones have insufficient variety to function in this control. Some alternative systems are suggested where signalling messages with adequate variety might be found.

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Kuchinke, K. Peter. "Taking shape and being stretched: HRD professional communities, HRD theories and the Law of Requisite Variety." Human Resource Development International 11, no. 4 (2008): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13678860802260837.

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Becker Bertoni, Vanessa, Tarcisio Abreu Saurin, and Flávio Sanson Fogliatto. "Law of requisite variety in practice: Assessing the match between risk and actors' contribution to resilient performance." Safety Science 155 (November 2022): 105895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105895.

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Espejo, Raul. "Performance for viability: complexity and variety management." Kybernetes 44, no. 6/7 (2015): 1020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-02-2015-0044.

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Purpose – It is natural for interacting organisational actors and environmental agents to experience complexity asymmetries. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the balancing of these complexities at a level of performance that not only maintains the organisation’s viability but also the health of its ecosystem. Design/methodology/approach – Ashby (1964) proposed variety, or the number of possible states of a situation, as a measure of complexity and the Law of Requisite Variety as an ontology and heuristic for complexity management strategies. Following these propositions Beer’s variety e

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Kidd, John. "The ‘law of requisite variety’ may assist climate change negotiations: a review of the Kyoto and Durban meetings." Knowledge Management Research & Practice 12, no. 1 (2014): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/kmrp.2012.56.

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Grimm, David A. P., Jamie C. Gorman, Eric Robinson, and Jennifer Winner. "Measuring Adaptive Team Coordination in an Enroute Care Training Scenario." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (2022): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661074.

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Teams must adapt and coordinate in high-stress environments in response to challenging situations. Communication is vital to coordination and can provide insights into effective team adaptation. We analyzed communication speaker data, consisting of a physician, nurse, and respiratory therapist, from a critical care simulation. We analyzed speaker flow data and quantified continuous reorganization of team communication states using entropy, which measures variety, and determinism, which measures repeatability of patterns. Using Ashby’s law of requisite variety, we hypothesized that higher perfo

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Cybulski, Jacob L., and Rens Scheepers. "Data science in organizations: Conceptualizing its breakthroughs and blind spots." Journal of Information Technology 36, no. 2 (2021): 154–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268396220988539.

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The field of data science emerged in recent years, building on advances in computational statistics, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and big data. Modern organizations are immersed in data and are turning toward data science to address a variety of business problems. While numerous complex problems in science have become solvable through data science, not all scientific solutions are equally applicable to business. Many data-intensive business problems are situated in complex socio-political and behavioral contexts that still elude commonly used scientific methods. To what extent ca

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Ashby, Mick. "Ethical Regulators and Super-Ethical Systems." Systems 8, no. 4 (2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8040053.

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This paper combines the good regulator theorem with the law of requisite variety and seven other requisites that are necessary and sufficient for a cybernetic regulator to be effective and ethical. The ethical regulator theorem provides a basis for systematically evaluating and improving the adequacy of existing or proposed designs for systems that make decisions that can have ethical consequences; regardless of whether the regulators are humans, machines, cyberanthropic hybrids, organizations, or government institutions. The theorem is used to define an ethical design process that has potenti

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Pascual, Pasky, Wendy Wagner, and Elizabeth Fisher. "Making Method Visible: Improving the Quality of Science-Based Regulation." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 2.2 (2013): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.2.2.making.

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Scientific inferences are theories about how the world works that scientists formulate based on their observations. One of the most difficult issues at the intersection of law and science is to determine whether the weight of evidence supports one scientific inference versus other competing interpretations of the observations. In administrative law, this difficulty is exacerbated by the behavior of both the courts and regulatory agencies. Agencies seldom achieve the requisite visibility that explains the analytical methods they use to reach their scientific inferences. Courts—because they appr

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Bosi, Sara, Lorenzo Negri, Antonio Fakaros, Giulia Oliveti, Anne Whittaker, and Giovanni Dinelli. "GGE Biplot Analysis to Explore the Adaption Potential of Italian Common Wheat Genotypes." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (2022): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020897.

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Given the substantial variation in global wheat yield, insufficient research in cultivar selection for climate change, and the lack of suitable germplasm in sustainable agroecosystems, there is a requisite for soft wheat genotypes, with stable grain yield as well as quality parameters. The present study was aimed at genotype evaluation (GGE biplot for “mean performance versus stability”) not only for yield, but also for technological, phytosanitary and functional quality parameters of 24 Triticum aestivum L. genotypes (eight landraces, old and modern varieties, respectively) within a single or

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Lisk, Ida E. "The Adoption Act of Sierra Leone." Journal of African Law 36, no. 1 (1992): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300009712.

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The long-awaited Adoption Act was passed in 1989. The object of the Act as indicated in the objects and reasons of the Bill is to make provision for the adoption of juveniles by persons who are fit and willing to do so. Informal adoptions existed in Sierra Leone in a variety of situations but for the past decade there has been a growing realization that these arrangements needed a legal stamp in order to provide proper security for the child and for the adopters who often feared that the natural parent might claim possession of the child after a number of years of care by the adopters. The abs

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Pichancourt, Jean-Baptiste. "Navigating the complexities of the forest land sharing vs sparing logging dilemma: analytical insights through the governance theory of social-ecological systems dynamics." PeerJ 12 (January 29, 2024): e16809. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16809.

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This study addresses the ongoing debate on forest land-sparing vs land-sharing, aiming to identify effective strategies for both species conservation and timber exploitation. Previous studies, guided by control theory, compared sharing and sparing by optimizing logging intensity along a presumed trade-off between timber yield and ecological outcomes. However, the realism of this trade-off assumption is questioned by ecological and governance theories. This article introduces a mathematical model of Social-Ecological System (SES) dynamics, distinguishing selective logging intensification betwee

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Castillo, Elizabeth A., and Mai P. Trinh. "Catalyzing capacity: absorptive, adaptive, and generative leadership." Journal of Organizational Change Management 32, no. 3 (2019): 356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-04-2017-0100.

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Purpose Organizations increasingly operate under volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) conditions. Traditional command-and-control leadership can be ineffective in such chaotic environments. The purpose of this paper is to outline an alternative model to help leaders and organizations navigate effectively through VUCA environments. By developing three fundamental capacities (absorptive, adaptive and generative), leaders can cultivate organizations capable of continuous synchronization with their fitness landscapes. Central tenets of the framework include diversity, slack, learning,

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Rafie, Sally, Emily Richards, Samantha Rafie, Sharon Landau, and Tracey Wilkinson. "Pharmacist Outlooks on Prescribing Hormonal Contraception Following Statewide Scope of Practice Expansion." Pharmacy 7, no. 3 (2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030096.

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In an effort to increase access to contraception, the pharmacist scope of practice is being expanded to allow prescribing. While this is being accomplished in the United States by a variety of models, legislation that allows pharmacists to prescribe hormonal contraception under a statewide protocol is the most common. This study was designed to explore the outlooks of pharmacists regarding prescribing contraception in the period following the first state legislation and prior to statewide protocol development and availability. A qualitative study of community pharmacists in California using st

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Smith, Tawnya D., Karin S. Hendricks, Ronald P. Kos, and Andrew Goodrich. "Balancing String Instruction in an Instrumental Lab Setting: An Intrinsic Evaluative Case Study." String Research Journal 11, no. 1 (2021): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19484992211020735.

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There is an expected increase in the need to provide adequate string-specific training for non-string specialists in the future and for preservice music teachers to develop the requisite pedagogical content knowledge to teach a variety of instruments. A multiyear instrumental lab ensemble university course was designed to help preservice music teachers integrate knowledge and skills in various instrument- and ensemble-specific areas. The purpose of this intrinsic evaluative study was to determine the extent to which the new course was successful toward these aims. Data included interviews of s

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Suarez-Fernandez de Miranda, Susana, Francisco Aguayo-González, Jorge Salguero-Gómez, and María Jesús Ávila-Gutiérrez. "Life Cycle Engineering 4.0: A Proposal to Conceive Manufacturing Systems for Industry 4.0 Centred on the Human Factor (DfHFinI4.0)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (2020): 4442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134442.

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Engineering 4.0 environments are characterised by the digitisation, virtualisation, and connectivity of products, processes, and facilities composed of reconfigurable and adaptive socio-technical cyber-physical manufacturing systems (SCMS), in which Operator 4.0 works in real time in VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous) contexts and markets. This situation gives rise to the interest in developing a framework for the conception of SCMS that allows the integration of the human factor, management, training, and development of the competencies of Operator 4.0 as fundamental aspects of

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Ramamoorti, Sridhar. "DISCUSSION OF: Economic Analysis of Proposed PCAOB Standards: Finding a Path Forward." Accounting Horizons 32, no. 2 (2018): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-10587.

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SYNOPSIS For organizing my discussant response, I use the “input-process-output-outcomes” framework, where the PCAOB is part of the standard-setting infrastructure (input), the processes are its standard-setting activities, the standards eventually developed and approved by the SEC (the output), and assessing the outcome(s) refers to evaluating how well the PCAOB is achieving its mission and vision. From this perspective, Nolder and Palmrose's (2018) critique of the PCAOB's standard-setting pace as being “glacial” can only be regarded an “operational criticism.” In fact, viewed in light of the

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Volodenkov, S. V. "Revisiting ‘Old Questions’: Perspectives amid Contemporary Digital Transformations." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 17, no. 5 (2025): 27–43. https://doi.org/10.31249/kgt/2024.05.02.

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The aim of this work is to define fundamentally new, substantive answers to traditional questions that have challenged scientists for centuries within the context of contemporary digital transformations. The central research question focuses on the fundamental reinterpretation of “old” questions in a changed world. The paper explores W.R. Ashby’s law of requisite variety, the concept of the Panopticon by J. Bentham and M. Foucault, and Plato’s allegory of the cave, assessing their relevance and applicability to contemporary conditions of state and societal functioning in a new technological st

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Abdrabou, Atef, and Walid Shakhatreh. "On assessment and evaluation of teaching computer networks to electrical engineering students by the aid of a lab course." Journal of Technology and Science Education 11, no. 2 (2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1186.

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In the era of Internet-of-everything, learning the principles of data communications and networking is inevitable for many electrical engineering disciplines. The paper addresses the effectiveness of teaching the fundamentals of data communications and networking using a dedicated lab course as a co-requisite to a classic lecture-based course. In the introduced lab course, the students are asked to do a variety of tasks using real hardware and a network simulator. The paper introduces quantitative measures of an outcome-based learning approach applied to both courses. Based on students’ achiev

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Bula, Germán Ulises. "Towards a non-trivializing education." Kybernetes 44, no. 6/7 (2015): 913–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-11-2014-0254.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model of education that is non-reproductive; that is, productive of non-trivial machines. The reason for this is the postulate that society’s main problems are second-order deficiencies, which cannot be fixed by doing what we do better or more intensely, but rather by changing what we do. Design/methodology/approach – This paper proposes several guidelines for non-reproductive education based on Von Foerster’s concept of a non-trivial machine and of legitimate questions, and Ashby’s law of requisite variety. The ideas presented are corollarie

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Eglash, Ron. "Multiple objectivity: an anti‐relativist approach to situated knowledge." Kybernetes 40, no. 7/8 (2011): 995–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684921111160223.

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PurposeThe paper aims to describe the inadequate nature of both “mono‐objectivist” approaches, which deny any role of social influence in science, and relativist social constructions, which fail to distinguish between science and pseudoscience. It outlines an alternative conceptual framework that allows for the possibility of social construction of science, while preventing epistemological relativism.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilizes the cybernetic concept of recursion to show how science can bend back on itself, investigating its own foundations, without undermining its ability to

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Espejo, Raul, and Vladimir Lepskiy. "Ontological Cybernetics as an Integrator of Organizational Systems in Hybrid Reality Environments." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 10 (2022): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-10-213-217.

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Our purpose in this paper is to clarify ontological approaches to the development of cybernetics based on epistemological and methodological propositions grounded in the concepts of scientific classical, non-classical, post-non-classical rationality – as proposed by V.S. Stepin (2005). We need to increase our understanding of the subject-oriented approach to the analysis of cybernetic interactions: “subject – object” in first-order cybernetics, “subject – subject” in second-order cybernetics and “subject – metasubject” in the cybernetics of self-developing reflexive-active environments, thi

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Balmer, John M. T. "The corporate identity, total corporate communications, stakeholders’ attributed identities, identifications and behaviours continuum." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 9/10 (2017): 1472–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-07-2017-0448.

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Purpose This paper aims to introduce a new integrated strategic framework entitled, “The corporate identity, total corporate communications, stakeholders’ attributed identities, identifications and behaviours continuum” and elucidates the central and strategic importance of corporate identity apropos corporate communications, corporate image, attributed stakeholder identifications and resultant behaviours. The strategic importance of corporate identity is noted. The continuum incorporates a variety of disciplinary/theoretical perspectives. Design/methodology/approach The paper/framework is inf

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Svetlov, Nikolay M. "Digital Technologies for Land Use Scenario Analysis in Field Farming: A Reflection on Experience." Bulletin of Liberal Arts University 13, no. 1 (2025): 40–52. https://doi.org/10.35853/vestnik.gu.2025.13-1.03.

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Using the example of digitalization in projects for the technological modernization of crop production, the paper argues that the development of digital technologies typically yields the greatest impact when it is tied to more advanced methods of processing datasets – methods that are better suited to the specific applied task at hand. These datasets are either created beforehand or updated using previously established procedures. The paper sets out two digital modeling tasks. These are designed to utilize sets of technological and geographical data composed during the technical and economic j

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Savelev, Ivan A. "Polysubjectivity as a Factor of Social Development in the Context of Dialogization and Differentiation of Center–Region Relations in the Federal State." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 67, no. 2 (2024): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2024-67-2-97-116.

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The article explores the phenomenon of polysubjectivity as a factor of social development from the perspective of post-non-classical scientific methodology. The author proposes conceptualizing polysubjectivity (multiple subjectivity) as a category describing the multifaceted nature, diversity, and dynamics of the social environment. This environment is formed through the dialogue of managed subjects who are bearers of diverse value-goal structures, possess certain resources, and are interconnected with other subjects of social action. Attention is drawn to the dual nature of poly-subjectivity.

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Bartel-Radic, Anne, and Nicolas Lesca. "Do intercultural teams need “requisite variety” to be effective?" Management international 15, no. 3 (2011): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1005435ar.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of ‘requisite variety’ of an intercultural team on its effectiveness. Using a qualitative, longitudinal case-study method, five successive intercultural teams in one international company are analysed in order to question the effectiveness of the teams from the perspective of requisite variety. The results show that requisite variety is a necessary condition for team effectiveness. Yet, requisite variety is not easily actionable, and team processes moderate the link between requisite variety and team effectiveness. The team also needs enough time

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Godsiff, Phil. "Service Systems and Requisite Variety." Service Science 2, no. 1-2 (2010): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/serv.2.1_2.92.

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Dewhurst, David. "The Status of Requisite Variety." Kybernetes 20, no. 2 (1991): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb005883.

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Andrew, Alex M. "Requisite variety: more on Gaia." Kybernetes 38, no. 6 (2009): 860–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920910973126.

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Kubik, George H. "Alpha societies and requisite variety: a projected framework for governance, education, and work in the 21st century." On the Horizon 23, no. 1 (2015): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oth-05-2014-0018.

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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to define a framework for projecting future leading-edge alpha societies based on the principle of requisite variety. Alpha societies are advanced as a platform for creating future forms of work and workforce preparation premised on continuous creativity, invention, design and innovation. Design/methodology/approach – The principle of requisite variety is presented as the basis for a structured schema that incorporates trends and developments in anticipatory behaviors, systems thinking, creativity, design and innovation to produce a strategy for continu

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Fransoo, Jan C., and Vincent C. S. Wiers. "Action variety of planners: Cognitive load and requisite variety." Journal of Operations Management 24, no. 6 (2006): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2005.09.008.

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Byzova, Tatiana, Ramin Rabbani, Stanley D’Souza та Edward Plow. "Role of Integrin αvβ3 in Vascular Biology". Thrombosis and Haemostasis 80, № 11 (1998): 726–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615250.

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IntroductionA defining characteristic of vascular cells is their adhesive status. The predominant cells of the blood vessel, endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC), are normally adherent but can be induced to migrate in response to vascular injury and angiogenic stimuli. The circulating blood cells are ordinarily nonadhesive but can rapidly acquire an adhesive phenotype in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic stimuli. As prime examples, platelets become adherent to the subendothelial matrix and to one another during thrombus formation, and leukocytes first adhere to EC an

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Chester, Mikhail V., and Braden Allenby. "Infrastructure autopoiesis: requisite variety to engage complexity." Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability 2, no. 1 (2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ac4b48.

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Abstract Infrastructure systems must change to match the growing complexity of the environments they operate in. Yet the models of governance and the core technologies they rely on are structured around models of relative long-term stability that appear increasingly insufficient and even problematic. As the environments in which infrastructure function become more complex, infrastructure systems must adapt to develop a repertoire of responses sufficient to respond to the increasing variety of conditions and challenges. Whereas in the past infrastructure leadership and system design has emphasi

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Molleman, Eric. "VARIETY AND THE REQUISITE OF SELF‐ORGANIZATION." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 6, no. 2 (1998): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb028880.

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Schwaninger, M. "Integrative Systems Methodology: Heuristic for Requisite Variety." International Transactions in Operational Research 4, no. 2 (1997): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.1997.tb00068.x.

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HAYES, ROBERT H. "PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT'S NEW “REQUISITE VARIETY”." Production and Operations Management 1, no. 3 (2009): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.1992.tb00357.x.

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Boyd, Alexander B., Dibyendu Mandal, and James P. Crutchfield. "Leveraging Environmental Correlations: The Thermodynamics of Requisite Variety." Journal of Statistical Physics 167, no. 6 (2017): 1555–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-017-1776-0.

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