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1
Andersson, Helen, and Karolina Franzén. "Value Added Tax : the Right to Deduct in Case of Carousel Fraud." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1064.
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<p>Taxable persons’ right to deduct input VAT is an integral part of the VAT system and may in principle not be limited. Carousel schemes deprive the Member States a great deal of tax revenue, investigations show that up to EUR 100 billion disap-pear every year. In order to stop these trading arrangements and reduce the big amount of tax revenue which disappears every year, some Member States would like to deny traders involved in carousel frauds the right to deduct the input VAT.</p><p>It exist different opinions regarding taxable persons’ ability to deduct input VAT when involved in carousel frauds. The ECJ has given judgements in three interest-ing cases dealing with the right to deduct in case of carousel fraud. In the Optigen case, it was established that taxable persons who do not know or have any reason to believe that they are involved in a carousel fraud cannot be denied the right to deduct the input VAT. In the FTI case, it was concluded that taxable persons in-volved in carousel frauds can be jointly and severally liable to pay the VAT to-gether with the person, actually liable to pay the VAT. A precondition for making a taxable person jointly and severally liable is that the taxable person has to be aware or should have been aware that the transaction made, was involved in such a scheme. If the taxable person did not know or had no reason to suspect this, he cannot be made jointly and severally liable. The ruling in the Kittel case confirms the Optigen judgement as well as concludes that when a taxable person is aware or should have been aware that he is involved in a carousel scheme, he is not enti-tled to deduct the input VAT. If this is the case, it is possible for the tax authori-ties in the different Member States to deny taxable persons this right as well as claim a refund.</p><p>These judgements clarify when the national tax authorities can deny a taxable per-son the right to deduct input VAT when the transactions are made in a chain of fraud. However, another problem occurred, it is up to the national courts to de-cide when a taxable person should be aware that he is involved in a carousel fraud. This decision shall be based upon objective factors, no guidelines or any other help as to what these objective factors should consist of have been published. This creates an interpretation gap for the national courts followed by the risk of having an outcome with different interpretations from the courts in the Member States.</p><br><p>Den avdragsrätt som beskattningsbara personer besitter utgör en oskiljaktig del av mervärdesskattesystemet och kan därför i princip inte inskränkas. Karusellhandel berövar medlemsstaterna på stora mängder skatteinkomster. Olika undersökning-ar visar att upp till 100 miljarder euro försvinner varje år till följd av karusellbe-drägerier. Vissa medlemsstater vill kunna neka avdragsrätt för beskattningsbara personer som är inblandade i olika typer av karusellhandel som ett försök att stoppa dessa arrangemang och för att minska de skatteintäkter som årligen förlo-ras.</p><p>Det finns olika åsikter om möjligheten att neka avdragsrätt för beskattningsbara personer involverade i karusellhandel. EG-domstolen har avkunnat domar i tre in-tressanta mål som rör avdragsrätten vid karusellhandel. I Optigen målet fastställ-des att beskattningsbara personer som inte vet eller har någon anledning att miss-tänka att de är inblandade i en karusellhandel inte kan bli nekade att dra av den in-gående mervärdesskatten. I FTI målet drogs slutsatsen att beskattningsbara per-soner involverade i karusellhandel kan bli solidariskt betalningsansvariga för sälja-rens mervärdesskatteskuld. Förutsättningen för att sådant ansvar skall kunna åläg-gas är att den beskattningsbara personen visste eller hade skälig anledning att misstänka att han var involverad i ett karusellbedrägeri. Däremot kan en beskatt-ningsbar person som inte visste eller hade skälig anledning att misstänka att han var inblandad i ett karusellbedrägeri inte åläggas solidariskt betalningsansvar. Do-men i Kittel målet bekräftar Optigen domen samtidigt som den fastställer att be-skattningsbara personer som medvetet eller som haft skälig anledning att misstän-ka att han är inblandad i ett karusellbedrägeri kan förlora avdragsrätten. Om så är fallet kan följaktligen de nationella skattemyndigheterna neka avdragsrätt för en beskattningsbar person samt kräva en återbetalning av redan utbetalad mervärdes-skatt.</p><p>Dessa domar klarlägger när de nationella skattemyndigheterna kan neka en be-skattningsbar person avdragsrätten när en transaktion är genomförd i samband med ett karusellbedrägeri. Ett annat problem uppstod dock eftersom det är upp till de nationella domstolarna att bestämma när en beskattningsbar person skall ha skälig anledning att misstänka att han är involverad i ett karusellbedrägeri. Detta beslut ska baseras på objektiva faktorer, det finns emellertid inga riktlinjer eller annan hjälp att ta till för att bestämma vad dessa objektiva faktorer skall vara. Det-ta skapar ett tolkningsproblem för de nationella domstolarna, vilket kan resultera i olika tolkningar mellan medlemsstaterna.</p>
2
Villanueva, Gutiérrez Walker. "The taxable events for the Value-Added Tax (VAT) based on a Comparative Law approach." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115871.
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This article analyzes the definitions of the main taxable events for the Value-Added Tax (VAT) based on a comparative approach to thelegislation of different countries (Spain, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Argentina and Peru). In this regard, it analyzes which legislations offer definitions according to the principles of generality, fiscal neutrality and legal certainty for VAT. Moreover, it points out that the VAT systems of those countries do not require as a condition for the configuration of the taxable events that the transactions involve a «value added» or a final consumption. In the specificcase of «supplies of goods», the VAT systems have a similar definition of the taxable event, although there are a few differences. However, in the case of«supplies of services», which is the most important taxable event for VAT, there are important differences at the time each country defines it. This is not a desirable effect for the international trade of services, since the lack of harmonization produces double taxation or double non taxation.<br>El trabajo aborda la definición de los hechos gravados principalesen el Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA) en el derecho comparado (España, México, Chile, Colombia, Argentina y Perú), evaluando qué legislaciones proponen una definición conforme a los principios de generalidad, deneutralidad y de seguridad jurídica. Destaca que ninguna de las legislaciones exige como condición para la configuración de los hechos gravados que setrate de transacciones que generen «valor agregado» o que se trate de bienes o servicios susceptibles de consumo final. En el caso de la venta de bienes muebles, hay coincidencia en la definición del hecho gravado, aunque con matices de diferencia. En cambio, en la definición de servicios, que es la hipótesis más importante del impuesto, hay grandes diferencias entre las legislaciones. Ello definitivamente no es deseable, considerando el comercio internacional de servicios, por cuanto la falta de armonización produce fenómenos de doble imposición y doble no imposición.
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Roberts, Tanya. "The zero-rating of certain professional services in terms of the Value-Added Tax Act." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021006.
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The third sphere of government (Local Government) has been persistently clouded by unfavourable Annual Financial Statement (AFS) audit reports. This results in local government losing credibility and its stakeholders losing confidence in the institutions or municipalities. In-depth analysis of the root cause of this dilemma is an opportunity for the municipality to reorganise its house and redeem its dignity and credibility to its stakeholders through addressing the identified challenges. The importance of the study can be attributed to the need to investigate the root causes of unfavourable audit opinion and recommend possible remedies that can assist municipalities to improve their audit report outcomes which in turn will improve the confidence of its stakeholders. The primary objective of the study was to investigate variables that impact on the audit report outcomes on annual financial statements of the municipalities that are within Alfred Nzo District (AND) Jurisdiction, including Alfred Nzo District Municipality (ANDM). This was achieved through investigating the root causes of the audit report outcomes with specific focus on the relationship that exists between the management role and audit outcomes of the Alfred Nzo District Municipalities. This was measured by the municipality’s leadership, governance, internal controls and human capital management. Convenient sampling was used wherein 150 questionnaires (30 per municipality) were sent out to the selected employees in all the municipalities in the Alfred Nzo District. Out of the questionnaires that were sent out, 103 responses were received. These were analysed to draw findings, conclusion and recommendations. The empirical results of the study revealed that there is strong evidence that leadership, governance and human capital management have a positive influence on the municipality’s AFS audit report outcomes. It also revealed that there is overwhelming evidence that internal controls have a positive influence on the municipality’s AFS audit report outcomes. The study recommends how leadership, governance, internal controls and human capital management must be improved. It also provides future research recommendations to improve this study.
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Mahlunge, Amanda Nyasha. "The new dispensation governing the collection of Value Added Tax on electronic commerce supplies in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12896.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>The primary focus of this paper is on the cross-border supply of electronic services into South Africa by non-resident e-commerce businesses. This paper will discuss the nature of electronic commerce (e-commerce) and electronic services; the impact that e-commerce has on indirect taxes such as value-added tax; the previous legislation and its shortfalls; the nature of the new legislated VAT amendments; the problems that were faced by the tax authorities in its efforts to enact the new tax VAT amendments; the problems that the South African Revenue Services (SARS) may face in enforcing compliance with the new tax legislation; the guidelines that have been put forward by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) with regard to international trade over the internet; and the measures that have been put in place in other jurisdictions that directly deal with e-commerce.
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Sezgin, Fevza. "Value-added Tax In European Taxation System And Harmonization Of Vat During The Integration Process Of Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608829/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes tha value added tax (VAT) in the European Union (EU). Primarily,the issue of tax harmonization and legal basis of tax harmonization in the context of European Union is studied. Furthermore, this thesis makes a comparision of VAT legislation in the EU and Turkey and identifies differences between the EU VAT system and Turkish VAT Law.Lastly, within the framework of finding similarities between Turkish and EU VAT legislation,the thesis tries to examine whether major harmonization laws are needded to be adopted in the accession process in the field of VAT.
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Theron, Nico. "A comparative study of value added tax collection methods in the context of e-commerce and virtual worlds from a South African perspective." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26408.
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E-commerce and transactions in virtual worlds has monetary value and may lead to actual cash flows. Where real money trade occurs tax authorities are bound to seek ways and means in which to levy and collect taxes (Pienaar, 2008:38). Previous research on the application of the South African income tax laws to transactions in virtual worlds has been conducted. The application of the charging section of the value added tax laws in South Africa has also been researched in the context of e-commerce and transactions in virtual worlds. Limited research has been conducted on the actual value added tax collection methods in the context of e-commerce and transactions in virtual worlds. This study critically analyses the value added tax collection methods employed in South Africa in the context of ecommerce and transactions in virtual worlds and compares the extent of its application to the extent of the goods and services tax collection methods’ application employed in Australia in this context. The study concludes that that the value added tax collection methods employed in South Africa and the goods and services tax collection methods employed in Australia are similar. Special rules have been adopted in Australia to ensure goods and service taxes are collected on the supply electronic goods. This is not the case in South Africa. However, in the case of transactions in virtual worlds, both countries’ collection methods struggle in ensuring value added tax and goods and service taxes is collected where the supplier of a virtual item is foreign in relation to South Africa or Australia. AFRIKAANS : E-commerce en transaksies in virtuele wêrelde het monetêre waarde en mag in sekere omstandighede kontantvloeie tot gevolg bring. Wanneer regte geld verhandel word sal belasting owerhede altyd maniere soek om belasting the hef op die onderliggende transaksies en dit in te vorder (Pienaar, 2008:38). Vorige navorsing rakende die toepassing van die Suid Afrikaanse inkomste belasting wetgewing in virtuele wêrelde is al voorheen gedoen. The toepassing van die heffings artikel in the belasting op toegevoegde waarde (BTW) wetgewing op e-commerce en transaksies in virtuele wêrelde was ook al vorheen nagevors. Min navorsing was gevind wat aleenlik fokus op die invorderings meganismes in die BTW wetgewing in die konteks van transaksies in virtuele wêrelde en e-commerce. Hierdie studie analiseer krities die toepassing van die invorderings meganismes in die Suid Afrikaanse BTW wetgewing in die konteks van e-commerce en transaksies in virtuele wêrelde en vergelyk die toepassing daarvan met die toepassing van die Australiaanse goods and services tax wetgewing se invorderings meganismes in dieselfde konteks. Die studie lig uit dat die twee lande se invorderings meganismes baie dieselfde is. The Australiaanse wetgewing maak egter spesiale voorsiening vir lewerings met betrekking tot e-commerce. Dit is nie die geval in Suid Afrika nie. Met betrekking tot transaksies in virtuele wêrelde sukkel beide lande se invorerings meganismes om seker maak dat BTW en goods and services tax ingevorder word waar die verskaffer nie Suid Afrikaans of Australiaans is nie.<br>Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>Taxation<br>unrestricted
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Zhu, Xiaoshi. "The Effect of Business Tax to Value-Added Tax Reform on Tax Burdens and R&D Investments of the High and New Technology Enterprises in China." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2240.
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This paper examines the effect of Business Tax to Value-Added Tax Reform (B2V Reform) of 2016 on the tax burden and research and development activities of High and New Technology Enterprises (HNTEs) in China. The initial hypothesis is that the B2V reform decreases tax burdens and encourages R&D activities of HNTEs. After analyzing the data from the Shanghai Stock Exchange High and New Technology Enterprise Index, however, it is found that the Reform does not significantly affect either the tax burdens or the R&D activities. Subsequent research reveals several explanations for the discrepancy, including firms’ labor-heavy capital structures for which labor costs do not qualify for value-added tax deductions as well as the issue of unused tax deductions from fixed asset purchases. This study informs policy makers how to revise and improve the reform to benefit high-tech companies with labor-intensive capital structures and others with significant upfront investment costs.
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Strankauskas, Arvydas. "Pridėtinės vertės mokesčio objektą reglamentuojančių teisės aktų nuostatų taikymo problemos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080125_131602-05297.
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PVM yra didžiausias ir svarbiausias nacionalinio biudžeto pajamų šaltinis, todėl valstybei ypač svarbu užtikrinti, kad aiškinant teisės aktus reglamentuojančius PVM, būtų daroma kuo mažiau klaidų. Siekiant atsakyti į klausimą, kokios priežastys lemia klaidas taikant PVM reglamentuojančius teisės aktus, šiame darbe iškeltos kelios hipotezės. Pirma, klaidų taikant PVM reglamentuojančius teisės aktus priežastys yra konkrečios netobulos, klaidinančios teisės aktų nuostatos. Antra, teisės aktų nuostatos, kurias taikant klystama akivaizdžių trūkumų neturi, klystama, nes dažnai yra neaiškus jų tikslas, pagrindinė idėja, dėl kurios jos buvo sukurtos. Siekiant patvirtinti ar paneigti šiuos spėjimus i���keltas darbo tikslas – nustatyti tas PVM objektą reglamentuojančių teisės aktų nuostatas, kurias taikant dažniausiai daromos klaidos, nustatyti klaidų tipus ir būdus, į ką reikėtų atkreipti dėmesį, siekiant išvengti klaidų. Šiam tikslui pasiekti iškelti uždaviniai - atlikti Europos Bendrijų Teisingumo teismo, Lietuvos Vyriausiojo administracinio teismo ir Mokestinių ginčų komisijos prie Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės išnagrinėtų mokestinių ginčų sprendimų, kurie buvo priimti bylose dėl padarytų klaidų taikant PVM objektą reglamentuojančias teisės aktų nuostatas, analizę. Atlikus šių sprendimų analizę nustatyta, kad dažniausiai klystama taikant prekių tiekimo sampratoje įtvirtintas „prekių perdavimo“ ir „disponavimo prekėmis kaip savomis“ sąvokas, aiškinant vieną iš atlygio sąvokos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The VAT is the biggest and the most important resource of the National budgets. Therefore, every state must be sure that the Declaration of the Rights Tax Act regulatory preferably. There are also a few hypotheses. First, in the application of the regulatory acts Tax resulting error caused mostly not accurate in the classification of deception leading acts. Secondly, faulty application of classification of act has no obvious defects. The possible errors come only if the target and the idea of why this all has to be done, not just explained. This foreboding to vote or to deny them is the main objective, that is This VAT object regulates classification of the acts to determine their application for the most errors occur, the error and to clarify the possible ways out, in order to circumvent.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been the work of the European Court of the European Community, the main administrative court in Lithuania and the Commission of disputes about tax to the government of Republic of Lithuania and decisions of the disputes about tax issues involved in the court proceedings at the declaration of the application of VAT object regulates classification of acts analyzed.
In this summary we can clearly see that there are enough misapplications of VAT object regulatory classification of the acts occuring. Only partly succeeded determination of such categories of acts, where most mistakes happen to be determined. In almost all cases, if you pay tax at... [to full text]
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Hadzovic, Inda. "European Value Added Tax and Digital Economy : Does the new legal framework make EU VAT system truly fit for the digital economy?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384781.
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Oosthuizen, Sonia. "Die invloed van elektroniese handel op die toepaslikheid van die Wet of Belasting op Toegevoegde Waarde, no. 89 van 1991 /." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3404.
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Thesis (MAcc (Accountancy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.<br>The advent of the internet made it possible to conduct business in a different manner
- electronically. Electronic commerce enables residents and vendors to transact with
residents and vendors of any other country (jurisdiction) at any time, making the
world indeed a smaller place.
Electronic commerce has, however, raised many questions internationally.
Determining the effect of such transactions on the tax take of a country is of great
importance to a government. The South African Revenue Service adjusted the
Income Tax Act in order to take globalisation into account in accordance with
international direction. In contrast, no changes have been suggested for the indirect
taxation, namely value added tax.
Electronic commerce were not contemplated when the Value-Added Tax Act was
introduced in 1991. The charging section (section 7 of the mentioned act) provides
that a transaction will be taxed in South Africa on the supply of goods or services, on
the import of goods and on the supply of an imported service. In traditional business
the place of supply was easy to define because a pure consumption test could be
applied: namely that the place of supply is where the goods or services have been
consumed. Today this rule will put an enormous compliance burden on vendors since
the physical place of consumption in electronic commerce is not that obvious (Masters, 2001). Not only must the precise place of supply be determined but the
vendor also has to value the supply in multiple jurisdictions.
This study highlights the applicable sections of the Value-Added Tax Act and applies
it to electronic commerce in order to determine if the existing legislation should be
modernised or if parts of it needs to be re-written.
The following concepts will be considered:
• Place of supply in order to determine the jurisdiction where tax must be
charged.
• Value of supply to determine the value on which tax must be charged.
• Vendor to determine which entities, South African or otherwise, have to
register for VAT in South Africa.
• Goods.
• Services to consider goods and services of digital content.
The international initiatives regarding the application of consumption tax, under the
leadership of the Fiscal Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development, were taken into account in the study of any required amendments
to sections of the Value-Added Tax Act. A group, “The Consumption Tax Technical
Advisory Group”, was established in January 1999 by the OECD to consult with
business and non-members on the implementation of consumption tax on electronic
commerce transactions. The composition of the group is representative of the main
trading nations in the world, but also includes smaller countries, non-members and
private sector participants. It includes Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the European Commission. Considering the global
composition of the group this study will focus on the initiatives of the OECD and it is
not deemed necessary to investigate the initiatives of individual countries. The study
will however consider the research and initiatives of South Africa’s biggest
commercial partner, the European Union (OECD, 2004a: 285).
The South African initiatives regarding electronic commerce include the Green Paper
on Electronic Commerce released by the Department of Communication in
November 2000 and the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act
promulgated on 26 June 2002. The legislation does not address the tax implication
of electronic commerce but in chapter 4 of the mentioned green paper it was
discussed by the legislators.
There is growing international pressure to lower corporate income tax rates. As the
tax base erodes in this area other sources, possibly consumer taxation, must be
found to meet the shortfalls (Masters, 2001).
It is the aim of this study to show that the present Value-Added Tax Act is in need of
modernisation in order to take into account the wide range of electronic commerce
transactions.
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Bainy, Alexandre Feliciano. "A seletividade em função da essencialidade no Imposto sobre a Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços (ICMS)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56628.
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No presente trabalho será apresentado um estudo sobre a seletividade em função da essencialidade no Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços(ICMS). O ICMS é o tributo responsável pela maior parte da arrecadação dos Estados brasileiros, e a norma da seletividade é fator decisivo na configuração dessa arrecadação. A Constituição de 1988, ao instituir o ICMS, trouxe para este tributo a seletividade em função da essencialidade das mercadorias e dos serviços tributados. A partir da verificação dos textos das Constituições das legislações estaduais sobre o imposto será demonstrada a adoção da seletividade por todos os Estados da Federação. A verificação de como a tributação é aplicada pelos Estados e a comparação das alíquotas de alguns produtos irá expor o desrespeito ao critério constitucionalmente eleito para a seleção, a essencialidade dos produtos e serviços tributados. A pesquisa da jurisprudência dos Tribunais Estaduais, do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e do Supremo Tribunal Federal demonstrará que o tema não vem tendo a atenção que deveria em razão de sua importância.<br>In the present work it will be presented a study regarding the selectivity based on the essentiality in the State Valu e Added Tax (ICMS). The ICMS tax is responsible for most of the collection of Brazilian states, and the rule of selectivity is a decisive factor in the configuration of this collection. The 1988 Constitution, by introducing the ICMS, brought to this tax th e selectivity based on the essentiality of the goods and services that are taxed. From the analysis of the texts of the Constitutions and state legislations that rule the tax, it will be showed the adoption of selectivity by all states of Brazil. The verification of how the tax is applied by States and the comparison of the rates of some products will expose the disrespect to the criterion that was constitutionally elected for the selection: the essentiality of the goods and services taxed. The research of the jurisprudence of the State Courts, of the Superior Court of Justice and of the Supreme Court will demonstrate that the issue is not receiving the deserved attention that should receive due to its importance.
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Vinciūnaitė, Loreta. "Europos Teisingumo Teismo bylos pridėtinės vertės mokesčio klausimais ir jų taikymas Lietuvoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090122_150654-70742.
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Šiame darbe autorė aptaria pridėtinės vertės mokesčio ištakas, šio netiesioginio mokesčio harmonizavimo priežastis ir svarbą, nagrinėja ir apibendrina Europos Teisingumo Teismo praktiką atskirais pridėtinės vertės mokesčio aspektais – apmokestinamųjų sandorių sąvokos, apmokestinamųjų asmenų, apmokestinamojo momento, apmokestinamosios vertės, atskaitos. Taip pat siekiama atskleisti, ar į Europos Teisingumo Teismo bylas pridėtinės vertės mokesčio klausimais yra atsižvelgiama, nagrinėjant mokestinius ginčus Lietuvoje.
Tyrimas remiasi Europos Teisingumo Teismo ir Lietuvos vyriausiojo administracinio teismo praktikos pridėtinės vertės mokesčio srityje analize, teisės aktais, reglamentuojančiais šio mokesčio taikymą, Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių literatūra, periodine literatūra, kurioje nagrinėjami su šio darbo tema susiję klausimai.
Darbe aptariami pridėtinės vertės mokesčio derinimo tarp Europos Sąjungos valstybių narių tikslai ir reikšmė, Europos Teisingumo Teismo išaiškinimai pridėtinės vertės mokesčio aspektais. Taip pat aptariamas Europos Teisingumo Teismo vaidmuo, jo sprendimų pridėtinės vertės mokesčio klausimais reikšmė teisės aktų raidai ir mokestinių ginčų nagrinėjimui Lietuvoje. Daug dėmesio skiriama Lietuvos vyriausiojo administracinio teismo praktikai, nagrinėjant su pridėtinės vertės mokesčio taikymu susijusias mokestines bylas. Siekiama atskleisti, kokią įtaką Europos Teisingumo Teismo praktika pridėtinės vertės mokesčio srityje turi Lietuvos vyriausiajam... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>In this work, the author discusses the origins of value added tax, the harmonization of this indirect tax reasons and importance, analyze and summarize the European Court of Justice practice on these value added tax aspects - the concept of taxable transactions, the taxable persons, the taxable moment, the taxable value, the deduction. It also aims to disclose or to the European Court of Justice cases of value added tax issues are taken into account in the consideration of tax disputes in Lithuania.
The study is based on the European Court of Justice and the Lithuanian Supreme Administrative Court practice, the value added tax analysis, the law on this tax, the Lithuanian and foreign authors, periodical literature, which dealt with the labor issues.
The paper discusses the value added tax harmonization between the European Union member states, the objectives and importance of the European Court of Justice's interpretation of value added tax aspects. It also discusses the European Court of Justice's role, its decisions on the value added tax influence in legislation development and tax litigation in Lithuania. Much attention is paid to the Lithuanian Supreme Administrative Court practice, considering the value added tax on related tax matters. The aim is to reveal the impact of the European Court of Justice law of value added tax in Lithuania to the High Administrative Court, the State Tax Inspectorate of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of... [to full text]
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Du, Toit Leo. "Tax implications for business rescues in South African Law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26627.
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The South African Revenue Service has in the past had difficulty in applying debt forgiveness in cases of corporate and business rescues. Taxation legislation was drafted to counter innovative section 311 schemes of arrangements where the sole purpose was to obtain maximum taxations benefits in relation to entities in financial difficulties. This approach was only concerned with the interests of the Revenue authorities. The central theme of this study focuses of the procedures now available to tax authorities and debtors alike when compromises were and are considered in South Africa in terms of income tax and company legislation. The South Africa Revenue Service’s approach the corporate rehabilitation is examined which is vital for investors, creditors and debtors alike. A comparative study with similar procedures in England is undertaken to establish how valid the procedures are in establishing a viable corporate rescue environment in South Africa in the future.<br>Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>Procedural Law<br>unrestricted
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Rios, Marcelo Jabour. "A necessidade de reforma do sistema tributário brasileiro como eliminação de entraves à integração no âmbito do MERCOSUL: análise a partir de experiências europeias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-08122015-085636/.
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Os tratados internacionais firmados após a segunda metade do século XX, em particular aqueles que pretendem superar os tradicionais acordos de livre comércio ou união aduaneira, seguem desafiando o direito contemporâneo. Por serem mais ambiciosos, ultrapassam a clássica forma de cooperação entre países soberanos e exigem uma estrutura institucional mais elaborada, capaz de fazer emergir a vontade expressa nos tratados e de estabelecer as liberdades que serão asseguradas nesse novo ambiente, uma vez que a máxima um povo, um governo, um território, não o define. A experiência mundial bem sucedida que conseguiu erigir um mercado comum, assim compreendido como um espaço sem fronteiras em cujo interior circulam livremente pessoas, serviços, mercadorias e capitais, foi a vivenciada pelas Comunidades Europeias. A clareza dos objetivos traçados, a capacidade de superar as fases de estagnação, a solidez das instituições e, sobretudo, o reconhecimento da supremacia do direito comunitário foram determinantes para o êxito europeu. O triunfo assentou-se, dentre tantos outros pilares, no processo de harmonização das legislações tributárias dos países membros, em especial as que alcançam o consumo de bens e serviços, razão pela qual é reconhecido, pela doutrina e jurisprudência comunitárias, como um dos principais motores da União Europeia. Após vários fracassos nas tentativas de aproximação dos países na América Latina, o Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL) foi idealizado para atingir o patamar de um mercado comum e reconhecer, entre os seus membros, as quatro liberdades fundamentais de um mercado integrado. Como a harmonização das legislações fiscais constitui uma etapa fundamental para a consecução desse espaço econômico sem fronteiras, a tese analisa as espécies tributárias que alcançam o consumo de bens e serviços nos países membros do MERCOSUL e avalia a possibilidade de avanço rumo à integração regional iniciada pela assinatura do Tratado de Assunção. Nesse sentido, demonstra em quais aspectos o sistema tributário brasileiro representa um importante entrave à integração no âmbito do MERCOSUL.<br>The international treaties signed after the second half of the 20th century , especially those meant to supersede the traditional free trade agreements or customs union, still challenge contemporary law. Given that they are more ambitious, they override the classic mode of cooperation between sovereign countries and survive on a more carefully elaborated institutional structure, capable of making the wills expressed in the treaties emerge and establish the freedoms that will be guaranteed in this new environment, once the maxim a people, a government a territory does not define it. The well succeeded world experience that led to the creation of a common market, construed as a space with no boundaries, within which people, services, goods and capital circulate freely, was experienced by the European Union. The clarity with which the aims were set forth, the power to overcome stagnation spells, the solvency of the institutions and, above all, the recognition of the supremacy of the communitarian law were decisive in the consolidation of the European success. Triumph, among so many other pillars, played a role in the process of harmonization of the tax law of the member countries, especially the law that contemplates the consumption of goods and services, which is the reason why it is known for its communitarian doctrine and jurisprudence, as one of the compelling forces of the European Union. After a succession of frustrated attempts to bring together the Latin American counties, the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) was conceived to attain the status of a common Market and recognise, among its members, the four fundamental freedoms of an integrated Market. As the harmonization of the fiscal laws is a stage of prime importance in the construction of this boundless economic space, the thesis analyses the types of taxes that affect the consumption of goods and services in the MERCOSUR member-countries and evaluates the possibility for is advancement towards the regional integration set on train with the signature of the Asunción Treaty. In this sense, it highlights which aspects of the Brazilian tax system pose a serious barrier to integration within the context of MERCOSUR.
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Juračková, Petra. "Aplikace DPH ve sdružení bez právní subjektivity." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9187.
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The theme of this diploma thesis is "Application of Value Added Tax (VAT) in Association without Legal Personality". The thesis focuses on such type of association that is mainly used by entrepreneurs-individuals for the purposes of their consistent gainful activity. This type of association is the most common in practice. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is theoretical and provides with a general view of the legal frame of the association without legal personality under the Civil Code which represents the main basis for the application of the Law of VAT. Association participants who have the status of VAT taxpayers are obliged to observe general VAT rules, but there are some exceptions. The second chapter of the thesis is dealing with the analysis of legal regulations of the association without legal personality governed by the Law of VAT. With regard to the fact that these legal regulations are insufficient, the diploma thesis should offer proposals for making them better. So that the legal certainty of association participants could become higher.
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Burger, Bianca. "South African VAT implications in respect of supplies by non residents to residents." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019977.
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Paragraph 7(1) of the VAT Act provides for the charging of VAT at 14 percent on the supply of goods or services by a vendor in the course or furtherance of an ‘enterprise’, the importation into South Africa of goods by any person or the supply of ‘imported services’. The term ‘enterprise’ has been interpreted to require an on-going activity and therefore once off sales should be excluded. The sale must relate to enterprise activities, thereby excluding private sales. Furthermore the enterprise activities are required to be carried out in the Republic or partly in the Republic. Establishing whether the enterprise activities are carried out in the Republic remains a contentious issue as the VAT Act does not specify the minimum required business activities to meet this criterion. ‘Imported services’ excludes services imported for the purposes of making taxable supplies and the liability of accounting for VAT on ‘imported services’ lies with the recipient of the imported service. Supplies (imported services) which are chargeable in terms of s 7(1)(a) and supplies, which if made in the Republic, are exempt from VAT or zero rated. ‘Imported services’ definition requires services to be consumed in South Africa. Services offered outside South Africa therefore generally do not qualify as imported services even the South African entity benefits from such services, for example a training course attended in a foreign country. Technological developments in the field of e-commerce globally have required countries to examine VAT laws relating to e-commerce. Extensive research has been done by the OECD on this topic, with reports issued on recommendations of how e-commerce should be taxed. Most guidance issued by the OECD on taxing e-commerce relates to indirect electronic commerce, which refers to goods or services where ordering, payment and delivery occur on line. Distinction is drawn between taxation of business-to-business transactions and business-to-consumer transactions. The OECD suggests that the ‘reverse-charge’ or self-assessment method should be applied to the taxing of B2B transactions resulting in minimal compliance and administrative costs. It is further recommended that for B2C transactions place of consumption should be defined as the recipient’s usual jurisdiction of residence and that non-resident suppliers should be required to register and pay VAT in the jurisdiction of the consumer, as this would result in the most effective tax collection method. ‘Enterprise’ includes electronic services from a foreign supplier where the recipient is a resident of South Africa or where the payment originated from a South African bank account. The Minister’s regulation, which came into effect on 1 June 2014, includes the following items in the definition of electronic services: educational services, games, online auction services, miscellaneous services and subscription services. The South African VAT legislation draws no distinction between B2B and B2C supplies of electronic services. The reasoning behind this was to avoid situations in which private customers could pose as business customers in order to avoid the levying of tax. A review of the services currently included in the Minister’s regulation on electronic services indicate that services that would relate to B2B supplies have mostly been excluded from the regulation. Effectively the South African VAT legislation manages to indirectly exclude B2B supplies from the definition of electronic services and therefore achieves the objective of minimising the administrative burden on B2B supplies.
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Doležel, Tomáš. "Daňové aspekty bankovní činnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72834.
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This thessis is focused on the problems of taxation of banking activities in the wider context. In the first chapter, there is dedicated space to selected provisions of the Law on Income Tax, including tax analysis of derivates. The next chapter contains analysis banking activities from the perspective of Law on Value Added Tax. In the last part of this thesis there is analyzed in detail the newly prepared bank tax. The goal is to acquaint readers with the most important provisions of selected tax laws and bring them application to specific examples.
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Abdi, Joseph. "Moms på elektroniska tjänster." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15114.
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EU beslutade 2002 om en särskild beskattningsanordning i syfte att undanröja konkurrenssnedvridningar vid försäljning av elektroniska tjänster. Frågetecken om var eller av vem som moms ska erläggas kan ibland uppstå. Förvaltningsrätten och regeringen har gjort olika bedömningar beträffande mervärdesskatteskyldighet för två svenska företag vars tjänster varit underkastade moms i andra länder. Medan förvaltningsrätten dömde företag A att betala mervärdeskatt befriade regeringen företag B från mervärdebeskattning. Syftet är att utreda hur skattskyldighet beträffande samma elektroniska tjänster kan uppkomma i olika medlemsländer samt om de som tillhandahåller dessa tjänster säljer till eller ifrån fasta etableringsställen eller om de är att betrakta som återförsäljare. Varför samma skattskyldighet uppkommer i olika medlemsländer kan delvis härledas till de avvikelser som finns mellan svensk rätt och EU-rätt beträffande innebörden av de olika begrepp som används för att beteckna momsredovisningsskyldiga. Det kan även bero på den vaga och vida definition som begreppet elektroniska tjänster innefattar samt de skillnader som finns mellan språkversionerna beträffande vad som ska anses omfattas. Tillhandahållare av elektroniska tjänster ska erlägga mervärdeskatt i det land där köparen har sätet för sin ekonomiska verksamhet eller där det fasta etableringsstället finns till vilka tjänsterna tillhandahålls. Vid omsättning eller förvärv av tjänster är det den som agerar som faktisk säljare eller den kund som faktiskt förvärvar och konsumerar tjänsten som avgör var omsättningen anses belägen. Bedömningen ska fokusera på de huvudsakliga momenten för tjänsten ifråga. Tillhandahållare av elektroniska tjänster är inte att betrakta som återförsäljare eftersom de inte uppfyller de kriterier som finns uppställda för begreppet återförsäljare. Därmed kan en analogi inte göras gällande.<br>In 2002 the member states of EU took a decision regarding whether to introduce a special tax base on digital supplies or not. This tax base was later on implemented to the member states domestic laws. Question may sometimes arise as to where or by whom VAT should be paid regarding electronically supplies. The administrative court and the Swedish government have made different judgments regarding two Swedish companies whose services already have been subject to VAT in other member states. While the administrative court sentenced company A to pay VAT the government exempted company B. This bachelor thesis will examine how tax claims regarding the same electronically supply can occur in different member states and if the providers are selling to or from a permanent establishment or if they are to be considered as distributors. The answer to the first question can partly be due to the difference between Swedish law and EU-law regarding the different use of word for designating a taxable person. The words used for designating a taxable person have different meanings which can constitute confusion. It can furthermore be due to the vague and broad definition for the term electronically supplies and the differences that occur, regarding what can be covered by the definition of electronically supplies. Providers of digital supplies shall pay VAT in the country where the buyer has his place of business or where the fixed establishment is located to which the supplies are provided. Regarding revenue or acquisition it is the one who acts like the real seller or the customer who acquires and consumes the provided service who determines where the supply is situated. The main elements for the services provided have to be examined. Providers of digital supplies are not to be regarded as distributors because they do not meet the criteria’s that are set out for the term.
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Gumbo, Wadzanai Charisma. "The taxation of the “sharing economy” in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/64045.
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The research examined whether the services provided by the “sharing economy” platforms are adequately dealt with by the current South African tax systems. In addressing this main goal, the research analysed how the South African tax systems deal with the income and expenses of Uber, Airbnb and their respective service providers. The research also investigated how South Africa could classify “sharing economy” workers and how this would affect the deductibility of the worker’s expenses. A brief analysis was made of the taxation of the “sharing economy” businesses in Australia and the United States of America. These countries have implemented measures to effectively deal with regulating the “sharing economy” businesses. An interpretative research approach was used to provide clarity on the matter. Documentary data used for the research consists of tax legislation, case law, textbooks, commentaries, journal articles and theses. The research concluded that the current taxation systems have loopholes that are allowing participants in the “sharing economy” to avoid paying tax in South Africa. The thesis recommends that the legislature could adopt certain measures applied in Australia and the United States of America to more effectively regulate “sharing economy” in South African and remedy the leakages the current tax systems suffer, causing SARS to lose potential revenue.
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Sloane, Justin. "A discussion and comparison of company legislation and tax legislation in South Africa, in relation to amalgamations and mergers." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013028.
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In his 2012 Budget Review, the Minister of Finance, Pravin Gordhan acknowledged that the introduction of the "new" Companies Act had given rise to certain anomalies in relation to tax and subsequently announced that the South African government would undertake to review the nature of company mergers, acquisitions and other restructurings with the view of possibly amending the Income Tax Act and/or the "new" Companies Act, to bring the two legislations in line with one another. These anomalies give rise to the present research. The literature reviewed in the present research revealed and identified the inconsistencies that exist between the "new" Companies Act, 71 of 2008 and the Income Tax Act, 58 of 1962, specifically the inconsistencies that exist in respect of the newly introduced amalgamation or merger provisions as set out in the "new" Companies Act. Moreover, this research was undertaken to identify the potential tax implications insofar as they relate to amalgamation transactions and, in particular, the potential tax implications where such transactions, because of the anomalies, fall outside the ambit section 44 of the Income Tax Act, which would in normal circumstances provide for tax "rollover relief". In this regard, the present research identified the possible income tax, capital gains tax, value-added tax, transfer duty tax and securities transfer tax affected by an amalgamation transaction, on the assumption that the "rollover relief" in section 44 of the Income Tax Act does not apply.
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Hernández, Patiño Cecilia, and Jurado Guillermo Rosado. "The Right to Tax Credit of Insurers: On the subject of the Replenishment of Damaged Goods." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118034.
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The main purpose of this article is to give a tax approach about the tax credit insurers which is generated as product replenishment of goods in case of accidents, and thus determine whether or not to use the tax credit referred.From the analysis made in respect of the different doctrinal positions which are presented about the controversy to be develop in this article, we can conclude by saying that when insurance companies deliver goods to the insured as a result of claims do nothing that operations that are part of its line of business, and in that sense, being goods that are required to achieve their economic ends is that in any way, our tax authorities should fix the tax credit that would have been generated concept the acquisition of the property that was the subject of insurance, even more if, as we have indicated the economic purpose of VAT is to tax the final consumer of goods and services, and achieve tax neutrality (application of the tax credit).<br>El presente artículo tiene como principal objetivo otorgar un enfoque tributario del crédito fiscal de las empresas aseguradoras que se genera producto de la reposición de bienes en caso de siniestros, y de esta manera determinar si corresponde o no utilizar el referido crédito fiscal.A partir del análisis efectuado respecto de las diferentes posturas que se presentan a nivel doctrinario con ocasión de la controversia que desarrollaremos en el presente artículo, podemos concluir señalando que las empresas de seguros, cuando entregan bienes a los asegurados como consecuencia de los siniestros, no hacen más que efectuar operaciones que son parte de su giro de negocio y, en tal sentido, al tratarse de bienes que son requeridos para lograr sus fines económicos es que, en ningún sentido, nuestra Administración Tributaria debería reparar el crédito fiscal que se hubiera generado por concepto de la adquisición del bien que fue objeto de seguro; más aún si, conforme hemos indicado la finalidad económica del IGV es gravar al consumidor final de los bienes y servicios, y lograr la neutralidad del impuesto (aplicación del crédito fiscal).
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Herron, Andrea. "’n Kritiese ondersoek na die betekenis en omvang van die term “opvoedkundige dienste” soos in artikel 12(h) van die Wet op Belasting op Toegevoegde Waarde No.89 van 1991 bedoel en die gevolglike invloed daarvan op die BTW-hantering van sekere navorsingsaktiwiteite deur ’n universiteit uitgevoer." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86409.
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Thesis (MAcc)-- Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Section 12 of the Value-Added Tax Act No. 89 of 1991 (hereafter referred to as the VAT Act) determines that the supply of certain goods and/or services are exempt from value-added tax (hereafter referred to as VAT) levied by section 7(1)(a). One such exempt supply is the supply of educational services by certain institutions (listed in section 12(h)(i)(aa)-(cc)). Section 12(h)(i)(bb) determines that the supply of educational services by an higher institution are specifically exempt from VAT.
The term “educational services” is not defined in the VAT Act. Uncertainty exists in practice about what exactly educational services comprise and what the scope of it is. Since the supply of educational services is an exempt supply in terms of section 12(h)(i)(bb), a clear and irrefutable definition of “educational services” should exist.
Two of the main purposes of an university is to deliver education of exceptional quality and good research outputs. The primary question that originates is whether the research performed by an university qualifies as an exempt supply with the result that the performance of research is an exempt supply.
The term “research” was investigated in several sources and it was found that research can be generically be defined as the systematic investigation of existing knowledge and the creation of, amongst others, new knowledge and inventions. Furthermore, it was found that research can be divided into two categories, namely research performed at no consideration and research performed at consideration. Research performed at consideration is further divided into two subcategories, namely commercial research (where the purpose is to generate income) and non-commercial research (where the purpose is research). The definition of “educational” and other bent forms of the term “educate”, amongst others, “education” and “educator” were investigated in relevant South African legislation, case law and international legislation and case law.
Commercial research is considered to be a supply of a business activity of a university with the main objective of generating income and is considered as a taxable supply in the case law of the United Kingdom and Canada. Non-commercial research is considered as supplies in the course or furtherance of an enterprise, but the main purpose of the enterprise is not to generate income. Non-commercial research is considered as an “educational service” since it meets the requirements of systematic instruction of education and learning. This type of research is exempt from VAT levied. The input tax of any costs incurred with regards to this type of research will not be claimable. It is suggested that the principles highlighted in this study might clear up the confusion surrounding whether research performed by an university qualifies as an exempt supply or not. SARS could possibly establish guidelines to determine when research is considered exempt or taxable. This information could be useful for role players in the South African tax environment if the matter arises.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Artikel 12 van die Wet op Belasting op Toegevoegde Waarde No. 89 van 1991 (hierna verwys as die BTW-wet) bepaal dat die lewering van sekere goed en/of dienste van die heffing van belasting op toegevoegde waarde (hierna verwys as BTW) wat deur artikel 7(1)(a) opgelê is, vrygestel is. Een sodanige vrygestelde lewering is die lewering van opvoedkundige dienste deur sekere instellings (gelys in artikel 12(h)(i)(aa)-(cc)). Artikel 12(h)(i)(bb) bepaal dat die lewering van opvoedkundige dienste deur ’n inrigting wat hoër onderwys verskaf, spesifiek van BTW vrygestel is.
Die term “opvoedkundige dienste” word egter nêrens in die BTW-wet gedefinieer nie. Daar bestaan dus onsekerheid in die praktyk oor wat presies opvoedkundige dienste behels en wat die omvang daarvan is. Aangesien die lewering van ’n opvoedkundige diens ’n vrygestelde lewering ingevolge artikel 12(h)(i)(bb) is, moet daar dus ’n duidelike en onweerlegbare omskrywing van “opvoedkundige dienste” bestaan.
Om onderrig van uitmuntende gehalte en goeie navorsinguitsette te lewer is twee van ’n universiteit se hoofdoelwitte. Die primêre vraag wat gevolglik ontstaan is of die uitvoer van spesifiek navorsing, deur ’n universiteit kwalifiseer as die lewering van opvoedkundige dienste met die gevolg dat die uitvoer van navorsing ’n vrygestelde lewering is.
Die term “navorsing” is in verskeie bronne ondersoek en daar is bevind dat navorsing generies gedefinieer kan word as die sistematiese ondersoek van reedsbestaande kennis en die skep van, onder andere, nuwe kennis en uitvindings. Daar is ook verder bevind dat navorsing in twee kategorieë verdeel kan word, naamlik navorsing uitgevoer teen geen vergoeding en navorsing uitgevoer teen vergoeding. Navorsing uitgevoer teen vergoeding word verder in twee subkategorieë onderverdeel in kommersiële navorsing (waar die generering van inkomste die hoofdoel is) en nie-kommersiële navorsing (waar navorsing die hoofdoel is). Die definisie van “opvoedkundige” en ander verbuigde vorme van die term “opvoed”, onder andere, “opvoeding” en “opvoeder”, is ook in relevante Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing, regspraak en internasionale wetgewing en regspraak ondersoek. Kommersiële navorsing word as deel van die besigheidsaktiwiteite van ’n universiteit met die hoofdoel as generering van inkomste en dus as ’n belasbare lewering in die regspraak van die Verenigde Koninkryk en Kanada beskou. Nie-kommersiële navorsing word ook beskou as lewerings wat in die loop of ter bevordering van die onderneming gelewer word, maar die hoofdoel van hierdie onderneming is nie die generering van inkomste nie. Nie-kommersiële navorsing word dus beskou as ’n “opvoedkundige diens”, aangesien dit voldoen aan die vereiste van sistematiese instruksie van onderrig en leer. Hierdie tipe navorsing is dus vrygestel van die heffing van BTW. Enige onkoste aangegaan met betrekking tot hierdie tipe navorsing se insetbelasting sal dus ook nie eisbaar wees nie.
Dit word aan die hand gedoen dat hierdie studie beginsels uitlig wat die verwarring rondom of navorsing gelewer deur ’n universiteit ’n vrygestelde lewering is of nie, moontlik kan opklaar. Die SAID kan moontlike riglyne daarstel van wanneer navorsing beskou word as vrygestel of belasbaar. Hierdie inligting kan moontlik van nut wees vir rolspelers in die Suid-Afrikaanse belastingomgewing indien die kwessie na vore tree.
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Houdek, Leoš. "Transpozice a implementace vybraných ustanovení legislativy EU o dani z přidané hodnoty do českého práva." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165521.
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This thesis contains analysis of selected provisions of the European and Czech legislation on value added tax, with attention to a specific role of invoices in VAT mechanism. The purpose of this thesis is an evaluation of the quality of transposition and implementation of the European law to the Czech legislation and analysis of selected rules and their effect on economic practice. The outcome of this thesis is a proposal of specific amendments to analyzed provisions of both European and Czech VAT law in order to secure businesses' burdens reduction and effective tax collection.
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Pavlíčková, Michaela. "Zaměstnanecké benefity." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162246.
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This thesis deals with employee benefits. The first part is focused generally on employee compensation, division of benefits and their legal regulations. The main part of thesis describes employee benefits from the point of view of accounting and taxes -- contribution for meals, non-alcoholic beverages, private use of company cars, contributions to the pension and life insurance, extra holidays, education of employees and gifts for employees. In conclusion, benefits are analysed in a selected company.
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Fojtíková, Jaroslava. "Mezinárodní pronájem pracovní síly a jeho alternativy v podmínkách Evropské unie - daňové aspekty." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2005. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77108.
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Disertační práce se zabývá problematikou české daňověprávní úpravy tzv. mezinárodního pronájmu pracovní síly. S ohledem na velmi široký záběr této problematiky i autorčiny zkušenosti z odborné praxe je práce zaměřena na pronájem zaměstnanců směrem ze zahraničí, konkrétně členských států Evropské unie, do České republiky. Cílem disertační práce je zejména rekapitulace stávající právní úpravy daňových aspektů mezinárodního pronájmu pracovní síly, její zhodnocení v kontextu komunitární legislativy i potřeb praxe a v relevantních případech též formulace doporučení a námětů pro základní směřování dalšího legislativního vývoje. S ohledem na skutečnost, že případné změny české legislativy mohou být inspirovány rovněž právním stavem v jiných státech, je část této disertační práce věnována též nastínění základních principů daňověprávní úpravy mezinárodního pronájmu pracovní síly ve Spolkové republice Německo, a její komparaci s českou legislativou.
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Trazegnies, Granda Fernando de, Diana Milberg, and Alonso Salazar. "El Perú actual y su (in)dependencia de lo que sucede en el contexto internacional. Entrevista a Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109096.
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Peru's reality should be analyzed carefully inorder to understand the situation in which most Peruvians actually are. It is of particular relevance to understand the role that the State and the tax system developed in it have in the country’s economy. A well known Peruvian economist analyzes Peru’s economic situation through the comparison benchmark countries that are somehow very influent on us. It is through a deep approach that the interviewee schemes the main issues of our country and enables to make proposals based on its reality, as well as to make some projections about the country’s future.<br>La realidad del Perú es una que debe analizarse con detenimiento, para así poder entender la situación en la que verdaderamente se encuentranlos peruanos. Es de especial relevancia entender el rol que el Estado y el manejo tributario tienen en la economía del país. Por este motivo, en la presente entrevista se evalúa la situación económica en la que se halla el Perú, en comparación a otros países referentes e influyentes en nuestra economía. Es a partir de una aproximación profunda que el entrevistado esquematiza los problemas principales, plantea propuestas de desarrollo y, además, realiza ciertas proyecciones sobre el futuro del país.
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Procházka, Vojtěch. "Judikatura chybějící daně v podvodu na DPH." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444245.
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The Master‘s thesis deals with the issue of missing VAT in carousel frauds in case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic. Partial issues are identification of missing VAT and subjects in fraudulant supply chain whose right to deduct input VAT can be denied along with question of sanctional or reparational character of denial of right to deduct input VAT. The thesis contains recommended procedure for tax payers to minimize risks related to deduction of VAT.
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Klouparová, Iveta. "Zaměstnanecké výhody podle českých předpisů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193377.
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The thesis deals with the topic of employee benefits in the Czech Republic. At first, the thesis sets employee benefits to specific area of the company, which is an in-house social policy of the company. Following part deals with the legislative framework, which regulates the providing of these benefits in 2015. The thesis includes a chapter describing the employee benefits, their structure and their various distribution systems. Analysis of the trends in the provision of employee benefits creates another part of the thesis. Three types of employee benefits are analyzed in detail: meal allowances, educational allowances and contributions to employees' pension savings. In the conclusion of thesis is explored the whole system of employee benefits used in the company Siemens Ltd., where are analyzed its individual benefits and includes evaluation of a questionnaire.
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Adomaitytė, Renata. "Fizinių ir juridinių asmenų apmokestinimo netiesioginiais mokesčiais teisinė analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070109_131839-60322.
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Indirect taxes are value added tax, excise and customs. Taxation on these taxes is different than on the other taxes, because indirect taxes are paid by the person who pays the cost of the good or service, but collected form the real taxpayers – natural and legal persons, which are determined in the legal acts. The taxation of natural and legal persons begins from the principles of taxation, which are the basis of taxation. The principles of taxation are distributed into two groups: theoretical and determined in the legal acts, because of the collision of theory and legal acts. The indirect taxes – value added tax, excise and customs – are described through the principles of taxation. Also these taxes are analysed by their taxpayers – natural and legal persons, the procedure of taxation, the influence of the indirect taxes to the national budget and the main tendencies of all indirect taxes in Lithuania.
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Varša, Marcel. "Analysis of Value Added Tax in Slovakia." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-207003.
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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the collection of value added tax in Slovakia since its independence in 1993. The main idea is to compare the collection of VAT at the current moment with the selection in the past, because during last couple of years there has been a significant increase in this area. The origin of the increase can be found in changes in legislation as well as introduction of new action plan which should make VAT collection more effective and clear. I will start with an overview of the tax and continue with historical evolution of the tax in the country. In fist part I will present the changes and tools, which came up recently and may stand behind the improvement. In the other part I will compare the collection of the tax in the past and nowadays. I will also evaluate the domestic values with values of other EU countries and look closer on the level of harmonization of the tax in Slovakia and the rest of European Union.
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Grambaite, Gintare. "La déduction en matière de taxe sur la valeur ajoutée : étude en droit franco-lituanien." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1002.
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La comparaison entre des systèmes civilistes et, plus particulièrement, la France et la Lituanie, permet de confronter des expériences diverses au service de la construction de l’Union européenne. La méthode comparatiste peut, dans une approche régulatrice, permettre de réaliser une véritable intégration commune pour une matière comme le droit fiscal et d’appréhender les modalités du droit à déduction de la TVA relatives à l’exercice régulier et abusif d’un tel droit. Depuis la création de la TVA, comme instrument majeur pour financer le budget des États, le moment est venu de porter un regard critique sur le système de la TVA. Le droit à déduction de la TVA est fondamental pour le système de la TVA et sa neutralité. La taxe sur la valeur ajoutée a une incidence considérable sur chaque citoyen de l'Union européenne et il faut se donner les moyens en vue d’améliorer le mécanisme d’application de la déduction et créer des méthodes supplémentaires de lutte contre la fraude<br>The comparison between civil law systems and, more particularly, between France and Lithuania, allows to confront diverse experiences in favour of the European Union’s construction. The comparative method allows, in a regulating approach, to realize a real common integration of a subject like tax law and better understand the conditions of VAT deduction related to the deduction practise in the regular or abusive way. Since the establishment of VAT, as a major instrument to fund the State’s budget, it is the time to take a critical look on the VAT system. The right to deduct VAT is fundamental composant of VAT system and of its neutrality. The value added tax has a significant impact on each citizen of the European Union and we must give ourselves the means to improve the application of the deduction mechanism and develop the additional methods to fight against fraud
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Ekström, Åsa, and Martina Mellberg. "Omvänd skattskyldighet inom byggsektorn : Gränsdragning avseende förvärvarens status." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1317.
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<p>Omvänd skattskyldighet för byggsektorn tillämpas i Sverige sedan den 1:e juli 2007. Tilllämpningen omfattar endast tillhandahållande av tjänster som ur ett allmänt perspektiv bedöms vara byggtjänster. Varuleveranser är uteslutna från tillämpningen. Omvänd skattskyldighet innebär att, istället för att tillhandahållaren av en byggtjänst fakturerar förvärvaren med moms för att sedan redovisa denna till staten, är det numera förvärvaren av byggtjänster som är skattskyldig för moms. Syftet med omvänd skattskyldighet för byggsektorn är att omöjliggöra momsfusk i entreprenadkedjor där oärliga företag, som bland annat ägnar sig åt att ställa ut falska fakturor som underlag för avdragsrätt för ingående moms, är inblandade. Påföljden vid undlåtenhet att tillämpa omvänd skattskyldighet är skattetillägg.</p><p>Utformningen av lagens rekvisit är synnerligen vag. För att omvänd skattskyldighet ska aktualiseras, ska förvärvaren av en byggtjänst vara en sådan förvärvare som själv i sin verksamhet inte endast tillfälligt tillhandahåller byggtjänster eller vara en förvärvare som tillhandahåller förstnämnda förvärvare sådana tjänster. Denna formulering har, i kombination med avsaknaden av praxis på området, resulterat i en avsevärd svårighet att i gränsfallen avgöra om omvänd skattskyldighet ska tillämpas eller inte. Gränsdragningar som är aktuella är bland annat mellan leverans av vara och tillhandahållande av tjänst, mellan byggtjänster och andra tjänster samt mellan att endast tillfälligt tillhandahålla byggtjänster och att mer än tillfälligt göra detta. Därtill kommer bedömningen av hur länge en förvärvare ska anses omfattas av reglerna om denne helt bytt verksamhetsinriktning och inte längre är i byggbranschen. Fråga uppstår också om huruvida det, förvärvare och tillhandahållare emellan, föreligger en upplysnings- respektive undersökningsplikt rörande förvärvarens status. Skatteverket har stor betydelse för utformningen av riktlinjer och för lagens tillämpning, en uppgift som lämpligtvis borde anförtros åt domstolsväsendet.</p><p>Uppsatsen behandlar gränsdragningsproblem som uppstår till följd av rekvisitens utformning. Dessa leder i sin tur till exempelvis ökad administration och felaktigt debiterad moms. Ur rättsäkerhetsaspekt kan påpekas att den enskilde i gränsfallen har mycket liten möjlighet att förutse beskattningskonsekvensen av en transaktion och tenderar därför att tillämpa omvänd skattskyldighet för säkerhets skull, snarare än för att bedömning gjorts att transaktionen faller inom ramen för tillämpningen av omvänd skattskyldighet. Den rättsosäkerhet som gränsdragningsproblemen för med sig, framstår därför som den mest anmärkningsvärda konsekvensen av rekvisitens utformning.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda rättsläget, analysera gränsdragningsproblematiken och att lämna förslag på riktlinjer för vad som kan tänkas vara mer än tillfälliga tillhandahållanden av byggtjänster, för att lättare kunna avgöra om omvänd skattskyldighet ska tillämpas eller inte. Möjliga bedömningsgrunder för att fastställa vad som menas med att inte endast tillfälligt tillhandahålla byggtjänster, anser vi vara regelbundenhet, tjänstens omfattning och tjänstens värde i förhållande till övrig omsättning. Bedömningsgrunderna har sin förankring i Tysklands utformning av reglerna om omvänd skattskyldighet för byggsektorn och i ett av de få uttryck Skatteverket har lämnat för vad som skulle kunna tänkas tjäna som vägledning för vad som ska betraktas som inte endast tillfälligt.</p><br><p>Reverse charge is, since 1 July 2007, applicable in the construction sector. The application comprises the supply of construction services and thus, all delivery of goods is excluded. Only services which, from a general point of view, appear to be construction services fall within the scope of application of reverse charge. Reverse charge mean that the taxable person to whom the supply of services is made is the person liable for Value Added Tax (VAT) instead of the supplier. The purpose of reverse charge is to preclude tax evasion in contractor chains where dishonest contractors supply others with false invoices to serve as a basis for deduction of input VAT. The penalty for not applying reverse charge when obligated is tax fine.</p><p>The wording of the requisite of the law is remarkably vague. In order for reverse charge to be applicable, the taxable person to whom the construction services are supplied must himself, more than temporarily, supply such services or be a taxable person who supplies such services to such taxable person. The unclear wording, in combination with the lack of case law on the subject, has led to considerable difficulty to determine whether to apply reverse charge or not in borderline cases. Establishing boundaries is necessary when determining whether a transaction constitutes sale of goods or supply of services, construction services or other services as well as when determining what constitutes temporarily respectively more than temporarily supplies of construction services. If a taxable person who supplies construction services changes his business and thus ceases to supply such services, an additional assessment on how long after the change of business the taxable person should be considered to supply construction services must be made. The uncertain conditions also raise the question whether there is a mutual obligation between parties to inform each other of their status when supplying and purchasing constructing services. Swedish Tax Authorities have become the leading maker of guidelines for the application of reverse charge in the construction sector. This is a task best left to the courts.</p><p>This paper considers problems which emerge because of the wording of the requisites. In turn, these problems lead to an increased level of administration as well as to wrongly collected VAT. It should be noticed, that from the aspect of legal certainty, the individual has very little ability to foresee the taxation consequences of a transaction. Therefore the individual may tend to apply reverse charge to be on the safe side, rather than because it has been established that the transaction fall within the scope of application of reverse charge. This legal uncertainty is the most notable consequence of the wording of the requisites.</p><p>The aim of this paper is to examine the actual meaning of the law, analyse the problems resulting from the insufficient wording of the requisites, as well as presenting possible guidelines on what should be considered as more than temporarily supplies of construction services. The guidelines aim to facilitate the conclusion on whether or not reverse charge is applicable. Possible grounds of assessment for determining when a taxable person should be considered to more than temporarily supply construction services are regularity, the extent of the construction service, as well as the value of the construction service in comparison to the overall turnover. The grounds of assessment are influenced by the application of reverse charge in German law and by one of the few guiding principles presented by the Swedish Tax Authorities concerning the meaning of the expression more than temporarily.</p>
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Krejčík, Martin. "Dlouhodobá hmotná aktiva v účetním zobrazení se zaměřením na daňové souvislosti." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264563.
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This diploma thesis focuses on the tangible fixed assets of the accounting and tax perspective. The analysis of the first part of this thesis proceeds in basic theoretical and legislative framework, both in Czech and international perspective. There is also analyzed the cycle of tangible fixed assets, which is dealt with in detail their acquisition, use and disposal. In the practical part there are selected facts, which took place at the company engaged in property lease and tangible assets directly related. These facts are then commented on accounting and tax perspective.
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Butler, Andrea Deborah. "Value added tax reform in the European Community : a tax on consumers?" Thesis, Keele University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301320.
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Gerber, Andre Hein. "The role of customs and value-added tax legislation in the collection of value-added tax on crossborder trade in digital goods." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73269.
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Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is experiencing exponential growth which is rapidly transforming the traditional approach to international trade. The regulation and facilitation of the rising levels of e-commerce derived digital goods is undoubtedly a challenge for revenue administrations and customs administrations alike. However, it also presents opportunities for higher levels of revenue collection through increased economic activity and, as such, should be supported by e-commerce enabling legislation. Further consideration is required to ascertain whether the current legislation regulating the taxation of e-commerce will suffice, or if further amendments are required to provide for the necessary changes to enhance the tax base to be reflective of the drastic changes in the economy.
For SARS better regulation and facilitation of cross-border e-commerce transactions can provide the opportunity to generate additional revenue for Government and enhance economic growth. This can only be achieved by creating an environment whereby an appropriate level of consumer trust is established. To this effect South Africa does have laws addressing key regulatory issues regarding trade in e-commerce. What remains is for SARS to determine the desired extent of levying consumption taxes on cross-border digital goods. Once it has been established, the application thereof must be aligned to guiding international tax principles to further embed the taxation of cross-border trade in digital goods in South Africa by way of continuous regulatory certainty.<br>Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.<br>Mercantile Law<br>LLM<br>Restricted
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El-Ganainy, Asmaa Adel. "Essays on Value-Added Taxation." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/12.
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This dissertation evaluates the empirical relation between the value-added tax (VAT) and the level of aggregate consumption. Furthermore, it develops a theoretical framework and an empirical analysis to study the impact of the VAT, as a form of taxing consumption, on capital accumulation, productivity growth, and overall economic growth. While recent theoretical work shows that the VAT may boost capital accumulation and growth by encouraging more savings, we find that the net impact of consumption taxes on growth and its sources is theoretically ambiguous, and depends on the interaction between utility parameters, the interest rate, and the tax structure. Moreover, we develop a theoretical model to study the tax design problem in order to rationalize the observed variation in effective VAT rates over time in our sample. This framework considers both equity and efficiency as important factors determining optimal tax structure, and we identify conditions under which taxes could be evolving or constant over time. Empirically, we use a panel of 15 European Union countries and employ the recently developed GMM dynamic panel techniques. After controlling for the potential biases associated with persistence, endogeneity, simultaneity, measurement error, omitted variables, and unobserved country-specific effects, we find that (i) the VAT exerts a negative impact on the level of aggregate consumption, (ii) the VAT affects physical capital accumulation positively, which feeds through to overall GDP growth, and (iii) productivity growth seems to be a less relevant channel for the VAT to influence economic growth.
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Ntibanyurwa, Agnes. "The value added tax system: A case study of Rwanda." University of Western Cape, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7755.
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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)<br>Internationally, the Value Added Tax system is recognised as an appropriate tax system
for countries like Rwanda,' w-h--o- ·n·-e-e--d-· s_ t_o i_n_cr ease the revenue tential of the tax system. . , _ ___ ,, _____.. .. --:.__.....---
_ _ Although_YAI.J~ considered to be a good tax SY.S.!~m .. itsmo~t_c9~_mon feature is that it
..... ... .... ~. . . .. .. . . , ·· ~ ... . . ·· --· --· . ···· ~·. ·~ .... ..... _ _ ,.._.,. ,_ ;>...,..., ............ _.~ ·
is regressive with respect to income fair. Despite this sho~~oll:1:~~~h-.Y.beI._
is considered to be a much
. ··· .
other consumption taxes.
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Gopal, Amit Rajendra. "Value-added tax on electronic services : a study of the South African tax model." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25028.
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As a general guiding principle, the Commissioner of the South African Revenue Service (SARS) is mandated to collect all tax that is legally payable. This should be done in the most efficient and effective manner, which creates certainty for the taxpayer, reduces the likelihood of tax leakages as far as possible, and should not envisage inhibition of trade. Value-Added Tax (VAT) is a consumption tax aimed at taxing the consumption of goods and services in South Africa. The mechanism where services supplied by non-residents are taxed within a taxing jurisdiction, is more commonly referred to as the imported services/reverse charge mechanism. As consumers seldom use these provisions to accurately account for VAT on purchases made, the legislature decided to introduce new rules governing the supply of electronic services by a foreign supplier to South Africa to level the playing field between foreign and local service providers. The 2013 amendments to the VAT Act, which introduced the treatment of the supply of electronic services, provides focus on a tax specific element of imported services as a local supply. This inherently places certain compliance requirements on foreign suppliers to account for and pay tax to the South African Revenue Service (SARS) where certain electronic services are supplied to consumers in South Africa. These legislative amendments took the initial step to ensure that revenue to the fisc was not being lost by implementing provisions that could keep pace with the rapid growth and development of technology globally. About six months after the introduction of the South African model, the European Union sought to address the same concerns by introducing its own version of these provisions to tax certain electronically supplied services. Both efforts have been successful to date and while the implementation of the South African model is just under three years old, the provisions already seem too narrow and dated when applied to current technological trends. This dissertation has considered the electronic services provisions for both jurisdictions with a view of understanding how the models work, and to identify potential amendments and recommendations which could be applied in the South African context in future (i.e. "Version 2.0"). Based on the research concluded, the opportunity to increase the tax base by broadening the electronic services provisions in South Africa cannot be missed by SARS and National Treasury and while the South African electronic services model may not be perfect, it has significantly changed the space of digital taxation and is one of the pioneers in this field of taxation. While there is still much change that needs to be brought to the current legislative provisions, the initial attempt by SARS and National Treasury is laudable as they have managed, in most instances, to address key concepts with simplified rules and relaxed provisions in order to make the provisions work within the current framework. It is submitted that this bodes well, as an indication to a more vibrant future for the taxation of electronic services in South Africa.
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Selecká, Nikola. "Vývoj spotrebného zdanenia na Slovensku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-360191.
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Concern of this diploma thesis is indirect taxation in the Slovak Republic. An aim of this work is to compare consumption taxes and their development in Slovakia and other EU countries and also to identify advantages and deficiencies of the Slovak tax system with focus on the indirect taxation. As even in the sophisticated tax systems of distinction we may find ways for possible reform, suggestions for such improvements in analyzed areas are also included in the diploma thesis.
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Havlíková, Barbora. "Soudní rozhodnutí v oblasti DPH a jejich vliv na tvorbu legislativy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264591.
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Harmonization of tax systems of the European Union member states has been going on since 1950s. This trend is followed to this day in order to achieve one of the primary objectives of the European Union, single domestic market. The harmonization of tax systems allows free movement of capital, goods, and services. Value added tax is harmonized through the EU Directives that have unified tax object, tax base and partly tax rates. The Court of Justice of the European Union also plays a vital role in the harmonization, because the European case law complements the interpretation of the directives and creates a comprehensive impact throughout the harmonization. This thesis analyses the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which have been implemented in the VAT Act, and examines at the same time impact of the implementation. The first implementation took place in the amendment of the VAT Act in 2006. The biggest changes occurred in the amendment of the VAT Act in 2012 and it was mainly in the realm of the conditions for exemption from VAT without deduction and the possibility of claiming a deduction. Finally, time frame of the implementation was also researched, judging from the outcomes of the research, one can say that the Czech Republic responds quite flexibly to the publication of the European case of law and the implementation takes place shortly following verdict of The Court of Justice of the European Union.
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Huang, Yuanlong. "China’s Business Tax to Value-Added Tax Reform’s Impact on Corporations’ Investment and Hiring Behavior." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1874.
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In this paper I try to find if the Chinese recent Business Tax to Value-Added Tax Reform (the B2V Reform), which requires companies to adopt value-added tax instead of business tax, has caused the firms to invest more and hire more. I analyze the firms listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange 50 Index. The results of the analysis show that adopting the new tax method is positively correlated to the increase of capital expenditure and the increase of employees and the effects differ in financial and non- financial firms. Non-financial firms tend to be more influenced by the policy change because they rely on more fixed asset and labor to operate. This study could inform policymakers from governments and corporations about how a VAT system could potentially affect corporate behaviors and operation.
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Wood, Nancy A. "The Mechanics of Value Added Tax| The Impact on EU Trade." Thesis, The American University of Paris (France), 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13871643.
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Sampaoli, Alessandro. "Freeconomics in the light of EU VAT Directive : Are free digital services supplied in exchange for personal data VAT taxable?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412742.
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The digital economy is growing exponentially. Companies such as Facebook and Instagram base their business model on supplying services completely free of charge to billions of users. This model of business is called “Freeconomics”. These companies generate huge profits from the exploitation of personal data provided by Users. The peculiarity of this way of doing business, although this may seem absurd, is that the company's profit is directly proportional to the number of non-paying users. Such situations have given rise to discussions regarding the powerlessness of the tax system of states to levy tax on such profits. Regarding the indirect taxation, the question is even more difficult if one considers free digital services and personal data. Unfortunately, this flow of “digital” consumption remains completely out of a VAT assessment. Exclude a priori those transactions from being assessed for VAT purposes only because it could be arduous to assess the consumption would result in a violation of the principle of neutrality. Accordingly, issues related to the distortion of competition could also arise. The author of this thesis examines the assumption that between the Companies and the Users take place a reciprocal exchange of benefits in kind characterized by a synallagmatic relationship (quid pro quo) in the form of barter. The results of the analysis indicate that the transactions characterized by the supply of free digital services to Users in exchange for personal data - as described in the Business Reference Model - actually fall within the scope of Article 2 (1)(c) of the EU VAT Directive and therefore must be subject to indirect taxation.
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Smit, Hendrik Jacobus Albertus. "An in-depth study of input tax apportionment methods for value-added tax in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23894.
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The general mindset of most vendors is that if they have a valid tax invoice, they can claim all their input VAT. They are, however, not aware of the requirements of section 17(1) of the Value-Added Tax Act. Section 17(1) explains that vendors cannot claim all their input tax if their expense relates to both taxable and non-taxable supplies and that, consequently, input tax need to be apportioned in some or other way. There are several methods of apportionment available to vendors of which the turnover-based method is the only approved method by the South African Revenue Service (SARS) for which no ruling is necessary. This study investigates the most common methods used by vendors, how these methods function and also under which circumstances these methods are recommended. The sectors that are influenced the most by this provision in the Value-Added Tax Act are banks, universities and municipalities. These sectors have large amounts of exempt supplies but also taxable supplies with expenses incurred that cannot be allocated specifically to a certain income. Therefore, a method of apportionment should be used to allocate the input VAT. Information was obtained through financial reports and questionnaires from 29 entities in South Africa. The information was used to calculate an average percentage of apportionment in each sector and also to establish which method of apportionment is the most commonly used method of apportionment in each sector. The conclusion was drawn that there might, under certain circumstances, be uncertainty on whether some income should be included or excluded in the apportionment calculation. Under these circumstances, it is recommended that a ruling should be obtained from SARS to avoid problems in the future. Copyright<br>Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Taxation<br>unrestricted
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Yesegat, Wollela Abehodie Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Value added tax in Ethiopia: A study of operating costs and compliance." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Law, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43317.
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This study examines the operating costs of, and intentional compliance with, the value added tax (VAT) in Ethiopia. The study focuses on assessing the magnitude and nature of operating costs, identifying areas in the design and administration of the tax that contribute to the operating costs and the problems in the operation of the tax at large, and also on the link between VAT compliance costs and intentional output VAT reporting compliance decisions. The study adopts a mixed methods research approach to test a series of hypotheses and answer research questions that emerge through the review of existing literature and the experiences of the researcher in respect of the Ethiopian tax system. Specifically, the study uses surveys of taxpayers and tax practitioners, experimental design, interviews with tax officials and documentary analysis. The study statistically analyses the data elicited from the surveys and experimental design. It also analyses the results of in-depth interviews with tax officials and examination of documents held by tax authorities and other institutions. The results of this combined research methodology reveal that VAT operating costs in Ethiopia in the fiscal year 2005/06 appear to be relatively low. However, this low level of operating costs may not imply that the VAT system in Ethiopia is simple. In particular, in the case of administrative costs it is argued that it may indicate that the tax authorities are under-resourced which in turn may have affected their ability to accomplish the responsibilities entrusted to them. In respect of compliance costs, although the total costs seem to be low, it is contended that their regressiveness is likely to impact on the equity of the tax system as a whole. Further, the results show that VAT compliance costs and intentional VAT reporting compliance decisions are inversely correlated; but this correlation is statistically weak. The results also identify several concerns in the design and administration of the tax that have bearing on the operating costs and the operation of the tax. Specifically, the existence of the relatively high registration threshold, the high frequency of VAT reporting, the use of the invoice method of accounting (the latter two pertain mainly to small businesses) and weak administration are noted. iv The thesis suggests a series of measures which could be taken by the government and by the tax authorities in particular, to address the various problems identified in the study. These measures include strengthening the administration; allowing small businesses to adopt the cash basis of accounting and report less frequently; and reducing the registration threshold. The use of tax education is also emphasised as a strategy to improve compliance.
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Kearney, Marna. "Restructuring value-added tax in South Africa a computable general equilibrium analysis /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09032004-134859.
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Kim, Sok Bom. "A value-added tax (VAT) and the federal income tax reform /." 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3314820.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (J.S.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-05, Section: A, page: 1960. Adviser: Richard L. Kaplan. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-131) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Van, Zyl Stephanus Phillipus. "The collection of value added tax on online cross-border trade in digital goods." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13089.
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Technological advances have had a major impact on traditional retail shopping changing it from a physical undertaking to a completely digitised experience where consumers buy digital media online. VAT systems that do not specifically provide for, or which have not been adapted to cope with, technology-driven advances, generally do not provide for the adequate levying and collection of VAT on cross-border digital trade. The South African VAT system is no different. The taxation of e-commerce should not artificially advantage or disadvantage e-commerce over comparable traditional commerce, or unnecessarily hinder the development of e-commerce. This thesis determines whether the South African VAT Act 89 of 1991 in its current form, can be applied adequately to raise and collect VAT on cross-border digital transactions. Where shortcomings in the VAT Act are identified, the harmonised VAT rules of the European Union (EU), together with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) proposals on consumption taxes, are analysed and discussed to seek possible solutions and make recommendations.<br>Mercantile Law<br>LL.D.
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Adendorff, Michael Joseph. "An analysis of certain aspects of the value-added tax treatment of the short-term insurance industry." 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17089.
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Jeewa, Tanisha Jogi. "An analysis into the reform required in respect of the Value-Added Tax treatment of educational services." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22152.
Full textAbstract:
A research report to be submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (Taxation)
31 March 2016<br>The aim of the report is to determine whether the current Value-Added Tax (‘VAT’) treatment
relating to the exemption applied on educational services should be retained and to ascertain
whether the policy considerations which applied when VAT was introduced are still relevant, or
whether changed circumstances would justify the introduction of a different treatment or
concessions in relation to these services.
The most critical and significant challenge being faced by VAT vendors and universities in
particular is compliance with a vast array of amendments to the VAT Legislation, Binding Rulings,
Guides and Interpretation Notes issued by the South African Revenue Service (‘SARS’). Noncompliance
for whatever reason may result in irregular expenditure and significant penalties and
interest imposed for non-compliance, especially in light of the additional penalties being imposed
in terms of the Tax Administration Act which was promulgated in October 2012. VAT therefore
has a direct impact on the financial affairs and cash flow of VAT registered entities.
Furthermore, government funding in respect of tertiary institutions has been on the decline in
recent years while the costs of running a tertiary institution have continued to be on the rise.
This development has necessitated a change of approach in how tertiary institutions manage
their operations. Consequently, there developed a strong need for tertiary institutions to find
alternative ways of raising extra funds to make up for the shortfall caused by the decline in
funding from government. The provision of short courses, in addition to the traditional full
semester diploma and degree courses provided by the institutions, was identified as an
opportunity to deliver a certain varied level of educational services to an existing suitable market.
This opportunity presented attractive prospects as an alternative source of funding for the
institutions in the wake of depleting government funding. In this regard, many of the institutions
formed a number of vehicles in order to offer the short courses to the market. The rationale
behind such approaches is in order to distinguish the traditional education services (diploma and
degree courses) from the non-traditional educational services (short courses).<br>MT2017