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Journal articles on the topic "The main function of an entrepreneur"
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Zhang, Shuwen. "The Function Mechanism of the Current Situation of Chinese Cultural Integration and Environment on the Development of Chinese Enterprises." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (June 17, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4393337.
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China’s economy is booming and many Chinese enterprises are growing rapidly. The report card handed over by Chinese enterprises through practical actions proves that Chinese outstanding entrepreneurs have successful modern management experience. These Chinese entrepreneurs have experienced the test of practice, and the experience gained has Chinese characteristics and is worth promoting. Entrepreneurs carry out more business management practices, which also provides valuable reference resources for the study of Chinese management thought. At the same time, The Times is also calling for more Chinese entrepreneurs to form their own management ideas. The influence of the current situation of the Chinese cultural integration environment on the development of Chinese enterprises is mainly that a good cultural integration environment will promote the development of enterprises and provide preconditions for the development of Chinese enterprises. This paper studies the current situation of Chinese culture integration environment of Chinese entrepreneur management thought formation process; the main purpose is, through the analysis of Chinese outstanding entrepreneur management thought formation process, to reveal the Chinese culture integration management environment formation law and essential characteristics, in order to enrich the management cognitive research and Chinese entrepreneurs management thought research, publicity, and promotion of Chinese outstanding entrepreneurs form management thought and also to provide a reference for more practitioners.
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Popowska, Bożena. "Nowe procedury publicznego prawa gospodarczego. Problem gwarancji procesowych dla podmiotów działalności gospodarczej." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 114 (August 10, 2018): 593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.114.39.
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NEW PROCEDURES OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC LAW. THE PROBLEM OF PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES FOR BUSINESS ENTITIESThe basic subject of research within the article are new procedures, regulated by the provisions of public economic law, and the main purpose of the article is to determine their legal nature, with reference to the general administrative procedure. The procedures used in the sphere of the economy that regulate relations between public administration and entrepreneurs are very different. Some of them are based on the model of jurisdictional proceedings, regulated by the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure. Ther should also be distinguished proceedings whose main function is the implementation of specifi c public interests — these proceedings do not constitute a uniform category, and the relations between the public administration entity and the entrepreneur are regulated in different ways.
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Sudrajat, Jajat, Abdul Haris Rangkuti, Adrianto Wibowo Tjokrowerdojo, and Doni Morika. "Indonesia's MSME Development Strategy through the Development of Higher Education Collaboration with the Government." E3S Web of Conferences 440 (2023): 03024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344003024.
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This research aims to provide input to the Government in creating a National Entrepreneurship Development Policy in the Government Development Plan through the KEMENKOPUKM. The research method used in this research is the Research and Development (R&D) method through Focus Group Discussions with 59 universities that are members of APSKI. The result of this research is that APSKI encourages the Entrepreneurship Study Program to carry out entrepreneurial branding and make entrepreneurial growth one of the Main Activity Indicators. Incubators on campus are the primary means of implementing an independent learning campus so that lectures and practice can run well. The Entrepreneur Hub initiated by KEMENKOPUKM is a super application that is a forum for the growth and development of the APSKI ecosystem to encourage its members to submit data on campus-assisted entrepreneurs through the Entrepreneur Hub so that the policies prepared are more measurable and accountable. APSKI members also contribute to the entrepreneurship hub by following its entrepreneurship education function and strengthening the entrepreneurial ecosystem and business partnerships.
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Sánchez, Beatriz Pérez. "RESEÑA CRÍTICA DEL EMPRESARIO EN EL PENSAMIENTO ECONÓMICO NEOCLÁSICO, KEYNESIANO Y CONTEMPORÁNEO." Hitos de Ciencias Económico Administrativas 17, no. 49 (2014): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19136/hitos.a0n49.461.
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RESUMEN
 
 Objetivo: Abordar los antecedentes del estudio del empresario en la economía neoclásica, keynesiana y contemporánea. En una etapa histórica que nace con la Revolución Industrial, se define al empresario como el propietario del capital; no obstante con la evolución del sistema capitalista esta definición resulta insuficiente.
 Material y metodos: Los métodos que se utilizaron fueron el
 método histórico-crítico, y el método comparativo. El método histórico-crítico, da mayor peso al origen histórico y a las condiciones de surgimiento para establecer la configuración definitiva y las prácticas económicas en la economía neoclásica, keynesiana y contemporánea. Así mismo; el método comparativo nos permite realizar una taxonomía del empresario. Se realiza una investigación bibliográfica de 12 teóricos representantes de estas tres corrientes. 
 Resultados: El concepto de empresario aparece íntimamente unido al concepto de empresa concebida como realidad socioeconómica. El empresario personaliza la actuación de la empresa siendo la figura representativa que persigue objetivos coherentes con los fines a conseguir por la empresa en un intervalo temporal. 
 Conclusiones: Las aportaciones, más que brindar una teoría
 satisfactoria del empresario, se complementan mutuamente para configurar valores, atributos, comportamientos y habilidades que los empresarios requieren para ser catalogados como tales. Al revisar los aportes, principales ideas y planteamientos de los autores que escribieron sobre los empresarios se encontró que
 se interesaron por definir: a) quién es un empresario; b) qué hace, es decir cuál es su función. A fines del siglo XIX y con el crecimiento en dimensión de las grandes empresas, comienza en la economía una preocupación por la actividad empresarial como función distinta de la propiedad de la empresa.
 
 ABSTRACT
 
 Objetivo: Review the background to study the entrepreneur in the neoclassical, Keynesian, and Contemporary economics. In a historic stage that was born with the Industrial Revolution, the entrepreneur is defined as the owner of the capital; however, with the evolution of the capitalist system this definition is insufficient.
 Material and method:The historical-criticism and the
 comparative method were used. The first one focuses its attention to the historical origins and the conditions of the appearance to establish the definite configuration and the economical practices in the neoclassical, Keynesian and contemporary economics. On the other hand, the comparative method allows us to make the taxonomy of the entrepreneur. A bibliographic research of 12
 theoreticians of these three thoughts was performed.
 Results: The concept of entrepreneur appears intimately linked to the concept of enterprise conceived as a socioeconomic reality. The entrepreneur personalizes the performance of the company being the representative character that pursues the coherent goals of the company in a temporary interval. 
 Conclusions: The contributions, more than providing a
 satisfactory theory of the entrepreneur, are mutually
 complemented to configure values, attributes, behaviors and abilities that the entrepreneurs require to be catalogued as they are. After reviewing the contributions, main ideas, and approaches of the authors who wrote about the entrepreneurs, it was found that they were interested to define a)who an entrepreneur is; b)
 what an entrepreneur does, this is, what his/her function is. At the end of the XIX century and with the growth in dimension of the great enterprises, it starts in the economics a preoccupation for the entrepreneurial activity as a different function of the company property.
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Binsaeed, Rima H., Adriana Grigorescu, Zahid Yousaf, Florin Radu, Abdelmohsen A. Nassani, and Alina Iuliana Tabirca. "Harnessing Big Data Analytics to Accelerate Innovation: An Empirical Study on Sport-Based Entrepreneurs." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (2023): 10090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310090.
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The emergence of advanced technologies brings various opportunities for all kinds of business organizations. This topic was selected for research and discussion to figure out the possible impacts of using the ever-increasing development of digitalization, big data analytic capabilities (BDACs) and innovation in the field of sport-based entrepreneurship, which is the main pillar for the economic wellbeing, development and growth of sport activities. This study highlights the function of the BDAC of entrepreneurs in the acceleration of their readiness and innovation activities. Beyond the direct association of BDAC with an entrepreneur’s readiness and innovation performance (IP), we also tested the mediation of entrepreneurial readiness between the BDAC and IP of sport-based entrepreneurs. Moreover, the moderation of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) was also considered for the readiness and IP link. In this study, data were collected from 562 sport-based entrepreneurs. Online questionnaires were used for data collection, and various statistical techniques, including correlation, regression and structural equation modeling (AMOS 7.0), were applied for the analyses of the collected data. The outcomes of this study disclosed that BDAC and entrepreneur readiness positively predicted the IP. The results revealed that entrepreneurial readiness mediated between BDAC and IP. The findings suggested that sport-based entrepreneurs should enhance their BDAC for the execution of sport-related innovative activities. In spite of its valuable findings and suggestions, the current study is subject to some limitations. Firstly, this study is limited to sport-based entrepreneurs only. Secondly, AIT theory was used here, so for future considerations, other pillars of the economy such as the manufacturing sector should also be considered and the many other theories available should be employed.
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Aeeni, Zeynab, Mahmoud Motavaseli, Kamal Sakhdari, and Mehrzad Saeedikiya. "Extending the potential of Baumol’s entrepreneurial allocation theory." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 11, no. 3 (2019): 416–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-07-2018-0067.
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Purpose The underlying assumptions of Baumol’s theory of entrepreneurial allocation limits its potential to answer some key questions related to the entrepreneurship allocation. Hence, this paper aims to highlight the inherent limits of Baumol’s theory and suggest a new approach for understanding the entrepreneur-institution relationship and their functions. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper with a narrow focus on the literature. Findings The paper argues that Baumol’s adherence to neoclassic economics assumptions about entrepreneur and institution, such as entrepreneurs as rational choice taker with predetermined goals or institutions as exogenous, limits the potential of his theoretical framework to explain productive entrepreneurship in weak institutional settings. As such, underlying on Austrian economics assumptions about entrepreneur and his/her agency, this paper proposes a reconceptualization of productive entrepreneurship as an outcome of the interaction between entrepreneur and context. Practical implications Going beyond Baumol’s main proposition of one-sided influence of institutions on entrepreneurship allocation, this research highlights the influence of individual factors and entrepreneurial action on choosing entrepreneurial paths by entrepreneurs. So, future policies to stimulate productive entrepreneurship should consider these factors and go beyond Baumol’s mere focus on institutional improvement. Originality/value Going beyond one-sided influence of institutions on entrepreneurship allocation, this paper suggests an interaction centric approach which considers the role of actors and institutions as the co-creator of each other in the social process and argues that any effort for explaining the entrepreneurship should consider the co-creative nature of the actors and institutions as well as the endogenous nature of institutions. The proposed approach will help expanding entrepreneurship literature through finding answers to some key under-examined questions in the promising research stream of entrepreneurship allocation.
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M., Preethi, and Poojasri S. "Entrepreneurship." Shanlax International Journal of Commerce 7, S1 (2019): 252–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3451716.
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The primary purpose of this research paper is to understand the importance of entrepreneurship in India. The economic development of the nation depends upon industrial development, and it is based on entrepreneurial skills and competencies of the individuals. Entrepreneurship has to become a popular term currently, but not all of the entrepreneurs can succeed in entrepreneurial business. Entrepreneurial development involves the implementation of various procedures, functions, and activities that are associated with perceiving opportunities and formation of the organizations to pursue them. Entrepreneurs experience several opportunities and challenges within the course of pursuance of their goals and objectives. The main components proposed for inclusion in a definition of the entrepreneur are Innovation, Opportunity Recognition, Risk Management, Action, Use of Resources, Added Value.
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Omarov, Eduard Z. "Entrepreneurial Functions in the Context of Training Professional Entrepreneurs." Journal of Modern Competition 19, no. 1 (2025): 78–90. https://doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2025-19-1-78-90.
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The article presents the author’s justification for the need for professional entrepreneurial education. It is revealed that the legitimacy of entrepreneurship as a science and education requires terminology adequate to this area. It is proven that entrepreneurship is a professional activity based on special knowledge, skills and abilities that can be formed in the learning process. Specific entrepreneurial functions are defined, in which managerial functions, contrary to popular belief, are far from being the main ones. Based on the analysis of theoretical approaches to identifying entrepreneurial functions, controversial aspects of their formulation are identified and the author’s entrepreneurial cycle, including the functions and competencies of an entrepreneur, is substantiated. The opinions of scientists studying professional entrepreneurial education are given. The formulation of the functions and competencies of entrepreneurs in the interpretation of various authors is studied. The author’s formulation of entrepreneurial functions and competencies is substantiated. The work has theoretical significance, since it contributes to the theory of entrepreneurship. Practical significance is based on the possibility of using the author’s entrepreneurial cycle in the construction of educational programs for training entrepreneurs.
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Fedosieieva, Hanna. "Coaching as a tool for the development of leadership qualities women-entrepreneurs in Ukraine." Scientific notes, no. 36 (November 6, 2024): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33111/vz_kneu.36.24.03.16.110.116.
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In 2023-2024, women’s entrepreneurship turned into a driving force of the Ukrainian economy. At the same time, women who had never thought of themselves as a leader came into entrepreneurship. Such women often have low self-confidence, are afraid of responsibility for independently made decisions, and find it difficult to establish communication with the team, clients and partners. At the same time, Ukrainian womenmostly independently try to combine the roles of mother, wife, specialist, entrepreneur, daughter, etc. In such conditions, it is coaching that can turn a noself-confident woman who combines the maximum number of functions in various fields into a real leader. Coaching, as a tool for leadership development, is devoted to the work of DZ. Whitmore, A. Chernenko-Dyba, S. Kovi, O. Nezhynska, M. Landsberg and others. The purpose of the article is to study coaching as a tool for developing leadership qualities of women entrepreneurs of Ukraine. The article describes the key factors of the influence of coaching on the development of leadership qualities of domestic female entrepreneurs, namely: help in increasing self-confidence; development of emotional intelligence; assistance in decision-making; establishment of effective communication with partners, clients, state authorities; ensuring a balance between work and personal life; assistance in strategic planning and development of the contact base of a female entrepreneur. Also given are the main problems that can accompany domestic female entrepreneurs who seek to develop their leadership qualities with the help of a professional coach. At the same time, the author firmly believes that for a Ukrainian woman entrepreneur who really wants to develop her leadership qualities, the priority of her new self — a self-confident woman capable of building her business and leading people should come to the fore. It is under this condition that the given problems are quite easily solved. Based on this, practical and effective steps are proposed to overcome these problems.
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Pticar, Stjepan. "Financing As One Of The Key Success Factors Of Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises." Creative and Knowledge Society 6, no. 2 (2016): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cks-2016-0010.
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Abstract All entrepreneurs try to be timely unlimited, constant and successful in their business. In doing so, their company founding, running operations and development all depend on adequate and quality financing. The goal is to ensure a stable financing and growth and the question is how, when and from which sources should the financing be ensured. When talking of financing, it is primarily meant ensuring the money or the capital, a synonym of the entrepreneurship and its main moving strength. In order to be successful, it is of high importance to meet optimal business decisions and specially investing decisions. Even though the focus of the financing process is not solely limited to money, money plays a central role and is also the basis and the requirement for business activity and the very existence and the end goal of a business as well. One important focus of entrepreneurs is the question of an optimal financial structure for their own enterprise. The specifics of every individual company together with the industry they are in and macroeconomic environment they operate in do not allow for a uniform and generally applicable solution to this problem. The focus of this problem lies in the ratio between the size and structure of assets on one side and the size and structure of equity and debt on the other side. Every entrepreneur should also know which amount and structure of long-term assets, fixed assets is necessary for his enterprise. The function of investment planning defines these requirements before the actual investment takes place. An entrepreneur who is already longer in business will at this point analyze his actual financial structure with a focus on capital accumulation and conditions of raising debt.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The main function of an entrepreneur"
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Masingila, Joanna O. "Calculus students' understandings of the concepts of function transformation, function composition, function inverse and the relationships among the three concepts." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Jones, Sharon L. "The economic trend in immigration policy: a comparative analysis of the entrepreneur/investor program in Canada, United States and Australia." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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COSCELLI, EDOARDO. "STICKELBERGER SERIES AND IWASAWA MAIN CONJECTURE FOR FUNCTION FIELDS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/561439.
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Let F be a global function field in characteristic p>0. There exists many different types of L-functions that can be associated to F, such as the Artin L-functions, the Goss Zeta function or the p-adic L-functions. In this work i have investigated the correlations between these analytic objects and the Stickelberger series, which is a formal power series whose coefficients lie in a suitable Galois algebra. In the second part of this work i have studied the Iwasawa extension generated by the p-torsion of a Hayes module and i have used the Stickelberger series to prove a "main conjecture" for the p-part of the class group.
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Yoo, Hyungsuk. "Quality of the Volterra transfer function estimation /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Wu, Bo. "Structure-function relationships in monoamine oxidase B /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Becker, Stephen Lewis. "Re-thinking the educational production function paradigm /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Köbe, Suzana de Fátima. "A função empreendedora-coordenadora da firma." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/70543.
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A velocidade das informações existentes no mundo atual provocam constantes mudanças, em um ambiente imprevisível. Nesse cenário, argumenta-se que a firma, enquanto agente econômico de produção e transação, para permanecer rentável precisa coordenar os seus recursos no intuito de desenvolver inovações para acompanhar essas mudanças e assimilar a complexidade de um mercado no qual os consumidores estão crescentemente mais informados. Com esta visão, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo aprofundar o entendimento que se tem da firma e, em especial, identificar as suas duas dimensões essenciais: a empreendedora e a coordenadora. Pesquisa-se em que medida as firmas são mais empreendedoras e/ou coordenadoras, e no quê estas dimensões resultam. Para tanto, esta pesquisa apoia-se no contexto teórico apresentado por Coase, em 1937, em sua obra The Nature of the Firm. A pesquisa foi conduzida pelo método de estudo de casos múltiplos, aplicado em seis firmas de diferentes áreas e, como técnica, foi utilizada a das entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados evidenciam tanto a existência de uma dimensão empreendedora quanto a de uma dimensão coordenadora. A primeira está relacionada com a tomada de decisão quanto ao desenvolvimento de novas alternativas para a obtenção dos recursos; e a segunda, com a tomada de decisão quanto à alocação mais eficiente destes recursos e às transações a serem feitas no mercado. Portanto, estas dimensões são complementares entre si. As firmas são mais empreendedoras ou mais coordenadoras, na medida da tomada de decisões e das capacidades do empreendedor-coordenador em seus setores de atuação. E, neste contexto, pela dinâmica e inovação adotadas, que passam a ser inerentes à mecânica de seu funcionamento, a firma se torna o agente responsável pela maior parte do comportamento do mercado, enquanto uma eficiente alternativa de coordenação da produção.<br>The current world information speed generates great changes, ocurring into an unpredictable environment. In such a scenary, it can be stated that the firm, considered as an economic agent of production and transactions, in order to remain profitable and competitive, it needs to coordinate its resources aiming to develop innovations both for keeping up with these changes and to assimilate the complexity of a market in which the consumers are increasingly better informed. According to this point of view, the present study aims to achieve a better general comprehension of the firm and, specifically, intends to identify its two essential dimensions: the entrepreneur and the coordinator ones. The research here reported that was focused to what extent the studied firms are more entrepreneur or more coordinator, and what are the results of such dimensions. The present research chief principles are based in the theoretical context brought by Coese, in 1937, in his work The Nature of the Firm. The researching work followed the method of multiple study cases, which was applied in six firms of different areas. The adopted technic was the one of the semistructured interviews. The attained results evidenced both, the entrepreneur dimension as well as the coordinator dimension. The first one of them is related to the decision making process, as considering the development of new alternatives for obtaining the necessary resources; and the second one, to the decision making process on managing the most efficient resources allocation and to the transactions to be made in the market. Therefore, these two dimensions are complementary to one another. The firms are preponderantly entrepreneurs or coordinators, depending on the decision-making and on the professional skills of the entrepreneurcoordinator, in his different operating and acting sectors. Additionally, into this context, and due to the dynamics and innovations adopted, which are inherent to its own functional mechanics, the firm becomes the responsible agent for the most of the market performance, as an efficient tool for coordinating of production.
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Jeong, Sang Tae. "Diophantine problems in function fields of positive characteristic /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Peyer, Oliver Sebastian de. "Structure and function of the lens main intrinsic protein (MIP-26)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312597.
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Tubby, K. C. Y. "The developmental origins and function of the main avian auditory hindbrain." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1476971/.
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Localising a sound on the horizontal plane is critical for animal survival. Binaural animals, including birds and mammals, locate sounds by calculating the time difference of the sound arriving at each ear, or the interaural time difference (ITD). In the chick, the auditory hindbrain (AHB) is the neuronal circuit responsible for calculating ITD. The AHB resides in the dorsolateral region of rhombomere 5 and consists of 3 neuronal nuclei; the nucleus angularis, nucleus magnocellularis (nM) and the nucleus laminaris (nL). The structure and intricate circuitry of the AHB is critical for its function, but difficulties arise in studying the development of this neuronal circuit as there are no known markers for the AHB before E7, when the generation and migration of these neurons is largely complete. Within rhombomere 5 of the chick hindbrain, there are also 4 distinct motor nuclei, which occupy the ventral region of the hindbrain. These are the abducens, accessory abducens and the dorsal and ventral extents of the facial motor nucleus. The correct segregation of these nuclei is dependent on differential type II cadherin expression between each motor nuclei. In this thesis, homeodomain protein expression in the developing hindbrain is characterised. The data presented suggests that the developmental origin of the AHB is the Dbx2 progenitor domain of the ventricular zone, and Dbx2 is identified as a nuclear marker for the neurons of the nM and nL. Perturbations to homeodomain protein expression at the time of AHB neuron generation, results in the failure of the AHB to express fgf8 and n-cadherin mRNA. These genetic manipulations, and the resultant loss of FGF8 expression, cause disruptions to motor nuclei segregation, possibly via the modulation of cadherin expression. A model is proposed whereby the AHB may act as a signalling centre for regulating the development of other neuronal nuclei within the hindbrain.
Books on the topic "The main function of an entrepreneur"
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Werhahn, Peter H. The entrepreneur: His economic function and social responsibility. 2nd ed. Catholic Institute for Development, Justice and Peace, 1990.
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1936-, Smith Charles D., LeMasurier Phillip, and Langley Research Center, eds. Helicopter far-field acoustic levels as a function of reduced main-rotor advancing blade-tip Mach number. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.
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1936-, Smith Charles D., LeMasurier Phillip, and Langley Research Center, eds. Helicopter far-field acoustic levels as a function of reduced main-rotor advancing blade-tip Mach number. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.
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P, Dhawan Atam, Meyer Claudia M, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Genetic algorithm based input selection for a neural network function approximator with application to SSME health monitoring. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.
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Chalofsky, Neal. Effective human resource development: How to build a strong and responsive HRD function. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1988.
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Khabibova, Natalya. DISSIPATIVE FUNCTION IN ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/monography_62a34c6a1044f3.48370948.
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The monograph presents the results of a study of the digital economy
 as a new paradigm of economic development, a system of economic relations
 implemented through the use of digital information computer technologies. It is
 noted that the main problem in the formation of sustainable economic growth and the
 successful introduction of digital technologies are the challenges of digitalization
 of the economy. New digital technologies, innovative business models penetrate
 into all spheres of the economic life of society, influencing the very essence of
 the economy, forming qualitative structural changes in it. As a result, a digital
 economy is being formed as a subsystem of the traditional economy, characterized
 by the active use of digital technologies and the circulation of specific electronic
 goods.
 The monograph is intended for researchers, teachers, graduate students,
 undergraduates, as well as a wide range of readers interested in topical issues of
 digitalization of the economy.
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O'Toole, Helena M. A report on the measurement of performance in the development control function of the DOE (NI) planning service with particular reference to the use o f performance indicators and incorporating the views of the main service recipients...the planning applicants. The Author], 1993.
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Nikiforova, Natal'ya, Svetlana Milovidova, and Tat'yana Izzuka. Controlling business efficiency. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2162917.
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The textbook covers the main issues of controlling and analyzing the effectiveness of an organization's business processes. It is when managing business processes that an entrepreneur incurs the main costs and receives the main income, which subsequently forms the financial result of the entire activity or other beneficial effect. Therefore, the analysis of indicators and factors of cost formation and business development is an important task for the organization's analysts. Controlling and analyzing the effectiveness of business processes help to identify bottlenecks, problem areas and optimize the work of the organization as a whole. They provide information about which processes generate the most revenue and which require additional investments. Thus, an entrepreneur can focus his efforts on developing and optimizing the most profitable business processes. Ultimately, effective business process management allows an entrepreneur to achieve a positive financial result and a beneficial effect in the organization's activities. It follows that controlling and analyzing the effectiveness of business processes are an integral part of successful management and development of an organization. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state educational standards for higher education. For teachers and students of economic universities, employees of accounting and financial departments and services, specialists in business analysis, as well as students of the system of training, advanced training and certification of professional accountants, auditors, tax consultants and managers.
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Gluhih, Pavel. Technological entrepreneurship. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1083294.
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The textbook is intended for studying and developing practical skills necessary for the implementation of the main stages of creating a technological business project (the steps of a technological entrepreneur). By completing consecutive practical tasks, students will be able to create and (or) continue to develop their project from scratch in a small group for the full cycle of project activities.
 The methodology of performing 15 basic practical tasks and exercises aimed at the development of specific student technological business projects and the formation of appropriate competencies of a technology entrepreneur among students is described in detail.
 Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
 For undergraduate students studying in various educational areas with an innovative, technological and entrepreneurial bias.
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Boronenkova, Svetlana, Margarita Mel'nik, and Anton Chepulyanis. Comprehensive financial analysis in enterprise management. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2135817.
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The textbook considers a comprehensive economic analysis of the activities of an economic entity as the basis for managing its effectiveness. The role of analysis in the management cycle is shown. It is characterized as the main method of substantiating and choosing managerial decisions at all stages of the management cycle, from setting goals and objectives for development to assessing the contribution of individual departments and employees to the overall performance of an economic entity. Special attention is paid to the information-forming function of analysis. The main objectives are to present the leading methods of financial analysis aimed at improving the use of production resources and identifying production reserves, which is the main factor in increasing efficiency, assessing the production potential of an economic entity and justifying the economic directions of its development, ensuring increased financial stability in the long term. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the fields of 38.03.01, 38.04.01 "Economics" and 38.03.02, 38.04.02 "Management".
Book chapters on the topic "The main function of an entrepreneur"
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Payne, P. L. "The Entrepreneur: Role and Function." In British Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century. Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09976-4_2.
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Wigley, John, and Carol Lipman. "What is the Function of the Entrepreneur?" In The Enterprise Economy. Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22037-3_2.
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Blind, Georg D. "The Rule-Based Economy and the Function of the Entrepreneur." In The Entrepreneur in Rule-Based Economics. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62779-3_3.
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Uspensky, Vladimir, and Alexei Semenov. "The concept of a μ-recursive function." In Algorithms: Main Ideas and Applications. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8232-2_11.
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Alais, Robin, Petr Dokládal, Etienne Decencière, and Bruno Figliuzzi. "Function Decomposition in Main and Lesser Peaks." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57240-6_26.
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D’Antona, Francesca. "Luminosity Functions and the Mass Function." In The Bottom of the Main Sequence — And Beyond. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49217-7_2.
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Bachs, Oriol, and Neus Agell. "The Cell Nucleus: Structure and Main Functions." In Calcium and Calmodulin Function in the Cell Nucleus. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21686-6_2.
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Adams, Fred C. "Star Formation and the Initial Mass Function." In The Bottom of the Main Sequence — And Beyond. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49217-7_26.
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Brouns, Inge, Isabel Pintelon, Jean-Pierre Timmermans, and Dirk Adriaensen. "Electrophysiologically Identified Airway Receptors: Main Characteristics." In Novel Insights in the Neurochemistry and Function of Pulmonary Sensory Receptors. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22772-1_2.
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Borot, Gaëtan, Alice Guionnet, and Karol K. Kozlowski. "Main Results and Strategy of Proof." In Asymptotic Expansion of a Partition Function Related to the Sinh-model. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33379-3_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "The main function of an entrepreneur"
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Saha, Avirup, Lakshmi Mandal, Balaji Ganesan, et al. "Sequential API Function Calling Using GraphQL Schema." In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.1083.
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Rabinovich, Ella, and Ateret Anaby Tavor. "On the Robustness of Agentic Function Calling." In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Trustworthy NLP (TrustNLP 2025). Association for Computational Linguistics, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.trustnlp-main.20.
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İrmiş, Ayşe, Bilge Akça, Hatice Çoban, and Mehtap Sarıkaya. "Community Entrepreneurship: The Example of Babadağlılar Bazaar in Denizli." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00973.
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Community entrepreneurship is a kind of entrepreneurial activity for common utilities that is carried out in cooperation with members of that community. Both entrepreneur and enterprise function together for the well being of community members in this kind of entrepreneurship sense since the main aim of community entrepreneurship is contribution to regional economy and social growth. Nevertheless, existence of community entrepreneurship can be possible in the light of an entrepreneurial leader rising from the community. Community entrepreneurship is seen as more essential for developing countries as rising of such countries is possible from below to top. Since entrepreneurs, who has intention to community entrepreneurship, obtain required capital in a different way than the traditional understanding of entrepreneurship. In this way, local people who normally do not prefer to invest in a private enterprise, are convinced to invest in a community enterprise. There are many examples of community entrepreneurship with established businesses in the context of people's sector in Denizli. Babadaglılar Office Block was organized as a model form of community entrepreneurship with the leadership of Kazım Kaynak in 1976. Even though, that was founded in order to market commodities of producers and sellers from Babadag, today, it is an office block in which sellers from Denizli come together to sell textile products usually made in Denizli. Within this scope, interview method is preferred as a research methodology. Interviews were done with Kazım Kaynak’s son and Office Block manager. They told how Babadag Office Block emerged and how still operated.
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Güneş, Serkan. "Evaluation of Creative Designer Roles In Terms of Entrepreneurial Competences." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003312.
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In terms of defining and implementing new and innovative ideas, creativity and entrepreneurship are inextricably linked. In this context, creativity and entrepreneurship inevitably form sub-functions of each other in terms of performance. Because both concepts are carried out in uncertain and dynamic situations, their qualities mutually complement each other. However, it is not always possible for every creative person to be an entrepreneur or vice versa.Design is a creative process in which ideas originate from a combination of professional experience, intuition, and the knowledge required. The design process takes place in an uncertain environment, and design concepts do not emerge in a vacuum; they are frequently the product of the creative synthesis of earlier experiences with knowledge, insight, and entrepreneurship that have contributed to the development and success of many businesses. Design encompasses not only creative thinking but also innovative, productive, and compositional activities as part of entrepreneurship with a mix of rational, ideal, and pragmatic inquiry. Therefore, designers not only must be creative in the design phase but also need to act as entrepreneurs/intrapreneurs as they seek to identify and address customer needs and effectively communicate and prototype their ideas to potential customers. The most creative part of the design process is identifying problems and developing solutions for analysis, evaluation, and selection to help businesses improve their operations and efficiency. To achieve these goals, designers may need to assume certain roles.The concept of entrepreneurship essentially contains positive and privileged meanings. For this reason, many people believe that they have entrepreneurial characteristics and want to be mentioned as entrepreneurs. Some professions, such as industrial design, naturally claim to be entrepreneurial because of their activities. Due to the positive meaning of entrepreneurship, designers are concerned about developing and transforming their practices within the principles of entrepreneurship. Moreover, current design discourses imply that design thinking will help entrepreneurs in the generation and selection of innovative ideas. Simply put, design entrepreneurship is the collection of correct skills and abilities required to develop the right ideas and market them as successful design products. However, to be an entrepreneur, some entrepreneurial personality traits must be present in addition to the establishment of some pre-existing conditions.Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to compare the creative and innovative roles identified in the literature and attributed to designers with the competencies needed for entrepreneurship and identify possible intersections. The first stage of the study attempted to identify the roles attributed to designers and entrepreneurship competencies. The following stage of the review aims to determine the major or key roles of the designers. The next stage of the research focuses on 41 entrepreneurship competence frameworks under four main headings. The study's last section contrasted 83 creative and innovative role and definition contents assigned to designers with 41 entrepreneurial competence definitions using NLP-based text similarity measurement, and the text mining results were evaluated through correspondence analysis.
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Lins, Saulo de Oliveira, and Mauricio Johnny Loos. "The importance of remuneration policy in motivating and retaining professionals in organizations." In I Seven International Engineering Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniengineering-031.
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In organizations, the main active capital, asset or wealth, are people. In addition to investments in machines, equipment, raw materials, methods and processes, organizations need to invest in their main differentiator for success, in their workforce, in their talents with the capacity for transformation and overcoming. As the main mainspring and driving force within any organization are people, they are the ones who make the other resources of an organization function with quality. They are the agents of transformation and should be the main investment of entrepreneurs.
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Karaköy, Çağatay, Necati Alp Erilli, Sema Babayiğit, and Emine Rabia Ersoy. "The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education and Culture, the Transition Economies of Field Research for University Students in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01224.
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In modern production labor, capital and natural resources the fourth factor is included as an element of entrepreneurship, participation or implementation in the production as profit or loss to the performing element is faced with. According to the other production factors are dealt with more risk element of the entrepreneur, as well as entrepreneurial function with the same time in economic growth locomotive power is on. For many years, enterprise element carrying out the state interference in socialist countries, the collapse of the iron curtain in 1991 transitional recession and hyperinflation become inevitable experience. In other expression, economic developments and social life as result of the change in the importance of the concept of entrepreneurship has been further increased. Entrepreneurship is a kind of genetic element, or is it potential education and draw from revealing whether the topic of discussion is. The resulting depending on these two alternative viewpoint even equipped with higher education made the younger generation in production as well as the tendency to have more skilled labor force as reflection of education they receive visions of their enterprise ability to affect. Determination of specifications of entrepreneurship of university students, the entrepreneurial potential of development of the country’s important step because on of this property is the value of interest. The main objective of this research, long time socialist system managed entrepreneurial characteristics of university students in Kyrgyzstan determinants will be examined.
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CROITORU, Gabriel, Mircea DUICA, Ofelia ROBESCU, Valentin RADU, and Oana OPRISAN. "Entrepreneurial Resilience, Factor of Influence on the Function of Entrepreneur." In 18th edition of the Conference “Risk in Contemporary Economy” RCE2017, June 9-10, 2017, Galati, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc.rce2017.1.17.
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Zueva, Ya, Yu Popova, and E. Titova. "APPLICATION OF INNOVATIONS IN MODERN MANAGEMENT." In Manager of the Year. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/my2021_63-66.
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The material examines the importance of innovation and innovation activities in modern management. The main management innovations are identified and their impact on the competitiveness of the firm is described. Various sources and main functions of innovation are presented and analyzed. It was concluded that the introduction of innovative technologies makes it possible for entrepreneurs to actively develop their enterprise, increasing its competitiveness.
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Karymshakov, Kamalbek, Kadyrbek Sultakeev, and Burulcha Sulaimanova. "The Impact of Microfinance on Entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01412.
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This paper aims to investigate the impact of microfinance on entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan. For estimation the nationally representative "Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey" for 2013 is used, which covers around 5000 households from all regions in the country. The main variable of interest, the probability of being an entrepreneur of household members depends on individual, household level characteristics and on microfinance loan receiving status. Following the literature, due to the endogeneity issue in using microcredit loan in estimation, this research applies binary response model with instrumental variables. Estimation results show that participation in the micro loan raises the probability of individual to be entrepreneur.
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Gurunyan, Tatyana. "Creating a Positive Image of an Entrepreneur in the EAEU Countries in the Digital Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02579.
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In the EAEU countries, unfortunately, entrepreneurship has not yet become a driver of economic development. Informal institutions can be considered a significant barrier to the development of entrepreneurship. The formation of a positive image of an entrepreneur is a necessary condition for the development of entrepreneurial activity and the strengthening of trust between business, society and government. Objective: to determine the direction of forming a positive image of an entrepreneur in the EAEU countries for the development of the entrepreneurial layer of society. Research methods: An abstract-logical approach is used based on a system analysis of the formation of a positive image of an entrepreneur. The analysis is based on the data of the international project Global Monitoring of Entrepreneurship, and the results of research work in the SIU-branch of the RANEPA. The correlation between the attitude to the image of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurial activity is proved. In higher education institutions, it is necessary to develop entrepreneurial education. At the same time, digital educational technologies should be widely applied, soft skills should be formed. The media have significant potential for impact on society, constitute the main PR tool. Material on promoting entrepreneurship should be presented in new online media forms: forums, blogs, online conferences, Internet messengers integrated into the mobile phone interface. The formation of a stable positive image of an entrepreneur among all sectors of the population will strengthen trust between society and businesses, business and the state to realize the entrepreneurial potential of the EAEU countries.
Reports on the topic "The main function of an entrepreneur"
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Grullón, Sergio, and Lorenzo Vicens. Innovation and Entrepreneurship: A Model Based on Entrepreneur Development. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006896.
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This article proposes a person-centered model for entrepreneurship, rather than one based on an idea or business plan. It analyzes the characteristics of entrepreneurship development programs worldwide and presents a representative sample of best practices. On the basis of the main findings and lessons learned, this paper defines the characteristics and components of a new model for entrepreneur development and presents recommendations as to how to deploy the model in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Aguiar Borges, Luciane, and Hannah Matthiesen. Urban Agriculture for a Resilient Future. Nordregio, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2024:41403-2503.
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This report is the outcome of the project Urban Agriculture for a Resilient Future (FutureUA) financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers and implemented in 2023. In this final report, we discuss the future of urban agriculture across different themes, namely (1) cultivating change in connection with innovation and legislation, (2) cultivating community in connection with culture, and (3) cultivating knowledge in connection with education and science. While the first theme reflects the potential of agriculture to occupy more space in cities and to be perceived as a desirable urban function through innovation and legislative support, the second theme focuses on the known benefits of urban agriculture for building community and fostering social inclusion. The third theme reflects the momentum urban agriculture is gaining in institutional education through the implementation of programmes that respond to the growing demand for systematic knowledge of urban agriculture at different qualification levels. This report is primarily a presentation of seven urban agriculture initiatives that tell stories about how different actors have engaged with or support the practice of growing food in cities. The description of the cases was based on webinar discussions, interviews with the main stakeholders of each case, and study visits. These cases provide the context to show how different actors can engage in urban agriculture and food systems, as well as to discuss their challenges and opportunities and to draw lessons from their practices. The report targets a broad and heterogeneous audience, including planners, entrepreneurs, academics, and the general public, who are interested and believe in the potential of urban agriculture to tackle many of the challenges we face today, such as the climate crises. After reading this report, the reader is expected to gain: - A glimpse of the literature on the benefits and drawbacks of growing food in cities. - An understanding of urban agriculture from different perspectives (e.g., municipalities, entrepreneurs, communities, educational institutions). - An overview of opportunities and challenges for implementing agriculture in cities. - Inspiration for alternative urban futures as the stories told in this report carry seeds for change that can assist transitioning our cities to more functional ecosystems.
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Vélez-Grajales, Viviana, and Roberto Vélez-Grajales. Intergenerational Mobility and Income Effects for Entrepreneurial Activity in Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011393.
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This paper uses the Mexican Social Mobility Survey 2006 to analyze intergenerational social mobility as it relates to entrepreneurial activity. First, the paper analyzes whether entrepreneurs experience greater upward social mobility than self-employed workers or employees. Second, probit models are estimated to identify whether predetermined characteristics are the main determinants of the decision to become an entrepreneur. Third, using the propensity score matching method (PSM), the paper estimates the effect of entrepreneurial activity on income. Results show that entrepreneurs have more options for upward social mobility. For entrepreneurs with low-income parents, it is more difficult to reach the top of the socioeconomic distribution compared to those with middle- or upper-class parents. Second, the probability of becoming an entrepreneur increases when the respondent's father was an entrepreneur. Finally, the mean effect of entrepreneurial activity on income is positive, and is greater for those whose parents belonged to the extreme ends of the socioeconomic distribution.
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Ketterer, Juan Antonio, and Gabriela Andrade. Digital Central Bank Money and the Unbundling of the Banking Function. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007008.
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Innovations in digital payment technologies and digital currencies suggest that extending access to central bank money (CBM) to firms and individuals is now feasible. This paper focuses on a recent related debate regarding alternative organizational models for the payment system and their implications for the banking industry. One of the main conclusions is that extended access to CBM will likely create a centrifuge force in the financial system that might result in the unbundling of the banking functions.
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Levy, Maggie, Raymond Zielinski, and Anireddy S. Reddy. IQD1 Function in Defense Responses. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699842.bard.
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The main objective of the proposed research was to study IQD1's mechanism of action and elucidate its role in plant protection. Preliminary experiments suggest that IQD1 binds CaM in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner and functions in general defense responses. We propose to identify proteins and genes that interact with IQD1, which may provide some clues to its mechanism of action. We also plan to dissect IQD1's integration in defense pathways and to study and modulate its binding affinity to CaM in order to enhance crop resistance. Our specific objectives were: (1) Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties; (2) Identification of IQD1 targets;(3) Dissection of IQD1 integration into defense signaling pathways. Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties defined four potential classes of sequences that should affect CaM binding: one is predicted to raise the affinity for Ca²⁺-dependent interaction but have no effect on Ca²⁺-independent binding; a second is predicted to act like the first mutation but eliminate Ca²⁺-independent binding; a third has no predicted effect on Ca²⁺-dependent binding but eliminates Ca²⁺-independent binding; and the fourth is predicted to eliminate or greatly reduce both Ca²⁺-dependent and Ca²⁺-independent binding. Following yeast two hybrid analysis we found that IQD1 interact with AtSR1 (Arabidopsis thalianaSIGNALRESPONSIVE1), a calcium/calmodulin-binding transcription factor, which has been shown to play an important role in biotic and abiotic stresses. We tested IQD1 interaction with both N-terminal or C-terminal half of SR1. These studies have uncovered that only the N-terminal half of the SR1 interacts with the IQD1. Since IQD1 has an important role in herbivory, its interaction with SR1 suggests that it might also be involved in plant responses to insect herbivory. Since AtSR1, like IQD1, is a calmodulin-binding protein and the mutant showed increased sensitivity to a herbivore, we analyzed WT, Atsr1 and the complemented line for the levels of GS to determine if the increased susceptibility of Atsr1 plants to T. ni feeding is associated with altered GS content. In general, Atsr1 showed a significant reduction in both aliphatic and aromatic GS levels as compared to WT. In order to study IQD1's molecular basis integration into hormone-signaling pathways we tested the epistatic relationships between IQD1 and hormone-signaling mutants. For that purpose we construct double mutants between IQD1ᴼXᴾ and mutants defective in plant-hormone signaling and GS accumulation. Epitasis with SA mutant NahG and npr1-1 and JA mutant jar1-1 suggested IQD1 function is dependent on both JA and SA as indicated by B. cinerea infection assays. We also verified the glucosinolate content in the crosses siblings and found that aliphatic GSL content is reduced in the double transgenic plants NahG:IQD1ᴼXᴾ as compare to parental lines while the aliphatic GSL content in the npr1-1:IQD1ᴼXᴾ and jar1-1: IQD1ᴼXᴾ double mutants was intimidated to the parental lines. This suggests that GSL content dependency on SA is downstream to IQD1. As a whole, this project should contribute to the development of new defense strategies that will improve crop protection and reduce yield losses and the amount of pesticides required; these will genuinely benefit farmers, consumers and the environment.
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Meidan, Rina, and Robert Milvae. Regulation of Bovine Corpus Luteum Function. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604935.bard.
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The main goal of this research plan was to elucidate regulatory mechanisms controlling the development, function of the bovine corpus luteum (CL). The CL contains two different sterodigenic cell types and therefore it was necessary to obtain pure cell population. A system was developed in which granulosa and theca interna cells, isolated from a preovulatory follicle, acquired characteristics typical of large (LL) and small (SL) luteal cells, respectively, as judged by several biochemical and morphological criteria. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of granulosa cells removal on subsequent CL function, the results obtained support the concept that granulosa cells make a substaintial contribution to the output of progesterone by the cyclic CL but may have a limited role in determining the functional lifespan of the CL. This experimental model was also used to better understand the contribution of follicular granulosa cells to subsequent luteal SCC mRNA expression. The mitochondrial cytochrome side-chain cleavage enzyme (SCC), which converts cholesterol to pregnenolone, is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the steroidogenic pathway. Experiments were conducted to characterize the gene expression of P450scc in bovine CL. Levels of P450scc mRNA were higher during mid-luteal phase than in either the early or late luteal phases. PGF 2a injection decreased luteal P450scc mRNA in a time-dependent manner; levels were significantly reduced by 2h after treatment. CLs obtained from heifers on day 8 of the estrous cycle which had granulosa cells removed had a 45% reduction in the levels of mRNA for SCC enzymes as well as a 78% reduction in the numbers of LL cells. To characterize SCC expression in each steroidogenic cell type we utilized pure cell populations. Upon luteinization, LL expressed 2-3 fold higher amounts of both SCC enzymes mRNAs than SL. Moreover, eight days after stimulant removal, LL retained their P4 production capacity, expressed P450scc mRNA and contained this protein. In our attempts to establish the in vitro luteinization model, we had to select the prevulatory and pre-gonadotropin surge follicles. The ratio of estradiol:P4 which is often used was unreliable since P4 levels are high in atretic follicles and also in preovulatory post-gonadotropin follicles. We have therefore examined whether oxytocin (OT) levels in follicular fluids could enhance our ability to correctly and easily define follicular status. Based on E2 and OT concentrations in follicular fluids we could more accurately identify follicles that are preovulatory and post gonadotropin surge. Next we studied OT biosynthesis in granulosa cells, cells which were incubated with forskolin contained stores of the precursor indicating that forskolin (which mimics gonadotropin action) is an effective stimulator of OT biosynthesis and release. While studying in vitro luteinization, we noticed that IGF-I induced effects were not identical to those induced by insulin despite the fact that megadoses of insulin were used. This was the first indication that the cells may secrete IGF binding protein(s) which regonize IGFs and not insulin. In a detailed study involving several techniques, we characterized the species of IGF binding proteins secreted by luteal cells. The effects of exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids and arachidonic acid on the production of P4 and prostanoids by dispersed bovine luteal cells was examined. The addition of eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in basal and LH-stimulated biosynthesis of P4 and PGI2 and an increase in production of PGF 2a and 5-HETE production. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism via the production of 5-HETE was unaffected. Results of these experiments suggest that the inhibitory effect of arachidonic acid on the biosynthesis of luteal P4 is due to either a direct action of arachidonic acid, or its conversion to 5-HETE via the lipoxgenase pathway of metabolism. The detailed and important information gained by the two labs elucidated the mode of action of factors crucially important to the function of the bovine CL. The data indicate that follicular granulosa cells make a major contribution to numbers of large luteal cells, OT and basal P4 production, as well as the content of cytochrome P450 scc. Granulosa-derived large luteal cells have distinct features: when luteinized, the cell no longer possesses LH receptors, its cAMP response is diminished yet P4 synthesis is sustained. This may imply that maintenance of P4 (even in the absence of a Luteotropic signal) during critical periods such as pregnancy recognition, is dependent on the proper luteinization and function of the large luteal cell.
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Nelson, Nathan, and Charles F. Yocum. Structure, Function and Utilization of Plant Photosynthetic Reaction Centers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699846.bard.
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Light capturing and energy conversion by PSI is one of the most fundamental processes in nature. In the heart of these adaptations stand PSI, PSII and their light harvesting antenna complexes. The main goal of this grant proposal was to obtain by X-ray crystallography information on the structure of plant photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes. We achieved several milestones along this line but as yet, like several strong laboratories around the world, we have no crystal structure of plant PSII. We have redesigned the purification and crystallization procedures and recently solved the crystal structure of the PSI supercomplex at 3.3 Å resolution. Even though this advance in resolution appears to be relatively small, we obtained a significantly improved model of the supercomplex. The work was published in J. Biol. Chem. (Amunts et al., 2010). The improved electron density map yielded identification and tracing of the PsaK subunit. The location of an additional 10 ß-carotenes, as well as 5 chlorophylls and several loop regions that were previously uninterruptable have been modeled. This represents the most complete plant PSI structure obtained thus far, revealing the locations of and interactions among 17 protein subunits and 193 non-covalently bound photochemical cofactors. We have continued extensive experimental efforts to improve the structure of plant PSI and to obtain PSII preparation amenable to crystallization. Most of our efforts were devoted to obtain well-defined subcomplexes of plant PSII preparations that are amenable to crystallization. We studied the apparent paradox of the high sensitivity of oxygen evolution of isolated thylakoids while BBY particles exhibit remarkable resilience to the same treatment. The integrity of the photosystem II (PSII) extrinsic protein complement as well as calcium effects arise from the Ca2+ atom associated with the site of photosynthetic water oxidation were investigated. This work provides deeper insights into the interaction of PsbO with PSII. Sight-directed mutagenesis indicated the location of critical sites involved in the stability of the water oxidation reaction. When combined with previous results, the data lead to a more detailed model for PsbO binding in eukaryotic PSII.
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zheng, ying, and yun xiang. Rehabilitation effect of lower-limb motor function in stroke patients with Chinese traditional exercises : A systematic review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0039.
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Review question / Objective: To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of Chinese traditional exercises（CTE）in the rehabilitation of lower-limb motor function in stroke patients by Meta analysis statistical method. Condition being studied: Stroke and motor dysfunction. Main outcome(s): Fugl-Meyer Motor Scale (FMA) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the higher the score, the lower the degree of Motor dysfunction; The timed "Up & Go" test shows that the shorter the test time is, the lower the degree of motor dysfunction.
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Lers, Amnon, E. Lomaniec, S. Burd, A. Khalchitski, L. Canetti, and Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Senescence Inducible Ribonuclease in Tomato: Gene Regulation and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570563.bard.
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Natural leaf senescence has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. Senescence is regulated by differential gene expression yet, functional characterization of the genes specifically induced and study of their expression control, is still in its infancy. Study of senescence-specific genes is required to allow identification of regulatory elements participating in senescence-induced expression and thus provide insights into the genetic regulation of senescence. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as RNases and proteases. This study was aimed a analysis of senescence-inducible RNases in tomato with the following objectives: Isolation of senescence-inducible RNase cDNA clones; Expression analyses of RNase genes during senescence; Identification of sequences required for senescence-induced gene expression; Functional analyses of senescence-inducible RNases. We narrowed our aims somewhat to focus on the first three objectives because the budget we were awarded was reduced from that requested. We have expanded our research for identification senescence-related RNase/nuclease activities as we thought it will direct us to new RNase/nuclease genes. We have also carried out research in Arabidopsis and parsley, which enabled us to draw mire general conclusions. We completed the first and second objectives and have made considerable progress on the remaining two. We have defined growth conditions suitable for this research and defined the physiological and biochemical parameters characteristic to the advance of leaf senescence. In tomato and arabidopsis we have focused on natural leaf senescence. Parsley was used mainly for study of postharvest senescence in detached leaves. We have identified a 41-kD a tomato nuclease, LeNUCI, specifically induced during senescence which can degrade both RNA and DNA. This activity could be induced by ethylene in young leaves and was subjected to detailed analysis, which enabled its classification as Nuclease I enzyme. LeNUCI may be involved in nucleic acid metabolism during tomato leaf senescence. In parsley senescing leaves we identified 2 main senescence-related nuclease activities of 41 and 39-kDa. These activities were induced in both naturally or artificially senescing leaves, could degrade both DNA and RNA and were very similar in their characteristics to the LeNUCI. Two senescence-induced RNase cDNAs were cloned from tomato. One RNase cDNA was identical to the tomato LX RNase while the second corresponded to the LE RNase. Both were demonstrated before to be induced following phosphate starvation of tomato cell culture but nothing was known about their expression or function in plants. LX gene expression was much more senescence specific and ethylene could activate it in detached young leaves. LE gene expression, which could be transiently induced by wounding, appeared to be activated by abscisic acid. We suggest that the LX RNase has a role in RNA catabolism in the final stage of senescence, and LE may be a defense-related protein. Transgenic plants were generated for altering LX gene expression. No major visible alterations in the phenotype were observed so far. Detailed analysis of senescence in these plants is performed currently. The LX promoter was cloned and its analysis is performed currently for identification of senescence-specific regulatory elements. In Arabidopsis we have identified and characterized a senescence-associated nuclease 1 gene, BFN1, which is highly expressed during leaf and stem senescence. BFN1, is the first example of a senescence- associated gene encoding a nuclease I enzyme as well as the first nuclease I cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Our progress should provide excellent tools for the continued analysis of regulation and function of senescence-inducible ribonucleases and nucleases in plants. The cloned genes can be used in reverse genetic approaches, already initiated, which can yield a more direct evidence for the function of these enzymes. Another contribution of this research will be in respect to the molecular mechanism, which controls senescence. We had already initiated in this project and will continue to identify and characterize regulatory elements involved in senescence-specific expression of the genes isolated in this work.
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Lers, Amnon, and Pamela J. Green. LX Senescence-Induced Ribonuclease in Tomato: Function and Regulation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586455.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Natural leaf senescence, which occurs even when growth conditions are near optimal, has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. However, the successful design of such strategies requires a better insight into the senescence machinery and control in higher plants. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as ribonucleases (RNases) and proteases. Previously we had identified and characterized the tomato LX RNase gene demonstrating its transcript to be highly and specifically induced during senescence. This reported study was focused on LX but also had broadened our research to other senescence-associated nucleic acids degrading enzymes to learn about their function and the regulation of their encoding genes. Beside tomato we used parsley and Arabidopsis for the study of: the bi-functional nuclease which has a role in senescence. The study of different senescence- associated nucleases in few plant systems will allow a more general view on function and regulation of these enzymes in senescence. The specific original proposed objectives included: 1. Study the consequences of alterations in LX RNase level on tomato leaf senescence and general development; 2. Analyze stimuli which may participate in senescence-specific activation of the LX gene; 3. Clone the senescence-associated BFNI nuclease gene homologue from tomato. 4. Further characterize the sequences required for senescence-specific gene expression. Homozygous transgenic plants in which LX gene was either inhibited or over-expressed were generated. In both of these LX mutated plants no major phenotypic consequences were observed, which may suggests that LX is not essential for plant growth under optimal growth conditions. Lack of any abnormalities in the LX over-expressing lines suggests that special system exist to allow function of the RNase only when needed. Detailed analyses of growth under stress and consequences to RNA metabolism are underway. We have analyzed LX expression on the protein level demonstrating that it is involved also in petal senescing. Our results suggest that LX is responding to complex regulation involving developmental, organ dependent factors and responds differently to hormonal or environmental stimuli in the different plant organs. The cloned 1.4 kb promoter was cloned and its analysis revealed that probably not all required elements for senescence induction are included. Biochemical analysis of senescence-associated be-functional nucleases in the different plants, tomato, parsley and Arabidopsis, suggests they belong to a sub-class within the type I plant nucleases. The parsley PcNUC1/2 nuclease protein was purified from senescing leaves its and activity was studied in vitro revealing endo-, double strand, nucleolytic activity and exo-nucleolytic activity. Its encoding gene was cloned and found to be induced on the mRNA level. The promoter of the related Arabidopsis BFNI nuclease was shown in both tomato and Arabidopsis to be able and direct senescence-specific expression suggesting that, at least part, the gene is regulated on the transcriptional level and that the mechanism for this senescence-specific regulation is conserved between different plants. Few plants in which the BFNI gene is mutated were identified which are subjected now to detailed analysis. Our results suggest that the senescence-related nucleic acid degrading enzymes share similarities in both function and regulation between different plants and possibly have important functions in processes un-related to senescence. Still, the function of these enzymes, at least in some cases is not essential to plant development under optimal growth conditions. We are now at the stage which permits in depth investigation of the specific functions and mode of molecular regulation of senescence-associated nucleases with the aid of the research tools developed. The isolated senescence-specific promoter, shown to be active in heterologous plant system, could be utilized in agricultural-related biotechnological applications for retardation of senescence.