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Coats, Karen. "The Maze Runner (review)." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 63, no. 3 (2009): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.0.1269.
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Faisal, Muhammad, and Chaidir Syahri. "USING DEONTIC MODALITY IN MAZE RUNNER (THE DEATH CURE) MOVIE." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 6 (2019): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i6.p771-775.
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The objectives of this research are to identify the types of deontic modality and the meaning of utterances that found in The Maze Runner (The Death Cure) movie. This research used script only from the movie entitled The Maze Runner (The Death Cure) that had been analyzed by the researcher. The research used descriptive as a research design and qualitative method as a research methodology. Therefore, the data of this research was in the form of utterances that was performed by the cast in The Maze Runner (The Death Cure) movie. The research data were collected by taking the movie script from the internet. The collected data were analyzed by Saeed’s theory. The finding revealed that there are two types of deontic modality found in utterances performed by the cast of The Maze Runner (The Death Cure) movie namely; Obligation and permission. The meaning of utterances that belongs to obligation means that someone have to do what the speaker said. While the meaning of utterances that belongs to permission means that someone’s incumbency to authorized somebody else to do something. Keywords: Deontic modality, The Maze Runner (The Death Cure), Semantics
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Z. Alkhafaji, Mayada, and Ansam Yaroub. "HUMAN LAB RATS IN JAMES DASHNER’S THE MAZE RUNNER SERIES (2009 – 2011): HISTORICAL REFERENCES, PRESENT ALLUSIONS, AND DYSTOPIAN FUTURE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 5 (2019): 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.75148.
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Purpose: This study aims to shed the light on allusions to real lab rats in Dashner’s trilogy: The Maze Runner (2009), The Scorch Trails (2010), and The Death Cure (2011). It also aims to trace the historical documents and chronicles essential to reveal the justifications behind the vague political and scientific crimes. Methodology: The researchers have used the literary analytical approach to study and analyze selected prominent aspects from each novel; such as the concept of lab rats and genocide crimes in The Maze Runner; references to weather experiments, the climate change conspiracy, gas chambers, and the Holocaust in The Scorch Trails; and finally, the man-made diseases and biological weapons in The Death Cure. Results: The outcomes confirm the necessity of knowing history whether bright or dark as a keyword to understand the present and predict the future. Also, Dashner has based The Maze Runners series on historical references as well as present-day vital scientific issues to predict a catastrophic future if a decision is not made. Young adult is chosen to lead the revolution against human abusing crimes and make a change. Applications: To develop a high understanding of young adult fiction, the researchers recommend those who are interested in literature with the necessity to apply this study to other post-apocalyptic, survival, adventure, science and dystopian series fictions, movies adaptations of related books, and related video games series that addressing young adults’ mind in order to diagnose any dilemma . Novelty/Originality: Hence, this study makes a difference in the sense of exposing the genocide crimes committed by the name of science embedded in Dashner's The Maze Runners series by tracing the historical, social, political, and scientific justifications regarding the concept of human lab rats as one of the worst human abusing experiences still used by tyrant regimes till now in ethnic and sectarian purification.
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Handy Permana, Silvester Dian, Ketut Bayu Yogha Bintoro, Budi Arifitama, and Ade Syahputra. "Comparative Analysis of Pathfinding Algorithms A *, Dijkstra, and BFS on Maze Runner Game." IJISTECH (International Journal Of Information System & Technology) 1, no. 2 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30645/ijistech.v1i2.7.
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Maze Runner game is a game that requires pathfinding algorithm to get to the destination with the shortest path. This algorithm is used in an NPC that will move from start node to destination node. However, the use of incorrect algorithms can affect the length of the computing process to find the shortest path. The longer the computing process, the longer the players have to wait. This study compared pathfinding algorithms A *, Dijkstra, and Breadth First Search (BFS) in the Maze Runner game. Comparison process of these algorithms was conducted by replacing the algorithm in the game by measuring the process time, the length of the path, and the numbers of block played in the existing computing process. The results of this study recommend which algorithm is suitable to be applied in Maze Runner Game.
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Pavliuk, Kh T. "Conceptual metaphor in English young-adult dystopian novel “The Maze Runner” by James Dashner." Science and Education a New Dimension VI(167), no. 50 (2018): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-ph2018-167vi50-08.
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Brutu, Ali Sadikin, and Muhammad Amrin Siregar. "PHYSICAL COURAGE IN JAMES DASHNER’S NOVEL THE MAZE RUNNER." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE 2, no. 1 (2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/jol.v2i1.2480.
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This research is concerned with Protagonist’s Physical Courage found in James Dashner’s novel The Maze Runner first published in 2009. It is described in the novel that the Protagonist of the novel has shown his physical courage in a Glade which is always haunted or attacked by dangerous creatures called Grievers. Because of his great courage, he has been able to influence his friends to fight with the Grievers. He is even admired by his friends, all the Gladers. He can even finally be able to escape together with them to live freely outside the place that has already imprisoned them in it. This research uses a qualitative research method proposed by Creswell: defining this method as a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or group ascribe to a social or human problem. After having analyzed the variable in the novel, it can be concluded that the protagonist shows two forms of physical courage. They are selfishness and being one own-self.
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Maryam, Dewi. "Deletion pada Penerjemahan Directive Speech Act Film The Maze Runner." Deskripsi Bahasa 3, no. 1 (2020): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/db.v3i1.400.
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Directive Speech Act sangat erat kaitannya dengan konteks, maksud penutur serta respon lawan tutur. Penerjemahan directive speech act berorientasi pada kesepadanan yang didasarkan pada tersampaikannya makna direktif tuturan tersebut. Namun, dalam proses penerjemahannya, penyelarasan pada teks sumber dilakukan. Hal ini berdampak pada makna dan fungsi yang bisa saja bergeser. Dalam menerjemahkan directive speech act, deletion sering kali terjadi. Hal ini menimbulkan pergeseran dari aspek leksikal. Pada proses penerjemahan, deletion dilakukun untuk mengurangi satuan lingual supaya dapat sedekat mungkin dengan bahasa pada teks sasaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk-bentuk deletion pada Directive Speech Act Film The Maze Runner beserta fungsinya. Data dikumpulkan melalui proses transkripsi, catat serta dianalisis secara kontekstual dengan bantuan tabel klasifikasi dan disajikan secara deskriptif dari perhitungan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 30 data yang mengandung strategi deletion pada terjemahannya, ditemukan 19 (63,3%) berada pada tataran kata, 1 (3,3%) berada pada tataran frasa dan 10 (33,3%) berada pada tataran kalimat. Deletion terjadi pada tataran kata hingga kalimat. Deletion memiliki fungsi dalam penerjemahan. Ditemukan beberapa fungsi deletion, yaitu simplifikasi, reduksi repetisi dan mengeliminasi satuan lingual yang tidak memiliki peran utama dalam tuturan direktif. Dengan ini, Deletion terjadi dalam penerjemahan untuk mencapai fungsi-fungsi tertentu supaya hasil terjemahan pada teks sasaran dapat menjadi sepadan tanpa mengurangi esensi utama dari fungsi direktif pada directive speech act.
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Putria, Anggia, and Muizzu Nurhadi. "DRAMATIC ELEMENTS IN DASHNER’S MAZE RUNNER NOVEL AND FILM ADAPTATION." ANAPHORA: Journal of Language, Literary and Cultural Studies 2, no. 2 (2020): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/anaphora.v2i2.3368.
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The research aims to reveal how the application of dramatic elements of Dashner’s Maze Runner is transformed into its film adaptation. To achieve the purpose, the researcher analyzes seven dramatic elements by Gustav Freytag’s Pyramid which consist of exposition, inciting moment, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution, and denouement. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method. The results of this research are the differences of the dramatic elements in the novel and film adaptation are not significant because only the scenes of exposition and rising action are not similar.
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Sarmento-Pantoja, Tânia Maria Pereira. "NARRATIVAS DISTÓPICAS COM PROTAGONISMOS JUVENIL: MEMÓRIA E INSTINTO DE RESISTÊNCIA EM THE MAZE RUNNER." Revista Margens Interdisciplinar 12, no. 18 (2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18542/rmi.v12i18.7652.
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Este estudo apresenta duas categorias – a memória ausente e o instinto de resistência – com vistas a analisar deteminadas caraterísticas da ficção distópica, destinada aos jovens adultos. Analisa The Maze Runner (romance e filme homônimos) a fim de estabelecer o estudo de caso, na medida em que acentua a associação entre distopia e ficção científica, com particular atenção aos elementos da biopunk fiction.
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Alawiyyah, Anisa, Ria Saparianingsih, and Nadia Nurul Maulidiyah. "SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF IDIOMATIC IN THE MAZE RUNNER: THE DEATH CURE MOVIE." Dialectical Literature and Educational Journal 6, no. 1 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51714/dlejpancasakti.v6i1.41.pp.1-9.
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This research discussed the semiotic analysis of idiomatic expressions found in The Maze Runner: The Death Cure movie by Wess Ball and its impact on English. This research aimed to find idiomatic expressions revealed in the dialogue in the movie; to find the meaning of symbols contained idiomatic expressions in dialogues; to find the impact of semiotic analysis in idiomatic expressions found in movie. In this research, researchers used qualitative research in the type of content analysis using descriptive approach to help the analysis of the data that found in the movie. The researchers looked for idiomatic expressions in the movie and symbols of idiomatic expressions. Finally, researchers reveal the impact of semiotic analysis in idioms found in movie on English. From the results, there are 59 idiom expressions divided into lexemic and sememic idioms. From lexemic idiom found 37 phrasal verbs; 2 irreversible binomials; 10 phrasal compounds; and 1 incorporating verb. From the sememic idiom found 2 idioms of politeness; 1 idiom of detachment; 4 idioms of greeting; and 2 famous quotations idioms. There are 26 symbols from 59 idiom expression in the movie. Its effects on English make students more fluent in English and look like native speakers, add new vocabulary, make students aware of cultural differences in language, and know more about meaning.
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Anindya, Widya Dara, Adi Sutrisno, Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, and Sigit Ricahyono. "ACCURACY OF THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL WORDS IN THE MAZE RUNNER NOVEL INTO INDONESIAN LANGUAGE." Social Sciences, Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal) 1, no. 2 (2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/she.v1i2.6716.
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There have been plenty of studies on translation accuracy, but that focusing on cultural words under-investigated. The current study investigated the translation accuracy of The Maze Runner Novel in English by James Dashner into Indonesian by Yunita Candra. As many as 11 cultural words were collected. To measure the accuracy, questionnaires were distributed to 12 translators of at least 1 year of professional experience. The taxonomy developed by Pelawi (2014) covering categories of accurate (<strong>Ak</strong>), less accurate (<strong>KAk</strong>), and not accurate (<strong>TAk</strong>) was applied. Results show that (Ak) occurs 7/64%, (KAk) does 3/27%, and (TAk) does 1/9%. That a number of the data fall into the category of (KAk) and (TAk) indicate that while cultures share common features (universal), at the same time they contain characteristic features that are unique. It goes, therefore, no cultural expressions can be in total accuracy if they are transplanted into other cultures.
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Elliot, Amy. "Power in Our Words: Finding Community and Mitigating Trauma in James Dashner’s The Maze Runner." Children's Literature Association Quarterly 40, no. 2 (2015): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/chq.2015.0022.
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Jerald, Aysha. "Exploring the Relationship between Dystopian Literature and the Activism of Generation Z Young Adults." American Journal of Undergraduate Research 16, no. 4 (2020): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2020.009.
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Some recent research has posited that the independent and revolutionary traits of Generation Z can be traced to the circumstances of their births, specifically the 9/11 attacks and the Great Recession. While there has been research examining the effect of these events on the type of behavior Generation Z exhibits towards political and societal issues, there has been little research that examines the literary culture in which they grew up. Did popular dystopian works such as Catching Fire by Suzanne Collins (2009), Divergent by Veronica Roth (2011), and The Maze Runner by James Dashner (2009) have an impact on their political identities and behaviors? This paper examines that question by using a mixed method approach: a public questionnaire, thirteen in-depth interviews with a select group of Generation Z students from the University of Georgia, and direct content analyses of the key works under consideration. This study argues that the relationship between dystopian literature and young adult activism may offer insight into the ways literature can be used as a revolutionary tool. This study also hopes to add to the literature exploring the characteristics of Generation Z and the significance dystopian literature may have not only on a young adult’s thoughts but also their actions. KEYWORDS: Dystopian Literature; Dystopian Literary Media; Generation Z; Youth Activism; Literary Influence; Activist Typology; Aspects of Literary Response: A New Questionnaire; College Students; Divergent; Catching Fire; The Maze Runner; Literary Culture, The Hunger Games
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Saputro, Yosia Puri, Maria Johana Ari Widayanti, and Bambang Purwanto. "The Psychological Development of The Main Character of Becoming A Gang Leader through Frustration; Reflections on Dashner’s “The Maze Runner”." Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 8, no. 1 (2019): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v8i1.29195.
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In this study, the writer emphasized the psychological development of the main character reflected in the story. Then the main character must convince the other, there is a better place outside the Glade. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how the process of psychological developments of being a leader through frustration and to analyze how the main character shows an ability to lead. This is a qualitative study using psychoanalytic approach by Sigmund Freud. The writer collected the data relating to the psychological development from frustration to being a leader by using The Maze Runner novel. The secondary data were taken from some sources, such as books, dictionary, encyclopedia, and also articles related to this research. Meanwhile the procedures for collecting data were done by reading, identifying, inventorying, classifying, selecting and reporting. In conducting the study, Freud’s psychoanalysis including id, ego, and superego are employed to reveal the main character frustration and shows the leadership ability in The Maze Runner. The findings of the analysis showed that; first, the causes of frustration are anxiety, hatred, and fear. It had been found that frustration was the results of the superego pressure that cannot be controlled by the ego. The frustration can be dangerous if the person who is frustrated does not fight against the pressure he gets. Second, there are seven leading ability which found in the novel such as having a purpose, curiosity, fairness, giving the suggestion, appreciates, and source of inspiration. Thomas is able to control the pressure from superego and his desire from id. He can make a good decision for his ego whether yielding his id or obey the superego. Then, he does not only focus on his frustration, but he can develop from frustration to be a good leader.
 
 Keywords: psychoanalysis; psychological development; leader; frustation; adolescent
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Verhagen, Evert, Marit Warsen, and Caroline Silveira Bolling. "‘I JUST WANT TO RUN’: how recreational runners perceive and deal with injuries." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 3 (2021): e001117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001117.
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Running injuries impact the health gains achieved through running and are linked to drop-out from this otherwise healthy activity. The need for effective prevention is apparent, however, implementation of preventive measures implies a change in runners’ behaviour. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to explore Dutch recreational runners’ perception on injuries, injury occurrence and prevention. An interpretative paradigm underpins this study. We conducted 12 individual semistructured interviews with male (n=6) and female runners (n=6). Through a constant comparative data analysis, we developed a conceptual model to illustrate the final product of the analysis and represent the main themes’ connection. We present a framework that describes the pathway from load to injury and the self-regulatory process controlling this pathway. Runners mentioned that pain is not necessarily an injury, and they usually continue running. Once complaints become unmanageable and limit the runner’s ability to participate, an injury was perceived. Based on our outcomes, we recommend that preventive strategies focus on the self-regulation by which runners manage their complaints and injuries—providing information, advice and programmes that support the runner to make well-informed, effective decisions.
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Feng, Xiaomei, Vincent Degos, Lauren G. Koch, et al. "Surgery Results in Exaggerated and Persistent Cognitive Decline in a Rat Model of the Metabolic Syndrome." Anesthesiology 118, no. 5 (2013): 1098–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e318286d0c9.
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Abstract Background: Postoperative cognitive decline can be reproduced in animal models. In a well-validated rat model of the Metabolic Syndrome, we sought to investigate whether surgery induced a more severe and persistent form of cognitive decline similar to that noted in preliminary clinical studies. Methods: In rats that had been selectively bred for low and high exercise endurance, the low capacity runners (LCR) exhibited features of Metabolic Syndrome (obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension). Tibial fracture surgery was performed under isoflurane anesthesia in LCR and high capacity runner (HCR) rats and cognitive function was assessed postoperatively in a trace-fear conditioning paradigm and Morris Water Maze; non-operated rats were exposed to anesthesia and analgesia (sham). Group sizes were n = 6. Results: On postoperative D7, LCR rats had shorter freezing times than postoperative HCR rats. Five months postoperatively, LCR rats had a flatter learning trajectory and took longer to locate the submerged platform than postoperative HCR rats; dwell-time in the target quadrant in a probe trial was shorter in the postoperative LCR compared to HCR rats. LCR and HCR sham rats did not differ in any test. Conclusion: Postoperatively, LCR rats diverged from HCR rats exhibiting a greater decline in memory, acutely, with persistent learning and memory decline, remotely; this could not be attributed to changes in locomotor or swimming performance. This Metabolic Syndrome animal model of surgery-induced cognitive decline corroborates, with high fidelity, preliminary findings of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome patients.
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Nedelcu, Dorian, Aurel Bara, Adrian Pellac, and Sorin Laurentiu Bogdan. "A comparative Study Between the Costs of Polymer Based Rapid Prototyping and Steel Based Manufacture." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 3 (2017): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.3.4868.
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The Pelton turbines convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, through the Pelton runner, by using high heads and small discharges. The runner has a complex geometry, described in drawings by transversal and longitudinal sections that form continuous surfaces. The SolidWorks software was used to design two Pelton runners: the R1 runner with 21 buckets and the R2 runner with 19 buckets. The runners were made of polymeric materials through the Rapid Prototyping process, using the Objet Desktop 3D printer, which is based on the Objet PolyJet technology, with a layer thickness of 28 microns [1]. The runners were used to measure the hydrodynamic characteristics of a Pelton microturbine on a test rig. The paper aims to highlight the advantages of the Rapid Prototyping process compared to the traditional technology used to manufacture Pelton runners that are intended for experimental research.
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Muallim, Muajiz. "ISU-ISU KRISIS DALAM NOVEL-NOVEL DYSTOPIAN SCIENCE FICTION AMERIKA." Jurnal POETIKA 5, no. 1 (2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/poetika.25810.
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This paper focuses on issues and discourses about the crisis that existed in the dystopian science fiction (dystopian sf) novels. In this case, Hunger Games Trilogy (2008-2010), Maze Runner Trilogy (2009-2011), Divergent Trilogy (2011-2013) are the main object to see how far the text of dystopian sf novels address issues and discourses about the crisis within. Dystopian sf novels that are the counter-discourse of utopian sf novels has no longer present the utopian elements of the future, but, contrastly present the worst possibilities of the future. It appears that the dystopian sf writers present narratives about crisis, poverty, darkness, and pessimism in their novels. It even reads as a form of criticism and warning that the writers are trying to convey to the reader through fictional texts. In the end, the conditions of crisis seen in the text of these dystopian sf novels open its relationship with the world's history outside the text.Keywords: crisis, dystopian science fiction, America, history.
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Muallim, Muajiz. "ISU-ISU KRISIS DALAM NOVEL-NOVEL DYSTOPIAN SCIENCE FICTION AMERIKA." Poetika 5, no. 1 (2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v5i1.25810.
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This paper focuses on issues and discourses about the crisis that existed in the dystopian science fiction (dystopian sf) novels. In this case, Hunger Games Trilogy (2008-2010), Maze Runner Trilogy (2009-2011), Divergent Trilogy (2011-2013) are the main object to see how far the text of dystopian sf novels address issues and discourses about the crisis within. Dystopian sf novels that are the counter-discourse of utopian sf novels has no longer present the utopian elements of the future, but, contrastly present the worst possibilities of the future. It appears that the dystopian sf writers present narratives about crisis, poverty, darkness, and pessimism in their novels. It even reads as a form of criticism and warning that the writers are trying to convey to the reader through fictional texts. In the end, the conditions of crisis seen in the text of these dystopian sf novels open its relationship with the world's history outside the text.Keywords: crisis, dystopian science fiction, America, history.
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Libor, Koudelka. "Do not be Afraid of Small High-Speed Francis Turbines." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 68, no. 3 (2018): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2018-0030.
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AbstractIn the first quarter of the last century hydraulic power plants were equipped with high-speed Francis turbines even in the situation when a contemporary project manager would suggest Kaplan turbine. The reason is simple. Mr. Kaplan patented his turbine only in 1912 [1], https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kaplan . Those high-speed Francis turbines have just reached their lifetime. Mainly runners need repair. Our customers’ respond is that even renowned firms refuse to deliver runners with better parameters. Offer is to replace whole turbine with Kaplan or to make a copy of the existing runner. This paper presents experience and results of such a high-speed runner design. The runner substituted the one of Prokopa & sons from 1939 in powerhouse and mill at Křemže stream. Virtual prototyping technique has been used.
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Janssen, Mark, Ruben Walravens, Erik Thibaut, Jeroen Scheerder, Aarnout Brombacher, and Steven Vos. "Understanding Different Types of Recreational Runners and How They Use Running-Related Technology." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (2020): 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072276.
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This study aims to help professionals in the field of running and running-related technology (i.e., sports watches and smartphone applications) to address the needs of runners. It investigates the various runner types—in terms of their attitudes, interests, and opinions (AIOs) with regard to running—and studies how they differ in the technology they use. Data used in this study were drawn from the standardized online Eindhoven Running Survey 2016 (ERS2016). In total, 3723 participants completed the questionnaire. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify the different running types, and crosstabs obtained insights into the use of technology between different typologies. Based on the AIOs, four distinct runner types were identified: casual individual, social competitive, individual competitive, and devoted runners. Subsequently, we related the types to their use of sports watches and apps. Our results show a difference in the kinds of technology used by different runner types. Differentiation between types of runners can be useful for health professionals, policymakers involved in public health, engineers, and trainers or coaches to adapt their services to specific segments, in order to make use of the full potential of running-related systems to support runners to stay active and injury-free and contribute to a healthy lifestyle.
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Wang, Xi, Dong-Po Xia, Bing-Hua Sun, and Jin-Hua Li. "Coordination and consensus: the role of compromisers in Tibetan macaques." Current Zoology 67, no. 4 (2021): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoab047.
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Abstract Coordination and consensus in collective behavior have attracted a lot of research interest. Although previous studies have investigated the role of compromisers in group consensus, they provide little insight into why compromisers would allow such social arrangements to persist. In this study, the potential relationship between group movements and conflict management in Tibetan macaques in Anhui province, China, was investigated using hierarchical cluster analyses. Some members with higher social centrality or social rank often formed a front-runner cluster during group movements. They had higher leadership success than individuals outside the front-runner cluster. Other members with lower social centrality or social rank often followed the group movements initiated by the front-runner cluster, and thus formed the compromiser cluster. Compromisers’ proximity relations with front-runners increased with their following scores to front-runners. Compromisers had fewer events of being attacked when they followed group movements initiated by the front-runners. The compromising process made compromisers lose the choice of direction preference, but it could increase their individual safeties. This trade-off suggests that compromisers play a role of decision-maker in coordination and consensus scenarios among social animals.
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Hinrichs, Richard N., Peter R. Cavanagh, and Keith R. Williams. "Upper Extremity Function in Running. I: Center of Mass and Propulsion Considerations." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 3, no. 3 (1987): 222–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.3.3.222.
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Ten male recreational runners were filmed using three-dimensional cinematography while running on a treadmill at 3.8 m/s, 4.5 m/s, and 5.4 m/s. A 14-segment mathematical model was used to examine the influence of the arm swing on the three-dimensional motion of the body center of mass (CM), and on the vertical and horizontal propulsive impulses (“lift” and “drive”) on the body over the contact phase of the running cycle. The arms were found to reduce the horizontal excursions of the body CM both front to back and side to side, thus tending to make a runner's horizontal velocity more constant. The vertical range of motion of the body CM was increased by the action of the arms. The arms were found to make a small but important contribution to lift, roughly 5–10% of the total. This contribution increased with running speed. The arms were generally not found to contribute to drive, although considerable variation existed between subjects. Consistent with the CM results, the arms were found to reduce the changes in forward velocity of the runner rather than increasing them. It was concluded that there is no apparent advantage of the “classic” style of swinging the arms directly forward and backward over the style that most distance runners adopt of letting the arms cross over slightly in front. The crossover, in fact, helps reduce side-to-side excursions of the body CM mentioned above, hence promoting a more constant horizontal velocity.
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Smyth, Barry. "How recreational marathon runners hit the wall: A large-scale data analysis of late-race pacing collapse in the marathon." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0251513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251513.
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Introduction In the marathon, how runners pace and fuel their race can have a major impact on race outcome. The phenomenon known as hitting the wall (HTW) refers to the iconic hazard of the marathon distance, in which runners experience a significant slowing of pace late in the race, typically after the 20-mile mark, and usually because of a depletion of the body’s energy stores. Aim This work investigates the occurrence of significant late-race slowing among recreational marathoners, as a proxy for runners hitting the wall, to better understand the likelihood and nature of such slowdowns, and their effect on race performance. Methods Using pacing data from more than 4 million race records, we develop a pacing-based definition of hitting the wall, by identifying runners who experience a sustained period of slowing during the latter stages of the marathon. We calculate the cost of these slowdowns relative to estimates of the recent personal-best times of runners and compare slowdowns according to runner sex, age, and ability. Results We find male runners more likely to slow significantly (hit the wall) than female runners; 28% of male runners hit the wall compared with 17% of female runners, χ2(1, N = 1, 928, 813) = 27, 693.35, p < 0.01, OR = 1.43. Such slowdowns are more frequent in the 3 years immediately before and after a recent personal-best (PB) time; for example, 36% of all runners hit the wall in the 3 years before a recent PB compared with just 23% in earlier years, χ2(1, N = 509, 444) = 8, 120.74, p < 0.01, OR = 1.31. When runners hit the wall, males slow more than females: a relative slowdown of 0.40 vs. 0.37 is noted, for male and female runners, when comparing their pace when they hit the wall to their earlier race (5km-20km) pace, with t(475, 199) = 60.19, p < 0.01, d = 0.15. And male runners slow over longer distances than female runners: 10.7km vs. 9.6km, respectively, t(475, 199) = 68.44, p < 0.01, d = 0.17. Although, notably the effect size of these differences is small. We also find the finish-time costs of hitting the wall (lost minutes) to increase with ability; r2(7) = 0.91, p < 0.01 r2(7) = 0.81, p < 0.01 for male and female runners, respectively. Conclusions While the findings from this study are consistent with qualitative results from earlier single-race or smaller-scale studies, the new insights into the risk and nature of slowdowns, based on the runner sex, age, and ability, have the potential to help runners and coaches to better understand and calibrate the risk/reward trade-offs that exist as they plan for future races.
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GASPAR, STEFAN, JAN MAJERNIK, TOMAS CORANIC, and JAN PASKO. "INFLUENCE OF RUNNER CROSS-SECTION ON AIR ENTRAPMENT IN PRESSURE DIE CASTS VOLUME." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 2 (2021): 4491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_6_2021020.
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Technology of metal die casting is characterized by production of casts complicated as to shape yet with positive mechanical properties and with high repeatability of production. However, casts are porous to a certain extent which eventually reduces their mechanical properties. One of the significant methods of porosity reduction of casts rests in correct design of a gating system. The submitted paper studies the influence of cross-section area of a runner on air entrapped in the cast volume. Seven alternatives of runners with the identical structural organization and variable cross-section area were compared. In case of a gating system design there was an assumption made that the runner with the largest cross section would deliver the lowest possible velocity to the melt before reaching the runner which would result in the lowest possible values of air entrapment. The air entrapment in the cast volume is evaluated behind the cores which were evaluated as critical points with regards to further processing. The results reached during examination of the melt flowing through runners proved the aforementioned assumption, yet the values of air entrapment in die casts volume did not show remarkable differences. In its final part, the paper clarifies the reached results and recommendations which should be taken into consideration when designing the gating system structure.
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Irfannuddin, Irfannuddin, Minarma Siagian, Sri Jusman, Jan Purba, Ermita Ilyas, and Nurhadi Ibrahim. "Hurdle Aerobic Exercise Increases Angiogenesis and Neuroplasticity in the Hippocampus and Improves the Spatial Memory Ability of Middle-aged Mice." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, A (2020): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.3840.
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BACKGROUND: Complex aerobic exercise is believed to induce positive effects on neuron structure and cognitive function. Long-term and continual cognitive stimulation increases neuroplasticity by stimulating the synthesis of neuronal growth proteins and the formation of new synapses. Exercise also increases the ability of neurons to survive and improves brain vascularization. Further investigations should be conducted to explore what types of aerobic exercise are beneficial for cognitive function.
 AIM: This study investigated the effects of hurdle aerobic exercise on developmentally regulated brain protein-A (Drebrin-A) as a neuroplasticity indicator, and on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as an angiogenesis marker in the hippocampus.
 METHODS: This study was an experimental study with post-test only control group design. Thirty-three adult mice were divided into control, hurdle aerobic runner (HAR), and plain aerobic runner (PAR) groups (n = 11 for each group). Fiberglass running wheels were originally designed and modified to assemble hurdles inside with adjustable speed. Speed adaptation was intended to achieve aerobic intensity. The experiment was performed 5 times a week for 8 weeks. The Morris water maze test (MWMT) was used to assess spatial memory ability. One day after the last running exercise and final MWMT, the mice were sacrificed and the right side of the hippocampus was obtained for Drebrin-A analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The entire right side brain tissue after hippocampus was removed then used for the neuroglobin ELISA assay. To analyze VEGF expression and calculation of blood vessel, the left side of the brain was prepared for hematoxylin eosin and immunohistochemistry staining. To assess the effect of exercise on vascular widening, the analysis of the slides was performed by calculating the percentage of blood vessels with diameters more than 15 μm. One-way ANOVA and Fisher’s least significant difference test was used for statistical analysis.
 RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the levels of Drebrin-A between the HAR and PAR groups. Both exercise groups had higher levels of Drebrin-A than the control group. HAR and PAR groups exhibited significantly higher percentages of blood vessels expressing VEGF in hippocampus compared to control. HAR and PAR groups had the higher percentages of larger vessels compare to control. There was no significant difference of neuroglobin levels among the three groups. Both the HAR and PAR groups exhibited better spatial memory than the control group.
 CONCLUSION: Both aerobic exercises induced positive effects on brain angiogenesis, while the intensity of aerobic exercises did not result in high hypoxic stress in the brain.
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Wakeham, Denis J., Rachel N. Lord, Jack S. Talbot, et al. "Upward resetting of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex in middle-aged male runners." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 317, no. 1 (2019): H181—H189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00106.2019.
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This study focused on the influence of habitual endurance exercise training (i.e., committed runner or nonrunner) on the regulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and arterial pressure in middle-aged (50 to 63 yr, n = 23) and younger (19 to 30 yr; n = 23) normotensive men. Hemodynamic and neurophysiological assessments were performed at rest. Indices of vascular sympathetic baroreflex function were determined from the relationship between spontaneous changes in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and MSNA. Large vessel arterial stiffness and left ventricular stroke volume also were measured. Paired comparisons were performed within each age category. Mean arterial pressure and basal MSNA bursts/min were not different between age-matched runners and nonrunners. However, MSNA bursts/100 heartbeats, an index of baroreflex regulation of MSNA (vascular sympathetic baroreflex operating point), was higher for middle-aged runners ( P = 0.006), whereas this was not different between young runners and nonrunners. The slope of the DBP-MSNA relationship (vascular sympathetic baroreflex gain) was not different between groups in either age category. Aortic pulse wave velocity was lower for runners of both age categories ( P < 0.03), although carotid β-stiffness was lower only for middle-aged runners ( P = 0.04). For runners of both age categories, stroke volume was larger, whereas heart rate was lower (both P < 0.01). In conclusion, we suggest that neural remodeling and upward setting of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex compensates for cardiovascular adaptations after many years committed to endurance exercise training, presumably to maintain arterial blood pressure stability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise training reduces muscle sympathetic burst activity in disease; this is often extrapolated to infer a similar effect in health. We demonstrate that burst frequency of middle-aged and younger men committed to endurance training is not different compared with age-matched casual exercisers. Notably, well-trained, middle-aged runners display similar arterial pressure but higher sympathetic burst occurrence than untrained peers. We suggest that homeostatic plasticity and upward setting of the vascular sympathetic baroreflex maintains arterial pressure stability following years of training.
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Billat, Véronique, Damien Vitiello, Florent Palacin, Matthieu Correa, and Jean Renaud Pycke. "Race Analysis of the World’s Best Female and Male Marathon Runners." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041177.
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Background: Beyond the difference in marathon performance when comparing female and male runners, we tested the hypothesis that running strategy does not different according to sex. The goal of the present study is to compare the running strategy between the best female and male marathon performances achieved in the last two years. Methods: Two aspects of the races were analyzed: (i) average speed relative to runner critical speed (CS) with its coefficient of variation and (ii) asymmetry and global tendency of race speed (i.e., the race’s Kendall τ ) . Results: The females’ best marathons were run at 97.6% ± 3% of CS for the new record (Brigid Kosgei, 2019) and at 96.1% ± 4.4% for the previous record (Paula Radcliffe, 2003). The best male performances (Eliud Kipchoge, 2018 and 2019) were achieved at a lower fraction of CS (94.7% ± 1.7% and 94.1% ± 2.3% in 2018 and 2019, respectively). Eliud Kipchoge (EK) achieved a significant negative split race considering the positive Kendall’s τ of pacing (i.e., time over 1 km) ( τ = 0.30; p = 0.007). Furthermore, EK ran more of the average distance below average speed (54% and 55% in 2018 and 2019, respectively), while female runners ran only at 46% below their average speed. Conclusions: The best female and male marathon performances were run differently considering speed time course (i.e., tendency and asymmetry), and fractional use of CS. In addition, this study shows a robust running strategy (or signature) used by EK in two different marathons. Improvement in marathon performance might depend on negative split and asymmetry for female runners, and on higher fractional utilization of CS for male runners.
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Williams, P., K. M. Green, and B. Swanson. "A cold treatment for postharvest control of western flower thrips on strawberry runners." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 12 (2005): 1649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03191.
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In 1998–99, outbreaks of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergrande), western flower thrips (WFT), caused extensive damage to strawberry crops in the Yarra Valley, Victoria. These crops were within 30 km of Toolangi where over 80% of certified strawberry runners for Australia are produced. Commercial growers store runners for various periods of time at temperatures as low as –2°C. Cold temperature disinfestation was evaluated as a potential strategy in a contingency plan to prevent the spread of WFT on strawberry runners. Western flower thrips at various life stages on gerbera flowers (on which they were reared), were placed in small bags, made from the plastic liners used in commercial strawberry runner cartons, together with strawberry runners and exposed to –2°C for periods of 1, 2, 4, or 8 weeks. All WFT died within 4 weeks. Additional experiments were conducted in which WFT, in bags with runners or on gerbera leaf disks in petri dishes, were exposed to –2°C for 3 weeks. Only a few WFT survived these treatments; however, they were moribund. When they were assessed 2 days after completion of the exposure period, all WFT were dead. It was concluded that strawberry runners carrying WFT can be disinfested by exposing WFT to –2°C for 4 weeks and that this should be achievable under commercial conditions.
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Myers, S., D. Bell, J. Gorman, J. Best, and J. Rooney. "Repetition of an Unusual Stress Fracture in an Anorexic Man: A Case Report." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 10, no. 2 (2002): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/230949900201000218.
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Stress fractures of the fibula commonly occur distally in runners, whereas stress fractures of the proximal fibula are uncommon and typically occur in jumpers. Furthermore, it is rare for a stress fracture to be repeated in the same bone. We report a case of a repeated stress fracture of the proximal fibula in a male runner with abnormal gait that primarily involved excessive pronation. Unusual risk factors in this case were anorexia nervosa and use of an inhaled corticosteroid. The patient was treated conservatively, and healing of the fracture was completed at 12 weeks.
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Čulić-Viskota, Adelija, and Maciej Denc. "From Content-Centeredness to Learner-Centeredness in Teaching English for Specific Purposes." Transactions on Maritime Science 5, no. 2 (2016): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v05.n02.008.
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Student / learner-created or student / learner-centred / generated content in the teaching of languages for specific purposes (LSP) is one of the possible ways-out of the intricate maze in which LSP lecturers often find themselves when dealing with a professional content different from their own. Lecturers of languages for specific purposes, mostly experts in linguistics or literature of a foreign language, are usually faced with professions different from theirs when they start their LSP adventure and are forced to master to a certain extent the profession whose language they intend to teach. Still, keeping abreast with the latest in a profession different from the LSP lecturers' own is a demanding and often hardly feasible task. Maritime English (ME) is used in an environment to which ME lecturers hardly have access, i.e. on board ocean-going and inland craft worldwide. The lecturer has to take a detour, insist on eliciting information from the professionals in the field and keep pace with the actual language requirements to meet. It still remains difficult to find adequate content for LSP purposes as the lecturer feels like a hurdles runner in a different profession field. Students interested in their future profession can often do better in this sense and should be engaged in the creation of course materials and their presentation in class. LSP lecturers should remain in their own field of the (language) coach, while students should actually run their race through the LSP course. Some ideas based in Maritime English are presented as an example of why and how student-created / centred content has become one of the principal approaches in the teaching / learning of Maritime English at the Faculty of Maritime Studies (FMS) in Split, Croatia and Gdynia Maritime University (GMU) in Gdynia, Poland.
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Méndez-Alonso, David, Jose Antonio Prieto-Saborit, Jose Ramón Bahamonde, and Estíbaliz Jiménez-Arberás. "Influence of Psychological Factors on the Success of the Ultra-Trail Runner." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (2021): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052704.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological variables of runners of ultra-trail mountain races and their association with athletic performance and success. The sample was made up of 356 mountain runners, 86.7% men and 13.2% women, with a mean age of 42.7 years and 5.7 years of experience. Using pre- and post-race questionnaires, data were collected regarding mental toughness, resilience, and passion. The performance of each runner in the race was also recorded. The results showed very high values in the psychological variables analyzed compared with other sports disciplines. Completion of the race (not withdrawing) and the elite quality of the runners were presented as the most relevant indicators in the processes of resilience, mental toughness, and obsessive passion. Differences were noted between the pre- and post-race results, suggesting that the competition itself is a means of training those psychological factors that are essential to this sports discipline. It can be concluded that psychological factors are decisive to athletic performance and race completion in mountain ultra-marathon races.
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Xu, Suo Di, Zhi Qiang Liang, Yu Wei Liu, and Gusztáv Fekete. "Biomechanical Performance of Habitually Barefoot and Shod Runners during Barefoot Jogging and Running." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 38 (August 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.38.1.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical performances, running stability of habitually barefoot (BR) and shod runners (SR) during barefoot jogging and running. Ten healthy male subjects, 5 habitually shod runners and 5 habitually barefoot runners, from two different ethnics participated in this study. Subjects performed jogging (2m/s) and running (4m/s) along a 10-m runway. Three-dimensional lower-limb kinematics, ground reaction force, center of pressure (COP) and contact time (CT), were collected during testing. During jogging and running, all participants adopted rear-foot strike pattern, SR had larger VALR. SR showed significantly larger lower-limb range of motion (ROM) in sagittal plane, significantly larger hip abduction and opposite knee ROM in frontal plane, as well as significantly larger ankle internal rotation in horizontal plane. All participants’ CT showed decreased trend with running speed up; and SR was significantly longer than BR; BR and SR in COP showed different trajectories, especially forefoot and rearfoot areas. Habitually barefoot and shod runner from different ethnics still exist significant differences in lower-extremity ROM; and different foot morphological of participants is an important influential factor for these variations.
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Dufek, Janet S., John A. Mercer, and Janet R. Griffin. "The Effects of Speed and Surface Compliance on Shock Attenuation Characteristics for Male and Female Runners." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 25, no. 3 (2009): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.25.3.219.
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The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of running speed and surface compliance on shock attenuation (SA) characteristics for male and female runners. We were also interested in identifying possible kinematic explanations, specifically, kinematics of the lower extremity at foot-ground contact, for anticipated gender differences in SA. Fourteen volunteer recreational runners (7 male, 7 female) ran at preferred and slow speeds on an adjustable bed treadmill, which simulated soft, medium, and hard surface conditions. Selected kinematic descriptors of lower extremity kinematics as well as leg and head peak impact acceleration values were obtained for 10 left leg contacts per subject-condition. Results identified significant SA values between genders across conditions and more specifically, across surfaces for females, with male runners demonstrating a similar trend. Regression modeling to predict SA by gender for surface conditions elicited unremarkable results, ranging from 30.9 to 59.9% explained variance. It appears that surface compliance does affect SA during running; however, the runner’s ability to dissipate the shock wave may not be expressly explained by our definition of lower extremity kinematics at contact.
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Williams, Duncan, Bruno Fazenda, Victoria Williamson, and György Fazekas. "On Performance and Perceived Effort in Trail Runners Using Sensor Control to Generate Biosynchronous Music." Sensors 20, no. 16 (2020): 4528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164528.
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Music has been shown to be capable of improving runners’ performance in treadmill and laboratory-based experiments. This paper evaluates a generative music system, namely HEARTBEATS, designed to create biosignal synchronous music in real-time according to an individual athlete’s heartrate or cadence (steps per minute). The tempo, melody, and timbral features of the generated music are modulated according to biosensor input from each runner using a combination of PPG (Photoplethysmography) and GPS (Global Positioning System) from a wearable sensor, synchronized via Bluetooth. We compare the relative performance of athletes listening to music with heartrate and cadence synchronous tempos, across a randomized trial (N = 54) on a trail course with 76 ft of elevation. Participants were instructed to continue until their self-reported perceived effort went beyond an 18 using the Borg rating of perceived exertion. We found that cadence-synchronous music improved performance and decreased perceived effort in male runners. For female runners, cadence synchronous music improved performance but it was heartrate synchronous music which significantly reduced perceived effort and allowed them to run the longest of all groups tested. This work has implications for the future design and implementation of novel portable music systems and in music-assisted coaching.
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Shaw, C. T., D. J. Lee, S. H. Richardson, and S. Pierson. "Measuring the flow through a model engine inlet system containing a plenum and runners." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 215, no. 8 (2001): 955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440620121500808.
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This paper describes an experiment carried out in a model of an inlet system containing a plenum chamber and runners. Such inlet systems are commonly found on petrol internal combustion engines where the cylinders are arranged in a V-configuration. Measurements of velocity, turbulence intensity and pressure drop across the system have been made and a detailed error analysis carried out. These measurements are suitable for the validation of results obtained from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Particular attention has been paid to reducing turbulence intensity levels at the inlet of the system, with additional entry lengths and smooth bell-mouth profiles being used. At each measurement point the laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) system has been tuned by hand to improve measurement sensitivity. Seeding of the flow has been an important factor and water droplets produced by a medical nebulizer have been used. Errors in velocity measurement vary throughout the flowfield, with a strong dependency on turbulence levels. From the results a relatively simple three-dimensional flow structure is found with the inlet flow separating on entry to the plenum, forming a ring vortex with a central jet within it. This jet turns from the horizontal to the vertical to enter the open runner, forming a separation bubble on the upstream side of the runner. A large slow-moving recirculation region forms in the plenum downstream of the open runner. From measurements of turbulence intensities, large values of around 40 per cent are found at the plenum-runner interface and in the recirculation region. This means that the flow is essentially time dependent even for notionally steady state conditions.
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Ge, Zheng Hao, Yi Qu, and Ya Nan Zhou. "CAD of Gating System for Injection Mold Based on the Secondary Development Technology of PRO/E." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.453.
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The gating system is usually made up of the sprue, the runner, the gate and the slag well. It is an important component of the mold. On the basis of relationship among runner’s geometry, the pressure fall of plastic melt flowing in runner, flow rate and material properties, we can use the UDF library features and Pro / Toolkit functions in PRO / E software to do the second development of PRO / E software. As a result, we can establish the CAD module of gating system for the injection mold. The module has the perfect function and good generality and can help the designer for cost reduction. It may be used whenever you want to use. The PRO / E software has a powerful function to design mold. Taking these as a base, it is very convenient for the module to design the gating system of injection mold.
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Matsuzaki, Yukiko, Madison R. Heath, Julianne M. Khan, Elad Spitzer, and Peter D. Fabricant. "Reliability of Two-Dimensional Video-Based Analysis in Adolescent Runners." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (2021): 2325967121S0007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00072.
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Background: Running analysis is an essential component of evaluation of both injured runners and uninjured runners seeking advice on injury prevention. Reliability of two-dimensional (2D) video analysis has been reported in the adult running population. However, these findings may not apply to youth runners given their unique state during growth and development. The reliability of quantitative and qualitative video-based running gait analysis in the adolescent population is unknown. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of sagittal and frontal plane kinematics using 2D video analysis in healthy adolescent runners. Methods: High-definition videos were recorded of 10 healthy runners between 14-18 years old running on a treadmill at self-selected speed with markers attached to the thoracic spine, pelvis, and lower extremities. Kinematic variables in the sagittal and frontal planes were measured using Dartfish Motion Analysis Software™ (Fribourg, Switzerland) by three raters. Intra- and inter-rater reliability were calculated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs). Results: Of the 10 runners, 4 (40%) were male and the mean age was 16 ± 1.5 years. The intra-rater ICC for all kinematic variables ranged from 0.574 to 0.999 for the primary sports physical therapist, and 0.367 to 0.973 for the inexperienced research assistant. The inter-rater ICC for all raters ranged from -0.01 to 0.941. Eleven kinematic variables showed substantial agreement and 4 showed almost perfect agreement. Step width and foot progression showed fair and poor agreement, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that a 2D video-based running analysis can be reliably performed in an adolescent population on all kinematic variables except for step width and foot progression. Inexperienced raters can be properly trained in the video analysis of running kinematics using Dartfish Software in order to consistently assess the same runner. [Table: see text][Table: see text]
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Novotný, Jan, Jan Ondráček, and Jan Novotný sr. "Změna teplot sněhu při běhu na lyžích v obraze sekvenční termografie." Studia sportiva 4, no. 2 (2010): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2010-2-13.
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Twenty years ago it was shown that friction increases the temperature of snow skis. Change of state permits for water skis glide. Th e aim of this pilot study was to determine whether dynamic infrared thermography is able to capture rapid changes in temperature of snow some areas (not just at one point), the ski tracks before and aft er passing. We monitored the snow on the track aft er 60 races two runners in various weights (86 and 73 kg) on two types of skis and lubrication (for classic and skating cross) and three diff erent speeds (3,04±0,180, 3,81±0,273 a 5,30±0,314 m.s-1). Measurements of infrared radiation and the calculation of snow surface temperature immediately before and aft er passing skier was carried out thermo-graphic system FLIR SC620 with 30 Mhz. Nonparametric Wilcoxon test for paired comparison of values was found signifi cant increases in temperature aft er the snow cleared the skies: runner A from -3,71 to -3,50 °C (p=0,000000) and runner B from -3,75 na -3,50 °C (p=0,000000). To return to the baseline temperature is within 5 seconds aft er passing. Diff erences were demonstrated in the heat of snow between runners with diff erent masses and for the use of diff erent types of skis. Th e study confi rmed the ability of dynamic infrared thermography to register a very rapid temperature changes of snow in an area immediately before and aft er crossing the cross-country skiers. Dimensional dynamic thermography would seem to contribute to the choice of the correct strategy and lubrication in ski racing. However, it is necessary to make a series of validation studies.
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Sharma, Pradeep, Annu Annu, Vijay Kumar, Neha Sharma, and Dr Dinesh P. Sharma. "Personality Assessment of Elite Male Long Distance Runners of India on Neuroticism." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (2011): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/177.
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Škof, Branko, and Nada Rotovnik Kozjek. "A Comparison of Dietary Habits Between Recreational Runners and a Randomly Selected Adult Population in Slovenia / Primerjava Prehranskih Navad Rekreativnih Tekačev In Naključno Izbranih Odraslih Ljudi V Sloveniji." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 54, no. 3 (2015): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2015-0030.
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Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study was to compare the dietary habits of recreational runners with those of a random sample of the general population. We also wanted to determine the influence of gender, age and sports performance of recreational runners on their basic diet and compliance with recommendations in sports nutrition. Methods. The study population consisted of 1,212 adult Slovenian recreational runners and 774 randomly selected residents of Slovenia between the ages of 18 and 65 years. The data on the dietary habits of our subjects was gathered by means of two questionnaires. The following parameters were evaluated: the type of diet, a food pattern, and the frequency of consumption of individual food groups, the use of dietary supplements, fluid intake, and alcohol consumption. Results. Recreational runners had better compliance with recommendations for healthy nutrition than the general population. This pattern increased with the runner’s age and performance level. Compared to male runners, female runners ate more regularly and had a more frequent consumption of food groups associated with a healthy diet (fruit, vegetables, whole grain foods, and low-fat dairy products). The consumption of simple sugars and use of nutritional supplements by well-trained runners was inadequate with values recommended for physically active individuals. Conclusion. Recreational runners are an exemplary population group that actively seeks to adopt a healthier lifestyle.
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Scheer, Volker. "Transient osteoporosis: an unusual presentation of hip pain in a trail runner." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 7 (2019): e231005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-231005.
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We present a case of transient osteoporosis of the hip in a 38-year-old recreational trail runner. Shortly after a trail running competition, he developed acute hip pain, functional disability and an antalgic gait. Diagnosis was made with MRI showing bone marrow oedema, plain radiographs demonstrating osseous demineralisation and bone scintigraphy showing uniform radioactive uptake. Treatment included off-loading of the anatomical site for 6 months until symptom resolution, analgaesia, Vitamin D, bisphosphonates and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. He recovered fully and returned to running activities 8 months after initial presentation. Transient osteoporosis of the hip is rare but benign, self-limiting condition; however, awareness and exact diagnosis are important as runners often present with hip pain and other more serious pathologies such as avascular necrosis or stress fractures need to be excluded.
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Gamble, Nathan, and Michal Pruski. "Why are there no platypuses at the Olympics?: A teleological case for athletes with disorders of sexual development to compete within their sex category." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 1 (2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a7918.
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 In mid-2019, the controversy regarding South African runner Caster Semenya’s eligibility to participate in competitions against other female runners culminated in a Court of Arbitration for Sport judgement. Semenya possessed high endogenous testosterone levels (arguably a performance advantage), secondary to a disorder of sexual development. In this commentary, Aristotelean teleology is used to defend the existence of ‘male’ and ‘female’ as discrete categories. It is argued that once the athlete’s sex is established, they should be allowed to compete in the category of their sex without obligatory medical treatment. Indeed, other athletes who possess advantageous genetic or phenotypic traits that fall outside of the human norm have been allowed to compete as humans without restraint. In both cases, if an athlete possesses the essential attributes of being a human or being male or female they should be permitted to compete in those respective categories; athletes’ eligibilities should not be based upon accidental attributes.
 
 
 
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Lyons, Roger E. "378 Making-Do When Big Data Isn’t Big Enough: Limitations and pathways of possible development in the prediction of Thoroughbred racing performance as a breeding outcome." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (2020): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.259.
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Abstract A performance genetics model adapted to real-world data of Thoroughbred racing and breeding will be presented. The continuity of ancestry and performance is documented in the annals of pedigree, not as functional counterparts, but as corresponding signs of market value. Pedigree invites chronic misprision of highly diverse genetic resources competing for scarce opportunity in the racing economy, resulting in samples that are often small and of dubious composition. Data is specialized for competing “pedigree analysis” that packages the system of signification to meet market demand for meaning. Given statistical deficits, this data is a necessary inferential asset of the model. The model’s premise is that predictability is optimized if racing performance is defined as the function of an indivisible relation between parents. Statistical data consists of 6-generation ancestries of mares that produced offspring by a subject stallion. Comparison of proportions is used to identify effects resulting from his relation to individual ancestors of the subject mare. Expected performance by the sire’s offspring is defined as the proportion of mares that produced a superior runner by him. Each ancestor of a subject mare also has descendants among the mares that produced offspring by the stallion. For each of those groups, the proportion of mares that produced a superior runner is compared with the stallion’s expected performance using a t-test of statistical significance at the .10 level. Probable effect is further tested by case study involving such variables as racing class, generational distance, sex-linkage, inbreeding, and an ancestor’s pattern of effect across the stallion population. Stallions with the highest prevalence of positive effects are preferred for the subject mare. This model, under the trade name LyonScore®, has been used since 2012 by Werk Thoroughbred Constultants, Inc. as a component of its client services. Table 1: The data, listed in tabular format below, is graphically displayed for actual use on an ancestry tree whose nodes are numbered by relation to a subject mare (“Position”). Each statistical data item in the table is derived from the stud record of a stallion named Distorted Humor and corresponds with an ancestor of a mare named Positively Royal. Each ancestor of this mare is also an ancestor of a group of mares that produced offspring of Distorted Humor and were at least three years of age as of 2019. A proportion of each of those groups of mares produced at least one superior runner. Proportions that differ significantly from Distorted Humor’s expected proportion are so indicated. Only ancestors involving a group of at least 18 mares are considered to have inferential value on statistical grounds. Table 2: The sire Danzig is an ancestor of Positively Royal, along with 75 mares that produced foals by Distorted Humor, only five of which produced a superior runner by him, significantly fewer than expected. However, since Distorted Humor’s dam is by Danzig, the question of generational distance is relevant as a variable to the effect of inbreeding. The table below shows Danzig’s proportional distribution by genetic relation to those 75 mares as indicated by “Position.” Of the 64 mares in descent of Danzig within three generations, three mares produced a superior runner. It’s notable, though, that 2 of 6 mares with the same relation to Danzig as Positively Royal produced superior runners. Since Danzig is the only ancestor with a negative effect, further consideration is warranted. Table 3: In a population that tends to slough off unprofitable genetic resources, overspecialization is the main risk of close inbreeding. Some generational variations of an ancestor’s contribution can turn inbreeding to less specialized effect, but this depends on generational distance. Distorted Humor’s earliest opportunity with mares in descent of Danzig involved offspring closely inbred to Danzig, but later in his career he encountered mares for which variation was more likely. As the table shows, two of six mares descending from Danzig in position 25 (4th generation) produced Distorted Humor’s best runners inbred to Danzig, so it is of some interest that Positively Royal, the subject mare, is also a postion-25 descendant of Danzig. However, that those two mares happen to be full sisters whose breeding has little else in common with that of Positively Royal leaves the question of Distorted Humor’s fitness for this mare less certain than would be preferred.
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Strand, Matthew, Daniel Nelson, and Gary Grunwald. "Modeling between-subject differences and within-subject changes for long distance runners by age." Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 14, no. 2 (2018): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2017-0038.
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Abstract A time-varying predictor in a longitudinal model can be separated into between- and within-subject components. This is important if a researcher is specifically interested in differences between subjects or changes within subjects. If no separation is made, then the effect associated with the time-varying predictor is a combination of the between- and within-subject effects. In this article, running race performances are considered as a nonlinear function of age, for which both absolute and relative difference terms are used to separate between- and within-subject components. Longitudinal data were obtained from 12 consecutive years of the 10-km Bolder Boulder for analysis, for the class of competitive recreational runners. Mixed models were used to fit the data after log transforming the nonlinear model. Results of model fits demonstrated that between-subject differences between ages were somewhat similar to within-subject changes, although the latter tended to change somewhat more slowly, especially after the peak racing ages. For example, the between-subject rate of change for 43 year-old runners was about 1% per year on average (increase in race time), while the within-subject change for a runner of the same age averaged between 0.6 and 0.8% per year.
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Black, Ronald. "The Dissertation Marathon." Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) 5, no. 2 (2012): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/cier.v5i2.6926.
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We all think of a marathon as a long-distance running event with an official distance of 42.195 kilometers (26 miles and 385 yards). Throughout time marathon runners have pursued their longest goals by allowing their body to adapt to the new stresses through training. Training for a marathon takes intense preparation, dedication and skill. It is imperative not to allow day to day decisions to counteract the hard work and planning of the final stages of the marathon. A few basic guidelines can minimize the challenges of the journey and make the marathon experience exciting and pleasant for the runner. Students pursuing the doctorate degree face the same challenges as the marathon runner. Training for the dissertation process is not unlike training for a marathon. It requires intense preparation, dedication and skill. In many ways, conducting doctoral research and writing the dissertation is like running a marathon, enduring hills and valleys, mountains, rivers and frantic road blocks along the way. It is a long and weary race but in the successful end will lead to the final race in the doctoral journey; defending and publishing the dissertation. This paper will serve as a performance-based goal-driven roadmap that will guide the doctoral dissertation candidate through each mile of the dissertation marathon, with clear benchmarks to minimize the challenges of the journey to cross the finish line and graduate.
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Yusni, Yusni, and Amiruddin Amiruddin. "The Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation on Muscular Fatigue in Professional Men's Athletics." Folia Medica Indonesiana 55, no. 3 (2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v55i3.15493.
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High-intensity exercise (3000-meter runner) contributes to muscle fatigue. Fatigue can be determined by measuring blood lactate levels. Blood lactate levels are a product of anaerobic metabolism. Lactate accumulation due to anaerobic physical activity can inhibit the glycolytic enzyme that affects decreased ATP production, damage of the calcium and sodium pumps in the muscles and causes fatigue. This study aimed to analyze the effect of vitamin E on the level of fatigue through the response of blood lactate levels in the runner 3000 meters. This research was a quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest design. Research subjects were 9 volunteer athletes (3000 meters runners) Aceh province, male, and aged 15-20 years. The treatments were vitamin E at a dose of 1x400 IU per day and administered for 14 days. Blood lactate levels were examined using the method of calorimetry. The statistical analysis was using the homogeneity test of variance (Levene's test), the normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and paired t-test with a significant level of 5% (p-value<0.05). The results showed that blood lactate levels decreased approximately 13.93% after vitamin E supplementation. There was no significant difference (p=0.27) between blood lactate levels before and after vitamin E supplementation in athletes. In conclusion, vitamin E supplementation did not significantly lower blood lactate levels therefore vitamin E did not significantly reduce muscle fatigue in men's athletics.
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Nilsson, H., and L. Davidson. "Application of an Angular Momentum Balance Method for Investigating Numerical Accuracy in Swirling Flow." Journal of Fluids Engineering 125, no. 4 (2003): 723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1595673.
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This work derives and applies a method for the investigation of numerical accuracy in computational fluid dynamics. The method is used to investigate discretization errors in computations of swirling flow in water turbines. The work focuses on the conservation of a subset of the angular momentum equations that is particularly important to swirling flow in water turbines. The method is based on the fact that the discretized angular momentum equations are not necessarily conserved when the discretized linear momentum equations are solved. However, the method can be used to investigate the effect of discretization on any equation that should be conserved in the correct solution, and the application is not limited to water turbines. Computations made for two Kaplan water turbine runners and a simplified geometry of one of the Kaplan runner ducts are investigated to highlight the general and simple applicability of the method.
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Malisoux, Laurent, Nicolas Delattre, Axel Urhausen, and Daniel Theisen. "Shoe Cushioning Influences the Running Injury Risk According to Body Mass: A Randomized Controlled Trial Involving 848 Recreational Runners." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 2 (2019): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519892578.
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Background: Shoe cushioning is expected to protect runners against repetitive loading of the musculoskeletal system and therefore running-related injuries. Also, it is a common belief that heavier runners should use footwear with increased shock absorption properties to prevent injuries. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine if shoe cushioning influences the injury risk in recreational runners and whether the association depends on the runner’s body mass. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Healthy runners (n = 848) randomly received 1 of 2 shoe prototypes that only differed in their cushioning properties. Global stiffness was 61.3 ± 2.7 and 94.9 ± 5.9 N/mm in the soft and hard versions, respectively. Participants were classified as light or heavy according to their body mass using the median as a cut-off (78.2 and 62.8 kg in male and female runners, respectively). They were followed over 6 months regarding running activity and injury (any physical complaint reducing/interrupting running activity for at least 7 days). Data were analyzed through time-to-event models with the subhazard rate ratio (SHR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) as measures of association. A stratified analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of shoe cushioning on the injury risk in lighter and heavier runners. Results: The runners who had received the hard shoes had a higher injury risk (SHR, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.07-2.16]), while body mass was not associated with the injury risk (SHR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.99-1.01]). However, after stratification according to body mass, results showed that lighter runners had a higher injury risk in hard shoes (SHR, 1.80 [95% CI, 1.09-2.98]) while heavier runners did not (SHR, 1.23 [95% CI, 0.75-2.03]). Conclusion: The injury risk was higher in participants running in the hard shoes compared with those using the soft shoes. However, the relative protective effect of greater shoe cushioning was found only in lighter runners. Registration: NCT03115437 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier)
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Weyand, Peter G., Matthew W. Bundle, Craig P. McGowan, et al. "The fastest runner on artificial legs: different limbs, similar function?" Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 3 (2009): 903–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00174.2009.
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The recent competitive successes of a bilateral, transtibial amputee sprint runner who races with modern running prostheses has triggered an international controversy regarding the relative function provided by his artificial limbs. Here, we conducted three tests of functional similarity between this amputee sprinter and competitive male runners with intact limbs: the metabolic cost of running, sprinting endurance, and running mechanics. Metabolic and mechanical data, respectively, were acquired via indirect calorimetry and ground reaction force measurements during constant-speed, level treadmill running. First, we found that the mean gross metabolic cost of transport of our amputee sprint subject (174.9 ml O2·kg−1·km−1; speeds: 2.5–4.1 m/s) was only 3.8% lower than mean values for intact-limb elite distance runners and 6.7% lower than for subelite distance runners but 17% lower than for intact-limb 400-m specialists [210.6 (SD 13.2) ml O2·kg−1·km−1]. Second, the speeds that our amputee sprinter maintained for six all-out, constant-speed trials to failure (speeds: 6.6–10.8 m/s; durations: 2–90 s) were within 2.2 (SD 0.6)% of those predicted for intact-limb sprinters. Third, at sprinting speeds of 8.0, 9.0, and 10.0 m/s, our amputee subject had longer foot-ground contact times [+14.7 (SD 4.2)%], shorter aerial [−26.4 (SD 9.9)%] and swing times [−15.2 (SD 6.9)%], and lower stance-averaged vertical forces [−19.3 (SD 3.1)%] than intact-limb sprinters [top speeds = 10.8 vs. 10.8 (SD 0.6) m/s]. We conclude that running on modern, lower-limb sprinting prostheses appears to be physiologically similar but mechanically different from running with intact limbs.