Journal articles on the topic 'The Miranda rule'

Introduction: Often in the law enforcement process there is a form of crime, neglect of obligations, human rights violations related to the civil rights of citizens in the criminal justice system and abuse of power committed by apparat. In our criminal justice system, the rights of suspects who are the basis of human rights attached to them are often overlooked, which is detrimental to suspects.
 Purposes of the Research: This research aims to find out how the Miranda Rule principle guarantees the human rights of suspects in the Indonesian criminal justice system.
 Methods of the Research: The methods used in this research are normative research methods, using a conceptual approach and a statute approach.
 Results Originality of the Research: the results showed that the Miranda Rule/Miranda Principle, in the form of Miranda Rights has provided guarantees for the rights of suspects. Namely, the right to obtain/contact legal counsel/advocate, and if unable to, then the right to be provided with legal counsel/advocates, the right to obtain legal assistance has been absorbed into articles 54, 55, and 114 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Indonesia, while if he is incapacitated, then the suspect has the right to be provided with legal counsel by the official concerned or through an investigator, as stipulated in article 56 paragraph 1 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Indonesia. As for the Miranda Warning (Right To Remain Silent), it is not expressly regulated, but implicitly it can be interpreted as its application in articles 52, 117 and 166 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Indonesia.

The Vina murder incident that occurred in Cirebon 2016 has many issues that still leave behind several problems, including not being given access to legal aid for prisoners, in this case the application of the Miranda rule to the treatment of prisoners using a qualitative approach with descriptive methods by collecting data from various sources. both through discourse and with existing podcasts and YouTube. In the Cirebon Vina Case, the convicts did not have access to the law and the abuse and intimidation carried out against the convicts did not apply the Miranda Rule principles so that the convicts were punished based on providing information obtained through an incorrect process, in this case the torture process and the the arrest did not comply with procedures so that the arrest of the convicts should have failed by law and the convicts should have been released.

We show the design principles of an automatic indentation GNU Emacs mode for Haskell and Miranda(tm), functional languages using the ‘layout rule’ instead of the usual parenthetic structures for indentifying dependent program parts.

This article examines the application of the Miranda rule concept in Criminal Procedure Law in Indonesia which is viewed from the perspective of maqa>s}id ash-syari>'ah. The research method used in this research is normative law which is described in an explorative-qualitative manner. The results of the study explain that the existence of The Miranda Rule concept in the Criminal Procedure Code in Indonesia is not entirely included. It is limited only to Article 52 of the Criminal Code which gives freedom to suspects or defendants in giving information. The right to remain silent is not justified in the Criminal Procedure Code as in Mirnada Right. This is because in some cases there was coercion by the authorities which then led to an inaccurate decision by the court. So maqa>s}id ash-syari>'ah views the concept of the miranda rule of benefit to be applied in criminal law in Indonesia, especially the Criminal Procedure Code as a form of safeguarding human dignity and human rights. Mistakes or harm should be minimized or even eliminated when dealing with human life or human dignity. So the author concludes that it is necessary for lawmakers or in this case the legislature and the government to carry out legal reforms to the existence of the rights of suspects or defendants in procedural law in accordance with the objectives or benefits of a law.

Law enforcement aims to promote societal order and legal certainty by clearly defining the roles, responsibilities, and authorities of the institutions tasked with upholding the law, in accordance with their respective jurisdictions. This process extends beyond the mere fulfillment of duties; it involves the comprehensive enforcement of legal norms. The law serves as a mechanism for safeguarding human interests, and to protect these interests effectively, it must be applied equitably. Upholding basic human rights is imperative, and no entity, including the state, has the right to infringe upon an individual's fundamental rights. The adoption of the Miranda Rule/Miranda Principles into Indonesian positive law—through the enactment of Law Number 39 of 1999 on Human Rights and Law Number 12 of 2005 on the Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights—has strengthened the rights of suspects and defendants, particularly their right to legal assistance and defense. The Miranda Rule/Miranda Principles are vital to the criminal justice system, particularly in protecting the rights of suspects during interrogation. As a legal state, Indonesia upholds these principles, which are integrated into various judicial laws. These principles emphasize the necessity for law enforcement officers to prioritize the rights of suspects and defendants. Providing legal assistance to suspects or defendants is a fundamental aspect of the criminal justice system, and it is expected that all law enforcement officers conduct their duties in a coordinated manner, adhering to the principles of this system. The presence of legal counsel, as mandated by Article 56 of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), is essential; neglecting this requirement can result in the nullification of the proceedings' outcomes, including investigations, prosecutions, or trials.

This article presents the role and the meaning of the key element of the Miranda Warning, i.e. the right to remain silent in the Irish criminal proceedings. The cognitive value is also refl ected in the comparison of that rule with the right to refuse to make a statement by the detained, applicable in the Polish criminal procedural law.

Kebutuhan akan jasa hukum dari seorang advokat, bentuknya bermacam-macam, antara lain: nasehat hukurn, konsultasi hukum, legal audit, pembelaan baik di luar maupun di dalam pengadilan serta pendampingan perkara pidana lainnya. Bantuan Hukum yang diperlukan oleh tersangka yang terkena Pasal 56 ayat (1) KUHAP merupakan implementasi dari Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) dalam memperoleh bantuan hukum untuk persidangan perkaranya. Berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 56 ayat (1) KUHAP, yang mengadopsi pedoman Miranda Rule atau Miranda Principle, formalistic legal thinking dapat tercapai dengan kehadiran penasehat hukum yang bersifat imperative ini, sehingga hak asasi tersangka tetap diperhatikan, dan terjaminnya pemeriksaan yang fair dan manusiawi terhadap diri tersangka. Jika diabaikan akan mengakibatkan hasil pemeriksaan atau hasil penyidikan menjadi tidak sah (illegal) atau batal demi hukum (null and void).

Kebutuhan akan jasa hukum dari seorang advokat, bentuknya bermacam-macam, antara lain: nasehat hukurn, konsultasi hukum, legal audit, pembelaan baik di luar maupun di dalam pengadilan serta pendampingan perkara pidana lainnya. Bantuan Hukum yang diperlukan oleh tersangka yang terkena Pasal 56 ayat (1) KUHAP, merupakan suatu implementasi dari Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) dalam memperoleh bantuan hukum dalam persidangan perkaranya. Berdasarkan ketentuan Pasa156 ayat (1) KUHAP, yang mengadopsi pedoman Miranda Rule atau Miranda Principle, tentangformalistic legal thinking, dapat tercapai dengan kehadiran penasehat hukum yang bersifat imperative ini, menjadikan hak asasi tersangka tetap diperhatikan, dan terjaminnya pemeriksaan yang fair dan manusia terhadap diri tersangka, sehingga bila diabaikan akan mengakibatkan hasil pemeriksaan atau hasil penyidikan menjadi tidak sah (illegal) atau batal demi hukum (null and void).

RESUMO O presente artigo propõe-se a definir os elementos constitutivos dos Tratados sobre Direito Humanos albergados pela noção de regra jurídica e os planos desenhados por Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda. Verifica de que maneira ocorre a previsão de proteção via legislação Constitucional de grupos minoritários ao incorporarem os Planos de validade e eficácia de Pontes de Miranda. Procura ainda, a partir do estudo da Teoria das Fontes do Direito analisar de que modo o diálogo entre as fontes atua de maneira sistemática a qual se perfaz o mundo jurídico abrindo possibilidades para a valorização de outras formas de expressão jurídica como o estudo sobre as decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos e a Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos. Objetiva este artigo verificar de que maneira e se há previsão de proteção via legislação Constitucional de grupos minoritários ao incorporarem os Planos de validade e eficácia de Pontes de Miranda. Ainda, como se dará frente às desigualdades sociais enfrentadas no século XXI pelos diversos fatores sociais. O trabalho será orientado pelo método fenomenológico- hermenêutico a partir de bibliografia específica.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direitos Humanos; Plano de Validade; Fato Jurídico; Tratados.ABSTRACTThis article proposes to define the constituent elements of the Treaties on Human Rights harbored the notion of rule of law and the plans designed by Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda. Checks how occurs Constitutional law via protection forecasting minority groups to incorporate Plans validity and Pontes de Miranda effectiveness. It also seeks, from the study of law sources of theory to analyze how the dialogue between sources operates in a systematic way which is amounts to the legal world opening up possibilities for the recovery of other forms of legal expression as the study of decisions the Inter-American Court of rights and the American Convention on Human rights. This article aims to verify how and whether there is constitutional protection legislation via prediction minority groups to incorporate Plans validity and Miranda Bridges effectiveness. Still, how it will face the social inequalities faced in the twenty-first century by many social factors. The work will be guided by the hermeneutic phenomenological method from specific bibliography.KEYWORDS: Human Rights; Plan Validity; Legal fact; Treaties.

During the 1820s, the works of English utilitarian philosopher and jurisconsult Jeremy Bentham attained a remarkable diffusion throughout Spanish America, enjoying a high reputation among the leaders of the revolt against Spanish rule. Colombian Francisco de Paula Santander professed himself to be Bentham's admirer, while Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda took his advice on freedom of the press. Simón Bolívar, el Gran Libertador, went so far as to assure Bentham that his name was never pronounced “even in these savage regions of America, without veneration nor without gratitude.”

<i>In this article, it is noted that in the new version of our Constitution, human rights and freedoms in the Republic of Uzbekistan are recognized and guaranteed according to the generally recognized norms of international law, including the inclusion of a number of progressive guarantees on the protection of human rights, among them the most the main idea, that is, the priority of human rights and freedoms - the idea of being recognized as the highest goal of the legal state, and its expression is recognized. Based on this approach, the norms of human rights in the new version of the Constitution increased more than 3 times. The Miranda rule and the institution of habeas corpus are among such new guarantees.</i>

The invasive golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), was introduced into the La Plata River estuary and quickly expanded upstream to the North, into the Paraguay and Paraná rivers. An ecological niche modeling approach, based on limnological variables, was used to predict the expansion of the golden mussel in the Paraguay River and its tributaries. We used three approaches to predict the geographic distribution: 1) the spatial distribution of calcium concentration and the saturation index for calcium carbonate (calcite); 2) the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Production (GARP) model; and the 3) Maximum Entropy Method (Maxent) model. Other limnological variables such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were used in the latter two cases. Important tributaries of the Paraguay River such as the Cuiabá and Miranda/Aquidauana rivers exhibit high risk of invasion, while lower risk was observed in the chemically dilute waters of the middle basin where shell calcification may be limited by low calcium concentrations and carbonate mineral undersaturation.

In Portugal, equine parasitism in pasture animals is characterized by high parasitic burden and high helminthic biodiversity; both factors are potentially pathogenic for their hosts. The decrease in the number of donkeys over the last years in Portugal, their importance in rural lowland and mountain ecosystems and pastures and the scarce information regarding their parasitism led to this research, which aimed to evaluate the parasitological status of a Miranda donkey breed population, a native breed mainly located in the northeast of Portugal. This study provides better knowledge of their gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly strongyles, and the assessment of a targeted selective treatment (TST) as an alternative control approach of their parasitism. A longitudinal observational study was developed during a period of five years in a population of 62 Miranda donkeys. At first, strategic deworming of these animals was performed every semester, but this was progressively replaced by a TST approach according to the levels of Eggs per Gram (EPG). This new deworming strategy was conducted in association with a regular parasitological monitoring of the animals every three months, being dewormed with ivermectin when egg shedding was higher than 500 EPG. Over the study period, a decrease of the annual prevalence rate of infection by gastrointestinal strongyles was observed, from 35.5% to 19.4%, as well as a negative binomial distribution of parasitic strongyles in donkeys submitted to selective anthelminthic control. The prevalence rate of infection was higher in females (39.5%), in individuals under four years (46.7%) and in those presenting a lower body condition (40.8%). The egg output was higher in animals younger than four years (589.3 EPG) than in those older than 10 years (533.6 EPG) (p &lt; 0.05). However, no differences were observed according to sex during the study period. Results from this study allowed to note the influence of swampy pastures and of the weather changes in the epidemiology of strongylosis in Miranda donkeys. Moreover, it was possible to establish the annual epidemiological curve of strongyle egg shedding, with June being the month with the highest EPG, December having the lowest EPG and March and September showing intermediate numbers. Overall, a lower biodiversity of gastrointestinal parasites was observed. Cyathostomum sensu lato was the most prevalent genus and Strongylus vulgaris was the most observed large strongyle of the Strongylidae family. Trichostrongylus axei and Parascaris sp. were other nematodes with a minor frequency. The higher prevalence of strongyles at the beginning of the study showed a progressive decrease throughout the research period, and also for parasite biodiversity. Therefore, a targeted selective treatment seems to be a rational anthelminthic control approach in Miranda donkey strongyle infection and in other gastrointestinal parasites, since it reduces the antiparasitic treatments, the parasite’ prevalence and the EPG level. However, a loss of parasite biodiversity was noted at the end of the study period, as Cyathostominae were the only isolated strongyles. This can be a challenging situation in the long run, taking the ability of these nematodes to adapt easily to any deworming program, meaning that fecal EPG monitoring should be kept as a rule to a rational parasite control program.

In Portugal, equine parasitism in pasture animals is characterized by high parasitic burden and high helminthic biodiversity; both factors are potentially pathogenic for their hosts. The decrease in the number of donkeys over the last years in Portugal, their importance in rural lowland and mountain ecosystems and pastures and the scarce information regarding their parasitism led to this research, which aimed to evaluate the parasitological status of a Miranda donkey breed population, a native breed mainly located in the northeast of Portugal. This study provides better knowledge of their gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly strongyles, and the assessment of a targeted selective treatment (TST) as an alternative control approach of their parasitism. A longitudinal observational study was developed during a period of five years in a population of 62 Miranda donkeys. At first, strategic deworming of these animals was performed every semester, but this was progressively replaced by a TST approach according to the levels of Eggs per Gram (EPG). This new deworming strategy was conducted in association with a regular parasitological monitoring of the animals every three months, being dewormed with ivermectin when egg shedding was higher than 500 EPG. Over the study period, a decrease of the annual prevalence rate of infection by gastrointestinal strongyles was observed, from 35.5% to 19.4%, as well as a negative binomial distribution of parasitic strongyles in donkeys submitted to selective anthelminthic control. The prevalence rate of infection was higher in females (39.5%), in individuals under four years (46.7%) and in those presenting a lower body condition (40.8%). The egg output was higher in animals younger than four years (589.3 EPG) than in those older than 10 years (533.6 EPG) (p &lt; 0.05). However, no differences were observed according to sex during the study period. Results from this study allowed to note the influence of swampy pastures and of the weather changes in the epidemiology of strongylosis in Miranda donkeys. Moreover, it was possible to establish the annual epidemiological curve of strongyle egg shedding, with June being the month with the highest EPG, December having the lowest EPG and March and September showing intermediate numbers. Overall, a lower biodiversity of gastrointestinal parasites was observed. Cyathostomum sensu lato was the most prevalent genus and Strongylus vulgaris was the most observed large strongyle of the Strongylidae family. Trichostrongylus axei and Parascaris sp. were other nematodes with a minor frequency. The higher prevalence of strongyles at the beginning of the study showed a progressive decrease throughout the research period, and also for parasite biodiversity. Therefore, a targeted selective treatment seems to be a rational anthelminthic control approach in Miranda donkey strongyle infection and in other gastrointestinal parasites, since it reduces the antiparasitic treatments, the parasite’ prevalence and the EPG level. However, a loss of parasite biodiversity was noted at the end of the study period, as Cyathostominae were the only isolated strongyles. This can be a challenging situation in the long run, taking the ability of these nematodes to adapt easily to any deworming program, meaning that fecal EPG monitoring should be kept as a rule to a rational parasite control program.

We read with interest Wada <em>et al</em>&rsquo;s article about a 42-year-old female suffering from rheumatoid arthritis for 21 years who developed necrotising myopathy and trigeminal neuropathy 12 days after the third dose of BNT162b2 [Tsuzuki, W. T. <em>et al</em>., 2023]. The patient recovered only incompletely under prednisolone, tacrolimus and intravenous immunolgobulins (IVIG) for necrotising myopathy and carbamazepine and mirogabalin for trigeminal neuropathy [Tsuzuki, W. T. <em>et al</em>., 2023]. The study is impressive, but several points require discussion. <strong>&nbsp;</strong> The major limitation of the study is that alternative causes of necrotizing myopathy and trigeminal neuropathy were not adequately considered and excluded. Necrotising myopathy has been reported as a complication of Sj&ouml;gren syndrome [Kawamura, A. <em>et al</em>., 2020]. Necrotising myopathy can also be a complication of rheumatoid arthritis [Kawamura, A. <em>et al</em>., 2020]. How were these other causes ruled out? &nbsp; A second limitation of the study is that current medication could not be sufficiently ruled out as a trigger for necrotising myopathy. Since the index patient was on long-term treatment with adalimumab, it is important to rule out that the clinical presentation was a complication of the current medication rather than a side effect of the vaccination. Several cases of adalimumab-induced necrotising myopathy have been reported [Chavarr&iacute;a-Miranda, A. <em>et al</em>., 2021]. These patients had received adalimumab for ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis. Necrotizing myopathy was also reported in association with leflunomide in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis [Salazar, D. M. <em>et al</em>., 2023]. How did the authors rule out that necrotising myopathy was a complication of treatment rather than of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination? &nbsp; A third limitation is that an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection has not been completely ruled out. An anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination does not always protect against a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The suspicion of an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection is supported by the presence of ground glass opacities on chest computed tomography (CT) [Tsuzuki, W. T. <em>et al</em>., 2023]. &nbsp; A fourth limitation is that muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast medium was not provided to confirm the diagnosis necrotising myopathy. The hyperintensity shown on the short tau inversion recovery (STIR) images is not consistent with the patient&rsquo;s symptoms (bilateral pain in the proximal muscles of the upper and lower limbs). The hyperintensity shown in figure 2 could also be interpreted as edema. &nbsp; In summary, the excellent review has limitations that should be addressed before drawing final conclusions. Clarifying the weaknesses would strengthen the conclusions and could improve the study. Before necrotising myopathy and trigeminal neuropathy can be attributed to BNT162b2, alternative causes must be off the table

The article analyses the Spanish Transition from a dictatorship to a democracy as a process of political change during the period from Franco’s death in 1975 until the arrival of the Socialists to Power in 1982. Over this period, the political parties had reached a consensus, which contributed to reconciliation among the Spaniards culminating in the approval of the Constitution in 1978, which in its turn resulted in the creation of a rule-of-law state. The key people of the transition were King Juan Carlos I, who supported the democratic system; Adolfo Suárez, who became an active stateman under Franco’s regime, and was appointed Head of Government by the King during the transition; and Torcuato Fernández Miranda, President of the Franco’s Courts. During the Transition the sectarianism was abandoned, and a shared idea arose that our country was a democracy similarly to other European countries around us. The transition has been defined as a “model” because it took root, and democracy quickly consolidated. It has become a historical feat with no precedents, but above all we have to understand the historical context in which this occurred. The transition was possible thanks to genuine consensus among the Spaniards. Recently, an idea has emerged from the communist far left, and some socialists, along with separatists, connected with the 2008 crisis, which calls for the repeal of the constitutional order and the monarchy. The proponents of this idea consider monarchy a continuation of Franco’s regime. However, it is evident that the Constitution ensures and guarantees Spaniards’ rights and freedoms.

Escherichia coliMG1655, a K-12 strain, uses glycolytic nutrients exclusively to colonize the intestines of streptomycin-treated mice when it is the onlyE. colistrain present or when it is confronted withE. coliEDL933, an O157:H7 strain. In contrast,E. coliEDL933 uses glycolytic nutrients exclusively when it is the onlyE. colistrain in the intestine but switches in part to gluconeogenic nutrients when it colonizes mice precolonized withE. coliMG1655 (R. L. Miranda et al., Infect Immun 72:1666–1676, 2004,http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.3.1666-1676.2004). Recently, J. W. Njoroge et al. (mBio 3:e00280-12, 2012,http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00280-12) reported thatE. coli86-24, an O157:H7 strain, activates the expression of virulence genes under gluconeogenic conditions, suggesting that colonization of the intestine with a probioticE. colistrain that outcompetes O157:H7 strains for gluconeogenic nutrients could render them nonpathogenic. Here we report thatE. coliNissle 1917, a probiotic strain, uses both glycolytic and gluconeogenic nutrients to colonize the mouse intestine between 1 and 5 days postfeeding, appears to stop using gluconeogenic nutrients thereafter in a large, long-term colonization niche, but continues to use them in a smaller niche to compete with invadingE. coliEDL933. Evidence is also presented suggesting that invadingE. coliEDL933 uses both glycolytic and gluconeogenic nutrients and needs the ability to perform gluconeogenesis in order to colonize mice precolonized withE. coliNissle 1917. The data presented here therefore rule out the possibility thatE. coliNissle 1917 can starve the O157:H7E. colistrain EDL933 of gluconeogenic nutrients, even thoughE. coliNissle 1917 uses such nutrients to compete withE. coliEDL933 in the mouse intestine.

La Business Judgment Rule (BJR) es una regla desarrollada por la jurisprudencia estadounidense que establece que los jueces respetarán las decisiones de negocio de los administradores cuando estos hayan tomado una decisión informada, en el mejor interés de la compañía y sin violar la ley o sus deberes. Este artículo es producto de la revisión de la aplicación de la BJR en Colombia y de los intentos de consagrarla expresamente en la ley. Además, analiza las implicaciones económicas de su adopción y demuestra, mediante una metodología cualitativa y desde el análisis económico del derecho, sus importantes beneficios macroeconómicos y microeconómicos.

El presente escrito pretende mostrar la visi&oacute;n que al respecto del Derecho internacional tiene la teor&iacute;a del Derecho de H. L. A. Hart, la analog&iacute;a entre los modelos de Derecho nacional e internacional, y las posibilidades de reglas de reconocimiento afincadas en el Derecho nacional, pero con vocaci&oacute;n internacional, y su operatividad dentro del estudio de los Sistemas Jur&iacute;dicos. La metodolog&iacute;a que se emplear&aacute; es de tipo documental mediante el estudio dogm&aacute;tico de la doctrina enmarcada en el estudio sobre Hart.

Prinsip miranda rules “the right to remain silent” merupakan sebuah prinsip yang melekat erat pada perlindungan hak asasi manusia khususnya terhadap tersangka. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan yaitu legal research dengan menggunakan pendekatan perbandingan (comparative approach) yakni membandingkan norma hukum yang di atur dalam konstitusi antara Negara Indonesia dan Negara Amerika Serikat khususnya mengenai prinsip Miranda rules “the right to remain silent”. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu konsep dasar hak tersangka sudah ada dalam konstitusi USA dan Indonesia yang sama-sama mengharuskan persamaan di depan hukum, namun dalam hukum acaranya terdapat perbedaan terkait prinsip the right to remain silent. Walaupun terdapat perbedaan dalam hukum acaranya, tetapi dari segi konstitusi antara USA dan Indonesia sejalan dalam mengatur terkait perlindungan hak asasi manusia termasuk hak tersangka untuk mendapatkan perlindungan hukum. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya semangat yang sama antara Indonesia dan USA dalam menjunjung tinggi hak asasi manusia termasuk di dalamnya hak tersangka. Adanya persamaan tersebut membuat dapat dimasukannya the right to remain silent secara menyeluruh dalam hukum acara di Indonesia sebagimana yang berlaku di USA.

RÉSUMÉ. L'anglicisme est traité par des règles et politiques pour maintenir la pureté de la langue française. Cette étude vise à déterminer les motifs des médias de gauche français et québécois utilisant l'anglicisme dans leurs titres. Cette étude qualitative utilise les théories morphologiques de Tamine (1990) et Meney (2017), syntaxique de Le Querler (1994) et le concept de mots d'emprunt de Hudson (1996). Bien qu’ils partagent la même idéologie, les deux médias ont des différents motifs. Le Monde outrepasse les règles comme la stratégie marketing ; tandis que La Presse tend à les suivre pour maintenir le français comme l'identité du Québec. Ainsi, cette étude appuie les recherches précédentes de Febrianne Miranda (2018) et Kautsar Miranda (2021): le Québec maintient mieux la souveraineté de la langue comparé au gouvernement français qui est flexible utilisant l'anglicisme en fonction de l'évolution de la politique étrangère et l'idéologie de son gouvernement. Mots-clés : anglicisme, morphologie, le monde, la presse, titre ABSTRACT. Anglicism is handled through rules and policies in order to maintain the purity of the French language. This study aims to determine motives of French and Quebec leftist media for using anglicism through their headlines. This qualitative study uses Tamine (1990) and Meney (2017) morphological theory, Le Querler’s syntactic theory (1994) and Hudson's concept of loanwords (1996). Despite the same ideology, the two media have different motives in using anglicism. Le Monde overrides the rules as a marketing strategy; while La Presse tends to follow them to maintain the French language as the identity of Quebec. Thus, this study supports previous research by Febrianne Miranda (2018) and Kautsar Miranda (2021) that Quebec is better in maintaining the French language sovereignty than the French government who is flexible in dealing with anglicism depending on the development of foreign policy and the ideology of its government.Keywords: anglicism, headlines, le monde, la presse, morphology

Confession law is in a state of collapse. Fifty years ago, three different doctrines imposed constitutional limits on the admissibility of confessions in criminal cases: Miranda doctrine under the Fifth Amendment, Massiah doctrine under the Sixth Amendment, and voluntariness doctrine under the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. But in recent years, the Supreme Court has gutted Miranda and Massiah, effectively leaving suspects with only voluntariness doctrine to protect them during police interrogations. The voluntariness test is a notoriously vague case-by-case standard. In this Article, I argue that if voluntariness is going to be the framework for confession law going forward, courts will need to disentangle the complex of values that is discussed under that heading and then use their clarified understanding as the basis for a judicially administrable rubric for regulating interrogation practices. As a matter of history and current practice, I argue that there are two different strands within voluntariness doctrine—one deontological strand that focuses on the offensiveness of the police methods used and one consequentialist strand that is concerned with the problem of false confessions. Courts could profit from disentangling those strands and creating different tests for each. Once the two strands are separated, voluntariness doctrine can move toward rules that are tailored to the distinctive values animating each strand. Toward that end, I propose different tests for determining the voluntariness of confessions going forward depending on which of the two strands is implicated in a given case.

The present article explores the function of criminal compliance as a legal and institutional mechanism for improving the investment climate, through a comparative analysis of criminal procedural frameworks in Ukraine and the United States. The study critically examines how differences in procedural statuses, particularly the presence of a formally defined "suspect" status in Ukraine and its absence in the U.S., affect legal certainty, fairness of proceedings, and overall investor confidence. Shaped by civil law traditions, the Ukrainian criminal process defines clear stages, such as "suspect", "charged" and "convicted", with distinct legal rights and obligations at each procedural point. By contrast, the US common law system does not recognise a formal "suspect" status. This divergence has critical implications for compliance practices. The US legal environment has developed a robust system of criminal compliance, based on early procedural safeguards such as Miranda rights, the exclusionary rule and due process protections under the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments. These safeguards reinforce accountability among law enforcement agencies and protect individuals' rights during pre-trial procedures. The administrative framework that underpins criminal processes is supported by strong and consistent legislative measures, with its foundations firmly rooted in the historical development of common law. This regime functions to provide predictability and consistency in the regulatory process, even before matters reach criminal jurisdiction. It also allows regulatory agencies to align their procedural enforcement activity with the areas of criminal jurisdiction that may arise earlier in the administrative enforcement process. Furthermore, tools such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, and OFAC regulations have led to the institutionalisation of corporate criminal liability and the incentivisation of internal compliance programmes as a means of avoiding legal exposure. These mechanisms contribute to transparent and predictable legal practices and play a key role in maintaining the country's attractiveness for foreign direct investment. In contrast, Ukraine's legal system, while increasingly aligned with European Union standards, still lacks a comprehensive and enforceable framework for criminal compliance, especially within law enforcement and public administration. Despite the legal establishment of procedural rights, their practical enforcement is hindered by legal uncertainty, inconsistent judicial practice, and occasional procedural overreach. These issues have the potential to compromise investor confidence, particularly among international firms that are apprehensive about exposure to corruption, arbitrary enforcement, and reputational risks. The article also evaluates the relevance of the EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), adopted in 2024, which imposes a legal duty on large companies to implement human rights and environmental due diligence across their operations and supply chains. Whilst the CSDDD is chiefly focused on the civil and commercial sectors, its implications for criminal law are extensive, particularly in terms of reinforcing risk-based internal governance and compliance standards. For Ukraine, aligning with CSDDD principles has the potential to act as a catalyst for more profound criminal justice reform, particularly by institutionalising preventive measures, fortifying procedural rights, and introducing internal compliance obligations within public and corporate structures. The article ultimately contends that the integration of CSDDD standards with the optimal practices of U.S. criminal compliance has the potential to substantially enhance Ukraine's legal infrastructure. The implementation of such reforms would engender legal certainty, reduce systemic risks, and foster a more predictable and transparent legal environment. Consequently, this would result in an improvement in the investment climate and provide support for the broader objectives of economic modernisation and European integration.

We propose general rules for higher inductive types with non-dependent and dependent elimination rules. These can be used to give a formal treatment of data types with laws as has been discussed by David Turner in his earliest papers on Miranda [Turner(1985)]. The non-dependent elimination scheme is particularly useful for defining functions by recursion and pattern matching, while the dependent elimination scheme gives an induction proof principle. We have rules for non-recursive higher inductive types, like the integers, but also for recursive higher inductive types like the truncation. In the present paper we only allow path constructors (so there are no higher path constructors), which is sufficient for treating various interesting examples from functional programming, as we will briefly show in the paper: arithmetic modulo, integers and finite sets.

Miranda v. Arizona, holding confessions obtained during police interrogation inadmissable unless preceded by a full and specific disclosure of a suspect's rights, is perhaps the best known U.S. Supreme Court decision on due process. The decision was built on the twin pillars of human dignity and free will. The Court determined that the intent of the Fifth Amendment is to protect human dignity, and argued that dignity is jeopardized by state actions whose effect is to diminish free will. Consequently, the Court extended the restrictions on police investigators it had been developing since Bram v. United States. In that decision, the Court ruled that confessions could not “be extracted by any sort of threats or violence, nor obtained by any direct or implied promises, however slight, nor by the exertion of any improper influence.” In Miranda, the Court attached the widest possible meaning to “improper influence,” ruling that interrogation is, in itself, an influence against which suspects must be protected by procedural safeguards. It is instructive to reflect on these issues at a time when similar questions are being raised in Canadian courts under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

En abril de 1972, Guido Calabresi y Douglas Melamed publicaron un artículo que es aclamado unánimemente como un hito en la comprensión del sistema jurídico. En dicho trabajo, los autores identificaron tres reglas que disciplinan las titularidades legales, las así llamadas reglas de propiedad, reglas de responsabilidad e inalienabilidad. La diferencia entre ellas guarda relación con la manera en que permiten el ejercicio, disposición y tutela de las prerrogativas jurídicas. A pesar de la trascendencia del enfoque, el tiempo transcurrido desde su publicación y la difusión alcanzada a nivel global por el movimiento de Derecho y Economía, en los países del Civil Law —sobre todo latinoamericanos— no se ha valorado en sus reales alcances la propuesta, ni se ha tomado contacto con las posteriores precisiones y críticas. El propósito de la presente investigación es llevar las ideas de Calabresi y Melamed más allá a fin de vislumbrar su utilidad para la comprensión del derecho, convirtiéndose así en un tópico de teoría general del derecho.

The driving idea of functional programming is to make programming more closely related to mathematics. A program in a functional language such as Haskell or Miranda consists of equations which are both computation rules and a basis for simple algebraic reasoning about the functions and data structures they define. The existing model of functional programming, although elegant and powerful, is compromised to a greater extent than is commonly recognised by the presence of partial functions. We consider a simple discipline of total functional programming designed to exclude the possibility of non-termination. Among other things this requires a type distinction between data, which is finite, and codata, which is potentially infinite.

En la última década, los estudios transdiciplinarios, en la última década han constituido procesos para la generación y aplicación del conocimiento entre disímiles disciplinas. Por un lado, buscan atender una problemática u objeto de estudio con la finalidad de impactar de manera proactiva y, por otra parte, ser un proceso de investigación que se aborda desde diversos campos del saber (Co-producción del conocimiento). Los estudios de Comunicación siempre se han caracterizado por el aporte y retroalimentación que reciben de otras disciplinas, de ahí que sus vías para acceder a la realidad social se realicen desde diferentes aristas.&#x0D; Las universidades e instituciones de educación superior, están regidas por instrumentos jurídicos apegados al estado de derecho para proteger y preservar los miembros de su comunidad, como es el caso de la Universidad Veracruzana que dispone de la Ley Orgánica, estableciendo como fines esenciales, conservar, crear y transmitir la cultura en beneficio de la sociedad, ofreciendo programas académicos tanto a los usuarios tradicionales, como a sectores de la población marginados de este nivel educativo. Asimismo, el compromiso de ampliar, multiplicar y reforzar su misión estratégica para la distribución social del conocimiento en todo tipo de sectores y para una gama diversa de poblaciones, donde la nueva plataforma tecnológica, las redes virtuales, las alianzas estratégicas, y la educación a distancia, sean la pauta para cumplir con su compromiso social.&#x0D; Por tal motivo, esta comunicación aborda el uso de las TIC, en el entorno universitario dónde convergen estudiantes en condición vulnerable (capacidades especiales), y contrarrestar barreras que impidan su aprendizaje.&#x0D; &#x0D; The transdisciplinary studies, in the last decade have constituted processes for the generation and application of knowledge between dissimilar disciplines. On the one hand, they seek to address a problem or object of study in order to impact proactively and, on the other hand, to be a research process that is addressed from various fields of knowledge (Co-production of knowledge). Communication studies have always been characterized by the input and feedback they receive from other disciplines, hence their ways to access the social reality, are made from different edges.&#x0D; Universities and higher education institutions are governed by legal instruments attached to the rule of law to protect and preserve the members of their community, as is the case of the Universidad Veracruzana which has the Organic Law, establishing as essential purposes, to conserve, create and transmit culture for the benefit of society, offering academic programs to both traditional users and sectors of the population marginalized from this educational level. Likewise, the commitment to expand, multiply and reinforce its strategic mission for the social distribution of knowledge in all types of sectors and for a diverse range of populations, where the new technological platform, virtual networks, strategic alliances, and education to distance, be the guideline to fulfill your social commitment.&#x0D; For this reason, this communication addresses the use of ICT, in the university environment where students converge in vulnerable condition (special abilities) and counteract barriers that impede their learning.

With the consistent increase in level of economic constrains which was as a result of the rapidly increasing travelling costs in Kenya among others, businessmen are eager to come up with various ways to cub financial problems. The night travel ban had really caused a tactic problem to business men in Kenya. People used to travel during the night, perform their activities during the day and go back again over night. The development of (Agribusiness Products E-businesses System) APEBS enabled the Miraa business agents to carry out their business activities effectively and efficiently any time regardless of the rules implemented in the country. The study was approached through the following methods: requirements definition, selection of vendors, demonstrations and reviews, Implementation of the system, users and technical staff training, establishment of support processes and system maintenance. The study resulted to a web application linked to a database for data storage and processing. The product management system and the data security system for the ebusiness portal were developed in selected web programming languages. These involved PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript and JQuery. In order to build the product, merchant and customer database, the researcher used Wamp Server with the MySQL Database Manager package. The APEBS application has a public view where members were able to access information about business agents, different types of the product and their availability in a central database. Clients could also order products online, make payments using PayPal, and receive feedback via email. The APEBS also has a private view for use by administrators who were responsible for updating the records of the members, generating account reports and maintaining the system as a whole.

Anger gaslighting is behavior that tends to make someone doubt herself about her anger. In this paper, I analyze the case of anger gaslighting, using it as a paradigm case to argue that gaslighting can be an affective injustice (not only an epistemic one). Drawing on Marilyn Frye, I introduce the concept of “uptake” as a tool for identifying anger gaslighting behavior (persistent, pervasive uptake refusal for apt anger). But I also demonstrate the larger significance of uptake in the study of affective injustice: just as the concept of credibility names the epistemic behavior whereby we take someone seriously as an epistemic being, the concept of uptake names the uniquely affective cooperative behavior whereby we take someone seriously as an affective being. I answer Miranda Fricker’s epistemic notion of a prejudicial credibility economy with the affective notion of prejudicial uptake economies: uptake, like credibility, can be produced in a deficit for one social group relative to a surplus for another. Deviating from the parallels with Fricker, for whom the injustice of epistemic injustice is due to prejudice in the motives or character of individuals, as well as from accounts that ground it in aptness or affective goods, I suggest that the injustice of anger gaslighting behavior can be located at the structural scale of power relationships between social groups, in the tradition of Iris Marion Young. Anger gaslighting behavior counts as unjust wherever it (re)produces prejudicial uptake economies. Adapting sociological concepts of feeling rules and the emotion work they demand, I introduce the concepts of “uptake rules” and “uptake work” to further enable analysis of uptake economies as affective social structures, and to suggest a site for resistant or reparative affective agency.

Drawing on a number of travelling theatre experiments in Republican Spain (1931-1936), the present article examines their contribution to the revival of Spanish drama by studying more specifically the response of active, expressive, empathetic audiences. Beyond the Latin rule of placere, movere et docere, the necessary conditions for dramatic instinct and emotion to appear were then challenged. Examining the interactions of the barracos’, the missionaries’ and the public’s views sheds light on the making of the modern actor and spectator in the late Silver Age. Partiendo de algunas experiencias de teatros itinerantes en la España republicana (1931-1936) se procura evaluar sus aportaciones a la renovación teatral española, en particular, estudiando las reacciones de públicos expresivos, empáticos y activos. Más allá del principio latino placere, movere et docere, en la época se cuestionaron también las condiciones necesarias para que pudieran advenir el instinto teatral y la emoción. El estudio de la interacción entre las miradas cruzadas de los barracos, de los misioneros y del público permite revelar la construcción del actor y del espectador de teatro modernos al final de la Edad de Plata.

Presently, copious amounts of research have been done regarding a juvenile’s competency to stand trial. However, whether or not a juvenile is competent to give a guilty plea has yet to be determined. Through empirical research, this article examines whether juveniles are mentally capable to give a competent guilty plea in criminal proceedings. Drawing on multidisciplinary sources, including the work of legal scholars, psychologists, legal professionals, court cases, and the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, this article explains how a juvenile’s age, brain and psychological development, intelligence, and social influences are important when determining the juvenile’s competency. It also discusses how these factors interrelate with the type of crime that was committed and with the modified Miranda waiver standard explained in this article. This article shows how all these factors come together to create the profile of a typical juvenile and how each of these factors should be weighed when the judge determines a juvenile’s competency to give a guilty plea. It also explains how each of these factors helps to determine if the suspect exhibited the type of behavior expected of a typical juvenile. After considering whether or not the suspect was behaving like an adult or a juvenile under each factor and weighing each factor appropriately under the circumstances, the judge can determine the likelihood of competency. If the juvenile showed the behavior typical of an adult, the juvenile is likely to be found competent.

Prinsip Miranda Rules merupakan prinsip fundamental yang imperatif sifatnya di dalam prosedur peradilan pidana. Prinsip tersebut melekat pada hak-hak tersangka atau terdakwa sebagai bagian dari manusia seutuhnya. Salah satu yang menjadi bagian dari prinsip tersebut adalah adanya hak tersangka atau terdakwa untuk didampingi oleh penasehat hukum yang dibarengi dengan kewajiban penegak hukum untuk menyediakan akses bantuan hukum sebagaimana ketentuan Pasal 56 KUHAP. Namun, implementasi pasal 56 KUHAP belum sepenuhnya ditegakkan. Salah satunya di Pengadilan Negeri Sungguminasa melalui Putusan Nomor 03/Pid.B/2015/PN.Sgm yang di dalamnya menyebutkan bahwa terdakwa tidak didampingi oleh penasehat hukum. oleh karena itu penelitian ini ingin mengungkapkan problematika terdakwa di dalam putusan tersebut tidak didampingi oleh penasehat hukum selama proses persidangan berlangsung. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga ingin mengungkap faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terdakwa tidak didampingi oleh penasehat hukum. Metode yang digunakan di dalam penelitian ini adalah penggabungan antara penelitian yuridis normatif dan penelitian yuridis empiris. Sifat penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan menganalisisnya secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa terdakwa berdasarkan perkara a quo tidak didampingi oleh penasehat hukum dikarenakan terdakwa menolak didampingi oleh penasehat hukum sehingga Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Sungguminasa merasa kewajiban Pasal 56 KUHAP menjadi gugur. Adapun faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keadaan terdakwa tidak didampingi oleh penasehat hukum adalah terbitnya SP2DPH sejak saat penyidikan berlangsung, pemahaman konotatif terdakwa mengenai penasehat hukum, kekuatan daya mengikat norma di dalam Pasal 56 KUHAP rendah, kurangnya koordinasi antara Pengadilan dengan Posbakum, pandangan aparat penegak hukum yang masih memandang inferior profesi advokat.

Resumen: En este artículo, a partir de la revisión dealgunas cifras sistematizadas por la OrganizaciónInternacional del Trabajo sobre la situación laboralde las mujeres latinoamericanas en la década de 1990,se plantea una crítica al impacto que los procesos deapertura de mercados y liberalización de la economíatuvieron sobre las vidas de las mujeres. Inicia el trabajocon la conceptualización del proceso globalizador en elcual se contextualizó el ajuste económico en las últimasdécadas del siglo veinte. Luego se hace referenciaal cambio producido en la matriz Estado céntrica delas naciones latinoamericanas, transformación quecondujo a la supremacía del capital con la economíadictando las reglas del juego al Estado y a la sociedad.Lo central está constituido por el análisis de las cifrasdel mercado laboral desde la perspectiva de los efectosde la liberalización de la economía sobre la inserción,permanencia y condiciones laborales de las mujeresen América Latina en un período de transformacionespolíticas, sociales y económicas.Palabras clave: globalización, liberalización económica,participación laboral femenina, condiciones de trabajode las mujeres, relaciones de género.Economic Openness and Gender Relations in LatinAmerica in the Nineties. (Re) Appraising the Effects ofGlobalization on Women WorkersAbstract: In this article, based on a review of somestatistics systematized by the International LabourOrganization on the employment situation of LatinAmerican women in the 1990s, there is a review ofthe impact that the processes of market opening andliberalization economy had on the lives of women. Startworking with the conceptualization of the globalizationprocess in which economic adjustment was contextualizedin the last decades of the twentieth century. Afterreferring to the change in the central state matrix ofLatin American nations, a transformation that led to thesupremacy of capital to the economy dictating rules ofthe game to the state and society. The center consists ofthe analysis of labor market figures from the perspectiveof the effects of economic liberalization on the insertion,retention and working conditions of women in LatinAmerica in a period of political, social and economic.Key words: globalization, economic liberalization,female labor force participation, working conditions ofwomen, gender relations.

e4488149This paper discusses the role of the Universities in defense of life, democracy and rule of the law, and science as a generator of spaces of resistance in day-to-day and as powerful tool for unmasking of authoritarianism. In this context, it presents the results of the research on the role of perpetrators of human rights violations during Brazilian military dictatorship. The investigation was carried out at the Federal University of Paraíba, by the Interdisciplinary Network for the Study of Violence–RIEV, with the participation of the University of València, in Spain. For this study, 31 Federal Public Prosecution Service’ criminal prosecutions filed between 2012 and 2018 were selected. It sought the concepts that emerge from the data that help to understand how the process of violations of human rights occurs. The Straussian Grounded Theory was the methodology used in this study. The analysis had three stages: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. From the analyzed data, three relevant conceptual categories emerged to support human rights education: banality of evil/cruelty, discipline of the body and suffering. The study contributes to actions to incorporate into the school curriculum the comprehension that human dignity should constitute the basic value of the democratic rule of law. It allows the recognition that the human being must be the center and the end of law and education. In this context, the educational process must contribute to the protection of the dignity of the human being.ResumoO presente artigo trata sobre o papel das universidades na defesa da vida, da democracia e do estado de direito, e o papel da ciência como geradora de espaços de resistência no cotidiano bem como poderosa ferramenta no desmascaramento do autoritarismo. Nesse contexto, apresenta os resultados da pesquisa sobre a atuação dos perpetradores de violações aos direitos humanos durante a ditadura militar brasileira. A investigação foi realizada pela Rede Interdisciplinar de Estudos da Violência–RIEV, na Universidade Federal da Paraíba, com participação da Universidade de València, na Espanha. Para a análise, foram selecionadas 31 ações penais ajuizadas pelo Ministério Público Federal entre os anos de 2012 e 2018. O objetivo foi averiguar os conceitos que emergem dos dados e que ajudam a compreender o processo de violações aos direitos humanos naquele período. A metodologia do estudo atendeu aos três estágios preconizados pela Teoria Fundamentada Straussiana: a codificação aberta, a codificação axial e a codificação seletiva. Dos dados analisados emergiram três categorias conceituais relevantes para fundamentar a educação para os direitos humanos: banalidade do mal/crueldade, disciplina dos corpos e sofrimento. O estudo vem contribuir para ações de incorporação no currículo escolar do entendimento de que a dignidade humana deve se constituir como valor básico do Estado Democrático de Direito. Permite o reconhecimento de que o ser humano deva ser o centro e o fim do direito e da educação. Neste sentido, o processo educativo deve contribuir para a proteção da dignidade da pessoa humana.ResumenEste artículo aborda el papel de las universidades en la defensa de la vida, la democracia y el estado de derecho, y de la ciencia como generador de espacios de resistencia en la vida cotidiana, así como una herramienta poderosa para desenmascarar el autoritarismo. En este contexto, presenta los resultados de la investigación sobre el desempeño de los autores de violaciones de derechos humanos en el contexto de la dictadura militar brasileña. La investigación fue realizada por la Red Interdisciplinaria para el Estudio de la Violencia - RIEV, en la Universidad Federal de Paraíba con la participación de la Universidad de València, en España. Fueron seleccionados 31 acciones penales presentadas por el Ministerio Público Federal entre 2012 y 2018. El objetivo era investigar los conceptos que emergen de los datos y que ayudan a comprender el proceso de violaciones de derechos humanos. La metodología utilizó las tres etapas recomendadas por la Teoría Fundamentada Straussiana: codificación abierta, codificación axial y codificación selectiva. Tres categorías conceptuales relevantes surgieron para apoyar la educación en derechos humanos: banalidad del mal/crueldad, disciplina de los cuerpos y sufrimiento. El estudio contribuye a las acciones para incorporar al currículo escolar la comprensión de que la dignidad humana debe constituirse como un valor básico del Estado de derecho democrático. Permite el reconocimiento de que el ser humano debe ser el centro y el fin de la ley y la educación. En este sentido, el proceso educativo debe contribuir a la protección de la dignidad de la persona humana.Palavras-chave: Direitos humanos. Ditadura. Dignidade humana.Keywords: Dictatorship. Human dignity. 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Este artigo propõe apresentar, em um plano teórico, os Videogames como uma mídia de representação histórica que apresenta um discurso sobre o passado através de uma linguagem de conteúdo audiovisual composta por espaços virtuais estruturados em regras de jogo. Esse formato próprio deve ser entendido em seu caráter histórico, cuja representação estabelece um determinado olhar sobre o Outro, e em sua circulação pública de conteúdos históricos constituída dentro e a partir da Indústria Cultural.&#x0D; &#x0D; PALAVRAS-CHAVE: História; Videogame; Indústria Cultural; Representação; Simulação.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; ABSTRACT&#x0D; This essay intends to present, in a theoretical way, the Videogames as a medium of historical representation that creates a discourse over the past through a language of audiovisual content composed by virtual spaces structured by game rules. This format must be understood in its historical essence, in which its representations establish a certain look to the Other, as well in its public circulation of historical contentes constituted inside and through the Culture Industry.&#x0D; &#x0D; KEYWORDS: History; Videogame; Culture Industry; Representation; Simulation.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; RESUMEN&#x0D; &#x0D; Este artículo propone presentar, en un plano teórico, los Videojuegos como un medio de representación histórica que presenta un discurso sobre el pasado a través de un lenguaje de contenido audiovisual compuesto por espacios virtuales estructurados en reglas de juego. Este formato propio debe ser entendido en su carácter histórico, cuya representación establece una determinada mirada sobre el Otro, y en su circulación pública de contenidos históricos constituida dentro y desde la Industria Cultural.&#x0D; &#x0D; PALABRAS CLAVE: Historia; Video juego; Industria Cultural; Representación; Simulación.

Penelitian ini merupakan salah satu upaya untuk membuktikan adanya keterkaitan antara budaya dengan matematika, dan untuk merubah paradigma masyarakat yang menganggap bahwa matematika tidak ada kaitannya dengan budaya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui filosofi dari kalender sunda dan konsep-konsep matematika yang terdapat pada kalender Sunda yang ditinjau dari perhitungan penyusunannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode etnografi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan catatan lapangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kediaman pakar kalender sunda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam Kalender Sunda terdapat nama dan istilah yang kaya akan filosofi dan makna, serta adanya keterkaitan antara matematika dengan budaya yang dapat ditunjukkan dengan adanya konsep matematis pada sistem kalender Sunda seperti kaidah pencacahan dalam pancawuku atau selapan, konsep pembagian pada penentuan tunggul taun, dan konsep modulo pada penentuan indung poe, dewa taun, naktu taun, naktu bulan, naktu tanggal, dan menentukan suatu tanggal. This research is an attempt to prove the relationship between culture and mathematics and tries to straighten out the paradigm of society which considers mathematics to be complex and has nothing to do with mathematics and culture. The purpose of this study was to determine the mathematical concepts contained in the Sundanese calendar in terms of computation calculations. This research is qualitative research with an ethnographic method. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, documentation, and field notes. This research was conducted at the residence of Mrs. Miranda Halimah Wihardja an expert on the Sundanese calendar. The results of this study indicate that in the Sundanese calendar some names and terms are rich in philosophy and meaning, and there is a link between mathematics and culture which can be shown by the existence of mathematical concepts in the Sundanese calendar system such as the rules of enumeration in pancawuku or selapan, the concept of division in determining the stump of the year, and the concept of modulo in determining the parent poe, the god of the year, the time of the year, the time of the month, the time of the date, and the determination of a date.

Penelitian ini merupakan salah satu upaya untuk membuktikan adanya keterkaitan antara budaya dengan matematika, dan untuk merubah paradigma masyarakat yang menganggap bahwa matematika tidak ada kaitannya dengan budaya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui filosofi dari kalender sunda dan konsep-konsep matematika yang terdapat pada kalender Sunda yang ditinjau dari perhitungan penyusunannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode etnografi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan catatan lapangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kediaman pakar kalender sunda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam Kalender Sunda terdapat nama dan istilah yang kaya akan filosofi dan makna, serta adanya keterkaitan antara matematika dengan budaya yang dapat ditunjukkan dengan adanya konsep matematis pada sistem kalender Sunda seperti kaidah pencacahan dalam pancawuku atau selapan, konsep pembagian pada penentuan tunggul taun, dan konsep modulo pada penentuan indung poe, dewa taun, naktu taun, naktu bulan, naktu tanggal, dan menentukan suatu tanggal.This research is an attempt to prove the relationship between culture and mathematics and tries to straighten out the paradigm of society which considers mathematics to be complex and has nothing to do with mathematics and culture. The purpose of this study was to determine the mathematical concepts contained in the Sundanese calendar in terms of computation calculations. This research is qualitative research with an ethnographic method. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, documentation, and field notes. This research was conducted at the residence of Mrs. Miranda Halimah Wihardja an expert on the Sundanese calendar. The results of this study indicate that in the Sundanese calendar some names and terms are rich in philosophy and meaning, and there is a link between mathematics and culture which can be shown by the existence of mathematical concepts in the Sundanese calendar system such as the rules of enumeration in pancawuku or selapan, the concept of division in determining the stump of the year, and the concept of modulo in determining the parent poe, the god of the year, the time of the year, the time of the month, the time of the date, and the determination of a date.