Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The multiplex cinema'

The work offered for this PhD by Published Works charts the history of cinema exhibition in Britain from the late 1950s to the present. At the start of this period, cinemagoing as a form of public entertainment entered a long period of decline that was only arrested with the development and growth of multiplex cinemas in the 1980s and 1990s. Despite these changes, the feature film itself remained a culturally and commercially valuable artefact, though increasingly this meant the Hollywood film. Whilst due consideration is afforded to the technological changes in cinemas and the cinema apparatus, my work places the development of cinemagoing in a broad social, economic, cultural and political context, and explains how these issues impact upon on-going developments. In the late 1950s, cinemagoing declined partly in response to changing leisure habits, demographic shifts, the growth of consumer culture, television, and the widespread adoption of new broadcast technologies like home video and satellite. The multiplex returned feature films to cinemas, but was a definitively American commercial form closely associated with new forms of leisure and out-of-town retailing. There are also parallels between the context for development of the multiplex in the USA – suburbanisation, shopping malls and reliance on the motorcar – and developments in Britain in the last 30 years. To this end there is a specific emphasis on the development of the multiplex cinema as part of a wider narrative about the re-positioning of cinemagoing as a collective, public form of visual entertainment, in the period from the mid-1980s, in the context of some dramatic changes in the transient nature of capitalism and urban planning. From the early 1990s onwards there was a growing anxiety about the impact of out-of-town developments on Britain’s urban centres, and a concomitant and renewed emphasis on the importance of the urban core rather than the edge. Thus, the key to understanding the evolution of cinema exhibition today is to pay particular attention to urban planning as inherently ideological, shifting and changing in line with broader political, economic and social considerations.

O trabalho ora apresentado constrói uma interpretação da geografia das salas de cinema contemporâneas do município de São Paulo. Desde seu estabelecimento enquanto equipamento de lazer e cultura, o cinema desempenhou fundamental papel na produção e reprodução do espaço urbano paulistano, engendrando, em diferentes momentos, distintos significados sociais e diversas formas de sociabilidades. Em anos recentes, especialmente no decorrer das décadas de 1990 e 2000, o mercado exibidor cinematográfico paulistano foi modelado por pelo menos dois equipamentos, deveras distintos entre si: os cinemas multiplex, comumente localizado em shopping-centers, pertencentes a grandes redes empresariais, e os cinemas voltados para uma programação alternativa ou de arte, via de regra instalados em vias públicas ou em galerias, fomentando uma apropriação do espaço que podemos alcunhar de territorialidade. Considerando tal constructo social, o objetivo primordial foi analisar o significado das salas de cinema, as ações e apropriações desenvolvidas por seus freqüentadores, na e para a (re)produção do espaço urbano paulistano a partir da década de 1990, elaborando, para tanto, uma compreensão teórico-conceitual embasada nas concepções de redes geográficas e nas territorialidades decorrentes de apropriações espaciais.. A proposta epistemológica foi criar um amalgama complexo, que não mitigasse nem a relevância dos fatores culturais, interpretativos e apropriativos, causa e conseqüência dos cinemas, tampouco desconsiderasse a estruturação e as motivações econômicas dos agentes que coordenam a organização destes equipamentos. Crê-se, nesse sentido, que o trabalho, apresentando e refletindo acerca de um dos mais importantes elementos de lazer e cultura existentes no município de São Paulo, possa subsidiar uma crítica densificada de fenômenos e processos responsáveis, em grande medida, pela produção do espaço urbano contemporâneo e seus significados sociais.
The work for now presented builds an interpretation of the geography of the contemporary movie theaters of the municipal district of São Paulo. From the establishment of the movie theaters while leisure equipment and culture, this element played fundamental part in the production and reproduction of the São Paulo urban space, engendering, in different moments, different social meanings and several forms of sociabilities. In recent years, especially in elapsing of the decades of 1990 and 2000, the market cinematographic from São Paulo exhibitor was modeled for at least two equipments, really different amongst themselves: the multiplex movie theaters, commonly located in shopping centers, belonging to great business nets, and the movie theaters especialized in alternative programming or of art, rule installed in public roads or in galleries, fomenting an appropriation of the space that we can name of territoriality. Considering such a social product, the primordial objective went to analyze the meaning of the movie theaters, the actions and appropriations developed by their visitors, in the and for the (re)production of the from São Paulo urban space starting from the decade of 1990, elaborating, for so much, a theoretical-conceptual understanding based in the conceptions of geographical nets and in the current territories and space appropriations. The theoretical proposal went to create one amalgamates complex, that it didn\'t mitigate nor the relevance of the factors cultural, interpretative and of appropriation, it causes and consequence of the movie theaters, either disrespected the structuring and the agents\' economical motivations that coordinate the organization of these equipments. It is believed, in that sense, that the work, presenting and contemplating concerning one of the most important leisure elements and existent culture in the municipal district of São Paulo, it can subsidize a dense critic of phenomena and responsible processes, in great measure, for the production of the contemporary urban space and their social meanings.

KINO TEATRO LANKOMUMO SVYRAVIMAI EUROPOS SĄJUNGOJE 1990 - 2007 m. Santrauka Nuo 1990 metų prasidėjo kino teatro lankomumo atgimimas, užbaigęs ankstesnį tris dešimtmečius trukusį kino teatro lankomumo mažėjimą. Naujieji amerikietiško tipo kino teatrai – multipleksai – turintys 8 ir daugiau kino sales bei rodantys įspūdingus, finansiniu požiūriu itin sėkmingus filmus, sugrąžino auditoriją į kino teatrus. Bet jau 2001 metais pagal kino teatrų skaičių Europos Sąjungos 15 šalių kino rinka, charakterizuojama kaip galutinai įsotinta ir kurios neįmanoma plėsti vien tik plečiant kino teatrų tinklą. Didžiausias kino teatro lankomumo augimo potencialas stebimas Europos Sąjungos naujosiose šalyse, kur į kino rinkas iki šiol investuota santykinai mažai. Čia palyginus mažas kino ekranų skaičius, tenkantis šalies gyventojams bei mažas kasmetinis apsilankymų skaičius, tenkantis vienam gyventojui. Darbe nustatomos priežastys, sukėlusios kino teatro lankomumo svyravimus, iš kurių pagrindine laikoma – multipleksų plėtra. Darbe teigiama, kad šalyse, kuriose mažiausiai išvystyti multipleksai, yra mažiausias kino teatrų lankomumas. Šis darbas, vertinant jo praktinę reikšmę, turėtų būti aktualus vystantiems kino verslą ir visiems besidomintiems kinu, kino istorija, kino teatrų auditorijos pasikeitimu, multipleksų atsiradimu ir jų įtaka formuojant vartojimo įpročius.
FLUCTUATIONS IN CINEMA ATTENDANCE (EU, 1990 – 2007) Summary Since 1990 cinema attendance began to revive after having declined over a 30-year period. The arrival of American-style multiplexes – new cinemas with eight or more screens demonstrating blockbuster films – had successfully attracted audiences back to the cinema. Since 2001 in terms of the number of cinemas, EU 15 countries cinema market was already described as fundamentally saturated and can no longer be expanded by building new cinemas. The greatest potential lies with new EU countries that untill now have seen less intensive investment. Here cinema markets have low screen densities, which are currently accompanied by low admission – per capita ratios. This paper examines the reasons of fluctuations in cinema attendance and considers the impact of the multiplex development. In terms of practical meaning, this paper should be relevant to cinema business developers and all others being intersted in cinema, cinema history, changes in cinema audiences, rise of multiplex and its impact on consumer habbits.

Submitted by Nelson Acar Filho (nelson.acar@gvmail.br) on 2013-04-12T20:07:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Projeto Final Defesa BIBLIOTECA.pdf: 3038064 bytes, checksum: 4ab58ccd2ec6fe80a5424efc447fb4c6 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2013-04-12T20:10:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Projeto Final Defesa BIBLIOTECA.pdf: 3038064 bytes, checksum: 4ab58ccd2ec6fe80a5424efc447fb4c6 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-12T20:11:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Projeto Final Defesa BIBLIOTECA.pdf: 3038064 bytes, checksum: 4ab58ccd2ec6fe80a5424efc447fb4c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-13
Uma das grandes preocupações da academia na área de Estratégia Empresarial é a evolução das teorias das inovações disruptivas versus inovações incrementais. Dentro destas discussões encaixam-se as teorias que estruturam a linha das inovações tecnológicas versus as inovações que alteram os modelos de negócios. Mais complexo é o estudo das inovações que alteram tanto as tecnologias quanto os modelos de negócios não só de algumas empresas, mas de toda uma cadeia produtiva. Esta dissertação propõe um método de antecipação das consequências que sofrerão todos os agentes de uma cadeia produtiva sob efeito de inovações disruptivas. Para lidar com a complexidade desta antevisão usamos o instrumental de sistemas dinâmicos e o pensamento sistêmico. Como estudo de caso, estamos analisamos a implantação do cinema digital no Brasil, a qual afeta toda a cadeia do áudio visual no país. No nosso referencial teórico sobre inovação utilizamos um encadeamento, não totalmente linear cronologicamente, de teorias composto pelos os conceitos de diversificação, descontinuidades tecnológicas, descontinuidades estratégicas, inovações disruptivas, modelos duais, reações organizacionais, organizações ambidestras, verticalização versus integração das cadeias produtivas e harmonização de modelos mentais. A presente dissertação discorre sobre estes fundamentos teóricos e usa o caso da implantação do Cinema Digital no Brasil como verificação empírica. A exibição digital está apresentando indícios de ser uma inovação disruptiva que altera tanto padrões tecnológicos como os modelos de negócios dos exibidores sendo, portanto, um campo adequado de verificação e extensão da teoria. Através do exame das estratégias possíveis das redes de exibidores de cinema no atual momento da digitalização no Brasil mostramos como elas podem vencer mais facilmente os desafios decorrentes do processo, aperfeiçoar os resultados econômicos e financeiros, minimizando o tempo de sua concretização e se tornarem ambidestras isto é, se prepararem para enfrentar um processo no qual muitas outras inovações ainda vão ocorrer estando, no momento, nas suas fases de gestação. A estrutura da dissertação foi construída com um maior detalhamento no início de sua parte metodológica pela utilização do instrumental sistêmico para facilitar o entendimento do projeto. Muita da literatura sobre inovações, descontinuidades e disrupções já se utilizava de uma forma de pensar sistêmica sem colocá-la sob este formato. Quando isto ocorreu de forma significativa em uma teoria importante para os nossos propósitos fizemos sua “tradução” para a simbologia sistêmica. Dentro deste objetivo, fazemos, já no capítulo 3, uma breve explanação sobre a forma de pensar em Sistemas Dinâmicos, a identificação de “loops” causais, de “delays” (atrasos) e das principais mudanças plausíveis ao longo do tempo. A seguir, no capítulo 4 fazemos uma revisão da teoria das inovações disruptivas, e no capítulo 5 mostramos como a implantação do cinema digital se encaixa nesta teoria e de como a cadeia inteira do audiovisual está sendo afetada de forma sistêmica, cuja complexidade pode ser manejada pela construção do mapa causal que relaciona as estratégias de todos os seus agentes ao longo do tempo. Este mapa causal é usado para antecipar comportamentos estratégicos dos componentes da cadeia audiovisual sob ambiente disruptivo. No capítulo 6, como contribuição teórica, propomos que esta forma de organizar a complexidade seja um processo perene a ser utilizado no mapeamento e previsão de outras mudanças em ambientes de inovações disruptivas aceleradas além de elencar recomendações estratégicas para a transformação das cadeias de exibição brasileiras em organizações ambidestras com capacidade de competir eficientemente com as cadeias internacionais que chegaram e ainda estão chegando ao país e que já são responsáveis hoje por aproximadamente 45% da receita de bilheteria de cinema no país. No capítulo 7 mostramos sugestões de aplicação do método a outras cadeias produtivas que estão no meio de processos disruptivos, as vantagens de sua adoção, limitações e aperfeiçoamentos futuros.

This thesis investigates the historically composed political and economic contexts that contributed to the late 1990s commercial renaissance of Korean national cinema and that have sustained the popularity of Korean films among local and regional audiences ever since. Unlike existing approaches to the topic, which emphasise the textual characteristics of national film production, this thesis considers relations between film production, distribution, exhibition, and ancillary markets, as well as Korean cinema’s engagement with international cinemas such as Hollywood, Hong Kong, China and Japan. I argue that following the relaxation of restrictive film policy towards the importation and distribution of foreign films between 1986 and 1988, the subsequent failure of the domestic film industry to compete against international competition precipitated a remarkable shift in consensus regarding the industry’s structure and functions. Due to the loss of distribution rights to foreign films and the rapid decline in ticket sales for Korean films, the continued economic viability of local film companies was under enormous threat by the early 1990s. The government reacted by permitting conglomerates to seize control of the industry and pursue vertical and horizontal integration. During the rest of the decade, Korean cinema was transformed from an art cinema to a commercial entertainment cinema. The 1997/98 economic crisis led to the exit of conglomerate finance, but streamlined film companies were able to withstand the monetary meltdown, continue the domestic revitalisation, and, since the late 1990s, build media empires based on the expansion of Korean cinema throughout the Asian region.

La prolifération des versions multiples dans le cinéma en Espagne de 1955 à 1967 résulted’une situation complexe, qui trouve son origine dans les conditions de production et dedistribution, dans une législation qui ne cesse d’évoluer pour mieux contrôler le domaine, et aussidans l’émergence de voix discordantes au sein de la création.Le premier facteur déterminant est la mise en place de structures administratives decontrôle, dont la censure se révèle l’instrument le plus direct, mais qui ne doit pas faire oublier laportée des autres mécanismes d’autorisation et de protection économique : il s’agit d’imposer aucinéma les cadres de l’idéologie du régime franquiste et de l’Église. Il ne faut cependant pas sousestimerl’importance de l’industrie dans cette pratique systématique : les formes de production,de distribution, de diffusion, l’émergence de nouveaux courants et les difficultés techniques jouentelles aussi un rôle essentiel.Après une analyse générale de ces facteurs étroitement liés entre eux, un éventail de neufétudes de cas dresse un portrait de la pluralité filmique dans une Espagne qui traverse unepériode d’espoir et de velléités d’ouverture. À travers l’approfondissement de la genèsecompliquée de films représentatifs des principaux genres et courants ainsi que des différentesétapes qui jalonnent l’histoire du cinéma espagnol de 1955 à 1967, il apparaît quel’interdépendance de l’État et de l’industrie constitue le terrain propice à l’existence systématiquede variantes voulues ou imposées
The proliferation of multiple versions in cinema in Spain from 1955 to 1967 is due to a complexsituation originating from the conditions of production and distribution, a legislation that constantlyevolved in order to control the sector more efficiently and the emergence of dissenting voices amongcreators themselves.The first decisive factor is the setting up of administrative organs of control, among whichcensorship proves to be the most straightforward instrument, although other significant mechanismssuch as licensing or protectionism are equally important: their aim is to impose upon cinema theideology of the Franco regime and Catholic Church. However, the role of the industry in this systematicpractice should not be underestimated: a significant part is played by the forms of production,distribution and diffusion, the emergence of new trends and also technical difficulties.After a general analysis of these closely interconnected factors, a sample of nine case studiesprovides a portrait of film plurality in Spain as it is undergoing a period of hope and timid opening.Through an in‐depth study of the complicated creation of films representative of the main genres andcurrents as well as the different stages in the history of Spanish cinema from 1955 to 1967, it appearsthat the interdependency of the State and the industry is the breeding ground for a systematic use ofmultiple versions, whether deliberate or imposed

Devant la prolifération des dispositifs et des technologies de la représentation et de la diffusion, le cinéma se manifeste à travers une diversité de supports pour véhiculer les contenus audiovisuels. Le téléchargement des films via Internet sur un écran personnel, qu'il s'agisse d'un téléviseur ou d'un ordinateur, dans la sphère domestique représente, entre autres, une des étapes importantes dans l'évolution du cinéma vers des dispositifs autres que traditionnels. Aujourd'hui, cette pratique émergeante de visionnement de films peut être qualifié de e-cinéma. Cette étude de réception s'articule autour des questions suivantes: en quoi l'expérience du e-cinéma est-elle différente de l'expérience cinématographique en salle? Et le terme spectateur est-il encore justifié pour caractériser un individu ayant des pratiques de visionnement aussi variées? Face à l'ambivalence des pratiques culturelles de réception cinématographique, les notions de spectateur ou même de public rencontrent des limites conceptuelles non négligeables, laissant la place à une redéfinition de cet individu récepteur-décodeur de l'image.

Submitted by KAROLINE GESSIANE PERSEGUEIRO null (karolinepersegueiro@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-21T22:01:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho_Final.pdf: 4152120 bytes, checksum: f6ffaaf8a14631bf9205f14e2d02a77e (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-27T17:38:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 persegueiro_kg_me_rcla.pdf: 4152120 bytes, checksum: f6ffaaf8a14631bf9205f14e2d02a77e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-27T17:38:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 persegueiro_kg_me_rcla.pdf: 4152120 bytes, checksum: f6ffaaf8a14631bf9205f14e2d02a77e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo pesquisar em uma escola de educação especial se o cinema pode desenvolver algumas das Inteligências Múltiplas? A teoria das inteligências múltiplas foi desenvolvida pelo psicólogo Howard Gardner (1983) e questiona o conceito de inteligência como uma única faculdade intelectual. Parte do princípio que o ser humano pode apresentar mais de uma inteligência e desempenhar habilidades e competências em diversas áreas de conhecimento. Para o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa foram selecionados 14 alunos deficientes intelectuais leves para participar de um grupo. Esta pesquisa foi realizada na Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE), na cidade de Rio Claro. A proposta da pesquisa é compreender o estudo das Inteligências Múltiplas e a contribuição que o cinema pode desempenhar aos alunos deficientes intelectuais. Pautados nesse princípio, destaca-se a importância do cineasta francês Alain Bergala que tem inspirado educadores, pois discute possibilidades metodológicas para a utilização de filmes dentro da escola que visam trabalhar o cinema como arte e como hipótese de alteridade. A partir dessas concepções, foram desenvolvidas com o grupo de alunos na APAE atividades de exibição de filmes. A escolha desses filmes aconteceram por meio de uma seleção com alguns critérios. Os filmes selecionados possuem personagens deficientes intelectuais e são filmes que podem representar conteúdos relevantes para o aprendizado desses alunos. Por isso foram selecionados cinco filmes e temáticas para serem discutidas com o grupo. Os filmes selecionados e as temáticas foram: Simples como Amar, que discute as relações amorosas/sexualidade/constituição familiar, De porta em porta que discute trabalho / autonomia e independência, Meu nome é rádio que discute discriminação e o preconceito, o quarto filme escolhido Colegas para discutir a importância dos vínculos sociais (a amizade) e O guardião de Memórias, que aborda o tema da rejeição familiar e preconceito sobre o deficiente intelectual/ Síndrome de Down. A metodologia utilizada é a pesquisa de intervenção, sendo desenvolvidas atividades práticas com os alunos. Desta forma, a pesquisa visa discutir a teoria das Inteligências Múltiplas na área da educação especial e o cinema por meio da perspectiva de Alain Bergala.
This study aims to search for a special education school if cinema can develop some of Multiple Intelligences? The theory of multiple intelligences was developed by psychologist Howard Gardner (1983), which questions the concept of intelligence as a unique human faculty. It assumes that a human being can have more of an intelligence and play skills and expertise in various fields of knowledge. For the development of this survey were selected 14 mild intellectual disabled students to participate in a group. This research was conducted in the Association of Parents and Friends of Exceptional (APAE) in the city of Rio Claro. The purpose of the research is to understand the study of Multiple Intelligences and the contribution that cinema can play in intellectual disabled students. Our hypothesis is that teachers working in APAE understand the film only as an entertainment, disregarding other ways, such as: language, art and learning. As asks Silva (2007, p.52), "Does the movie is just fun without any educational value?". Guided by this principle, we highlight the importance of French filmmaker Alain Bergala that has inspired educators, it discusses methodological possibilities for the use of film in school aimed at working cinema as art and as otherness hypothesis. From these concepts were developed with the group of students in APAE film screenings activities. The choice of these films took place through a selection of some criteria. The selected films have intellectual disabilities are characters and films that may represent relevant content for the learning of these students. So we selected five films and themes to be discussed with the group. The selected films and the themes were: Simple as Amar, discussing love relationships / sexuality / family constitution, Door to door discussing work / autonomy and independence, my name is radio discussing discrimination and prejudice, the chosen room movie colleagues to discuss the importance of social ties (friendship) and The Memoirs of guardian, which addresses the issue of family rejection and prejudice on the intellectual disabled / Down Syndrome. The methodology used is the intervention research, being developed practical activities with the students. Thus, the research aims to discuss the theory of Multiple Intelligences in the field of special education and film by Alain Bergala perspective.

Cette étude prend pour objet les salles de cinéma et la relation des spectateurs avec elles. Pour pouvoir embrasser toutes les facettes de la salle de cinéma à l’ère de la multiplication des écrans, le travail s’insère pleinement dans une perspective socio-économique qui articule méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives et s’organise en trois grandes parties. La première décrit les lignes générales de l’expérience cinématographique avec ses écrans et ses sites, la deuxième aborde directement le contexte du paysage cinématographique en Turquie, et la troisième partie s’attache à décrire la place des spectateurs dans ce contexte particulier. Il essaye de construire, à la manière d’un puzzle, le portrait du spectateur-type en Turquie, tout en espérant que ce portrait sera révélateur pour comprendre le spectateur actuel. Les observations par immersion faites dans le cadre de cette étude témoignent de l’existence d’une ligne commune qui traverse tous les types de salles, que ce soit des multiplexes, des salles de quartier ou des espaces de visionnement alternatifs, et de la continuation de l’expérience en salle à domicile
The object of this research is the movie theaters and the relationship of the audience with them. To embrace all aspects of the movie theaters in the era of proliferation of screens, the study which follows up a socio-economic perspective articulating quantitative and qualitative methods is organized into three parts. The first part describes the general lines of the cinematic experience with its screens and sites, the second directly addresses the context of the film industry in Turkey, and the third sets out to analyze the place of the movie spectators in this particular context. It thus tries to build up like a jigsaw puzzle, a portrait of the typical spectator in Turkey, hoping that this portrait would be relevant to understand today’s audience. The field observations made within the framework of this study demonstrate the existence of a common line cutting across all types of movie theaters, whether it be multiplexes, neighborhood cinemas or alternative screening areas, and illustrate the continuation of the theater experience at home

L’exploitant de cinéma articule l’espace public cinématographique et l’espace public ; il offre une définition, une objectivation du cinéma au sein de l’espace public, dans la manière dont il construit un cadre d’expérience esthétique. Il est donc à la croisée des chemins : il doit veiller à donner un site (matériel et symbolique) à l’expérience esthétique, selon les logiques propres à son champ et en considérant la « demande » du public.Les problématiques de son métier concernent aussi bien son positionnement concurrentiel, que son positionnement au sein de l’espace public cinématographique ainsi qu’au sein de l’espace public. La présente thèse vise à en rendre compte, de manière transdisciplinaire et engage également une réflexion sur le discours porté sur le cinéma au sein de l’espace public ainsi que la fonction que lui accorde cet espace. Les nouveaux dispositifs numériques peuvent conduire à la radicalisation du caractère mass media du film (en multipliant les modalités de réception), mais ils offrent également nouvelles configurations esthétiques; le cinéma doit donc être (re)défini en fonction de ces nouvelles possibilités (partie 1).C’est toute l’institution cinématographique qui est confrontée à la problématique de l’émergence des nouveaux médias et qui, malgré elle, tend à réduire la valeur expérientielle du cinéma au caractère mass media du film. Or, c’est le marché qui capte et exploite le plus cette logique (partie 2).Cependant, l’exploitant n’est pas seulement un diffuseur ; le travail de l’exploitant est également d’opérer une médiation. Ainsi, il s’agit de considérer les problématiques de sociabilité engagées par la salle de cinéma et les conditions de création de micro-agora, de micro espace public par l’exploitation (partie 3).Ce n’est que dans une saisie globale des deux aspects du cinéma (mass media et micro agora) que l’exploitant a une fonction claire et importante, qu’il convient de revaloriser au sein de l’espace public cinématographique (conclusion)
The movie theatre manager articulates the cinematographic public place and the public place. He proposes a definition and an objectification of the cinema within the public place, depending how he « builds » an aesthetic experiment frame. Thus, the movie theatre manager is on a « crossroad ’: he has to ensure the (material and symbolical) frame required for an aesthetic experiment, depending on institutional practices and according to the spectators « demands». The business challenges of the movie theatre manager concern as well its competitive location, as its location within the cinematographic public place as well as within the public place. This thesis aims at reporting it, in an interdisciplinary way. It also commits a comment on the definitions of the cinema belonging to the public place as well as the function that this space grants it.The new digital devices can drive to the radicalisation of the mass media aspect of the movie (by multiplying the ways of reception). But they also offer new aesthetic configurations. Thus, the cinema has to be (re) defined according to these new possibilities (Part 1).It is all the film institution which is concerned by the problems due to the new technologies emergence and which tends to reduce the cinematographic experiential value to the mass media of the film aspect. Now the market exploits this logic more than the institutions do and so appears as the only guarantor of the quality (Part 2).However, the movie theatre manager is not only a diffuser; his work also is to proceeds a mediation. So, it is a matter of considering the sociability problematics committed by the theatre space and the conditions of creation of micro- agora, micro public place by the movie theatre (Part 3).It is only in a global seizure of both aspects of the cinema (mass media and micro-agora) that the movie theatre manager has a clear and an important function, that it must be revalued within the film public place (conclusion)

Dans le cadre d'une maîtrise en recherche création, j'ai voulu explorer comment la juxtaposition de variantes d'une même réalité, approche narrative que j'emploie dans ma pratique cinématographique, peut s'appliquer dans une production théâtrale. L'essai qui suit témoigne de ce voyage exploratoire, en partant de ma discipline habituelle, le cinéma, pour aller vers un nouveau territoire de création, celui du théâtre. Le texte de la pièce Frozen, de l'auteur britannique Bryony Lavery, a servi de point de départ pour la recherche. Au cours de deux laboratoires au LANTISS (Laboratoire des nouvelles technologies de l'image, du son et de la scène) à l'Université Laval, mes collaborateurs et moi avons expérimenté avec diverses approches et techniques, empruntés tant du monde du théâtre que de celui du cinéma, pour développer une proposition d'écriture scénique qui intègre l'idée des multiples variantes d'une même réalité. À l'origine, cette proposition d'écriture scénique représentait la finalité de mon projet de maîtrise, mais en cours de recherche le Théâtre de la Bordée s'est intéressé au travail et m'a proposé d'intégrer la pièce dans sa programmation régulière. J'ai donc pu présenter le fruit de mes expérimentations à un large public, dans le cadre d'une production montée dans un théâtre institutionnel de Québec. Le présent texte fait d'abord état des résultats des recherches après la phase des laboratoires, mais avant les représentations publiques à la Bordée. Il examine ensuite comment ces résultats ont pu être appliqués dans le contexte d'une production véritable.

Contemporary American visual culture is saturated with animation, from websites and advertisements to adult and children's television programs. Animated films have dominated the American box office since Toy Story (1995) and show no signs of relenting, as demonstrated by Up (2009) and Alice in Wonderland (2010). Scholarly interest in animation has paralleled the steady rise of the popularity of the medium. Publications addressing animation have migrated from niche journals, such as such as Animation Journal and Wide Angle, to one of the most mainstream English-language publications, the Modern Language Association's Profession, which included Judith Halberstam's article "Animation" in 2009, in which she discusses the potential of animation to transcend outdated notions of disciplinary divides and to unify the sciences and humanities. However, the origins of the animated feature film remain obscured. My dissertation clarifies this obscurity by recovering Lotte Reiniger, the inventor of the multiplane camera and producer of the first animated feature film, The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926). Because of the international and interdisciplinary qualities of animation, my project draws upon a wide array of disciplines including film theory, historiography, and criticism; European modernisms; animation studies; early German culture; folklore; and literary adaptation. In order to explore such diverse subject matter I utilize feminist, discourse, Marxist/cultural, and film theories. My first chapter demonstrates inconsistencies concerning the development of the animated film throughout animation scholarship despite the recent proliferation of publications. Most of the scholarship misattributes the innovations of Reiniger, including her invention of the multiplane camera and the animated feature film, to the Disney Company. The related scholarship reveals a suspicious omission, or passing mention, of Reiniger. The conflicting and sparse scholarship prompts my inquiry into the causes of her critical marginalization. In the second chapter I historically and culturally contextualize Reiniger by examining contemporaneous writers and artists, as well as the early German film industry. I argue that (German) national identity negatively impacted her and the film's discourse position. I contextualize Prince Achmed within Expressionism, Bauhaus, Constructivism, Dada, Surrealism, and the New Objectivity and measure it by contemporaneous critical standards represented by Kracauer, Balazs, and Arnheim. An analysis of the film as an adaptation of a popular literary text highlights its formal singularity: its status as an independent animated feature. Despite initial critical acclaim and use of elements from celebrated visual movements, the very elements that are unique to the film have historically contributed to its critical neglect. I posit that 1926, the year of Prince Achmed's Berlin and Parisian releases, was a particularly difficult time for the German film industry. The difficulties of this era were intensified for independent productions, such as Prince Achmed. Hollywood had established hegemony after targeting its only competition, the German film industry. Americanism dominated Weimar culture, resulting in domestic critical neglect of German film. Anti-German sentiment abounded internationally. The convergence of these events coincided with the release of Prince Achmed and further damaged its critical legacy. In chapter three I consider the influence of gender on the discourse positions of Reiniger and Prince Achmed. An overview of contemporaneous female artists and filmmakers elucidates the complicated relationships between women and film and women and modernity. Invoking Guyatri Chakravorty Spivak's interrelated concepts of the "politics of interpretation," "cultural marginalia," and "masculist centrality/feminist marginality," I posit Prince Achmed as a feminist celebration of handicraft and a critique of modern culture. Reiniger embraces her relegation to the private/domestic/feminine realm by revolutionizing silhouette cutting in the form of animated (feature) film. In Prince Achmed she critiques the contradiction between imagery of the New Woman and the actual plight of women in modernity. After situating animated film within the larger genre of film, in chapter four I reflect upon the scholarly tendency to relegate film to a status subordinate to traditional visual media, thereby further marginalizing animation. In this chapter I also define and debunk the Disney myth, which includes widespread misconceptions that Disney invented the multiplane camera and pioneered the animated feature film. I highlight contributing factors such as a noticeable lack of animation scholarship (Edera; Pilling) and a gap in interwar German history during which Prince Achmed was produced (Kracauer; Arnheim; Edera). The concept of "historical imaginary" developed by Elsaesser and Foucauldian "mechanisms of power" assist an understanding of the creation and nearly century-long perpetuation of the Disney myth, which has lost relevance to contemporary critical discourse. Having established primary and tertiary causes of the marginalization of Reiniger and Prince Achmed, I determine that this is a timely project since, according to Walter Benjamin, all images become intelligible only in later corresponding epochs. This "synchronicity" renders Prince Achmed comprehensible to critics in contemporary American animation-saturated culture. Because each chapter focuses on an element of otherness, my project illuminates the individual and culminating effects of national identity, gender, and genre on film history and discourse. By restoring Lotte Reiniger and Prince Achmed to their rightful discourse positions, my dissertation challenges existing understandings of the origins of animated film and development of the medium of film. Furthermore, my project encourages interdisciplinary scholarship, ongoing recovery of women and other historically overlooked groups, and interrogations of literary and other canonization.

This project explores the areas of human perception and story narrative in moving images. Engaged by the research question, “Can spectators become co-authors in the process of a story narrative?”, the research focuses on exploring the co-existence and contradiction between the values of spectators and an author in a process of a narrative by developing a new potential narrative approach with multiple perspectives. I hypothesise that spectators could participate with the story narrative process as co-authors. My key method is to engage with spectators’ participation within a narration (story) by displaying story fragments across multiple screens simultaneously. The potential of having a story spread across multiple screens might bring further interest to authors to re-think the notion of a spectator and tell a story with multiple perspectives in a narrative process with spectators. In order to develop this project, I will use different approaches, such as Grounded Theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1998), Data Visualisation (Tufte, 1983), Action Research (Kemmis & McTaggart, 1988) and Heuristics (Moustakas, 1990), which I will explain in further details in each chapter of my exegesis.

Cette étude est consacrée à l’analyse de la coexistence de la réalité et de l’imaginaire dans l’œuvre d’Apichatpong Weerasethakul. Les modalités de rencontre et de croisement de ces deux dimensions dans un film ou entre des films sont éclaircies à travers des observations pratiques et détaillées. Partant de l’analyse de l’influence de deux cultures différentes – la sensibilité autochtone thaïlandaise et la tendance du cinéma expérimental occidental – nous envisageons d’une part les modalités de captation des scènes de la vie réelle et d’autre part la manière de découvrir et de révéler le côté invisible qui entoure ce champ visible. La narration filmique est représentée de manière diverse en déviant de la règle classique. Dans le processus de formation d’une histoire, des matières hétérogènes sont englobées et des textes divers sont connectés. Par ailleurs, l’univers flexible et libre de Weerasethakul présuppose toujours des temps multiples virtuels, caractéristique essentielle que l’on retrouve dans toutes ses œuvres, des courts-métrages aux installations en passant par les long-métrages. Par conséquent, la distinction entre la dimension réelle et la dimension irréelle/surréelle perd en clarté ; la ligne de distinction est quasiment annulée. Le réalisateur propose ainsi une autre vision du monde se basant sur la tradition bouddhique thaïlandaise qui pourrait sembler absurde du point de vue du rationalisme moderne de l’Occident. En traversant ainsi les discussions autour du monde hybride de Weerasethakul, cette étude a pour ambition de démontrer que son cinéma (re)trouve la beauté et la puissance de la réalité à travers l’imaginaire
This study is about the analysis of the coexistence of reality and imagination in the work of Apichatpong Weerasethakul. The modalities of encountering and crossing of these two dimensions in a film or between films are clarified through practical and detailed observations. On the basis of an analysis of the influence of two different cultures – the Thai indigenous sensibility and the tendency of Western experimental cinema –, we search on the one hand the modalities of capturing the scenes of real life, and on the other hand how to discover and reveal the invisible side that surrounds this visible field. The narrative of his films is represented in a diverse way by deviating from the classical rule. In the process of forming a narrative, heterogeneous materials are embraced and various texts are connected. Moreover, the flexible and free world of Weerasethakul always presupposes virtual multiple times, an essential characteristic that can be found in all his works, from short films to installations to the feature films. Therefore, the distinction between the real dimension and the unreal / surreal dimension loses clarity; the line of distinction is virtually canceled. The filmmaker thus proposes another view of the world based on the Thai Buddhist tradition that might seem absurd from the point of view of modern rationalism of the West. By crossing the discussions around the hybrid world of Weerasethakul, this study aims to demonstrate that his cinema (re)finds the beauty and power of reality through the imagination

Malgré sa récente remise en lumière, le cinéma muet est toujours menacé de disparition, du fait notamment de la décomposition des supports nitrate avec le temps. On estime que 80 pour cent de la production cinématographique mondiale de 1895 à 1929 serait de nos jours perdue, rendant d’autant plus cruciale la restauration des films muets subsistants. Malheureusement, un siècle après, ces films se présentent souvent dans des versions incomplètes et parfois différentes de celles d’origine. Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans ce cadre et démontre plus spécifiquement l’apport fondamental des documents d’archives non-film d’époque dans les processus de restauration de films muets. Ces documents, qui constituent désormais les seules sources attestant de la forme d’origine et complète de ces œuvres, permettent notamment, par comparaison avec les films incomplets, l’identification des versions conservées et la reconstruction des trames narratives. Cette réflexion théorique sur les principes directeurs de la restauration de films [I] est ensuite mise en pratique au travers de notre analyse des éléments de restauration du fonds d’archives non-film de la société de production américaine Triangle Film Corporation (1915-1919) conservés par la Cinémathèque française [II] puis, grâce à l’exploitation de ces éléments, au travers de notre contribution aux restaurations des versions françaises du western The Desert Man (La Cité du désespoir, William S. Hart, 1917) et du drame historique The Despoiler (Châtiment, Reginald Barker, 1915) [III] ; deux films Triangle jusqu’alors considérés comme perdus qui constituent les seuls éléments filmiques localisés à ce jour dans le monde
Despite its recent re-lighting, silent cinema is still threatened by disappearance, notably because of nitrate film decomposition over time. It is estimated that 80 per cent of the world cinema production from 1895 to 1929 is currently lost, which makes silent film restoration even more crucial for those that still exist. Unfortunately, a century later, those films often remain in incomplete versions, sometimes even different from the original ones. This research work falls within this scope and specifically demonstrates the essential input of non-film archival documents of the time in silent film restoration processes. Those documents from now on represent the only sources attesting the original and complete form of those films. They notably allow, by comparing them with the incomplete films, both the identification of the preserved versions and the reconstruction of the narrative spine. This theoretical reflection on film restoration guiding principles [I] is then put into practice first through our examination of the restoration elements of the non-film archive collection of the American production company Triangle Film Corporation (1915-1919) preserved by the Cinémathèque française [II] then, based on the exploitation of these elements, through our contribution to the restorations of the French versions of the western The Desert Man (La Cité du désespoir, William S. Hart, 1917) and the historical drama The Despoiler (Châtiment, Reginald Barker, 1915) [III] ; two Triangle films so far presumed lost that constitute the only film elements located in the world until now

An examination of the representation of young characters (aged 12 to 20) in fictional feature films made in the United States between 1981 and 1996. The author argues that youth films constitute a legitimate genre of cinema study, and that five subgenres of the youth genre have been prominent during the 1980s and 1990s: school, delinquency, horror, science, and love/sex films. These subgenres, through their various codes and motifs, engender particular images of youth over time and under certain circumstances, yielding a complex structure of teenage identities and styles. The character types within each subgenre are analyzed, as are the release patterns of the films and their connections to contemporary cinematic and cultural trends, such as: the proliferation of multiplex theaters in shopping malls, the introduction of the PG-13 movie rating, the increasing production of straight-to-video films, and the political-economic emergence of Generation X. A further argument is that genre study cannot properly be conducted without a widely inclusive frame of textual examples, and or addressed. Each film is studied within its relevant subgeneric category, and its narrative depiction of young characters is detailed. By placing these films in their social and historical contexts, and foregrounding the film industry's attempts to appeal to young audiences with these films, the dissertation concludes that most youth films present a complicated image of young people: conflicted yet stoical, hedonistic yet sensitive, naive yet insightful.

Bien que son existence soit presque aussi vieille que le cinéma, l‘écran fragmenté (que les académiciens et autres professionnels du cinéma de langue anglaise désignent communément sous l‘appellation « split screen ») n‘a jamais fait l‘objet d‘analyses véritablement approfondies. Quand il est mentionné dans les livres d‘histoire, l‘écran fragmenté est rapidement esquivé. Pourtant, ses apparitions sont nombreuses. Ce mémoire de maîtrise cherche à corriger nombre d‘idées préétablies en exposant l‘histoire de cette manifestation visuelle, en commençant des débuts (le « cinéma des premiers temps ») jusqu‘à l‘arrivée du « cinéma numérique » du nouveau millénaire.
Despite the fact its existence is almost as old as cinema itself, the fragmented screen (commonly known as « split screen » in the academic and professional world of the seventh art) has never been the object of serious and exhaustive analysis. When mentioned in history books, the fragmented screen is quickly eluded. And yet its appearances are numerous. This Master thesis aims at rectifying a number of pre-established ideas by exposing the history behind this visual manifestation, from early cinema to the arrival of digital films.

碩士
國立東華大學
國際企業學系
97
The academic study papers on real options are continuingly increasing for years, but it still remains not common to the practitioners. The major reason is that the model required difficult mathematical theory. The objective of this study is to establish a simple decision model for manager reference. More companies are still using the traditional DCF method for project valuation, is it a good method or is there any other proper model for business to make investment decision？ This paper tries to apply the Real Options Approach on the study of a multiplex cinemas expansion plan and to demonstrate the appropriate timing for entrance or exit the market. The result is also compared with the traditional NPV rule to show the option value of managerial flexibility on the decision-making.

碩士
國立臺灣藝術大學
電影學系
103
Since 1979, the Quay Brothers (Stephen and Timothy Quay) have adopted the puppet as the subject in transit. The complexity of these animated works was deepened by integrating the reasoning and dialectic qualities that exist in painting and photography, thus expanded the range of interpretation for stop motion animation. Quay Brothers’ series of puppet animations,live-action movies and film installations were derived from observations within the field of literature, sound, painting, and the ontology of photographic images. With anamorphosis, or distorted perspectives, the center of the representation model was re-constructed, or at least transposed. Image is also the depiction of such a perspective construction. In Quay Brothers' films, the puppet is like 'the Other' of the liminality, who wanders between reality and virtuality, realism and animation, as well as in between the present and history. Besides the duality, by employing the third puppet as the perspective/audition of the camera, the odd and mysterious atmosphere lingered with the video/audio stylistically. This study attempts to elaborate on the Quay Brothers' texts De Artificiali Perspectiva, or Anamorphosis (1991), The Cabinet of Jan Švankmajer (1984), In Absentia (2000), and Institute Benjamenta (1995) painterly illustrated the parametric narration of David Bordwell from the third puppet’s point of view with the camera. By means of analyzing the segments prudently, the texture and the process of style formation through the inner mechanism of narration were explored. Furthermore, to interpret the messages within the stylistic events, the reference materials such as Street of Crocodiles (1986), the PianoTuner of EarthQuakes (2005), and large-scaled mixed media installation, Eurydice—She So Beloved (2007) were cross researched by applying transdisciplinary theory. In conclusion, the Quay Brothers dug into the secret archives erased from history and constructed liminal spaces connoting La Pensée du dehors through the third puppet's reflexive liminal body. In addition, the free indirect subjectivity of the third puppet becomes attached to the viewers in the process of intermediate media experience, leading to new connections in the institution of cinema.

PURPOSE: To investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in the aqueduct of Sylvius in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy controls (HC) using cine phase contrast imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 67 MS patients (48 relapsing-remitting [RR] and 19 secondary-progressive [SP]), nine patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and 35 age- and sex-matched HC were examined. CSF flow and velocity measures were quantified using a semiautomated method and compared with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disease outcomes. RESULTS: Significantly decreased CSF net flow was detected in MS patients compared to HC (-3.7 vs. -7.1 muL/beat, P = 0.005). There was a trend for increased net positive flow between SP, RR, and CIS patients. Altered CSF flow and velocity measures were associated with more severe T1 and T2 lesion volumes, lateral and fourth ventricular volumes, and third ventricular width in MS and CIS patients (P < 0.01 for all). In CIS patients, conversion to clinically definite MS in the following year was related to decreased CSF net flow (P = 0.007). There was a trend between increased annual relapse rate and altered CSF flow/velocity measures in RRMS patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CSF flow dynamics are altered in MS patients. More severe clinical and MRI outcomes in RRMS and CIS patients relate to altered CSF flow and velocity measures.

碩士
銘傳大學
傳播管理研究所碩士班
96
Choosing a multiple theater for entertainment demands are many different options in Taiwan. As well as brand mentions in this industry are optional. To appeal customers, accommodative service, creativity on brands, and public relations. In this research, Brand Equity, Relationship Quality and Customer Loyalty of multiple theaters are discussed. And the level of influence of above factors are connected. This research conducted questionnaire survey and adopts the method of “convenience sampling” to 447 people sample who have the experience in multiple theater in Metro Taipei area. Additional, this research used the In-Depth Interview method. For the understanding the consumer behavior accurately, the Population Variables is involves in this research. After the statistic analyzing, the research finds are as follows: 1. Brand Equity has a partly positive influence for Customer Loyalty 2. Relation Quality has a partly positive influence for Customer Loyalty 3. Brand Equity has a partly positive influence for Customer Loyalty The difference of cognitions from different Population Variables are as follows, 1. Gender, education level, theater that consuming the most, and consuming amount each month exhibit the difference of cognitions in brand equity; The job exhibit to difference of cognitions in brand associations only. 2. Age, theater that consuming the most, consuming amount each month and the motive for choosing theater exhibit the difference of cognitions in relation quality. The jobs exhibit to difference of cognitions in commitment only. 3. Theater that consuming the most, motive for choosing theater and consuming amount each month exhibit the difference of cognitions in consumer loyalty. Gender of the consumer exhibit the difference of cognitions in cross-buying. Age of the consumer exhibit the difference of cognitions in price scale and cross-buying. Educations of the consumer exhibit the difference of cognitions in repurchasing. Finally, this research advanced five management strategies in consumer operation according the result of this research are as follows. 1. To upgrade the brand association through the innovation of service procedures. 2. To use the marketing strategies for cross-buying. 3. To adjust the prices. 4. To upgrade the relation quality through the consumer identity. 5. To cooperate with macro environment for upgrading the movie content through the multiple theaters.

No
The purpose of this article is to investigate characteristics of cine phase contrast-calculated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and velocity measures in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving standard medical treatment who had been diagnosed with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). This case-controlled, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-blinded study included 15 patients with RR MS who presented with significant stenoses (>/=50% lumen reduction on catheter venography) in the azygous or internal jugular veins. Eight patients underwent PTA in addition to medical therapy immediately following baseline assessments (case group) and seven had delayed PTA after 6 months of medical therapy alone (control group). CSF flow and velocity measures were quantified over 32 phases of the cardiac cycle by a semiautomated method. Outcomes were compared between groups at baseline and at 6 and 12 months of the study by mixed-effect model analysis. At baseline, no significant differences in CSF flow or velocity measures were detected between groups. At month 6, significant improvement in flow (P<.001) and velocity (P = .013) outcomes were detected in the immediate versus the delayed group, and persisted to month 12 (P = .001 and P = .021, respectively). Within-group flow comparisons from baseline to follow-up showed a significant increase in the immediate group (P = .033) but a decrease in the delayed group (P = .024). Altered CSF flow and velocity measures were associated with worsening of clinical and MR outcomes in the delayed group. PTA in patients with MS with CCSVI increased CSF flow and decreased CSF velocity, which are indicative of improved venous parenchyma drainage.