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Journal articles on the topic 'The Nabataeans'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Al-Salameen, Zeyad, and Karl Schmitt-Korte. "Evidence from a Nabataean Inscription Regarding Water and Cult in Nabataea, with Some Remarks on the Nabataean Royal Family." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 26 (December 18, 2022): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.26.2022.26.05.

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The article presents a Nabataean text inscribed in raised relief on a bronze plate and dated to the seventh year of the Nabataean king Aretas IV (3 BC). The text is significant since it mentions the dedication of a water well/cistern by Aretas, to his god Dushara, the God of Gaia “for the life of himself and his wife ḥldw, queen of the Nabataeans, and their daughter pṣʾl.” The paper includes a commentary on the vocabulary of the text and sheds some light on water and its association with the cult in Nabataea. In addition, it provides some details about ḥldw, queen of the Nabataeans and pṣʾl, t

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2

محمود, سالم غانم. "بجنوب سيناء ﻣُﻜَﺘَّﺐ دراسة تحليلية لنقوش نبطية من وادي". Abgadiyat 13, № 1 (2018): ٦۸—۷۹. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138609-01301013.

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The Nabataeans were a group of nomads living in the Arabian Desert, who grouped together and centered on a rather vast area for over 400 years. At this peak, the Nabataeans stretched from modern-day Madain Saleh to Damascus, and from Western Iraq to Peninsula of Sinai according to some historians. No one is sure how large their Empire really was. They were elusive and mysterious, while their caravans traveled widely. It is difficult to be certain of the borders of their kingdom, or the extent of their travel.Wadi Mukattab in South Sinai is also known as the Valley of the Inscriptions; in this

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3

Al-Hamad, Muntasir F., and Salah Said Al-Salman. "A Second New Rabel II Nabataean Inscription from Umm-el-Jimāl." Athīrat: Journal of Ancient Arabia 1, no. 1-2 (2025): 273–80. https://doi.org/10.1163/30504880-12340014.

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Abstract This paper examines an unpublished Nabataean inscription from Umm-el-Jimāl, dated to the fifth year of the reign of King Rabel II (75 CE). The inscription mentions Rabel II, the last Nabataean king, and his title, “King of the Nabataeans” (mlk nbṭw), is historically significant. It reflects the political status of the king during a period of transition within the kingdom, shortly after the death of his mother, Queen Shuqailat. The absence of additional royal epithets, later associated with Rabel II, provides insight into the early phase of his rule. The inscription provides substantia

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4

Accettola, Anna. "Josephus’ Nabataeans: a vision of Roman power in the Near East." Journal of Ancient History 8, no. 2 (2020): 256–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jah-2019-0018.

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AbstractNabataean history is significantly overlooked in the works of ancient historians. Josephus is an exception to this, as he includes several important events from Nabataean history in De Bello Judaico and Antiquitates Judaicae. However, his retelling of these events differs between the two works. In this paper, I argue that Josephus became more “pro-Roman” over time and eventually overshadowed an accurate portrayal of Nabataean history in his later narrative. He undermined moments of tension between Rome and Nabataea in order to showcase Roman power in the Near East, even beyond reality.

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5

COLUMBO, Valentina. "Nabataeans and Palmyreans." ARAM Periodical 7, no. 1 (1995): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/aram.7.1.2002238.

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6

Haddad, Naif Adel. "Notes on Urban Planning, Landscape and Architecture of Nabataean Petra Paradigm." European Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning 1, no. 5 (2022): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejarch.2022.1.5.14.

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Hellenism was a real cultural force in Nabataean Petra's urban planning and architectural products. Petra is a paradigm of our knowledge of how the Nabataeans designed and built their urban settlement. In approaching the city, one immediately notices how they planned the city to maximise and take advantage of the accessible majestic landscape topography. They created an extraordinary metropolis in the city centre and the surrounding sandstone mountains. There are many aspects of the particularity and creativity of Nabataean culture during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. In the Nabataean Pet

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7

POTTS, D. T. "Hegra before the Nabataeans." Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 4, no. 1 (1993): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0471.1993.tb00043.x.

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8

Belmonte, Juan Antonio, and A. César González García. "Petra Revisited: An Astronomical Approach to the Nabataean Cultic Calendar." Culture and Cosmos 21, no. 1 and 2 (2017): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01221.0215.

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Petra, the ancient Nabataean capital, has been one of our main research objectives since the first field campaign on site in 1996. 1 In December 2015 a new visit to the city was made to coincide with the winter solstice. Historical, ethnographic, epigraphic and archaeological records are compared in order to gain an insight on the Nabataean calendar. From this multi-source analysis two main points arise: the importance of both equinoxes and winter solstice within the lunisolar calendar and the relevance of some processions and pilgrimages. These combined with illumination effects observed and

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9

KNIGHTS, C. H. "THE NABATAEANS AND THE RECHABITES." Journal of Semitic Studies XXXVIII, no. 2 (1993): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/xxxviii.2.227.

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10

Esra, Erdoğan Şamlıoğlu. "The Nabataean Tomb Inscriptions of Mada'in Salih. John F. Healey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993, 298 s. ISBN: 0199221626." ATEBE, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 139–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5831663.

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As one of the oldest Arab society, Nabataeans had an important role in the development of Arabian thought from the ancient times of history until the birth of the Islam. All kinds of background knowledge that shaped the world of pre-Islamic Arab society contribute to the understanding of the Quran. John F. Healey’s work provides detailed information regarding the history, religion and culture of Nabataeans. The thought that the introduction and examination of Healey’s work will provide important details to the academy in terms of Ancient Arab history has led us to evaluate this boo

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11

Joukowsky, Martha Sharp, and Gregory A. Crawford. "Petra and the Nabataeans: A Bibliography." Journal of the American Oriental Society 124, no. 2 (2004): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4132261.

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12

McKenzie, J. "Review: The Religion of the Nabataeans." Journal of Semitic Studies 49, no. 2 (2004): 351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/49.2.351.

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13

Erickson-Gini, Tali. "Piecing Together the Religion of the Nabataeans." Religion Compass 9, no. 10 (2015): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12148.

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14

Brown, Jeff L. "Ancient Water Engineers: The Nabataeans of Petra." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 84, no. 9 (2014): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000587.

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15

Parr, Peter. "The Nabataeans in Focus: Current Archaeological Research at Petra; Men on the Rocks. The Formation of Nabataean Petra." Palestine Exploration Quarterly 148, no. 1 (2016): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2016.1159417.

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16

Graf, David F., and J. Taylor. "Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans." South African Archaeological Bulletin 58, no. 177 (2003): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889158.

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17

Nada, Al-Rawabdeh, та Al-Manaser Ali. "Documenting and Interpreting Jordan's Epigraphic Heritage: Analysis of New Ancient Northern Arabian Epigraphic Material from the Ḥarrat Al-Shām Desert, North-Eastern Jordan". Arqueologia Iberoamericana 54 (4 жовтня 2024): 44–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13882087.

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This paper focuses on recently discovered Safaitic inscriptions from the Jordanian Badia during the Badia Epigraphic Survey Project (BES), potentially referencing the historical figures King Aretas IV and his son King Malichus II. Drawing from the OCIANA database, which categorizes inscriptions mentioning or related to the Nabataeans or their rulers, these inscriptions have been meticulously studied and scrutinized.

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18

Corbett, Glenn J. "DESERT TRACES: Tracking the Nabataeans in Jordan's Wādī Ramm." Near Eastern Archaeology 75, no. 4 (2012): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.75.4.0208.

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19

PATRICH, Joseph. "Was Dionysos, the Wine God, Venerated by the Nabataeans?" ARAM Periodical 17 (June 5, 2005): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/aram.17.0.583323.

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20

El-Sayyad, Emad Ahmed. "Symbolic and Cultural Indications of Motherhood Figurines in Ancient Arabia." Darah Journal of Arabian Peninsula Studies 2, no. 2 (2024): 157–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/29501768-20240201.

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Abstract This article deals with some aspects of the cultural influences that developed between Arabia and neighboring old-world cradles of civilization, as represented in motherhood figurines found buried with the dead. These reveal the skillfulness of the Arabian artist in shaping the figurines in such a way as to bring out feminine features. The article also demonstrates that the Arabian tribal system passed through two stages: an ancient primitive stage, during which women were socially dominant, as confirmed by the maternal statues; and another stage, prior to the coming of Islam, during

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21

Darby, Robert, and Erin Darby. "The Late Roman fort at ‘Ayn Gharandal, Jordan: interim report on the 2009–2014 field seasons." Journal of Roman Archaeology 28 (2015): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759415002603.

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The site of ‘Ayn Gharandal lies c.70 km north of the Gulf of Aqaba, c.40 km southwest of Petra, and c.200 m west of the mouth of Wadi Gharandal on the E edge of the Wadi Arabah (fig. 1). The ruins lie alongside a paved track running east from the Dead Sea highway. The presence of a spring and small oasis at the mouth of the wadi presumably prompted the first human occupation. Its location controlling an overland pass through the Shara mountain range will have attracted the attention of the Nabataeans and, later, the Roman army, which established an outpost here at the start of the 4th c. A.D.

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22

Pokhodniakova, Aliona. "RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HISTORY OF THE NABATAEANS ACCORDING TO THE EVIDENCE OF ANCIENT NARRATIVE SOURCES." European philosophical and historical discourse 7, no. 2 (2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46340/ephd.2021.7.2.1.

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23

Al-Manaser, Ali, Al-Jowharah Al-Sadoun, Firas Alsoleihat та Moath Al-Fouqha. "Between Petra and the Ḥarrah: the Nabataeans in new Safaitic inscriptions from the Jordanian Badia". Semitica et Classica 12 (січень 2019): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.sec.5.119665.

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24

Mays, Larry W. "Survey of ancient water technologies in semi-arid and arid regions: traditional knowledge for the future." Water Supply 17, no. 5 (2017): 1278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.027.

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There are many people on Earth today that live with severe water shortages and severe lack of sanitation, particularly among the poor. These people for the most part do not understand the knowledge base of methodologies of harvesting and conveying water and sanitation methods that have been around for thousands of years. A survey of ancient water technologies used in semi-arid and arid regions is presented in this paper. The survey will include methodologies used by Mesopotamians, the Persians, the Egyptians, and the Nabataeans. The attempt here is to explore how these traditional methods deve

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25

Erickson-Gini, Tali. "The World of the Nabataeans: Volume 2 of the International Conference "The World of the Herods and the Nabataeans" Held at the British Museum, 17–19 April 2001, Oriens et Occidens, Band 15. Konstantinos D. Politis." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 353 (February 2009): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/basor27805151.

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26

Al Garoo, Asmahan. "Rise and fall of Maritime Hubs in Pre-Islamic Arabia." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 8, no. 3 (2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol8iss3pp57-69.

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Since prehistoric times, the geography of the Arabian Peninsula had a great impact on the growth and development of centers of civilization and maritime hubs. Indeed, starting from the third millennium BC, a number of urban centers of civilization have emerged in the Arab region such as Mesopotamia, Magān (old name of Oman), Dilmun (Bahrain), Pharaonic Egypt, Phoenicia, the Nabataeans, and the ancient South Arabia (Yemen) where such centers reached a high level of development and growth. Arab trade reached a peak in the 1st millennium BC due to the commerce of frankincense and myrrh. The Arabs

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27

Al Garoo, Asmahan. "Rise and fall of Maritime Hubs in Pre-Islamic Arabia." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 8, no. 3 (2018): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53542/jass.v8i3.2456.

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Since prehistoric times, the geography of the Arabian Peninsula had a great impact on the growth and development of centers of civilization and maritime hubs. Indeed, starting from the third millennium BC, a number of urban centers of civilization have emerged in the Arab region such as Mesopotamia, Magān (old name of Oman), Dilmun (Bahrain), Pharaonic Egypt, Phoenicia, the Nabataeans, and the ancient South Arabia (Yemen) where such centers reached a high level of development and growth. Arab trade reached a peak in the 1st millennium BC due to the commerce of frankincense and myrrh. The Arabs

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28

Jangebe, Aliyu Muhammad Sani, та Bello Muhammad. "ظاهرة التعريب في لغة هوسا". Scholars International Journal of Linguistics and Literature 6, № 10 (2023): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijll.2023.v06i10.004.

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Arabization is one of the manifestations of the convergence of the Arabic language with other languages at the level of vocabulary. It is also a genius means of enriching the language. It is a unique phenomenon that enriches verbal wealth in any scientific or social field. Arabization is not a new phenomenon in the Arabic language because it was not an isolated area in the Arab nation. In pre-Islamic times, it was used for connections with neighboring nations, such as the Persians, Ethiopians, Romans, Syriacs, Nabataeans, and others. Naturally, this contact was followed by linguistic friction

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29

Smith, Andrew M. "The World of the Herods: Volume 1 of the International Conference "The World of the Herods and the Nabataeans" Held at the British Museum, 17-19 April 2001. By Nikos Kokkinos. The World of the Nabataeans: Volume 2 of the International Conference "The World of the Nabataeans" Held at the British Museum, 17-19 April 2001. By Konstantinos D. Politis." American Journal of Archaeology 113, no. 2 (2009): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ajs20627583.

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30

Wenner, Sarah, and S. Thomas Parker. "Response to Erickson-Gini’s "Problems and solutions in dating Nabataean pottery in the post-annexation period"." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, no. 30/2 (December 31, 2021): 707–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam30.2.07.

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In the late 1990s, Stephan G. Schmid published a chronological typology of Nabataean Painted Fineware (NPFW) that was widely accepted by scholars of Nabataea and Roman Arabia. Tali Erickson-Gini has since raised concerns about parts of his NPFW typology, specifically related to two decoration types dating to the end of the 1st century and the beginning of the 2nd century CE (Dekorphases 3b and 3c). This article is a response to Erickson-Gini’s critique, published in this volume. We find that there is sufficient evidence to broadly validate Schmid’s proposed dating for the beginning of producti

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31

Perry, Megan A. "Life and Death in Nabataea: The North Ridge Tombs and Nabataean Burial Practices." Near Eastern Archaeology 65, no. 4 (2002): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210858.

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32

Fiema, Zbigniew T. "Petra and the Nabataeans: A Bibliography. By Gregory A. Crawford. ATLA Bibliography Series 49. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2003. Pp. xii + 274. $65." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 66, no. 2 (2007): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/519052.

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33

Price, Jonathan J. "Jane Taylor, Petra and the Lost Kingdom o f the Nabataeans, London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2001, 224 pp., maps. ISBN 1 86064 508 9." Scripta Classica Israelica 21 (May 16, 2020): 322–23. https://doi.org/10.71043/sci.v21i.3867.

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34

Isaac, Benjamin. "David F. Graf, Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens, Variorum Collected Studies Series, Hampshire: Aldershot, 1997. xviii + 348 pp. ISBN 0-86078-658-7." Scripta Classica Israelica 18 (May 16, 2020): 208–10. https://doi.org/10.71043/sci.v18i.4107.

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35

Erickson-Gini, Tali. "Problems and solutions in dating Nabataean pottery of the post-annexation period." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, no. 30/2 (December 31, 2021): 681–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam30.2.01.

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In the desert regions of the Southern Levant, the dating of Nabataean sherds and vessels is a critical factor in determining the dates of archaeological strata, architecture, and even entire sites. In recent years, archaeologists working at Petra and related sites have tended to date most Nabataean sherds and vessels to the 1st century CE based on the proposed typo-chronology of the Swiss–Liechtenstein excavations at al-Zantur in Petra, published by Stephan G. Schmid (2000). Accepted typo-chronologies must withstand scrutiny and can override imposed historical frameworks. However, an uncritica

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Parker, S. Thomas. "Nabataean and Roman coarse ware cooking pottery from Aila (Aqaba, Jordan)." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, no. 30/2 (December 31, 2021): 655–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam30.2.02.

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The Roman Aqaba Project seeks to reconstruct diachronically the economic history of the ancient port of Aila on the Red Sea (now modern Aqaba in southern Jordan). Excavations of Aila between 1994 and 2003 yielded an enormous quantity of stratified ceramic evidence. This paper focuses on coarse ware cooking vessels recovered from Aila dating to the 1st to early 5th centuries. Although the potters of Aila were influenced by the ceramic traditions of the Nabataean capital at Petra, they also developed an independent ceramic tradition. Further, the Roman annexation of Nabataea in 106 CE, including

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37

al-Salameen, Zeyad, та Taissier Khalaf. "New Nabataean Inscriptions from Ḥaurān, Southern Syria". Abgadiyat 17, № 1 (2023): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138609-01701004.

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Presented here is a collection of six newly discovered Nabataean inscriptions from four sites in Ḥaurān: Dayr Al-Mašqūq, Mayamās, ʿAyn Umm ar-Rummān and Sahwat Al-Khaḍer. The significance of these new texts is that they contain new personal names that have not previously been found in any of the published Nabataean inscriptions. Additionally, they contain some hints relating to the Nabataean religion as well. An overview of the texts is provided along with readings, translations, and a brief commentary.

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Moath, Al-Fuqaha, Alghazawi Raed, and Al-Manaser Ali. "The Thunderbolt and Winged Nike (Allat) Sculptures from Khirbet et-Tannur, Jordan." Arqueologia Iberoamericana 54 (October 14, 2024): 66–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13922218.

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This study deals with two sculptures of the thunderbolt and the winged goddess Nike or Allat, discovered at Khirbet et-Tannur, which are now displayed in the Archaeology Museum at the University of Jordan. The study focuses first on the concept of the Nabataean thunderbolt, its historical origins and its role within Nabataean religion and art. It also explores the concept of the goddess Winged Nike (Allat), and her role in the Nabataean religious pantheon. Finally, the research examines the technical artistic treatment of the two sculptures.

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Haroun, Hiba Farooq. "Nabataean mythology (Pharaoh’s treasury)." Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences 9, no. 3 (2024): 113–18. https://doi.org/10.15406/jhaas.2024.09.00316.

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The rock facades represent the nature of the Nabataean civilization, as they combined elements from all the civilizations of the ancient Near East, including Assyrian, Egyptian, Syrian, Greek, and Roman, in a distinctive and unique Nabataean mold.

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السلامين, زياد مهدي. "المدن والقرى النبطية المتنازع عليها بين الأنباط والمكابيين : دراسة لقائمة المؤرخ فلافيوس جوسيفوس = The Disputed Towns between the Nabataeans and the Maccabees : A Study of the List of Flavius Josephus". Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology 11, № 1 (2017): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0039611.

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41

Almasri, Eyad, and Firas Alawneh. "Petra – Holy City from the Perspective of Art, Architecture, inscriptions and Other Features." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 22 (January 31, 2019): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.04.

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Scholars who have written about the city of Petra have concentrated on the history and archaeology of the city. And, while some of them have written about Nabataean religion, only few of them mentioned information about the holiness of the city; specifically, if it was worshiped as a deity. The aim of this study is to fulfil a gap in Nabataean religion in general and, in particular, re-examine the status of Petra in their religion. In addition to the archaeological evidence, such as buildings, art, and features, the study is based on written resources, such as historical sources and Nabataean

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42

Schick, Robert E. "Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens, by David Graf. (Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS594) 348 pages. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997. $93.95 (Cloth) ISBN 0-86078-658-7." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 33, no. 2 (1999): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400039560.

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43

M., Al-Ajrami,. "NABATAEAN ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS." Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies 14, no. 2 (2024): 249–54. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2024.396693.

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44

Alzoubi, Mahdi. "Nabataean agricultural terminology." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 71, no. 4 (2018): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2018.71.4.8.

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45

al-Theeb, Solaiman, and Madallah al-Hishan. "New Nabataean Inscription from al-CUlā." Abgadiyat 17, no. 1 (2023): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138609-01701007.

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This article focused on a Nabataean inscription found in al-cUlā province, northwest of Saudi Arabia. The importance of this inscription, which consists of five lines, lies in the appearance of the noun, singular, masculine, emphatic “wklwƆ” for the first time in Nabataean inscriptions. Its historical significance lies in the period it was written, which was during the thirty-ninth year of the rule of alḥrtt, the King of the Nabateans, one year before his death.

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46

Kolb, Bernhard. "Excavating a Nabataean Mansion." Near Eastern Archaeology 65, no. 4 (2002): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210857.

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Alzoubi, Mahdi. "The Nabataean timing system." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 69, no. 3 (2016): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2016.69.3.5.

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48

Garstad, Benjamin. "Juvenal's Nabataean Grove (11.126)." Acta Classica 63, no. 1 (2020): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/acl.2020.0002.

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49

Masadeh, Mousa, Fawzi Abudanah, Mohammed Tarawneh, Bellal Abuhelaleh, and Samer Al-Sabi. "History of tourism in Petra from the Nabataean Kingdom until the early 20th century." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 8, no. 9 (2024): 6349. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i9.6349.

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This article provides an account of the tourism in Petra encompassing its development from the time of the Nabataean Kingdom until the early 20th century. It delves into the factors that sparked tourism travel routes taken, security measures implemented, and influential individuals who have shaped Petra’s tourism history. Located at a juncture in the Middle East, Petra has consistently fascinated people with its sense of adventure. The city’s historical importance as a trade hub and a melting pot for cultural exchanges during the Nabataean era laid a strong foundation for its enduring charm. T

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Nour el-Din, Mustafa. "New Nabataean and Thamudic Inscriptions from Al-Manhal Site, Southwest Sinai." Abgadiyat 17, no. 1 (2023): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138609-01701005.

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This research focuses on studying a number of Nabataean inscriptions and one Thamudic inscription from the site of Al-Manhal. The site was discovered by the author in Al-Ramlah area, southwest Sinai, and he called it Al-Manhal, as it is on a lower level than its surrounding, making it a natural basin in which torrential water collects after rain, which made it a destination for people to drink and collect water. On southern rocky slopes there are inscriptions next to petroglyphs. This study includes 18 Nabataean inscriptions and one Thamudic inscription. The study aims to publish and analyze t

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