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1
Bessonov, A. "CRIME AS AN OBJECT OF INQUIRY IN RUSSIAN CRIMINALISTICS ALEKSEY BESSONOV,." BRICS Law Journal 5, no. 2 (2018): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2018-5-2-112-127.
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This article deals with the definition of the subject and objects of modern Russian criminalistics. It is aimed at sensitizing world public opinion to the necessity of inquiry into the criminalistic essence of crime and encouraging criminalists to study new techniques of crime investigation in order to mitigate risks and reduce errors arising in the criminal investigation process.One of the main objects that is constantly undergoing research in Russian criminalistics is criminal activity. The subject of Russian criminalistics is the regularities of criminal activity. When investigating crimes scientists are interested in the information that allows the successful investigation of the crimes and determination of the offender. The information about different types of crimes, which is necessary for crime investigation, is accumulated in the criminalistic characteristic of crimes. The Criminalistic Characteristic of Crimes is a scientific theory of modern Russian criminalistics that makes it possible to fully examine the specific features of crimes of all kinds, i.e. the forensic nature (essence) of crime, the system of crime elements with their characteristics, and the relationship between those elements. In U.S. and European criminalistics, the regularities of criminal activity are not defined as an object of study of this science. Yet, in the U.S. and European countries criminal profilers investigating criminal cases study the criminal links between crimes to identify crime series and crimes committed by similar offenders (or to determine co-offenders).
2
Zhuravel, V. A. "NATURE OF CRIMINALISTICS: MODERN SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 16 (November 30, 2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2016.02.
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The paper discusses genesis and current state of scientific views about the nature essence of Criminalistics. Attention is paid to the fact that the indicated problematics is one of the most debatable in the general theory of Criminalistics and up to date criminalist scientists have not reached a consensus position on this matter. At present two basic scientific concepts about the nature of Criminalistics coexist, one of them considers Criminalistics to be the special legal science and the second - the science of synthetic (integrated) nature. The author's position on the indicated concepts has been expressed.
3
Kolominov, Vyacheslav, and Viktoria Rodivilina. "Modern Approaches to Criminalistic Identification: The Role of Genomic Identification." Siberian Criminal Process and Criminalistic Readings, no. 3 (41) (August 30, 2023): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6122.2023.3.109-117.
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Criminalistic identification is an important instrument in the investigation of crimes. The article analyzes the classification of identification methods with an emphasis on genomic identification. The importance of applying modern methods of genomic identification in criminalistics is stressed, the problems associated with the collection of specimens for comparative research are studied, and the requirements to the collection of traces of biological origin are described. The author presents a review of publications and current research methods in the field of criminalistic identification. A classification of criminalistic identification based on different criteria is given, including the criteria of legal nature, type of reflection, evidential significance and properties of identified objects. Key methods of genomic identification, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), microsatellite analysis, DNA sequencing and others are examined within the context of their application in criminalistics. The author presents the results of analyzing the existing methods of genomic identification and the problems connected with specimen collection. The requirements to the collection of traces of biological origin are identified. However, it is considered impossible to offer a universal algorithm of identifying, collecting and preserving biological evidence. The analysis of the results allows the author to draw conclusions about the importance of genomic identification in criminalistics and the necessity of observing requirements to collecting the traces of biological origin.
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Shevchuk, V. M. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC IDEAS ABOUT TACTICAL OPERATIONS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 15 (November 30, 2016): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2015.05.
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The article studies the creation and development of the criminalistic category of a «tactical operation». The genesis of tactical operations is investigated along two avenues: theoretical (as a scientific category within criminalistics) and practical (as a means ofpractical functioning of investigation bodies). The article provides its analysis of tactical operations with regard to determining factors that influenced the creation and development of this criminalistic category. It investigates into the problems of determining stages in the tactical operations development history and their formation as a scientific criminalistic category as well as a comprehensive tactical tool of practical application in criminal proceedings. The emergence, formation and introduction of arrays of investigation actions, operation and search measures, tactical operations in the forensic and investigation practices are closely connected with the establishment of criminalistics as an independent area of knowledge. Research into the history of emergence and formation as well as the present state and perspectives for the development of tactical operations is necessary to form the concepts of this criminalistic category, determine its nature, essence, theoretical significance and practical application. The article concludes with suggesting perspective areas for further scientific research into the given problems.
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Zhuravel, V. "GENERAL THEORY OF CRIMINALISITCS: APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERSTANDING." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 21, no. 1 (2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2020_01.
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The genesis and current state of scientific approaches to the formation and understanding of criminalistics general theory are outlined. It is noted that the general theory of criminalistics in its development has taken a hard and long way, where we can distinguish the following stages: 1) accumulation of the needed scientific potential in criminalistics; 2) emergence of scientific views as to the need to create a criminalistics general theory; 3) formation and development of scientific ideas on the general theory of criminalistics, its structure, functions, place in the system of criminalistics.
 It is emphasized that the general theory of criminalistics, as a system of basic ideas of this branch of knowledge, covering the most complete reflection of the matter of science, its concepts, categories, definitions, methods in certain connections, is constantly developing. The fundamental provisions, which make up the basis of the general theory are being updated and improved. The degree of the general theory formation reflects the current level of the development of criminalistics science itself.
 An integral part of the criminalistics general theory, its core are criminalistics doctrines (theories) that precede it or, conversely, are caused by it, and study only a certain range of objective reality patterns which are studied by criminalistics in general. The general theory of criminalistics could be considered as a system of different levels of generalization and direction of criminalistics’ doctrines, which collectively constitute the theoretical-methodological basis of that science. The system of criminalistics’ doctrines (theories) constitutes the content of the criminalistics general theory.
 Taking into account the results of the conducted analysis on scientific approaches, it is suggested to distinguish three levels of doctrines in the structure of general theory: 1) criminalistics’ teachings (theories) of scientific-study nature, covering scientific-study issues on an object, subject, methods, area of research, system, nature, conceptual apparatus and categories of criminalistics (the criminalistics language), its inter-scientific relations and place in the system of scientific knowledge, history of development and current state;2) criminalistics teachings (theories) of general scientific nature, which embrace studying the patterns which apply to the entire subject under study, included in it as a whole; 3) criminalistics teachings (theories) of the specific scientific nature, concerning the study of patterns relating to certain aspects of the criminalistics subject, revealing its essence and specificity. The differentiation of criminalistics teachings (theories) into different levels is conditioned primarily by the degree of community of the reflected by them elements of the cognition object, which is introduced by criminalistics itself, or the event of a crime, or crime investigation activities.
6
Stepaniuk, R. L., and T. P. Matiushkova. "Criminalistics and Forensic Sciences: Problems of Differentiation and Integration." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 94, no. 3 (2021): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2021.3.24.
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The authors have clarified perspectives for further development of criminalistics in Ukraine under the influence of integration processes of this science from Forensic Science. The genesis of the national model of criminalistics has been briefly studied; a comparative analysis of its content with Forensic Science has been accomplished; and the ways of further development of the system of criminalistics and related sciences in Ukraine have been defined considering the global tendencies of convergence of different models of this field of scientific knowledge. It has been emphasized that the use of the terms of “Criminalistics”, “Forensic Sciences” and “Criminal Investigation” is explained not just by the specifics of terminology in different countries, but primarily due to differences in defining the nature and internal content of these disciplines. According to the authors, the integration of tactical and technical criminalistics tools and methods of combating crime is quite acceptable and not only significantly enriches the arsenal of criminalistics, but determines its existence as an independent science. Such an approach allows us to consider criminalistics not just as one of the many sections of Forensic Sciences, but to single out it as one of the most comprehensive sciences that integrates all other forensic disciplines. The domestic model of criminalistics, in contrast to Forensic Science, represents the issues of a legal nature (criminalistics tactics and methodology), which makes it a science of dual (synthetic) nature. The integration processes observed in the development of criminalistics and Forensic Science are gradually leading to the convergence of these sciences in content. Given this, it is impractical to take further steps to disintegrate criminalistics in Ukraine by separating forensic expertise into a separate science. Otherwise, there will be a complete depletion of the natural and technical component of criminalistics, which may result in the disappearance of this science in general.
7
Smirnova, Irina. "To the Question of the Nature of the Witness Immunity of Jurors in the Theory of Court Evidence from the Perspective of R.S. Belkins Works." Siberian Criminal Process and Criminalistic Readings, no. 3 (37) (September 13, 2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6122.2022.3.24-29.
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The article commemorates the birthday anniversary of a famous researcher, criminalist, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Researcher of the Russian Soviet Federative Republic Rafail Samuilovich Belkin. The author describes the significance of conclusions and positions presented in the works of R.S. Belkin for the theory of criminal process. Primarily, it refers to his position regarding the structure of the general theory of criminalistics, where a special place is given to the criminalistic theory of the regularities of assessing and using evidence. This area is especially relevant in view of the legal position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the witness immunity of a juror as expressed in the Decree of July 07, 2020 № 33-П. The author suggests studying the law enforcement practice of some foreign countries where the interrogation of jurors as witnesses is a recognized means of ensuring their independence and impartiality, while criminalistics could help to assess and use such evidence in the most effective way.
8
Vardanyan, Akop, and Ilona Makarenko. "Discrediting the Subjects of Crime Disclosure and Investigation and the Criminalistic Methods of Neutralizing It." Russian Journal of Criminology 16, no. 5 (2022): 638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2022.16(5).638-645.
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The article discusses the topical aspects of criminalistic methods for neutralizing the discreditation of the subjects of crime disclosure and investigation viewed as a special form of counteraction by suspects and accused persons. Using theoretical works of scholars of criminalistics, the authors analyzed the theory of counteraction to investigation and established the effectiveness of modern scientifically grounded methods and ways of neutralizing the unprecedented counteraction from the criminal environment in the 1990-s in the structure of organized criminal activities. They studied the conditions for the criminalistic research of discrediting the subjects of crime disclosure and investigation as a method of post-criminal counteraction - the subject-object organization of criminalistics, the development of the criminalistic theory on neutralizing the counteraction to crime investigation, the combination of the activity-based and situational approaches to researching this type of actions. The analysis of monographs on the problems of discrediting the subjects of criminalistic activity in modern conditions allowed the authors to state that they are little-studied and require substantial research, which will help improve the professional competence of the subjects of crime disclosure and investigation, increase the rates of anti-criminal activities in Russia, as well as contribute to all the fundamental areas of the science of criminalistics. It is proven that the discreditation of the subjects of crime disclosure and investigation is an unlawful method of falsifying information characterized by both general (used in all methods and ways of falsification) and specific features typical of only this type of destructive and unlawful human actions and behavior. It is noted that in most cases the discreditation of subjects responsible for criminalistic activities does not constitute a single intent with the method of committing a crime, i.e. its nature is relatively independent and connected with post-criminal determinants. The key goal of the studied way (method) of counteraction consists in obstructing law enforcement in crime disclosure and investigation. The authors present a criminalistic concept of discrediting persons involved in crime disclosure and investigation as a method of counteracting the investigation, analyze their characteristics, prove their scientifically grounded practical value for improving the effectiveness of crime disclosure and investigation.
9
Kushnirenko, S. P., and A. G. Kharatishvili. "Cryptocurrencies Turnover and Forensic Analysis of the Mechanism of Committing Crimes." Kutafin Law Review 9, no. 4 (2023): 774–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2313-5395.2022.4.22.774-792.
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Criminalistics and forensics need rapid development to keep up with the changes in the society that are caused by dramatic changes in information and telecommunication technologies. The paper addresses the issue of including a new subject related to the turnover of cryptocurrencies in criminalistic analysis. Investigative and court practice show that when crimes are committed cryptocurrency can be an object of the offense (e.g., in theft) or can be used by offenders in the mechanism of a crime (e.g., legitimization of proceeds of crime by cashing in). To successfully investigate such crimes, it is necessary to study the mechanism of formation in the cryptocurrency transactions used by criminals in order to provide scientific recommendations to law enforcers concerning detection, fixation, seizure and investigation of traces of a crime. The development of effective tools in criminalistics forms a priority task at the present stage. The authors associate the specifics of the investigation of crimes related to the cryptocurrency turnover with its electronic nature, which determines the criminalistic recommendations proposed in the paper. Urgent training courses for investigators seem to be a reasonable solution to the problem. They can train investigators specializing in the investigation of such crimes, and their training (retraining) should involve the best experts in the field of IT technologies and experts from foreign jurisdictions where law-upholders have already accumulated experience in countering such crimes.
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Rossinskaya, Elena R., and Anastasiya I. Semikalenova. "The Fundamental doctrine of the criminalistics study of computer tools and systems as part of the theory of information and computer support for criminalistics activities." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 11, no. 3 (2020): 745–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2020.315.
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The development of digitalization constantly generates new forms of crime, changes in the mechanisms of how they are committed, and concealment. The problem of combating such crimes is transnational in nature. This article considers the difficulties of creating the criminalistics study of computer tools and systems doctrine as part of the theory of information and computer support of criminalistics activities. The authors’ negative stance on the issue is indicated as well as the addition of definitions to the name of criminalistics that are related to the emergence of new objects of expertise: “electronic criminalistics”, “linguistic criminalistics”, “digital criminalistics”, and others. The unity of criminalistics as a science having its own subject, system, tasks, and objects is declared. The article substantiates the subject of the theory of criminalistics research of computer tools and systems as a system for gathering significant computer information on the basis of the knowledge of which technical and criminalistics methods, tools, techniques, and methods for identifying, fixing, and seizing evidence and orienting criminalistics information about computer tools are developed. In addition, the theory is based on systems in legal proceedings in criminal, civil, and administrative cases. The objects of this theory are computer tools and systems as well as the search and criminalistics evidence of information contained in them. Based on the doctrine of the criminalistics investigation of computer tools and systems, the foundations of a new area of criminalistics techniques and technology, as a system of scientific principles, are provided. This area centers around recommendations, tools, techniques, and methods designed to collect and study information about computer tools and systems. Digital footprints and the processes of their occurrence, transmission, and transformation in order to obtain evidence in legal proceedings, disclosure, and prevention of crimes, are included.
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Shevchuk, V. M. "PLACE OF TACTICAL OPERATIONS IN CRIMINALISTIC SYSTEM." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (December 26, 2018): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.03.
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Issues of finding out the place of tactical operations in the criminalistics system and criminal proceedings are studied. It is proved that while solving this issue it is necessary to proceed from nature of tactical operations, prospects for their development, as well as the specifics of the correlation between criminalistic tactics and investigating methods of certain types of crimes. Development of tactical operations as a scientific concept has become a kind of bridge that combines tactics and investigation methods that enriched investigation as a whole. It is substantiated that tactical operation belongs to the means of criminalistic tactics and in this capacity, as well as other tactical and criminalistic means, is realized in the criminalistic methods. Tactical operations are effective subsystems of criminal proceeding system including tactical operations of pre-trial investigation and tactical operations of legal proceedings. It is proved that criminalistic science and practice of investigation and judicial consideration of certain types of crimes accumulated, systematized and generalized enough volume empirical matter that is the starting point for creation of a specific criminalistic theory of tactical operations, the urgency which does not cause any doubts. First of all, provisions of criminalistic theory of tactical operations form a knowledge system (theoretical generalizations, explanations, conclusions) that characterizes the subject and practical, informational and cognitive aspect of investigation activity and judicial consideration of crimes. Like criminalistic as a whole, a separate theory of tactical operations is applied because it is scientific basis for the development and application of organizational and tactical means of criminal proceedings, optimization of investigative and judicial activity, and need implementation of modern practices in the fight against crime. Necessity of specific criminalistic theory creation of tactical operations which creation will help to level controversial scientist positions in determining the place of tactical operations in the criminalistics system is substantiated. Perspective directions of further scientific developments of the considered problem are offered. Nowadays a promising direction is the development of a separate criminalistic theory of tactical operations, which will further enhance the general criminalistic theory and will increase efficiency and rationalization of criminal proceedings.
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Foygel, Elena. "Modern Trends and Prospects for the Development of Criminalistics Doctrine on the Personality of Participants in Criminal Proceedings." Academic Law Journal 24, no. 1 (2023): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/1819-0928.2023.24(1).101-108.
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The article is devoted to the criminalistics research of the personality of participants in criminal proceedings as a particular criminalistics theory. The stages of formation are analyzed, expediency, scientific viability and practical significance are substantiated. The author›s own point of view on the correlation of the scientific categories “criminalistics doctrine”, “criminalistics theory” is expressed, the names and essence of the foundations of criminalistics research of personality developed in science are analyzed. It has been established that its specificity lies in the subjects, goals and objectives of the study. Unlike criminological, criminal law and criminal procedural study of personality, criminalistics research is aimed at identifying personal properties, signs and conditions that characterize the subjects of criminal proceedings, expressed in the process of carrying out activities related to the commission of a crime, to address issues of identification and diagnostic nature. The results obtained are used to build criminalistics models of a crime, to put forward a sufficient number of substantiated criminalistics versions, as well as to develop techniques and combinations of tactical influence. The main trends in horizontal and vertical development of the criminalistics theory of personality are outlined. It is noted that the horizontal development of particular theory involves a criminalistics study of various categories of participants in criminal proceedings, traditionally limited to the off ender and the victim. It is indicated that the vertical direction of development of the criminalistics study of personality is aimed at the study of individual features, substructures and personality characteristics, among which at present the most popular are the study of the digital image and digital behavior, as well as the ethnic characteristics of the personality of participants in criminal proceedings. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a criminalistics doctrine about the personality of participants in criminal proceedings and the implementation of its results in practical activities to identify, investigate, disclose and prevent crimes.
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Zhuravel, V. A. "SPECIFIC STUDIES IN THE STRUCTURE OF GENERAL CRIMINALISTIC THEORY." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (December 26, 2018): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.02.
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Conceptual approaches to formation and application of certain criminalistic doctrines (theories) as scientific constructions forming the basis of criminalisctic general theory structure and developing the level of theoretical and methodological basis of this science are considered. The author's opinion of Specific Criminalisctic Doctrine (Theory) concept is offered and proposals are made regarding systematization of specific criminalisctic studies, their place in the structure of the criminalistic general theory. It is proposed to allocate two blocks in the structure of the general theory: 1) criminalistic science based essentials including specific criminalistic doctrines (theories) of general scientific level about object, subject, methods, scope of research, system, nature, conceptual apparatus and criminalistic categories (Criminalistic language), its interscientific relations and place in the system of knowledge, development history and the present state; 2) criminalistic theories (doctrines) of a separate scientific level relating to research of patterns that are part of the research subject of criminalistics reveal its essence and specifics. It is emphasized that regularity nature exploring each of specific criminalistic doctrines (theories) determines the order of their ordering in the structure of general theory. Thus between subjects of general criminalistic theory and specific criminalistic doctrines (theories) there are relations of subordination of the whole and part. It is noted that modern system of specific criminalistic doctrines (theories) is dynamic and its improvement is conditioned by the needs of judicial and investigative practice, by the development of related knowledge branches, by the general theory and the most specific criminalistic doctrines, by the relation change and relationships between them. Criteria that should correspond to a specific criminalistic doctrine (theory) are defined. In particular, attention was drawn to the fact that each specific criminalistic doctrine (theory) should have object, subject and research method, reveal its content and nature of relations with other doctrines (theories), define the purpose, tasks, functions and place in criminalistic system, be formed on a certain scientific hypothesis, have necessary empirical basis, as well as the corresponding degree of consolidation determining the possibility of identifying certain regularities expanding and clarifying the subject of criminalistic science in general. Controversial issues regarding this problem are separated; optimizing scientific development ways in this field of knowledge are outlined.
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Terehovich, V., and T. Nimande. "CRIMINALISTIC METHODICS IN THE SYSTEM OF CRIMINALISTIC THEORY." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 19, no. 1 (2019): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2019.05.
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The term “criminal investigation technique” has two meanings in the scope of Theory of Criminalistics. The first meaning of the term is used for disclosure of one of regulatory means in Criminalistics cognition - criminal investigation technique cognition. This meaning of Criminalistics technique is disclosing in the limits of structure of the process of Criminalistics cognition. The second meaning of the term “Criminalistics technique” is disclosing in the limits of description of the system of cognitive activity in the sphere of applying criminal law.
 During disclosure of the second meaning of the term “Criminalistics technique” we are pointing out that, first of all, it is the system of knowledge, used for organization of investigation of the event of criminal offense, id est, knowledge necessary and sufficient for getting new knowledge about the event of criminal offense. Knowledge acquired and used during applying criminal law in Latvia is knowledge of substantiate but not of faith nature. This knowledge is collective (sociable) knowledge and manifests itself during rationalization of investigation of the event of criminal offense. Personal knowledge manifests itself only during the stage of optimization of investigation of the event of criminal offense.
 It is necessary to differentiate knowledge about criminal offense as knowledge about theoretical construction in criminal law and knowledge about the event of criminal offense as knowledge about phenomenon of fragment of material reality, which is evaluated as criminal offence. Knowledge about criminal offense (about corpus delicti) and linked circumstances as theoretical constructions in criminal law is collective (common, social) knowledge. This knowledge is gained by the person investigating the event of the criminal act in the course of long legal education. Knowledge about the event of criminal offense is got during another cognition activity
 - investigation (cognition) of specific event of criminal offense. This knowledge is domain for other people, id est, collective (common, social) knowledge and it is fixed in the materials of criminal case.
 Theoretical knowledge, necessary for reasonable process of investigation of the event of criminal offense, encloses two types of knowledge (primary and guiding) about rationalization of the activity. Criminalistics techniques (system of knowledge about organization of Criminalistics activity) as subbranch of Criminalistics theory is fulfilling methodological function for developing of techniques for organization of investigation of separate types of criminal offenses.
 Keywords: Criminalistics theory, criminalistics techniques, organization of investigation of the event of criminal offense.
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Zhuravel, Volodymyr. "Crime Mechanism as a Category of Criminalistics." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 27, no. 3 (2020): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.27(3).2020.142-154.
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The current stage of criminalistics’ development is characterized by the active formation of its general theory, the definition of the object-matter area of research in this field of knowledge. The relevance of the issues studied in the paper is due to the need of a modern scientific concept of the matter of criminalistics development, identifying the range of patterns studied. The paper is aimed at analysing modern scientific approaches to understanding the crime mechanism as a structural element of the matter of criminalistics science. To achieve this goal, general and special research methods such as dialectical, historical, formal-logical, system-structural, legal forecasting, system and semantic analysis were used. It is proved that the crime mechanism as a holistic system of circumstances, processes, factors that determine the emergence of material and other information carriers about the crime event itself, its participants, provides the opportunity to put forward working investigative versions, investigation planning, targeted search for the consequences of the crime, offender’s identification, victim’s identification, contributes to the criminal legal qualification of the offense, and therefore undoubtedly acts as an object of criminalistics’ cognition. It is emphasized that the crime mechanism only determines the occurrence of traces (material and ideal), and therefore traces as consequences and as a result of the reflective process go beyond its internal structure (building). Therefore, the process of reflecting the crime mechanism in the environment, and hence the emergence of information about a crime and its participants should be considered as a separate aspect of the matter of criminalistics. It is noted that the criminalistics teaching on the crime mechanism studies the nature, essence and content of the functional side of criminal activity, patterns of interaction of participants of a criminal event with each other and with the surrounding material situation (environment), as well as patterns that determine the sources of criminalistics’ significant information on the crime itself and its participants. The process of direct formation of material and ideal traces, the patterns of reflection of the necessary information in them should be studied by another separate criminalistics teaching on the mechanism of trace formation. Attention is paid to the fact that the crime mechanism has connections with other categories of criminalistics and, above all, with the crimes’ criminalistics characteristics. It is stated that crimes’ criminalistics characteristics is a scientific abstract category, which reflects the qualitative and quantitative information of retrospective orientation as a result of cognition of the mechanism of certain types of crimes, i.e. that the crime mechanism is a reflected object, and criminalistics characteristics is a form of its reflection
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Motlich, Yu. "CRIMINALISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF CORRUPTION CRIMES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 64 (May 7, 2019): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.32.
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This article is devoted to the study of criminalistic classification of corruption crimes in local governments. It discusses issues related to determining the basis for constructing a criminalistic classification, types and their significance for the development of criminalistic techniques for investigating corruption crimes in local government. Analysis of the scientific works of scientists led to the conclusion that the criminalistic classification is the basic systematizing element of crime investigation methodology, from which directly complex depends guidelines for the implementation of the investigation and ways to improve such recommendations. Such a scientific position is connected with the very essence of a criminal event as an object of study of criminalistics. The author of the article supports the position of scientists, indicate that the role of the criminalistic classification is to single out criminalistic signs of criminal activity and activities to investigate such crimes. This allows you to build the most effective and optimal criminalistic techniques. The method of investigation of corruption crimes in local governments is related to interspecific methods. Criminalistic construction qualifying offenses given the common criminalistic significant and criminal-legal signs allows science to create such interspecific methods that could satisfy the needs of the investigation. There are various approaches to the solution of the question of determining the grounds for constructing a criminalistic classification. It is necessary to take into account criminal-law and purely criminalistic signs in the implementation of the construction of a criminalistic classification of corruption crimes committed in local government bodies. In addition, it should be emphasized separately that the specific characteristic of the investigated crimes committedcamping in local government, it is the corruption component. Accounting for this specific feature is due to its direct influence on all elements of the criminal event. Therefore, the assignment to corruption of a certain group of crimes committed in local government bodies is associated both with the implementation of the correct criminal law qualification of the act, and with ensuring the proper level of organization and the choice of the correct investigation technique. Given the nature of the corruption component of individual crimes and results of studies of the development of criminalistic classifications, we can conclude that the classification of the study group of crimes should be subject to the following significant features : 1) the identity of the offender; 2) subject of encroachment; 3) method of crime (methods of preparing, committing and concealing crimes) ; 4) criminal technologies; 5) the results and consequences of the crime. The criminalistic classification is a vital element of such an interspecific criminalistic methodology, such as the method of investigating corruption crimes in local governments. Its development is aimed at ensuring the construction of an effective method of investigation of this group of crimes. The allocation of criminalistic classification with regard to criminal law and significant criminalistics grounds will allow to form complex methodological recommendations taking into account various typical situations of the initial and subsequent stages of the investigation, identify typical versions, tactical tasks and provide for an optimal set of means to solve them. Key words: forensic classification, corruption, bodies of local self-government, investigation, methods of investigation of crimes.
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Natura, Alexander, and Denis Natura. "Criminalistics: The Place in the System of Scientific Knowledge and Its Nature." Baikal Research Journal 14, no. 4 (2023): 1626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6262.2023.14(4).1626-1634.
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The key role in the development of fundamental and applied sciences at the present stage of scientific and technological progress is played by various processes of integration and differentiation of scientific knowledge, including the increase, expansion and deepening, in particular, of academic sciences. At the same time, new trends in development are being studied and traditional, long-established ideas about their place and role in the system of scientific branches of knowledge are being reconsidered. Today, there is clearly a situation in which the desire to revise, correct, develop something new (different) has become a very common phenomenon. One of these sciences is criminalistics. Scientific ideas about its subject have changed several times since its inception. The purpose of this study is to identify the most common ideas about the nature and character of the science; establish changes in the content and motives for reconsidering its key provisions. The source of the data were the results of a study of the most famous forensic scientists of the middle and end of the last century, as well as some fundamental works of the author’s teams of the last years of the publication. In the course of the study, four scientific concepts on the subject of criminalistics were identified, a brief description of them was given.
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Toporetska, Z. "CRIMINALISTICS CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLEGAL ENRICHMENT." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 64 (May 7, 2019): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.27.
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In the article based on the analysis of scientific literature on criminology, criminal process and taking into account the actual changes to Art. 368-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention of Corruption” have analyzed the criminalistics significant indications of illegal enrichment. The purpose of this article is to study within its scope the criminalistics significant indications of illegal enrichment. The authors consider the criminalistics characteristics of the crime as a system containing a set of forensic significance features that are inherent in a particular type of crime. Like any systematic education, the forensic description of crimes consists of interconnected components – elements. The specified elements are not isolated, but connected with certain correlation links, determined by the sequential placement of elements in accordance with the sequence of deployment of criminal activity, starting from the position: 1) the identity of the offender acting in the direction 2) the choice of the object of the attack, 3) in in certain conditions, 4) by applying certain methods, 5) causing the corresponding effects in the form of a set of tracks and damage. The article analyzes the following elements of the forensic character of illegal enrichment: the person of the offender, the subject of a direct criminal offense, the method of committing a crime, a trace pattern. The indicated elements are linked by correlation bonds, which reflect the dynamic, “phase” nature, due to the sequential placement of elements in accordance with the sequence of deployment of criminal activity. Forensic characteristics of illegal enrichment help to distinguish this offense from other official and corruption crimes. Forensic characteristics of illegal enrichment facilitate the determination of a range of circumstances to be proved in a criminal proceeding for crimes of this kind and the planning of their investigation. At the same time, while investigating crimes of this kind, there are a number of problems that require further resolution, and therefore this issue requires a separate scientific study, which will be the subject of further research. Key words: criminalistics, criminal process, forensic characteristic, illegal enrichment.
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Zhuravlev, Sergey. "Researching the Process of Using Special Knowledge in Criminal Activities as a Condition for the Objectivity of the Cognition and Qualification of Criminal Realitys Manifestations." Siberian Criminal Process and Criminalistic Readings, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6122.2021.4.41-49.
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The author researches the process of using special knowledge in criminal activities while taking into account the contents of the object of criminalistics, and the essence of the criminalistic culture of law enforcement. Examples are presented to illustrate the features of using specialized knowledge in the criminal sphere. The author analyzes the conditions for defining the role of a concrete person, acting as a specialist, in preparing and committing a crime. The specific features of the theoretical platform of criminal law sciences are singled out. Priorities in the classification and qualification spheres of criminal law knowledge are established. The author draws attention to the identification, prediction and diagnostic essence of criminal knowledge and describes the connection between the nature of a lawyer’s cognitive activities and the qualification boundaries of criminal law actions. It is noted that the process of cognizing the criminal reality is dialectic. The author shows the primacy of the substantive understanding of the act of crime while taking into account the criminal law and procedure benchmarks for working out methodological and tactical decisions in the process of crime investigation.
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Ishchenko, Yevgeny, and Nadezhda Kruchinina. "High-Tech Linked Crimes." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 5 (2019): 740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(5).740-746.
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Modern research advanced open wide prospects for socio-economic and cultural progress, but they could also pose a threat for human rights and liberties. It is stated in the article that the transformation of the modern world under the influence of high technologies is leading to the emergence of new types of crimes; the authors show the necessity of developing a criminal law reaction to crimes connected with artificial intelligence, cybercrimes, crimes in the sphere of biotech, as well as the need to work out new approaches to fighting crimes linked to high technologies. The authors claim that the foundations for digital criminalistics have already been laid. They analyze the use of hi tech with criminal purposes in different spheres, including assisted reproductive technologies, and stress that the problems of population replacement, connected with human reproductive functions, are essential for the existence and development of any state and society. Meanwhile, there are considerable discrepancies in how different countries understand human reproductive rights, their protection and regulation. The criminal nature of different actions in the sphere of human reproduction is also understood differently. Modern medical technologies open up great possibilities in the sphere of assisted human reproduction, at the same time, this area is connected with legal risks. The authors attempt to compile a list of crimes against reproductive rights of humans and to view them as a unified object of criminalistic research. It is noted that the use of biotechnologies with criminal purposes could take the form of improper exercise and excess of authority, corruption, fraud and extortion. The article includes the results of the criminalistic analysis of legislation regarding assisted reproduction technologies. It has been revealed that the use of such technologies in Russia is growing year by year, while the legislation regulating legal relations in this sphere makes it possible to use its imperfections and to commit abuses and crimes connected with various falsifications. It is proven that the task of criminalistics is to develop effective technical, tactical and methodological recommendations with the goal of identifying and investigating criminally punishable falsifications. Specifically, it is recommended to introduce obligatory notarization of the surrogacy contract, and to change the procedure of presenting corresponding documentation to registry offices.
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Кулешова, А. В. "THE NEED TO DEVELOP A BASIC METHODOLOGY FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF OFFENCES RELATED TO THE ACTIVITIES OF FOREIGN NATIONALS AND STATELESS PERSONS." Digest of research works "Criminalistics: yesterday, today, tomorrow", no. 4(28) (December 22, 2023): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55001/2587-9820.2023.39.85.011.
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Статья посвящена обоснованию целесообразности формирования базовой криминалистической методики расследования преступлений, связанных с деятельностью иностранных граждан и лиц без гражданства, определению ее места в системе частных криминалистических методик. Проанализирована классификация криминалистических методик, высказано собственное мнение на критерии классификации. Установлено, что общепризнанной точкой зрения является выделение трех уровней общности: общий, групповой и частный, в соответствии с которыми формируются комплексы методических рекомендаций. Анализируются существующие научные категории – «видовая», «межвидовая», «укрупненная», «комплексная» методика, делается вывод о целесообразности использования понятия базовой криминалистической методики расследования преступлений, выявляются ее характерные признаки и существенные черты. Характеризуется субъективное криминалистически значимое основание для формирования криминалистической методики – иностранный гражданин (лицо без гражданства). Делается вывод о двоякой природе формируемой методики и определении ее места в структуре криминалистической методики как раздела криминалистики. The article is devoted to substantiation of expediency of formation of the basic criminalistic technique of investigation of crimes related to the activities of foreign citizens and stateless persons, determination of its place in the system of private criminalistic techniques. The classification of forensic techniques is analysed, own opinion on the classification criteria is expressed. It is established that the generally recognised point of view is the allocation of three levels of generality: general, group and private, in accordance with which the complexes of methodological recommendations are formed. The existing scientific categories - "species", "interspecies", "enlarged", "complex" methodology are analysed, the conclusion is made about the expediency of using the concept of basic criminalistic methodology of crime investigation, its characteristic features and essential features are revealed. The subjective criminalistically significant basis for the formation of criminalistic methodology - a foreign citizen (stateless person) is characterised. The conclusion is made about the dual nature of the formed methodology and determination of its place in the structure of criminalistic methodology as a section of criminalistics.
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Parfilo, I. V. "COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL DRUGS AS RESEARCH OBJECT IN CRIMINALISTICS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (December 26, 2018): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.15.
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Counterfeit pharmaceutical drugs are investigated as a subject of a criminal encroachment in the structure of criminalistic characteristics of falsification and circulation of counterfeit drugs. Main channels and sources of receipt of counterfeit pharmaceutical drugs on the Ukranian pharmaceutical market are analyzed. It is proved that structuring of effective method of investigation into examined category of crimes involves carrying out a criminalistic analysis of the criminal encroachment subject and its significance for the structuring of a criminalistic description of these crime. Concept and criminal significant signs of counterfeit pharmaceutical drugs are investigated. It is substantiated that criminalisic feature of the subject of a criminal encroachment other than a criminal law is that it is a consequence of the perceiving and tracing objects of living and inanimate nature, their qualitative and quantitative indices, physico-chemical and consumer properties individualize subject in material world. It is noted that one of the areas of improving the methodology for investigating falsification and circulation of counterfeit pharmaceutical drugs is the study and systematization of data on the subject of a criminal encroachment, identification of regular relationships between hіm and other elements of the criminalistic description of investigated crime сategory. The criminalistic classification of counterfeit drugs according to forgery method; pharmacological group; exterior form; a protecting method of packaging or labels; legal regime for pharmaceutical drug treatment is proposed. It has been proved that subject of a criminal encroachment as a structural element of the criminalistic description of falsification and circulation of counterfeit drugs is important for detection, disclosure and investigation on this crime category, as this is an important source of actual information that allows modeling the mechanism of crime committing and provides an opportunity to gather evidence of such criminal activity while investigation. Scientific approaches and suggestions for solving the controversial issues of criminalistic research of counterfeit drugs are formulated and their significance for formulation and implementation of the investigation methodology of this crime category are indicated.
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Pastukhov, P. S., and G. V. Abshilava. "ABSHILAVA G. V. THE TRANSFORMATION OF FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION IN THE STRUCTURE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL PROVING." Ex jure, no. 4 (2024): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2619-0648-2024-4-109-126.
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modern information interaction using computer technologies, digital information, cellular communications and other information systems and databases creates unique opportunities to increase the effectiveness of identification by remote means. The changes that have taken place in society provide law enforcement agencies with new opportunities for the introduction of remote forensic identification as a universal method of cognition for the detection and investigation of crimes based on a new type of digital traces, modern identifiers and technological identification modules. The changes that have occurred contribute to the introduction into practice of the remote nature of forensic identification as a more advanced type of activity corresponding to the scientific organization of labor. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the development of a special method of criminalistics of cognition within the framework of private criminalistic theory, as well as a process of identifying objects by their representations and the result of such identification in the context of digital transformation of society. The practical significance lies in the introduction of modern practices and technologies that allow you to get the best result with minimal effort and money.
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Bessonov, Aleksey. "Criminalistics in Defence of Russian Traditional Spiritual and Moral Values." Journal of Russian Law 29, no. 1 (2025): 17. https://doi.org/10.61205/jrp.2025.1.2.
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When investigating mass riots, sabotage, incitement to interethnic and interreligious hatred or enmity, inducement of minors to suicide and many other crimes, the use of modern information technologies by criminals in combination with psychological methods of manipulation of human consciousness can be traced. Such technologies of influence on the consciousness and unconsciousness of people are often aimed at changing their worldview, the basis of which is traditional spiritual and moral values. Since Russian traditional spiritual and moral values are the foundation of the sovereignty and national security of our state, public relations related to ensuring their protection are increasingly becoming the object of criminal encroachment. The study of criminalistic features of the mechanism of various types of crime through the prism of their attempt on Russian traditional spiritual and moral values allowed to classify them into two groups: those that directly infringe on these values and in which such values act as an intermediate link of infringement in achieving another criminal goal. The dialectical method of cognition, general scientific methods of abstraction, analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization, as well as special legal methods (comparative law, logical law, etc.) are defined as the methodological basis of the study. According to the results of the study, it was found that criminalistics is one of the most important tools for identifying technologies of criminal encroachments on Russian traditional spiritual and moral values. At the same time, the study of technologies of encroachment on these values should be interdisciplinary in nature with the participation of specialists in the field of criminal law, criminology, psychology, computer science, etc.
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Dyablova, Yuliya, and Inna Tishutina. "Forensic Support of Establishing the Identity: Actual Problems." Russian Journal of Criminology 18, no. 6 (2024): 658–65. https://doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2024.18(6).658-665.
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The authors analyze the place of the forensic support of establishing the identity of a person in the general system of the forensic support of crime detection and investigation. They also justify their position on the broad interpretation of the term “forensic support” and conclude that it should not be extended to include the phenomena, processes, and activities not related to the subject of criminalistics. At the same time, it is stated that the task of establishing the identity, including the identity of a criminal, is one of the most important in the work of the law enforcement bodies responsible for crime detection and investigation. The analysis of the contents, the systematization of the features, and the establishment of the criteria of its differentiation from the related categories (“detection of a person”) allowed the authors to formulate the concept of establishing the identity of a person in criminalistics. In accordance with this, the authors determined the combination of criminalistic methods, means and recommendations used within the framework of the forensic support in general, and establishing the identity of a criminal in particular. They present arguments and formulate conclusions that reflect their position regarding the forensic support of establishing the identity through the use of biometric data and genetic information, and outline some problems of scientific, legal and organizational nature that should be solved in order to improve the effectiveness in these spheres. It is noted that the established practice of departmental forensic registration and record-keeping at different levels, where the systemic connections between elements are sometimes lacking, does not meet the requirements of modern practice, does not ensure the implementation of all directions of forensic registration, and does not correspond to the opportunities offered by information technologies both now or in the future. It is suggested that the approaches to forensic registration should be changed through building a unified system of record-keeping, where the object of registration and the source of information will be the person, presented as an aggregate of forensically relevant features.
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Antonyuk, Iryna. "Criminalistics analysis of fraud in the labor market." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 3, no. 3 (2020): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-3-240-244.
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The article is devoted to the study of organizational and economic mechanisms of regulation of employment in Ukraine. It is emphasized that, in modern conditions of economic development, the problems of effective employment of the population of Ukraine, labor market reform and prevention of mass unemployment become especially important. The labor market is central among other markets. At the same time, the imperfection and existence of conflicts in labor and civil legislation, as well as the inability of law enforcement agencies to resist all new manifestations of fraud, have led to the spread of fraudulent activities in the labor market. A person who has lost faith in finding a decent job, suddenly receiving such an offer, loses vigilance and can accept questionable conditions, as a result of which he becomes a victim. It is emphasized that it is impossible to understand the problem of fraud without studying the pe-culiarities of the labor market and identifying the factors that affect the level of fraud in this area. The activity of persons acting as employers, as well as providing employment mediation services is analyzed, the nature of social and labor relations with employees is described, a number of normative legal acts regulating the sphere of employment are analyzed. There are shortcomings in the legislation governing labor relations. Some factors and circumstances influencing the occurrence of fraudulent manifestations in the field of employment services are considered. It is emphasized that the specifics of criminal activity in the labor market significantly depends on the socio-economic situation and the legal regulation of relevant procedures, legal conflicts and differences in legislation, to which fraudsters react quickly to commit a criminal plan. In this case, fraudsters adapt to the specific situation, based on the dynamics of favorable and unfavorable factors, adapting to new conditions.
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Малярова, В. О., та О. О. Андрєєв. "Деякі питання щодо вдосконалення окремих криміналістичних методик". Форум права, № 5 (28 листопада 2017): 247–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1203358.
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Досліджено деякі актуальні питання, щодо окремих криміналістичних методик, з огляду на взаємозв’язок розслідування злочинів як кримінально-процесуального інституту і методики розслідування злочинів як криміналістичної категорії. Запропоноване авторське поняття методичних рекомендацій, як цілеспрямовано створеної, науково обґрунтованої, узагальненої і упорядкованої сукупності криміналістичних, процесуальних, організаційних та інших засобів, застосованих з метою ефективного розслідування злочину та своєчасного викриття особи, яка його вчинила. Исследованы некоторые актуальные вопросы частных криминалистических методик, с учетом взаимосвязи процесса расследования преступления, как уголовно-процессуального института и методик расследования отдельного вида преступлений, как криминалистической категории. Авторами предложено определение методических рекомендаций, как целенаправленно созданной, научно обоснованной, обобщенной и упорядоченной совокупности криминалистических, процессуальных, организационных и других средств, применяемых для эффективного расследования преступления и своевременного разоблачения лица, его совершившего. The article discusses some topical issues of private criminalistics methods, taking into account the relationship of the criminal investigation process, as a criminal procedure institute and methods of investigating a particular type of crime, as a criminalistics category. The authors proposed the definition of methodological recommendations as a purposefully created, scientifically grounded, generalized and ordered set of forensic, procedural, organizational and other means used to effectively investigate a crime and timely expose the person who committed it. Purposeful application of a separate forensic technique requires its adaptation to the specific circumstances of the investigation, which are determined in the first place by a range of circumstances that arise in the investigation of crimes. The nature of the circumstances affects what investigative (search) actions or complexes of investigators (investigators) and unscrupulous investigators (investigators) can obtain evidence. This necessitates the consideration of the characteristics of typical investigative situations that arise in the investigation of crimes of the relevant species when developing certain criminalistic methods. It is shown that the basis of the establishment of methods for investigating crimes is: a) forensic classification of a specific type of crime; b) the content of their typical forensic characteristics; c) the nature of the typical investigative situations of the initial stage of the investigation; d) the list and scope of the tasks of the initial stage of the investigation, as well as the description of the means of their implementation. Compliance with these conditions ensures individuality, concreteness, completeness, constructiveness and orientation of the content of the methodology for investigating a particular type of crime.
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Velikanov, S. V. "THE STRUCTURE OF THE CAUSE AND EFFECT LINK IN THE CAUSALITY THEORY OF CRIMINALISTICS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 15 (November 30, 2016): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2015.08.
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The article deals with the issues of the cause and effect link structure in the causality theory of criminalistics. It identifies similarity levels for causality as well as their hierarchy. Within the context of subject’s instrumental causality the link structure is represented by related events «the subject’s decision», «the subject’s action», «the use of the means», «the formation of the trace». Within the context of the subject causality without instruments the article discusses the links between the events «the subject’s decision» - «the subject’s actions» - «the formation of the trace». The context of object causality links the events «the object’s actions» and «the formation of the trace». The link «the subject’s decision» - «the subject’s actions» in subject causality is described as a mental phenomenon and with this regard the article provides arguments in favor of compatibility of the subject’s free will and determinism. The other links that are discussed in the article are of deterministic nature, as they take place while interacting with material objects and are governed by natural laws. The article determines the areas and branches of criminalistics where these contexts of cause and effect links are the most common.
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Kuchin, Oleg S., and Yaroslava O. Kuchina. "The Definition of Digital Criminalistics as the Origin of a Misleading Direction in Science. Part 2." Legal education and science 3 (March 25, 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1813-1190-2021-3-25-33.
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Purpose. To compare and analyze the trend of appearance of the pseudo-term ‘digital criminology’ in the science of criminology and prove that this is incorrect. Methodology: induction, deduction, synthesis, analysis, formal legal method, comparative legal method, logical method. Conclusions. The evolution of methods of committing crimes and instruments of crime does not always require the evolution of the science of criminology and the emergence of its varieties. You just have to assess the prospects of extrapolative ways and methods of proving the circumstances of the crimes in the era of digitalization of social relations, in terms of the provisions of modern criminal law and only criminal-legal research unit. The definition of ‘digital criminalistics’, which has recently appeared in science, actually misleads the scientific community with its novelty and originality, since such criminalistics in nature does not exist a priori. It is necessary to speak only about forensic or expert research of carriers of digital (electronic or computer) information. In criminalistics, it is logical to develop a new direction-the forensic study of electronic media of digital information and the use of computer expertise in establishing all the circumstances of the crime committed. And this is just a new section of forensic technology, studying a new subject of research for this naki. Here, the traditional forensic methodology should be applied, which will be aimed ‘atlinking’ the electronic carrier of digital information and the digital information itself to a specific crime and to a specific person. Scientific and practical significance. The research is aimed at orienting forensic theory and practice towards the study of specific objects and contributes to the fact that all these studies are further applicable to the practice of crime investigation, and not only for theoretical purposes.
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Kuchin, Oleg S., and Yaroslava O. Kuchina. "The Definition of Digital Criminalistics as the Origin of a Misleading Direction in Science. Part 1." Legal education and science 2 (February 18, 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1813-1190-2021-2-20-29.
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Purpose. To compare and analyze the trend of appearance of the pseudo-term “digital criminology” in the science of criminology and prove that this is incorrect. Methodology: induction, deduction, synthesis, analysis, formal legal method, comparative legal method, logical method. Conclusions. The evolution of methods of committing crimes and instruments of crime does not always require the evolution of the science of criminology and the emergence of its varieties. You just have to assess the prospects of extrapolative ways and methods of proving the circumstances of the crimes in the era of digitalization of social relations, in terms of the provisions of modern criminal law and only criminal-legal research unit. The definition of “digital criminalistics”, which has recently appeared in science, actually misleads the scientific community with its novelty and originality, since such criminalistics in nature does not exist a priori. It is necessary to speak only about forensic or expert research of carriers of digital (electronic or computer) information. In criminalistics, it is logical to develop a new direction-the forensic study of electronic media of digital information and the use of computer expertise in establishing all the circumstances of the crime committed. And this is just a new section of forensic technology, studying a new subject of research for this naki. Here, the traditional forensic methodology should be applied, which will be aimed “atlinking” the electronic carrier of digital information and the digital information itself to a specific crime and to a specific person. Scientific and practical significance. The research is aimed at orienting forensic theory and practice towards the study of specific objects and contributes to the fact that all these studies are further applicable to the practice of crime investigation, and not only for theoretical purposes.
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Kubariev, I., and S. Barhan. "Logical bases of pre-trial investigation planning." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 80 (2024): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.80.2.23.
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The article reflects on the nature of pre-trial investigation planning, taking into account established views on the forensic version as the only logical basis for this process. The author notes that within the framework of modern criminalistics theory, the forensic version is almost unanimously regarded as the logical basis for investigation planning. A forensic version is an assumption, a hypothesis about certain facts or a group of facts that are relevant to criminal proceedings. However, during the preliminary investigation there is often a lack of information or no information at all. In order to obtain further information, investigative measures have to be planned. Therefore, it does not fully correspond to modern achievements in criminalistics to consider the version as the only logical basis for planning the preliminary investigation. In the traditional sense, the concept of a forensic version often complicates and/or makes it impossible to carry out effective planning due to the absence or contradiction of initial data. Finally, an attempt is made to substantiate other logical foundations of investigation planning, in particular tactical tasks and criminalistics search models. The article contains a schematic presentation of the peculiarities of the pre-trial investigation planning process when using different logical bases. It is also argued that the version is a universal means of cognition and is present in the planning of an investigation using both tactical tasks and the search model. This approach provides the investigator with more opportunities to form a system of measures in a particular criminal case, which increases the efficiency of pre-trial investigation planning and helps to save investigative efforts and resources. The proposals presented in this article do not claim to be safe and are an invitation to experts to discuss them.
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Simakova-Yefremian, Ella. "Forensic Activity as a Component of the Fight Against Obstruction of Justice." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 38, no. 1 (2025): 5–11. https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2025.01.
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Forensic science and criminalistics play a pivotal role in upholding justice by helping to establish objective truth in criminal proceedings. Simultaneously, current realities show that criminal activity is becoming increasingly complex, emphasizing active resistance of the subject of offense to investigation. Resistance to investigations encompasses a wide range of unlawful acts, from the destruction of evidence to tampering with witnesses and investigators, and has become a systemic phenomenon requiring in-depth scientific understanding and the development of effective methods to neutralize it. The issue’s significance is rooted in the rapid growth of crime, its transnational nature, and improvement in the methods used to conceal crime. This makes it more difficult for law enforcement agencies to investigate and solve crimes. Under such circumstances, criminalistics, as a science that studies patterns of crime mechanisms and how to solve them, should adapt to new challenges. Resistance to investigation is gradually evolving into forms necessitating not only practical but also theoretical approaches to overcoming it. For example, the use of corruption mechanisms, tampering with evidence, or creation of artificial obstacles to the investigation call for recognizing the concept of resistance to crime investigation as an independent object of forensic research. At the same time, terminological inconsistencies and the lack of a unified concept on this issue hinder knowledge systematization in this area.
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Hryhorenko, A. "PROBLEMS OF USING THE METHOD OF RECONSTRUCTION WHILE LEGAL ACTIVITY." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 22, no. 2 (2020): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2020.08.
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The peculiarities of using the method of reconstruction as a forensic method not only while pre-trial investigation of crimes, but also in the process of carrying out other types of legal activity are considered. The forensic essence of investigative, prosecutorial, advocacy and judicial activity is analyzed. Peculiarities of execution of forensic method of reconstruction while implementation of these types of legal activity are determined.
 The conclusion as to inter-branch nature of criminalistics as a science has been drawn. On the example of implementation of the method of reconstruction, it is determined that application of criminalistics provisions is the basis for other types of legal activity.
 The importance of the method of reconstruction in investigative activity is substantiated which is due to its retrospective nature. The process of reproduction serves as the basis for the possibility to discover the events of a criminal offense by investigators.
 Application of the method of reconstruction while implementation of prosecutorial activity is studied. Its pervasive nature during participation in criminal proceedings which are conditioned by the need for a prosecutor to exercise both procedural guidance and support for public prosecution in court has been established.
 The problems of advocacy implementation from forensics perspective are analyzed. The need for constant implementation of the process of reproduction of corresponding processes, phenomena, actions and events while implementation of this type of activity has been established.
 Peculiarities of application of the reconstruction method during implementation of judicial activity are considered. The process of reproduction is defined as the basis for administrating justice by considering legal disputes, criminal charges, and issuing court’s judgement.
 The impossibility of implementation of investigative, prosecutorial, lawyer and judicial activities without application of the method of reconstruction is highlighted. The definition of the method of reconstruction as a basis for discovering events, phenomena, processes that existed in the past and are important for implementation of these types of legal activities is substantiated.
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Smushkin, A. B. "The Nature of Electronic Digital Forensics." Lex Russica 73, no. 6 (2020): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.163.6.110-121.
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The paper draws attention to the intensification of criminal use of electronic technology, on the one hand, and the digitalization of forensic activities to investigate crimes, on the other hand. It is stated that it is necessary to develop a unified concept of electronic digital criminalistics. The paper analyzes the views on the essence of this concept and similar concepts of other scientists. The ideas of allocating a new branch, section or subsection in criminology are subject to reasonable criticism.Investigating the main opinions of scientists on the criteria for distinguishing private theories in criminology, the author concludes that the private theory of electronic digital criminology (detection, fixation, seizure, research and use of electronic information and information technology devices) fully meets the basic requirements for private forensic theories. Regarding the place of the considered private theories in the criminology we can see justified criticism of the private placement of this theory in the section "Forensic engineering", and the distinction between two individual theories that are, respectively, technical and tactical in nature. The author states that the conceptual issues of the private theory of electronic digital criminology (collection, research and use of electronic digital information and information technology devices) should be considered in the section "General theory of criminology".The paper discusses in detail the place of this particular theory in the system of other private theories of criminology and its relationship with them, as well as its relationship with other sciences, primarily with cybernetics and computer science, information law, criminal procedure, the theory of evidence, the theory of operational investigative activities, forensic expertise, general, legal and cybernetic linguistics.
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Rudniev, V. A., A. F. Klimchuk, L. V. Nardid, O. D. Bui, and D. M. Dziubak. "CRIMINALISTICS RESEARCH OF SEMISYNTHETIC MOTOR OILS OF FOREING AND DOMESTIC PRODUCTION." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 17 (November 29, 2017): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2017.33.
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Characteristics of engine oils exterior in spectrum UV region, solubility parametres are determined. By results of research it’s established that all types of the investigated engine oils are characterized by similar colour characteristics, ability to solubility in liquids of various nature and polarity. The results of researches of structurally-group composition of some semisynthetic oils offoreign and domestic production with the use of methods of thin-layer chromatography and IR-spectroscopy are presented. The use of IR-spectroscopy method gives the basic information on the structure of investigated objects under condition of registration of corresponding absorption bands, and also makes it possible to detect the presence ofadditives ofantioxidant, dispersive and viscous purpose. An obstacle for reliable interpretation of IR spectra at an establishment of oil concrete type (mineral, semisynthetic or synthetic) is the presence of common intensive absorption bands, and also imposing of more intensive bands on less intensive (masking). Efficiency of this method use for an establishment of oil type is situational. It depends on composition which is defined by the manufacturer. In order to obtain more informative IR spectra we may recommend a classical method of registration - using liquid cuvettes or in a thin layer between the plates made from KBr. The use of the thin-layer chromatography method has shown possibility of semisynthetic oils differentiation from mineral and synthetic oils under condition of complex processing of chromatograms with the Marki reactant, iodine vapors and examination in UV-beams. It’s ascertained that received chromatograms of semisynthetic oils have an overall separation pattern with motor and synthetic oils. At that chromatograms of mineral and synthetic oils essentially differfrom each other. Thus, attributing oils to semisynthetic becomes possible when obtaining a chromatographic separation pattern in a thin layer of a sorbent at set of signs characteristic both for mineral and for synthetic oils.
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Parfylo, I. "THE INVECTIGATION OF FALSIFICATION AND TURNOVER OF FALSIFIED MEDICINES: INVESTIGATOR INTERACTION PROBLEMS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 20, no. 2 (2019): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2019.05.
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The article deal with the problems of the interaction of the investigator in the investigation of falsification and turnover of falsified medicines. A detailed analysis of the scientists views on the definition of "interaction" as a scientific category, its principles and values that are debatable in criminalistics was carried out. Particular attention is paid to the criminalistic nature and forms of interaction in the investigated crime. It is substantiated that the systematization of forms of interaction of the investigator in the specified type of crimes investigation should be performed according to the criterion of the subject taking into account the peculiarities of their legal regulation.
 According to the results of the generalization of the judicial and investigative practice materials, it is determined that the employees of the operational units and specialists are the main subjects of interaction with the investigator in the falsification and turnover of falsified medicines investigation.
 In addition, it is noticed a great importance of the interaction of the investigator with the State Service for Medicines and Drug Control of Ukraine, actual forms of interaction of which include, among other things, the identification of signs of falsified medicines or activity related to falsification and prevention of these crimes.
 Based on the specifics of such category of crimes, the necessity of increasing the level of interaction of the investigator has been proved, which will greatly contribute to the efficiency of conducting investigative (investigative) actions, saving forces and time at the beginning of criminal proceedings, which is a necessary prerequisite for successful investigation.
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Garmaev, Yury, and Kim Dmitry. "Criminological and Criminalistic Problems of Overcoming the Counteraction to Criminal Prosecution." Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no. 3 (2020): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(3).461-470.
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The authors analyze the history of the emergence and development of the corresponding criminological research and special criminalistic theory of overcoming the counteraction to criminal prosecution (preliminary investigation) to research its present condition, examine its potential for improving the effectiveness of fighting crime while strictly observing the rights and lawful interests of citizens. The authors use systemic, interdisciplinary and situational approaches, the methods of comparative jurisprudence and a number of sociology methods to update the current (to speak conventionally, accusatory) paradigm of the theory. The essence of this update (the new concept) is to ensure the adversarial nature of the judicial process, as well as in other types of court procedures, for the prosecution and the defense. The presented theory concept includes the idea that counteraction to prosecution could be not only unlawful and amoral, but also lawful and ethically admissible. The motives of persons involved in this counteraction could include their subjective confidence in their total or partial innocence, as well as the unlawful and (or) amoral, in that persons opinion, actions of some law enforcement employees. These clauses are developed through the authors own definition of counteraction and the classification of its acts. They have formulated six theses that form the basis of the updated paradigm of the theory. The authors conclude that the presented research approach, the concept reflected in the didactics of university law schools, could instill in students and practitioners a deep and stable personal motivation to study not only the corresponding academic disciplines, but the whole criminalistics and criminology as well as other theories and disciplines of the anti-criminal cycle. The suggested approach and the practical recommendations based on it could be used in the conceptually new syllabus (and subjects) already taught in the leading Russian universities, like «Counteracting Crime», «Criminalistic Support of Business Security», «Tactics of Protection against Unlawful Actions of Government Employees», «Tactics of Interaction between Business Structures and Controlling Bodies».
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Engalychev, Vali F., Elena V. Koneva, Snezhana V. Simonova, and Nadezhda N. Tarusina. "The value of humanitarian expert appraisal in legal psychology and criminalistics." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 482 (2023): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/482/26.
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The article considers the conceptual and legal aspects of humanitarian expert appraisal, the current state of its procedure in relation to various objects, the possibilities for improving the legal framework for the humanitarian expert appraisal of games, toys and play facilities. The conceptual, ontological, methodological foundations of humanitarian expert appraisal as a type of social practice have began to be realized only recently. At present, we can talk about the relative formalization of the methodological aspects of the psychological component of humanitarian expert appraisal; debatable issues and disagreements are still observed. There is no clear-cut procedure for appointing humanitarian expert appraisal, the grounds for its appointment have not been defined, and the practice of taking into account its recommendations has not been formalized. To some extent, this picture is objective, since the objects of humanitarian expert appraisal are also diverse. Nevertheless, some legally determined commonality in conducting humanitarian expert examination is appropriate. The area of humanitarian expert appraisal that concerns the analysis of games and toys seems to be closest to the solution of the indicated problem. Until 2007 the possible negative impact on the child's health and emotional well-being of board, computer and other games, toys, play facilities was controlled through a mandatory socio-psychological and pedagogical examination. The latter was carried out on the basis of a temporary procedure approved by the Ministry of Education, was preliminary in nature and ensured that games and toys were tested for compliance with psychological safety criteria and contribution to the child's development. This procedure was canceled, and the new one is still not accepted. Thus, it should be stated that children in modern Russia are not protected legally from harm that can be caused to their psyche and development. The main conclusion of the article concerns the need to eliminate the existing gap in Russian legislation regarding the regulation of the procedure for the examination of games, toys and play facilities, as well as determining the subject responsible for the development of such rules. Apparently, such an examination should be voluntary, and it is important to take into account its results in the system of information labeling of computer games. It is advisable to label games not only on the basis of aspects of age recommendations, but also to use content marking that warns of the presence of scenes with certain undesirable content in the game.
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Stepanyuk, R., та S. Lapta. "Генезис і перспективи розвитку уявлень про природу науки криміналістики в Україні". Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav spec. 2, № 2 (2018): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2018-2-192-197.
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Степанюк, Р. Л. "Деякі перспективні напрями розвитку криміналістики в Україні". Форум права, № 5 (28 листопада 2017): 389–94. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1204809.
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Окреслено окремі напрями наукових пошуків у галузі криміналістики, проведення яких сприятиме подальшому розвитку й удосконаленню уявлень щодо її природи, системи, завдань і можливостей. Звернуто увагу на необхідність розглядати криміналістику як юридичну науку, що має подвійну (правову та технічну) природу та змінити підходи щодо організації досліджень за відповідною науковою спеціальністю. Як перспективні напрями визначено розроблення тактики негласних слідчих (розшукових) дій, формування методико-криміналістичних рекомендацій для прокурорів з підтримання державного обвинувачення в суді, а також для захисників щодо здійснення професійного захисту від кримінального обвинувачення на досудовому та судовому провадженні. Определены отдельные направления научных исследований по криминалистике, проведение которых будет способствовать дальнейшему развитию и совершенствованию представлений о ее природе, системе, задачах и возможностях. Обращено внимание на необходимость рассматривать криминалистику как юридическую науку, имеющую дуалистическую (правовую и техническую) природу, и изменить подходы к организации исследований по соответствующей научной специальности. Как перспективные направления также определены разработка тактики негласных следственных (розыскных) действий, формирование методико-криминалистических рекомендаций для прокуроров по поддержанию государственного обвинения в суде, а также для защитников по осуществлению профессиональной защиты от уголовного обвинения в досудебном и судебном производстве. The author determined some new trends of scientific research in forensic science, the conduct of which will contribute to the further development and improvement of ideas about its nature, system, tasks and possibilities. He paid attention to the need of considering criminalistics as a legal science that has a dualistic (legal and technical) nature, and to change approaches to organization of research on the relevant scientific specialty. The development of tactics of usual and covert investigative actions, the formation of methodical and criminalistic recommendations for prosecutors to support public prosecution in court, as well as for defenders in the implementation of professional protection against criminal charges in pre-trial and trial proceedings are also identified as promising areas. It is proved, that in connection with the assignment of secret investigative (search) actions to the procedural means of proof, the tasks of forensic science is the development of tactics for conducting them, clarifying the theoretical provisions regarding tactical operations, as well as the inclusion in the structure of certain forensic methods of investigation of recommendations regarding the tactical features of the relevant secret investigators (investigators) action. The subject area of application of forensic methodology requires expansion in the direction of the formation and implementation of recommends for the prosecutor to maintain a public prosecution in court for different categories of crimes. Also, the development of forensic methods of professional protection against criminal prosecution at the pre-trial and judicial stages of criminal proceedings is also promised. At the same time, it is impracticable to create methods of judicial review of criminal cases for a court in connection with the limited initiative of the latter in gathering evidence in a competitive criminal process.
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Metenko, Jozef. "System of Using of the Criminalistics Method in Slovakia to Verify Testimony on the Spot." Internal Security 10, no. 1 (2018): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7494.
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The primary goal of the study is to conduct analyses, on the basis of theoretical and empirical knowledge to describe the level of using and processing the verifying testimony on the spot in the Slovak criminalistics. For this method, it is typical that it is less frequent for use in investigative practice. The research, which was significantly larger than the results published here, shows that there is relatively little knowledge about this method among the police. Another important knowledge from research is the interest in the method in general, but its immediate application can be imagined by considerably fewer police officers. The secondary goal was to find out lacks and troubles in practical applying the verifying testimony on the spot, in the process of investigating crimes in Slovakia last years. The specific part of the study and research is also devoted to the history of the development of the concept and content of the method. These are very important parts of the study. They help to understand not only the formal legal definition in the legal regulation but also the true nature of the method and its structure. The author makes short concepts to propose changes necessary for effective using the verifying testimony on the spot in the Slovak police practice however mainly in the process of investigation. This study is a partial output for research vysk. 151.
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KOMISARCHUK, R. V. "THE ACTUAL NATURE OF PRACTICAL CRIMINALISTIC THINKING." Law and Society 3, no. 2 (2020): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2020.2-3.17.
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Kutuzov, Alexey. "Digital Footprints and Evidence: The Need for a Theoretical and Normative Definition in the Context of Digitalization." Legal Concept 23, no. 3 (2024): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2024.3.9.
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Introduction: the paper analyzes the scientific positions of understanding footprints and evidence processed exclusively in digital form, their nature, and their relationship with generally accepted categories. The current discussion allows for developing a unified approach to understanding the nature of digital footprints and their interpretation in the science of criminalistics, criminal procedure, and other branches of legal science. The study aims to examine the most influential scientific perspectives on comprehending the fundamental nature of digital footprints and evidence, with the goal of subsequently incorporating these understandings into the criminal law sciences and legislation. The author analyzes the controversial issues of the nature of digital footprints and evidence, clarifies some judgments, and identifies potential solutions. Methods: the dialectical, systemic, and logical methods (general scientific) were used in the course of the study. Among the specific scientific research methods, the formal legal and generalization methods prevailed. Results: based on the results of the conducted research, the most general theoretical positions on understanding the essence of trace and evidentiary information in the digital (electronic) environment are highlighted. The information on the main approaches to understanding this category is summarized, and some additions to the domestic legislation are proposed in order to eliminate existing contradictions. Conclusions: the use of data created and processed in electronic form as orienting and evidentiary information is an objective necessity. The available scientific views on the problem under consideration have studied its essence quite comprehensively, operate in various terms, and, in the author’s opinion, require the development of a conceptual construct, including those enshrined in the legislation to optimize criminal proceedings.
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Fesiunіn, V., and A. Tiapkіn. "ARCHIVES OF CRIMINOLOGY AND FORENSIC SCIENCES AND SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF M. S. BOKARIUS." Archives of Criminology and Forensic Sciences 2 (August 20, 2020): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/acfs.2.2020.07.
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Registration of new print media at National Scientific Centre «Hon. Prof. M. S. Bokarius Forensic Science Institute» is not accidental. Existing publications of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine: Official Bulletin of Ukraine, Bulletin of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, the official collection: Systematic Collection of Current Legislation of Ukraine, the official periodical Codes of Ukraine, Theory and practice of Forensic science and Criminalistics by National Scientific Centre «Hon. Prof. M. S. Bokarius Forensic Science Institute», Criminalistics and Forensics by Kyiv Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Expertise, Interdepartmental scientific and methodological collection of the State Scientific Research Forensic Center (SSRFC) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and professional scientific and practical collection: Kryminalistychnyi visnyk “concise” purpose, aspect. The system clearly lacks a periodical with regular headings and which contains official publications on public, scientific, industrial and other issues, literary and artistic works, essays, illustrations, advertising, interviews, the historical heritage of the M. S. Bokarius, famous scientist and etc. According to the State Register, there are more than 12,000 certified forensic experts in the country. The position of a forensic expert is by its nature exceptional, as it has certain features. On the one hand, the work of the expert is to conduct with the use of their specific expertise (almost unlimited range of issues: science, technology, crafts, etc.) a scientifically sound study to establish the facts that have probative value in the investigation and trial of cases with another hand, a forensic expert acquires the status of a procedural person in the provision of the conclusion and thus in his professional activity combines the status of a specialist in the relevant field of knowledge, scientist and procedural subject. The purpose of the article is to carry out a scientific search for new research papers of the scientist and to study five issues of the Archives of Criminology and Forensic Sciences published in 1926-1927.
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Hora, I., та V. Kolesnyk. "ОКРЕМІ ПРОЦЕСУАЛЬНІ Й КРИМІНАЛІСТИЧНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ВПІЗНАННЯ". Herald of criminal justice, № 3-4 (2020): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-5372.2020.3-4/150-159.
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In the article the criminal-judicial, criminalistics and psychological questions of preparation and realization of recognition and estimation of his results are examined by an investigator and court. Possibility and legitimacy of realization are grounded recognitions of man and other objects, character of that was perceived by not only sight, but also by touch and saved in memory of that, who knows, as haptic character. In criminal realization such recognition is possible during realization of separate inquisitional (of criminal investigation) action – producing of person or dead body or things of recognition. Attention applies on that criminalistics classification recognitions after objects, that can be identified, wider than his judicial classification that leans against the decision of types of recognition as separate inquisitional actions in the Criminal code of practice of Ukraine. Essence, task and scientific bases of recognition, is exposed as a judicial action, psychological bases of forming and memorizing of imaginary character in memory of person, that knows, and with that can be conducted recognition of different objects. As an aim of research leading to of fundamental possibility of correct perception comes forward by touch and memorizing of signs of various objects a man, them adequate recreation at memory and receipt of reliable conclusion of person in relation to equality on the basis of earlier perceived by her by means of the haptic feeling of signs of separate objects. With reference to psychology of human cognition of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world drawn conclusion, that imaginary character, characteristic signs of objects, perceived with the use of the haptic feeling, grounds for realization of inquisitional action with the aim of recognition of certain person or object not only in nature but also after stored in memory of person by haptic character. Recommendations are expounded for preparation and realization of such method of producing of person and other objects for recognition during realization of criminal realization.
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Kolomiitsev, O., V. Nikitiuk, O. Herman, V. Sapielkin, and I. Serbinenko. "CRIMINALISTICS ASPECTS OF THE STUDY BALLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS AND STRIKING PROPERTIES OF BULLETS OF PISTOL CARTRIDGES OF 9 × 21 IMI CALIBER." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 66 (2021): 889–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2021.66.66.
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The article presents data based on the results of experimental studies on the external ballistics parameters and the nature of changes in the trajectory of the kinetic energy of four types of pistol cartridges bullets 9 × 21 IMI (9 × 21 mm.), which were shot from two samples of carbines with different lengths of the rifled part of the barrel. Of particular interest are data on the nature of the shell interaction and expansive bullets of cartridges of the indicated caliber with the tissues of a biological object, the imitation of the interaction with which was carried out using ballistic testing backing material (ballistic clay). The use of a simulator of biological tissues of the human body made it possible to determine the features of the shock-contact interaction of shell and expansive bullets with them, as well as to establish the nature of the behavior of these bullets in the thickness of a viscoelastic medium. It was experimentally found that under certain conditions, 9 mm jacketed bullets are capable of inflicting through wounds to the human body at firing distances up to 25 m inclusive, while the bullet, after breaking through the barrier, has energy characteristics that are sufficient to inflict a penetrating injury of varying severity on another biological object. Due to the use of ballistic clay, it became possible to visualize the maximum amount of damage caused by shell and expansive bullets, as well as to determine the features of the formation of exit wounds, taking into account the destabilization of shell bullets in the thickness of the obstacle. It should be noted that at firing distances up to 5 m inclusive, shell bullets, due to the loss of gyroscopic stability in the tissues of a biological object, which have a sufficiently large thickness, are capable of inflicting wounds, the volume and severity of which are comparable to or exceed the corresponding parameters of wounds caused by expansive bullets. The obtained results of measurements of the velocity of the of shell bullets after overcoming an obstacle in the form of a viscoelastic medium can later become the basis for calculating the contact speed of a bullet with a known length of the channel of the inflicted wound. The article for the first time presents the calculated data on the parameters of the flight path of shell and expansive bullets of pistol cartridges 9 × 21 IMI (9 × 21 mm.) at firing distances up to 100 m. The presented results of experimental studies and calculated data will allow experts in the field of forensic ballistics and forensic medicine to solve the tasks set by the pre-trial investigation authorities. Key words: ballistic clay, biological object, elements of the trajectory of a bullet flight, carbine, pistol cartridge, wound, wound channel, damaging properties, damage.
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Epikhin, A. Yu, and A. V. Mishin. "INTERROGATION OF THE VICTIM, THE WITNESS UNDER A PSEUDONYM IN PRE-JUDICIAL AND JUDICIAL PRODUCTIONS (CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND CRIMINALISTIC ASPECTS)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 29, no. 4 (2019): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2019-29-4-480-486.
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Ensuring the safety of victims, witnesses in a criminal case allows to carry out the main objectives of criminal prosecution. Interrogation as one of the main investigative actions allows to record important information of evidentiary nature in the case. Currently, there is a sufficient number of proven forensic recommendations for tactics of interrogation of the victim, the witness in pre-judicial production. At the same time, interrogation of such participants of criminal proceedings under a pseudonym in preliminary investigation and, especially in court session, in terms of criminalistics is poorly studied. The article discusses problematic issues of the current state of the organization and tactics of interrogation under a pseudonym of the protected person in pre-judicial and judicial criminal case productions. The authors have proposed variable tactical solutions on production of interrogation of this type, practical recommendations for the persons conducting proceedings, as well as formulated proposals aimed at improving the effectiveness of the law enforcement of the criminal procedure law. The data of generalization of investigatory and judicial practice in the Republic of Tatarstan have been used.
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Ozerov, Dmitry A., Ekaterina D. Nikitenko, Alexey A. Piryazev, Andrey I. Lavrov, and Elena V. Vortsepneva. "Mineral Composition of Skeletal Elements in Dorid Nudibranchia Onchidoris muricata (Gastropoda, Mollusca)." Biomimetics 10, no. 4 (2025): 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10040211.
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Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), a standard technique in mineralogy and criminalistics, has not yet been fully incorporated into the study of various biomineral structures of invertebrates, despite the growing popularity of this topic in the last few decades. This is partly due to EDX’s limitations and data interpretation complexities. This study used EDX to analyze the spicules’ elemental composition of nudibranch gastropod mollusk Onchidoris muricata prepared via two methods (sectioning and fracturing). Hierarchical clustering and compositional data analysis of the resulting elemental data revealed three distinct spicule populations with varying element ratios, suggesting spicule transformation pathways. Two of the three clusters had a uniform layered microstructure, yet they showed reliable differences in element ratios. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the spicules’ calcite or magnesian–calcite composition. EDX analysis of spicule sections, coupled with other analytical techniques, revealed mineral structure transformations and provided insights into the biomineral nature. The sample preparation method with epoxy-embedding, preserving surrounding tissues in their active state, allowed for the analysis of tissue elemental composition and the elucidation of their role in mineralization.
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Terehovich, V. N., and E. V. Nimande. "THE ESSENCE OF CRIMINALISTIC TECHNICS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 17 (November 29, 2017): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2017.04.
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Complicated nature of describing reality «criminalistic technics» is based on the situation that this reality is situated in two dimensions - dimension of technical reality and dimension of humanitarian reality. There isn’t any universal, not-historic understanding of technics. Starting pointfor contemporary understanding of technics is work as a process between a human being and the nature during which a human being with his activity mediates, regulates and controls exchanging of substances between him and nature. The base for technics is making use of nature laws. After ascertaining nature laws, human being applies and uses them by means of technics. Technics - it’s, first of all, tools of labor, complex of things which a human being puts between himself and the item of work. Contemporary notion about technics is complex, id est, technics is presented in the form of technical system, the main functions of which are compensatory function or reflection function, or transforming function, or transmission function, or different combinations of these functions. Technical systems let to overcome natural shortages, limitations (bodily, sensetive or intellectual) ofa human being. Technics is created by people knowingly taking into account peculiarities of the field of activity where it’s intended to use this technics. Necessity to create technics for using in concrete field ofactivity is determined by the social necessity. The logical volume of the criminalistic technics notion is defined by social necessity to get when investigating criminal offence, objective information about circumstances linked with its commitment. The content of the criminalistic technics notion is defined by the content of «technical» realization of three special methods during criminalistic cognition: criminalistic identification, criminalistic diagnostics and criminalistic classification. Criminalistic technics (as a system of knowledge) is a branch of the special part of criminalistic theory describing and explaining regularities of emergence of materially fixed traces during investigation of criminal offences. It’s for finding and examining concrete technical means, knowledge and skills are already worked out and recommended.
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Сергій Павленко. "Essence and content of the notion «operational-investigative tactics»." Theory and practice of jurisprudence 2, no. 14 (2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2225-6555.2018.14.153144.
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This article carried out a detailed scientific analysis of the nature and content of operational search tactics. Analysis of the vocabulary literature suggests that, despite minor differences in the interpretation of the concept of tactics, in general, this term means "an integral part of the art of war that combines the theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat." According to the results of the study, it was established that the theoretical basis for the formation of operational-search tactics was the groundwork of forensic scientists. The author's wording of the concept of “operational-search tactics” is provided as a direction of operational-search activity, formed on the basis of its theoretical principles and practical experience of entities carrying out this activity legally with the goal of fulfilling the tasks stipulated by the Law of Ukraine “On operational-search activity” Based on the analysis of the scientific heritage of scientists, it has been established that operational-search tactics in the theory of operational-search activity can be divided into general and special ones.The questions about the delimitation (ratio) of the tactics of secret investigative (search) actions and tactics of operational search activities are considered. Despite some common signs of tactics for conducting secret investigative (search) actions and operational search activities, it should be remembered that investigation tactics are traditionally considered in the framework of criminalistics, but operational search activities are the subject of the study of the theory of operational search activities. At the same time, it was noted that the tactics of secret investigative (investigative) actions, although individual in their sense, should predominantly be based on the provisions of operational investigative activity, and not criminalistics, at least taking into account the fact that the theoretical and practical operational search tactics worked over the years.It is concluded that both forensic and operational search tactics will require a high-quality update. In particular, the results of a survey of investigators and operational workers indicate the need and desirability of borrowing foreign experience in terms of education and training of investigators and operational units on tactics of identifying, preventing and investigating crimes in the field of high technologies (as noted by 81% of respondents).