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Journal articles on the topic 'The Nature of Prejudice'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Saucier, Donald A., Megan L. Strain, Stuart S. Miller, Conor J. O’Dea, and Derrick F. Till. "“What do you call a Black guy who flies a plane?”: The effects and understanding of disparagement and confrontational racial humor." HUMOR 31, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humor-2017-0107.

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AbstractWe conducted three studies to test our overarching hypothesis that racial humor may increase or decrease subsequent expressions of prejudice by setting social norms that indicate prejudice is either more or less acceptable, respectively. We selected riddles that were disparaging, confrontational, or neutral, and examined their effects on subsequent prejudiced expressions. We predicted humor that disparaged Blacks would convey that prejudiced expressions are more socially acceptable, resulting in increased expressions of prejudice toward Blacks. Conversely, we predicted humor that confronted prejudiced expressions would convey that prejudiced expressions are less socially acceptable, resulting instead in reduced expressions of prejudice toward Blacks. Our studies demonstrated that, consistent with prejudiced norm theory, disparagement humor, and confrontational humor perceived as disparaging, has the potential to disinhibit expressions of prejudice when used, even in brief social interactions. Our studies also showed that individuals often misinterpreted the subversive nature of confrontational humor, frequently perceiving the confrontation intended to challenge expressions of prejudice as instead intending to disparage Blacks. Thus, while it is possible racial humor may have the potential to tighten norms inhibiting prejudice, the perceptions of confrontational jokes as disparaging may result in jokes (created to subvert and inhibit prejudice) ironically reinforcing prejudiced responding.

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2

Salvatore, Jessica, and J. Nicole Shelton. "Cognitive Costs of Exposure to Racial Prejudice." Psychological Science 18, no. 9 (September 2007): 810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01984.x.

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This study examined how encountering racial prejudice affects cognitive functioning. We assessed performance on the Stroop task after subjects reviewed job files that suggested an evaluator had made nonprejudiced, ambiguously prejudiced, or blatantly prejudiced hiring recommendations. The cognitive impact of exposure to ambiguous versus blatant cues to prejudice depended on subjects' racial group. Black subjects experienced the greatest impairment when they saw ambiguous evidence of prejudice, whereas White subjects experienced the greatest impairment when they saw blatant evidence of prejudice. Given the often ambiguous nature of contemporary expressions of prejudice, these results have important implications for the performance of ethnic minorities across many domains.

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3

Jain, Paras, Roshni Billaiya, and Shivangi Jain. "IMPACT OF PREJUDICE ON SOCIAL BEHAVIOR." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i6.2018.1397.

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Everyone whether it is human or animal influence by prejudice nature and behave socially according to prejudiced thinking. It influences negatively preventing to handle situations, persons with new perspective. It acts as barrier for nurturing new ideas and thinking development. It affects decision making power of a person. Present study is targeted to measure prejudice nature and finding its impact on social behavior.

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Cherry, Frances. "The nature ofThe Nature of Prejudice." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 36, no. 4 (2000): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(200023)36:4<489::aid-jhbs13>3.0.co;2-n.

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5

Bakri, Mubarak. "PRASANGKA DALAM AL-QUR’AN." Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Ushuluddin dan Filsafat 14, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/rsy.v14i1.322.

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Prejudice is one of the causes of horizontal conflict in the society today. Starting from prejudice giving rise to excessive suspicion which led to slander and disharmony between one another. Through this article, the author discusses prejudice in the Koran as a source of solutions to all diseases, including prejudice as a social disease. The author uses thematic interpretations as a method in constructing the Qur'anic insights related to verses examining prejudice by taking the keyword az-zannu. Through this word, it is elaborated in depth the nature of az-zannu and its characteristics in the Qur'an, and how it relates to the az-zannu with its own prejudices. Finally, the author also describes the influence of prejudice in modern society today.

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6

McGregor, Alan. "The double nature of prejudice." Mankind Quarterly 33, no. 4 (1993): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46469/mq.1993.33.4.4.

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7

Masters, Roger D. "Neuroscience, Prejudice, and Human Nature." Psychological Inquiry 3, no. 2 (April 1992): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0302_21.

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8

Zanna, Mark P. "On the nature of prejudice." Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 35, no. 1 (1994): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.35.1.11.

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9

Schmalz, Dorothy L., and Rasul A. Mowatt. "The Unsettling Nature of Prejudice." Journal of Leisure Research 46, no. 3 (July 2014): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950324.

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10

Hidayat, Dede Rahmat. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENYEBAB KEMUNCULAN PRASANGKA SOSIAL (SOCIAL PREJUDICE) PADA PELAJAR." Jurnal Ilmiah Mimbar Demokrasi 12, no. 2 (April 9, 2013): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jimd.v12i2.6284.

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This study aims to investigate of the factors in the emergence of social prejudice student groups. The subjects of this study were student grade junior high school VIII.1 232 Jakarta, consisting of 38 students. They are a group of people on a small scale that represents some ethnic elements. The sampling technique is done by using the technique of sampling convinience. Measuring tool used is a semantic differential scale is an instrument to measure the response of the aspects of affective. The results showed that social prejudices on the subject is at the level of medium and low. In addition, the student social prejudice caused more by prejudices that are more personal and social nature. The emergence of prejudice is caused by cultural differences and the social distance between different ethnic groups.

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Scriabin, Olexiy. "PROBLEM ASPECTS OF DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT OF PREDUDICATION IN THE MODERN CRIMINAL PROCESS." Law Journal of Donbass 73, no. 4 (2020): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2020-73-4-163-168.

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The article considers the issue of defining the essence of the concept of prejudice in criminal proceedings. Prejudice is a complex and multifaceted concept. Depending on the meaning of the concept, the scope and effect of the institution of prejudice in criminal proceedings may be narrowed or expanded. The approaches of modern scientists to the definition of prejudice are highlighted. Prejudice is a rule of evidence, which establishes the procedure and grounds for use in the process of proof by the investigator, prosecutor, body of inquiry, judge, court of legal conclusions and facts established by those that have entered into force on the basis of the investigator, prosecutor , courts in administrative, commercial, civil or criminal cases, which essentially resolved the case, as those that do not require re-proof. The classification of prejudices according to the scale of application in the legal space is considered; depending on the subordination in legal regulation; by the nature of the connection with other cases; depending on the legislative consolidation; by legal consequences; depending on the subject of legal regulation; depending on the ability of the participants in the process to challenge the prejudice; by the subject of the creation of the prejudice. The problematic aspects of determining prejudices are analyzed. Necessary and important in determining the essence of the concept of prejudice is its distinction with the concepts of presumption, precedent and prejudice. The difference between precedent and presumption is manifested in the fact that precedent contains a legal rule for resolving a legal dispute, and prejudice is an evidentiary rule for the use of facts and legal conclusions. Prejudice and prejudice are not identical, as prejudice is a manifestation of such a characteristic of the legal force of a court decision as binding. The difference between a presumption and a prejudice lies primarily in their scope.

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12

Katz, Irwin. "Gordon Allport's "The Nature of Prejudice"." Political Psychology 12, no. 1 (March 1991): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3791349.

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13

Durrheim, Kevin, Mike Quayle, and John Dixon. "The Struggle for the Nature of “Prejudice”: “Prejudice” Expression as Identity Performance." Political Psychology 37, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pops.12310.

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14

Frias, Francisco Javier Lopez, and Xavier Gimeno Monfort. "A Hermeneutical Analysis of the InternalistApproachin the Philosophy of Sport." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 67, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2015-0018.

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AbstractIn this paper, we make a hermeneutical analysis of internalism, the dominant tradition in the philosophy of sports. In order to accomplish this, we identify the prejudices that guide the internalist view of sports, namely the Platonic-Analytic prejudice introduced by Suits, one of the forefathers of internalism. Then, we critically analyze four consequences of following such a prejudice: a) its reductive nature, b) the production of a unrealistic view of sports, c) the vagueness of the idea of excellence; and d) the leap from the descriptive analysis of the sporting phenomenon to the setting of normative requirements for the practice of sports.

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15

Mahon, Eugene J. "A Note on the Nature of Prejudice." Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 46, no. 1 (January 1991): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1991.11822373.

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16

Poythress, Vern S. "TWO HERMENEUTICAL TENSIONS IN EVANGELICAL FEMINISM." VERBUM CHRISTI: JURNAL TEOLOGI REFORMED INJILI 6, no. 2 (October 14, 2019): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51688/vc6.2.2019.art4.

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This article shows that there are at least two key hermeneutical tensions in evangelical feminist interpretation of the Bible. The first hermeneutical tension concern the issue of readers' prejudices. Feminists remind us that readers are always disposed to read texts against the background of their own expectations, customs, and world views. And the second hermeneutical tension, namely the tension over the nature of the actual practices of the first century church. Evangelical feminists have tended to give different answers depending on the passage that they are interpreting. In sum, feminism in its hermeneutical principles alerts us to the role of reader prejudice and social background in understanding texts. KEYWORDS: Hermeneutic, feminist, prejudice, Christian

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17

de Carvalho, Roy J. "Gordon W. Allport on the Nature of Prejudice." Psychological Reports 72, no. 1 (February 1993): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.1.299.

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18

Agadullina, E. R. "Dehumanization: Approaches to Indirect Prejudice." Social Psychology and Society 12, no. 2 (2021): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2021120201.

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Objective. The presented review aims to describe and critically analyze the two most popular approaches to understanding and operationalizing the concepts of “humanity” and “dehumanization” (Infrahumanization theory and Two-dimensional model of humanness). Background. The studies of prejudice has identified two key problems. The first problem is associated with the limitations of existing theories in understanding the nature of prejudices, and the second — with a low efficiency of assessing blatant prejudice since an increasing spread of egalitarian attitudes in the world changes the intergroup relations and contributes to a transformation of explicit prejudices into indirect forms. The theories and models of dehumanization has become the response to these problems since they offer a new conceptual framework for the analysis of intergroup and interpersonal relationships, and new methods for assessing indirect prejudice that are independent of a social desirability. Conclusions. The results of a theoretical analysis showed that in psychological studies, “humanity” is operationalized either through the unique human emotions and traits, the negation of which leads to the association between certain individuals or groups with animals and the emergence of animalistic dehumanization, or through a description of the “human” prototype, the discrepancy to which is associated with mechanistic dehumanization. Animalistic dehumanization is more common in the context of intergroup relations, and mechanistic dehumanization is more related to the processes of self-perception. Despite the contradictions between different approaches to understanding humanity and dehumanization, as well as some methodological problems within each of them, dehumanization is recognized as an important phenomenon which significantly enriches psychological knowledge and understanding of a process of social cognition and interaction.

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19

Pearson, Adam R., John F. Dovidio, and Samuel L. Gaertner. "The Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: Insights from Aversive Racism." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 3, no. 3 (May 2009): 314–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00183.x.

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20

PONTEROTTO, JOSEPH G. "The Nature of Prejudice Revisited: Implications for Counseling Intervention." Journal of Counseling & Development 70, no. 1 (September 10, 1991): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1991.tb01587.x.

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21

Dovidio, John F., Kerry Kawakami, Craig Johnson, Brenda Johnson, and Adaiah Howard. "On the Nature of Prejudice: Automatic and Controlled Processes." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33, no. 5 (September 1997): 510–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1997.1331.

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22

Dovidio, John F. "On the Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: The Third Wave." Journal of Social Issues 57, no. 4 (January 2001): 829–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00244.

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23

Parker, Laura R., Margo J. Monteith, and Susan C. South. "Dehumanization, prejudice, and social policy beliefs concerning people with developmental disabilities." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 23, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 262–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430218809891.

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We investigated the nature of prejudice toward people with developmental disabilities, its potential roots in dehumanization, its implications for social policy beliefs affecting this target group, and strategies for reducing prejudice toward people with developmental disabilities. Studies 1 ( N = 196, MTurk) and 2 ( N = 296, undergraduates) tested whether prejudice took a hostile or ambivalent (both hostile and benevolent components) form. Consistent support for a hostile prejudice model was found. This model was comprised of beliefs that people with developmental disabilities may harm others, should be kept separate from others, and are dependent on others. Also, greater dehumanization was associated with greater prejudice, and prejudice mediated the effect of dehumanization on participants’ social policy beliefs. Study 3 ( N = 151, MTurk) provided construct validity for the newly developed multidimensional measure of prejudice. Study 4 ( N = 156, undergraduates) showed that presenting a person with developmental disabilities in either humanizing or individuating ways reduced dehumanization and prejudice and, in turn, increased the favorability of social policy beliefs.

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Steers-Wentzell, Katrina L. "Prejudice and Discrimination: Exploring Their Origins and Understanding Their Nature." Human Development 46, no. 5 (2003): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000071941.

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25

Astafurova, Tatyana, and Andrey Olyanich. "Semiolinguistics of Protective Communication." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (November 2019): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2019.3.14.

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The current paper investigates the notion of protective communication represented by systems of signs, texts, rituals which the authors regard as means of neutralizing cognitive constructs, generated by phobias of varying degrees of irrationality. Classification of phobias on psycho- and sociolinguistic grounds allows developing their typology from the point of view of the cause of their origin: supernatural entities (superstition), individual fearful images (prejudice), social suspicion (bias). As the study showed, sacred horror caused by destructive forces of nature, climatic phenomena not subjected to man, and astronomical events gave rise to supernatural, esoteric phobias reflected in superstitions. Biological phobias appeared in response to real dangers, associated with daily human activities, personal imaginary troubles and fears, which generated a system of prejudice invented by man himself. Social interaction of people, with its negative stereotyping and categorization of social space, entailed a wide range of phobias (racial, religious, age, gender, etc,) which turned into social biases. On his way of development, a man tried hard to find protection against phobias of different nature, creating an extensive system of protective means incorporated in religious, magical and intolerant types of discourse, consequently neutralizing superstitions, prejudices and biases in specific genres, verbal and non-verbal signs, texts and rituals of the above mentioned types of discourse.

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Cabeldue, Mollimichelle K., Robert J. Cramer, Andre Kehn, James W. Crosby, and Jeffrey S. Anastasi. "Measuring Attitudes About Hate: Development of the Hate Crime Beliefs Scale." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 23 (March 6, 2016): 3656–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516636391.

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Employing the federal Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) of 2009 and other such legislation as a backdrop, the present study evaluated the nature of beliefs about hate-crime legislation, offenders, and victims. In addition, it investigated construct validity (i.e., political beliefs and prejudice) and predictive validity (i.e., blame attribution and sentencing recommendations). A total of 403 U.S. adults completed measures of prejudice and an initial pool of 50 items forming the proposed Hate Crime Beliefs Scale (HCBS). Participants were randomly assigned to read one of four hate-crime vignettes, which varied in regard to type of prejudice (racial-, sexual orientation-, transgender-, and religion-based prejudices) and then responded to blame and sentencing questions. Factor analyses of the HCBS resulted in four sub-scales: Negative Views (i.e., higher scores reflect negative views of legislation and minority group protection), Offender Punishment (i.e., higher scores suggest endorsement of greater punishment), Deterrence (i.e., greater scores denote support for hate-crime legislation as a deterrent of more violence), and Victim Harm (i.e., higher scores reflect pro-victim attitudes). Greater pro-legislation and pro-victim beliefs were related to liberal political beliefs and less prejudicial attitudes, with some exceptions. Controlling for a number of demographic, situational, and attitudinal covariates, the Negative Views sub-scale displayed predictive utility, such that more negative views of legislation/minority group protection were associated with elevated victim blame, as well as lower perpetrator blame and sentencing recommendations. Results are discussed in the context of hate-crime research and policy, with additional implications considered for trial strategy, modern prejudice, and blame attribution theory.

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Aytaç, S. Erdem, and Ali Çarkoğlu. "Ethnicity and religiosity-based prejudice in Turkey: Evidence from a survey experiment." International Political Science Review 40, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512117696333.

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Threat perceptions and prejudice underlie a large number of intergroup conflicts. In this article we explore prejudicial attitudes in Turkey regarding ethnic Kurdish and devout Muslim religious identities as opposed to Turkish and less observant, secular identities. Utilizing a population-based survey experiment, we use vignettes about a hypothetical family as a neighbour, with randomized ethnicity and religiosity-related cues. We find evidence for prejudice against Kurdish ethnicity, especially among older, lowly-educated and economically dissatisfied individuals. The level of prejudice against Kurds does not seem to be related to the relative size of the Kurdish population in the local population. We do not observe prejudice against devout Muslim or less observant, secular identities. Our findings indicate that prejudice against Kurds in Turkey does not have a sui generis nature. The lack of prejudice across the religiosity dimension suggests that major socio-political cleavages do not necessarily affect intergroup attitudes.

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Forman, Tyrone A., and Amanda E. Lewis. "RACIAL APATHY AND HURRICANE KATRINA: The Social Anatomy of Prejudice in the Post-Civil Rights Era." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 3, no. 1 (March 2006): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x06060127.

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During the crisis that followed Hurricane Katrina, many Americans expressed surprise at the dramatic levels of racial inequality captured in the images of large numbers of poor Black people left behind in devastated New Orleans. In this article we argue that, to better understand both the parameters of contemporary racial inequality reflected in the hurricane's aftermath and why so many were surprised about the social realities of racial inequality that social scientists have known about for decades, it is essential to recognize the shifting nature of Whites' racial attitudes and understandings. There is widespread evidence that in the post-civil rights era the expression of White racial prejudice has changed. In fact, during the post-civil rights era subtle and indirect forms of prejudice have become more central to the sustenance and perpetuation of racial inequality than are overt forms of prejudice. We draw on both survey and qualitative data to investigate current manifestations of White racial attitudes and prejudices. Our results indicate that racial apathy, indifference towards racial and ethnic inequality, is a relatively new but expanding form of racial prejudice. We further show that Whites' systematic “not knowing” about racial inequality (White ignorance), which was manifest in the reaction to the crises after Hurricane Katrina, is related to this racial indifference. Racial apathy and White ignorance (i.e., not caring and not knowing) are extensions of hegemonic color-blind discourses (i.e., not seeing race). These phenomena serve as pillars of contemporary racial inequality that have until now received little attention. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and the practical implications of our results for understanding racial dynamics in the post-Katrina United States.

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Esses, Victoria M. "Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants." Annual Review of Psychology 72, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 503–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-080520-102803.

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Prejudice and discrimination toward immigrants, and the consequences of these negative attitudes and behavior, are key determinants of the economic, sociocultural, and civic-political future of receiving societies and of the individuals who seek to make these societies their new home. In this article I review and organize the existing literature on the determinants and nature of prejudice and discrimination toward immigrants, summarizing what we know to date and the challenges in attributing effects to immigrant status per se. I also discuss the consequences of discrimination against immigrants for immigrants themselves, their families, and the societies in which they settle. I conclude by presenting key research questions and topics in this domain that should be at the top of the research agenda for those interested in intergroup relations in this age of mass migration.

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Roets, Arne, and Alain Van Hiel. "Allport’s Prejudiced Personality Today." Current Directions in Psychological Science 20, no. 6 (December 2011): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721411424894.

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In the long history of psychological research on prejudice, Allport’s (1954) book The Nature of Prejudice is undoubtedly the foundational work, advancing ideas that remain highly influential and relevant to this day. Guided by the seminal ideas of this leading scholar, we illustrate how contemporary psychological research has accumulated evidence for a basic, motivated cognitive style underlying prejudice in its different forms. Specifically, we demonstrate that Allport’s classic conception of this basic cognitive style is exceptionally well captured by the contemporary construct of need for cognitive closure (NFC), and we review the recent evidence for NFC effects on racism and sexism. Integrating Allport’s writings with contemporary research, we also show that the effects of motivated cognition on prejudice are explained (i.e., mediated) by essentialist thinking and authoritarian ideology. Finally, we discuss recent evidence indicating that, in contrast to Allport’s pessimistic predictions, intergroup contact is especially effective in reducing prejudice among people high in NFC. It is concluded that recent research on NFC provides a solid empirical basis for Allport’s hypothesis that a general motivated cognitive style lies at the basis of prejudice.

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Barikova, Anna. "Prejudice in Administrative Proceedings." Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, no. 3(32) (December 18, 2020): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2020-3(32)-6.

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The paper addresses the issues of judicial discretion in the application of appropriate preliminary categories for the fair and impartial consideration and settlement of disputes. The author focuses on the peculiarities of applying the prejudice to express contradictions and truth-falsehood, establishment of erroneousness and truth of assessment. The administrative court is to assess a prejudicial relationship between judicial decisions concerning an established legal fact or composition, the consequences or claims arising from the same legal relationship in the original proceedings. Such prejudice applies to the following cases: 1) emergence, change or termination of the main legal relationship in the primary process, affecting the use of prejudicial categories in derivative legal relations in the subsequent process; 2) emergence of a legal relationship not generated by the primary relationship, which contains interdependent substantive legal regulations; 3) recognition of a claim for a conviction due to confirmed preliminary categories by a primary court decision, etc. Direction of assessing the circumstances of the case are dealt with in the paper to establish the facts by comparing the judge’s rules of law and conduct of the parties on the basis of operational rules of law, taking into account «legal issues» (in material/primary and procedural/secondary components). Under the influence of the nature of reasoning, such effective evaluation criteria are formulated as observance of the principles of confidence in law, justice, honesty and morality; standards of reasonableness, impartiality, good faith; political goals of ensuring the common good, security of the state, public interests. Within the procedural discretion when using the preliminary categories, the judge is to fully and impartially investigate the «question of fact» regarding the modelling of scenarios and empirical knowledge of the truth on the levels of probability, conviction, absolute certainty. This subject of evaluation is dependent on previous decisions in the direction of «definitive» interpretation in order to make an unambiguous decision. The author adduces examples of legal positions of the Supreme Court and courts of previous instances on applying preliminary categories in administrative proceedings. It has been identified that the possibility of preliminary categories non-application in case of motivated judge’s disagreement in the way of the «recall» within the subject of consideration of the factual circumstances of the case is to be provided. Deviation from prejudice might be justified if there is a need for a «live» transition of judicial practice to interpretation, filling gaps and open «legitimate» completion of the law. Relevant changes are to be implemented in a natural, gradual and coordinated manner. Procedure for overcoming the legal force of the preliminary ruling of a court decision has been proposed. The universality of a court decision is conditional. The standard legitimate way to reject prejudice is to review court decisions. Such decisions might be reviewed for compliance with the law and validity in their adoption. Confirmation of a judicial error «cancels» the preliminary nature of such a decision. Moreover, if the draft decision contradicts the preliminary categories given in another court decision that has entered into force, it is necessary to review unacceptable legal facts and compositions. For example, these could be procedural abuses, artificial distortion (creation or forgery) of evidence, etc. Key words: discretion, judicial discretionary power, prejudice, falsity, truth, contradiction.

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Walls, N. Eugene. "Toward a Multidimensional Understanding of Heterosexism: The Changing Nature of Prejudice." Journal of Homosexuality 55, no. 1 (June 27, 2008): 20–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918360802129287.

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33

Phills, Curtis E., Amanda Williams, Jennifer M. Wolff, Ashley Smith, Rachel Arnold, Katelyn Felegy, and M. Ellen Kuenzig. "Intersecting race and gender stereotypes: Implications for group-level attitudes." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 8 (June 13, 2017): 1172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217706742.

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Two studies examined the relationship between explicit stereotyping and prejudice by investigating how stereotyping of minority men and women may be differentially related to prejudice. Based on research and theory related to the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008), we hypothesized that stereotyping of minority men would be more strongly related to prejudice than stereotyping of minority women. Supporting our hypothesis, in both the United Kingdom (Study 1) and the United States (Study 2), when stereotyping of Black men and women were entered into the same regression model, only stereotyping of Black men predicted prejudice. Results were inconsistent in regard to South Asians and East Asians. Results are discussed in terms of the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008) and the gendered nature of the relationship between stereotyping and attitudes.

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McConnell, C. Douglas. "Confronting Racism and Prejudice in Our Kind of People." Missiology: An International Review 25, no. 4 (October 1997): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969702500401.

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This article explores the nature of choice in the formation of churches and the resultant negative side effects. The observations are taken from research projects in which the author studied churches and clergy in two cities. Contrary to the initial claims, homogeneous churches do not appear to be moving toward racial reconciliation as they mature. The central problem is that the lack of intentionality in confronting prejudice as part of the formational process perpetuates the racism and prejudice that is characteristic of all human societies. The missiological response includes confronting racism and prejudice by intentionally fostering reconciliation through inter-ethnic relationships and developing a contextualized response to the changing world outside the church.

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Westwood, Sean J., Erik Peterson, and Yphtach Lelkes. "Are there Still Limits on Partisan Prejudice?" Public Opinion Quarterly 83, no. 3 (2019): 584–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfz034.

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Abstract Partisan affective polarization is believed, by some, to stem from vitriolic elite political discourse. We explore this account by replicating several 2014 studies that examine partisan prejudice. Despite claims of elevated partisan affective polarization from pundits, this extensive replication offers no evidence of an increase in the public’s partisan prejudice between 2014 and 2017. Divides in feeling thermometer ratings of the two political parties remained stable, and there was no overall increase in measures of partisan prejudice between periods. This is consistent with results from the 2012 and 2016 ANES. Moreover, the most affectively polarized members of the public became no more likely to hold prejudicial attitudes toward the other party. Despite an intervening campaign with elevated elite hostility and rampant postelection discord, the limits on partisan prejudice identified in prior research remain in place. This stability is important for understanding the nature and malleability of partisan affect.

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Hayward, Lydia E., Linda R. Tropp, Matthew J. Hornsey, and Fiona Kate Barlow. "Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Intergroup Contact." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 3 (March 2017): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216685291.

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Positive contact predicts reduced prejudice, but negative contact may increase prejudice at a stronger rate. The current project builds on this work in four ways: establishing an understanding of contact that is grounded in subjective experience, examining the affective mediators involved in the negative contact–prejudice relationship, extending research on the effects of positive and negative contact to minority groups, and examining the contact asymmetry experimentally. Study 1 introduced anger as a mediator of the relationships between positive and negative contact and prejudice among White Americans ( N = 371), using a contact measure that reflected the frequency and intensity of a wide range of experiences. Study 2 found a contact asymmetry among Black and Hispanic Americans ( N = 365). Study 3 found initial experimental evidence of a contact asymmetry ( N = 309). We conclude by calling for a more nuanced understanding of intergroup contact that recognizes its multifaceted and subjective nature.

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Bonnot, Virginie, Silvia Krauth-Gruber, Ewa Drozda-Senkowska, and Diniz Lopes. "Emotional reactions to the French colonization in Algeria: The normative nature of collective guilt." Social Science Information 55, no. 4 (September 21, 2016): 531–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018416661653.

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Fifty years after the end of the Algerian war of independence, French colonization in Algeria (1830–1962) is still a very controversial topic when sporadically brought to the forefront of the public sphere. One way to better understand current intergroup relationships between French of French origin and French with Algerian origins is to investigate how the past influences the present. This study explores French students’ emotional reactions to this historical period, their ideological underpinnings and their relationship with the willingness to compensate for past misdeeds, and with prejudice. Results show that French students with French ascendants endorse a no-remorse norm when thinking about past colonization of Algeria and express very low levels of collective guilt and moral-outrage related emotions, especially those students with a right-wing political orientation and a national identification in the form of glorification of the country. These group-based emotions are significantly related to pro-social behavioral intentions (i.e. the willingness to compensate) and to prejudice toward the outgroup.

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Peachey, Jon Welty, George B. Cunningham, Alexis Lyras, Adam Cohen, and Jennifer Bruening. "The Influence of a Sport-for-Peace Event on Prejudice and Change Agent Self-Efficacy." Journal of Sport Management 29, no. 3 (May 2015): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0251.

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The purpose of this research project was to examine the impact of participating in a sport-for-peace event and one’s social dominance orientation on prejudice and change agent self-efficacy. In Study 1, participants (n = 136) completed questionnaires both before and following their participation in a sport-for-peace event. The event was designed to ensure both high levels of and quality intergroup contact, with interactions confirmed through a manipulation check. Results from the doubly repeated measures analysis of variance indicate a significant decrease in prejudice and a significant increase in change agent self-efficacy. Social dominance orientation did not influence the nature of these changes. In Study 2, the authors conducted focus group interviews with 27 participants to better understand how the event impacted prejudice and change agent self-efficacy. Results indicate that the team-based sport environment and social opportunities were instrumental in prejudice reduction while the educational platform was important for increasing change agent self-efficacy.

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Hodson, Gordon, and Kristof Dhont. "The person-based nature of prejudice: Individual difference predictors of intergroup negativity." European Review of Social Psychology 26, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2015.1070018.

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凌, 晨. "Intouchable Prophecy: Enlightenment from The Nature of Prejudice in the Digital Age." Advances in Psychology 08, no. 11 (2018): 1651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2018.811191.

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Grapin, Sally L., Charity B. Griffin, Shereen C. Naser, Jeffrey M. Brown, and Sherrie L. Proctor. "School-Based Interventions for Reducing Youths’ Racial and Ethnic Prejudice." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6, no. 2 (October 2019): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732219863820.

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Minoritized youth encounter racial and ethnic prejudice and discrimination in a variety of settings, including schools. Prejudice refers to harboring negative attitudes and beliefs toward targeted social groups; discrimination reflects translating those attitudes into actions that marginalize targeted groups. Exposure to racial and ethnic discrimination has been associated with numerous detrimental outcomes for youth, including poorer mental health outcomes and lower levels of academic performance. This article describes the nature of racial and ethnic discrimination encountered by minoritized youth as well as its impact on these populations. It also reviews research on prejudice reduction interventions for youth, with a focus on those interventions designed for school settings. In light of existing research, several policy recommendations support high-quality, evidence-based programming in schools.

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Fryberg, Stephanie A., and Arianne E. Eason. "Making the Invisible Visible: Acts of Commission and Omission." Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 6 (November 15, 2017): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721417720959.

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Social psychological theorizing on prejudice and discrimination, which largely focuses on tangible or verifiable content of people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions toward a group (what we term commissions), falls short in capturing the nature of prejudice and discrimination directed toward Native Americans. Utilizing the literature on the prevalence, content, and consequences of representations of Native Americans, we argue that aspects of the world that are invisible or intentionally left out of the public conscious, what we refer to as omissions, hold important meaning for both Native and non-Native individuals. We propose that a framework of bias that incorporates both omissions and commissions will enrich our understanding of bias, prejudice, and discrimination and better elucidate the experiences of groups that are historically underrepresented and underserved by social science.

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Chiu, Pearl, Nalini Ambady, and Patricia Deldin. "Contingent Negative Variation to Emotional In- and Out-Group Stimuli Differentiates High- and Low-Prejudiced Individuals." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 10 (December 2004): 1830–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929042947946.

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Low- and high-prejudiced individuals exhibited differential cortical and behavioral responses to the pending and actual evaluation of emotional in- and out-group faces. Participants viewed warning stimuli indicating the subsequent presentation of an angry or happy African-American or Caucasian face. Upon presentation of the face, participants judged whether they would enjoy working with the individual. The contingent negative variation (CNV) component of the event-related potential in response to the pending presentation of in- and out-group emotional stimuli distinguished low- from high-prejudiced individuals. Specifically, low-prejudiced individuals showed greater early CNV in anticipation of angry African-American targets, and increased reaction time to evaluating these faces. High-prejudiced individuals showed decreased early CNV in anticipation of angry African-American faces, accompanied by decreased response latencies, and enhanced CNV in anticipation of happy Caucasian faces. Notably, no group differences emerged in either the pending or actual evaluation of happy out-group faces. The data are discussed with regard to implications for understanding the nature of prejudice, and underscore both the importance of emotional expression on how a target is appraised and also the utility of using converging measures to clarify processes that may contribute to social behavior.

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Viciana, Hugo, Ivar R. Hannikainen, and Antonio Gaitán Torres. "The dual nature of partisan prejudice: Morality and identity in a multiparty system." PLOS ONE 14, no. 7 (July 16, 2019): e0219509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219509.

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Lea, Susan J., Frank D. Bokhorst, and Jeremy Colenso. "The Empirical Relationship between the Constructs of Traditional and Symbolic Racism." South African Journal of Psychology 25, no. 4 (December 1995): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639502500404.

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The theory of symbolic racism contends that white resistance to social policies such as affirmative action is rooted in prejudiced attitudes towards black people, and represents a more sophisticated form of racism than traditional or rednecked racism. However, the notion of symbolic racism has been severely criticized on theoretical and empirical grounds. The present study sought to clarify the nature of the empirical relationship between symbolic and traditional racism. The Subtle Racism Scale (Duckitt, 1991) and Heaven and Moerdyk's adaptation of Ray's anti-black scale were administered to 150 school-children. The findings revealed no significant difference in mean scores obtained on the measures of symbolic and traditional racism. A series of factor analyses consistently yielded four factors, accounting for 54% of the variance, suggesting that racism involves hitherto unaccounted for components in addition to traditional and subtle expressions of racial prejudice.

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Fetz, Karolina, and Martin Kroh. "Prejudice in disguise: Which features determine the subtlety of ethnically prejudicial statements?" Journal of Social and Political Psychology 9, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.6381.

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In current immigration debates ethnic prejudice is often expressed in a subtle manner, which conceals its xenophobic content. However, previous research has only insufficiently examined the specific features that make certain ethnically prejudicial statements subtler, i.e., less readily identifiable as xenophobic, than others. The current study employs an experimental factorial survey design and assesses the subtlety of systematically manipulated prejudicial statements. Our data from a German random population sample (N = 895) indicate that the subtlety of ethnically prejudicial statements is manipulable along the dimensions of topic, linguistic (essentialist) phrasing, and target group: Prejudicial statements that refer to culture, that are phrased weakly essentialistically, and that target Muslims were subtlest, in being evaluated as least xenophobic by the respondents. Moreover, with an increasing internal and a decreasing external motivation to respond without prejudice, individuals reacted more strongly to the variation of the statements’ topic and linguistic phrasing and were thus more sensitive to features determining subtler and more blatant ways of ethnic prejudice expression. These findings contribute to a better understanding of current migration discourses, in demonstrating that the specific manner in which ethnic prejudice is communicated can camouflage the xenophobic nature of a statement, so that it is less readily recognized as prejudicial.

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Zografova, Yolanda. "Identities and Everyday Interethnic Relationships." Qualitative Sociology Review 15, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.15.2.03.

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This article examines the nature of group identity in order to gain insight into the character and quality of intergroup contacts, particularly the conditions for positive contacts between members of different ethnic groups. An important conception underlying the discussion is that identity is not a stable construct or fixed essence, but rather is discursive in nature and turns upon how individuals and collectivities distinguish themselves in their relations with other individuals and collectivities. Both resemblance and difference are thus essential principles of social identity, while ethnic identity is distinct from culture and may be analyzed as a form of social organization. This heightens the importance of the degree of permeability of group boundaries, and of one’s relation with their own ethnic group, in minimizing prejudice and fostering interethnic relations. Analysis of field interviews with members of Bulgarian and Bulgarian Turkish ethnic groups provided the basis for the theoretical discussion concerning intergroup contacts. The interviews also serve to illustrate the inverse relationship between intergroup contacts and prejudices, as well as the fact that insofar as intergroup ethnic conflicts and perceived differences occur between narrative constructs, they can be transformed and resolved through openness towards differences and dialogue.

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Pearson, Adam R., John F. Dovidio, and Samuel L. Gaertner. "Teaching & Learning Guide for: The Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: Insights from Aversive Racism." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 3, no. 6 (September 23, 2009): 1120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00227.x.

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Mack, Tabethah. "Where Are We Five Decades Later? A Scholarly Journey into the Nature of Prejudice." Psychology of Women Quarterly 32, no. 1 (March 2008): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00411_5.x.

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Stones, Christopher R. "ANTIGAY PREJUDICE AMONG HETEROSEXUAL MALES: RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM AS A STRONGER PREDICTOR THAN SOCIAL-DOMINANCE ORIENTATION AND HETEROSEXUAL IDENTITY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, no. 9 (January 1, 2006): 1137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.9.1137.

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In recent years there has been much contested debate around the psychology of prejudice and the extent to which it is essentially an outcome of a variety of personality-related variables or whether the social context with which one identifies plays an equally, if not more, important role. Debate has also focused on the complex interplay of personality and social context. This study, using a combination of survey and experimental methodology, examined the extent to which antigay prejudice among men is predicted by right-wing authoritarianism, social-dominance orientation, and identity as a heterosexual. In phase 1 (N = 112) antigay stereotypes were found to be significantly related to right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, but nevertheless best predicted by right-wing authoritarianism (β = .27, p < .01) and in phase 2 (N = 52), despite males' sexual identity being primed, heterosexual identity was still not significantly related to measures of prejudice. These results are discussed with reference to the nature of authoritarianism and social-dominance orientation, as well as social-identity theory.

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