Relevant bibliographies by topics / The observational method

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'The observational method'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "The observational method"

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Heath, Sue, Lynne Chapman, and The Morgan Centre Sketchers. "Observational sketching as method." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 21, no. 6 (July 16, 2018): 713–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2018.1484990.

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Jamroz, Dariusz. "The perspective-based observational tunnels method: A new method of multidimensional data visualization." Information Visualization 16, no. 4 (January 24, 2017): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473871616686634.

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The article describes a new unique method of multidimensional data visualization. It has been developed as modified observational tunnels method, which was previously known and used many times. The modification consists in supplementing the observational tunnels method used for visualization of multidimensional data with the concept of perspective. In this way, the orientation and navigation in multidimensional space are largely facilitated. The differences in effects of observational tunnels method and perspective-based observational tunnels method have been presented. The effectiveness of the new visualization method has been compared with selected four well-known methods of multidimensional data visualization: parallel coordinates, orthogonal projection, principal component analysis, and multidimensional scaling. The research revealed that the perspective-based observational tunnels method sometimes makes it possible to obtain information about significant features of analyzed data even when other methods selected for comparative studies are not able to show it. This article includes a presentation of the views of 5-dimensional data obtained from the print recognition process, which allowed the author to state that the features chosen for the development of spatial features are, in this case, sufficient for the correct recognition process. The previously published ranking presenting seven different methods of multidimensional data visualization was supplemented with the perspective-based observational tunnels method. This ranking was conducted using 7-dimensional data describing different types of coal. Thus, it was shown that, in this case, the presented method constitutes the efficient tool among other qualitative visualization analysis methods.
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Powderham, A. J. "The observational method?learning from projects." Geotechnical Engineering 155, no. 1 (January 2002): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.155.1.59.40628.

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Peck, R. B. "The observational method can be simple." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 149, no. 2 (April 2001): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2001.149.2.71.

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Powderham, A. J. "The observational method—learning from projects." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 155, no. 1 (January 2002): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2002.155.1.59.

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Schubert, Wulf. "The Development of the Observational Method." Geomechanik und Tunnelbau 1, no. 5 (October 2008): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/geot.200800035.

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Zhang, Tong-Jie, Cong Ma, and Tian Lan. "Constraints on the Dark Side of the Universe and Observational Hubble Parameter Data." Advances in Astronomy 2010 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/184284.

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This paper is a review on the observational Hubble parameter data that have gained increasing attention in recent years for their illuminating power on the dark side of the universe: the dark matter, dark energy, and the dark age. Currently, there are two major methods of independent observationalH(z)measurement, which we summarize as the “differential age method” and the “radial BAO size method.” Starting with fundamental cosmological notions such as the spacetime coordinates in an expanding universe, we present the basic principles behind the two methods. We further review the two methods in greater detail, including the source of errors. We show how the observationalH(z)data present itself as a useful tool in the study of cosmological models and parameter constraint, and we also discuss several issues associated with their applications. Finally, we point the reader to a future prospect of upcoming observation programs that will lead to some major improvements in the quality of observationalH(z)data.
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Hardy, Stuart, Duncan Nicholson, Peter Ingram, Asim Gaba, Ying Chen, and Giovanna Biscontin. "New observational method framework for embedded walls." Geotechnical Research 5, no. 3 (September 2018): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgere.18.00013.

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Prakash, K., A. Sridharan, and M. Sheshashayana. "Appraisal of observational method for consolidation analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 167, no. 6 (December 2014): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.13.00006.

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Finno, Richard J., and Michele Calvello. "Supported Excavations: Observational Method and Inverse Modeling." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 131, no. 7 (July 2005): 826–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2005)131:7(826).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The observational method"

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Spross, Johan. "A Critical Review of the Observational Method." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144207.

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Building a sustainable structure in soil or rock that satisfies all predefined technical requirements implies choosing a rational and effective construction method. An important aspect is how the performance of the structure is verified. For cases when the geotechnical behaviour is hard to predict, the existing design code for geotechnical structures, Eurocode 7, suggests the so-called “observational method” to verify that the performance is acceptable. The basic principle of the method is to accept predefined changes in the design during construction, in order to accommodate the actual ground conditions, if the current design is found unsuitable. Even though this in theory should ensure an effective design solution, formal application of the observational method is rare. It is therefore not clear which prerequisites and circumstances that must be present for the observational method to be applicable and be the more suitable method. This licentiate thesis gives a critical review of the observational method, based on, and therefore limited by, the outcome of the performed case studies. The aim is to identify and highlight the crucial aspects that make the observational method difficult to apply, thereby providing a basis for research towards a more applicable definition of the method. The main topics of discussion are (1) the apparent contradiction between the preference for advanced probabilistic calculation methods to solve complex design problems and sound, qualitative engineering judgement, (2) the limitations of measurement data in assessing the safety of a structure, (3) the fact that currently, no safety margin is required for the completed structure when the observational method is applied, and (4) the rigidity of the current definition of the observational method and the implications of deviations from its principles. Based on the review, it is argued that the observational method can be improved by linking it to a probabilistic framework. To be applicable, the method should be supported by guidelines that explain and exemplify how to make the best use of it. The engineering judgement is however not lost; no matter how elaborate probabilistic methods are used, sound judgement is still needed to define the problem correctly. How to define such a probabilistic framework is an urgent topic for future research, because this also addresses the concerns regarding safety that is raised in the other topics of discussion.
För att i berg eller jord kunna konstruera en anläggning, som uppfyller satta tekniska krav, krävs det att man väljer en rationell och effektiv konstruktionsmetod. En viktig aspekt i detta val är hur man verifierar konstruktionens funktion avseende exempelvis bärförmåga eller stadga. För fall när konstruktionens beteende svårt att förutsäga, erbjuder gällande standard (Eurokod 7) den så kallade observationsmetoden. Denna metod tillåter i förväg förberedda förändringar i designen under konstruktionstiden, om observationer av konstruktionens beteende indikerar att så behövs. På så vis anpassas konstruktionen till de faktiska förhållandena i marken. Trots att detta tillvägagångssätt i teorin borde ge en rationell design, används metoden sällan. Det råder därför oklarheter om vilka förutsättningar och omständigheter som krävs för att observationsmetoden ska kunna användas och dessutom utgöra den bästa lösningen. I denna licentiatuppsats granskas observationsmetoden och dess användbarhet. Målet med licentiatuppsatsen är att belysa de aspekter som kan utgöra svårigheter när observationsmetoden används. Dessa identifierades under arbetet med några fallstudier. Licentiatuppsatsen ger därmed en utgångspunkt för fortsatt forskning för att ta fram en mer användbar definition av observationsmetoden. De viktigaste aspekterna som diskuteras i uppsatsen är (1) den skenbara motsatsen mellan användandet av sannolikhetsbaserade beräkningsmetoder för att lösa komplexa dimensioneringsfrågor och kvalitativa ingenjörsmässiga bedömningar, (2) de begränsningar som finns när man använder mätdata för att utvärdera konstruktioners säkerhet, (3) att det för tillfället saknas krav på säkerhetsmarginal mot brott för konstruktioner som byggts med observationsmetoden, och (4) vad svårigheten att uppfylla Eurokodens strikta definition innebär för metodens användbarhet. Utifrån resultatet av granskningen dras slutsatsen att observationsmetoden kan förbättras genom att ge den ett sannolikhetsbaserat ramverk. För att förenkla användningen bör riktlinjer och anvisningar utformas. Även om metoden utvecklas mot en högre grad av beräkningskomplexitet, kommer ingenjörsmässiga bedömningar också framgent att vara viktiga, eftersom en avgörande aspekt är hur problemställningen formuleras. Med ett sannolikhetsbaserat ramverk ökar möjligheten att lösa de frågeställningar kring säkerhet som också diskuteras i uppsatsen.

QC 20140415

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Spross, Johan. "Toward a reliability framework for the observational method." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192825.

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Constructing sustainable structures in rock that satisfy all predefined technical specifications requires rational and effective construction methods. When the geotechnical behaviour is hard to predict, the Euro­pean design code, Eurocode 7, suggests application of the observational method to verify that the performance is acceptable. The basic principle of the method is to accept predefined changes in the design during con­struction to comply with the actual ground conditions, if the current de­sign is found unsuitable. Even though this in theory should ensure an effective design solution, formal application of the observational method is rare. Investigating the applicability of the observational method in rock en­gineering, the aim of this thesis is to identify, highlight, and solve the aspects of the method that limit its wider application. Furthermore, the thesis aims to improve the conceptual understanding of how design deci­sions should be made when large uncertainties are present. The main research contribution is a probabilistic framework for the observational method. The suggested methodology allows comparison of the merits of the observational method with that of conventional design. Among other things, the thesis also discusses (1) the apparent contradiction between the preference for advanced probabilistic calculation methods and sound, qualitative engineering judgement, (2) how the establishment of limit states and alarm limits must be carefully considered to ensure structural safety, and (3) the applicability of the Eurocode defini­tion of the observational method and the implications of deviations from its principles.
För att kunna konstruera en anläggning i berg, som uppfyller satta tek­niska krav, krävs det en rationell och effektiv konstruktionsmetod. När konstruktionens beteende är svårt att förutsäga, erbjuder den europeiska standarden Eurokod 7 den så kallade observationsmetoden. Denna metod tillåter i förväg förberedda förändringar i designen under konstruktions­tiden, om observationer av konstruktionens beteende indikerar att så behövs. På så vis anpassas konstruktionen till de faktiska förhållandena i marken. Trots att detta tillvägagångssätt i teorin ger en rationell design, används metoden sällan i enlighet med Eurokod 7. Denna doktorsavhandling undersöker tillämpbarheten av observa-tionsmetoden när man bygger i och på berg. Målet är att belysa de aspekter som begränsar dess användning och i dessa fall föreslå förbätt­ringar som ökar tillämpbarheten. I ett vidare perspektiv syftar avhand­lingen även till att förbättra den konceptuella förståelsen för hur beslut bör fattas i designprocessen när det finns stora osäkerheter. Avhandlingen visar hur observationsmetoden kan användas i ett san­nolikhetsbaserat ramverk. Metodiken ger användaren möjlighet att jäm­föra för- och nackdelarna med observationsmetoden och konventionell dimensionering. Avhandlingen diskuterar bland annat även (1) den skenbara motsatsen mellan användandet av sannolikhetsbaserade beräkningsmetoder för att lösa komplexa dimensioneringsfrågor och kvalitativa ingenjörsmässiga bedömningar, (2) hur larmgränser och brottgränstillstånd bör definieras för att ge tillräcklig säkerhetsmarginal, samt (3) hur Eurokod 7:s strikta definition av observationsmetoden påverkar dess användbarhet.

QC 20160926

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Jin, Yingyan. "Supervised learning for back analysis of excavations in the observational method." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275587.

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In the past few decades, demand for construction in underground spaces has increased dramatically in urban areas with high population densities. However, the impact of the construction of underground structures on surrounding infrastructure raises concerns since movements caused by deep excavations might damage adjacent buildings. Unfortunately, the prediction of geotechnical behaviour is difficult due to uncertainties and lack of information of on the underground environment. Therefore, to ensure safety, engineers tend to choose very conservative designs that result in requiring unnecessary material and longer construction time. The observational method, which was proposed by Peck in 1969, and formalised in Eurocode 7 in 1987, provides a way to avoid such redundancy by modifying the design based on the knowledge gathered during construction. The review process within the observational method is recognised as back analysis. Supervised learning can aid in this process, providing a systematic procedure to assess soil parameters based on monitoring data and prediction of the ground response. A probabilistic model is developed in this research to account for the uncertainties in the problem. Sequential Bayesian inference is used to update the soil parameters at each excavation stage when observations are available. The accuracy of the prediction for future stages improves at each stage. Meanwhile, the uncertainty contained in the prediction decreases, and therefore the confidence on the corresponding design also increases. Moreover, the Bayesian method integrates subjective engineering experience and objective observations in a rational and quantitative way, which enables the model to update soil parameters even when the amount of data is very limited. It also allows the use of the knowledge learnt from comparable ground conditions, which is particularly useful in the absence of site-specific information on ground conditions. Four probabilistic models are developed in this research. The first two incorporate empirical excavation design methods. These simple models are used to examine the practicality of the approach with several cases. The next two are coupled with a program called FREW, which is able to simulate the excavation process, still in a relatively simplistic way. The baseline model with simple assumptions on model error and another one is a more sophisticated model considering measurement error and spatial relationships among the observations. Their efficiency and accuracy are verified using a synthetic case and tested based on a case history from the London Crossrail project. In the end, the models are compared and their flexibility in different cases is discussed.
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Hwang, Jae-Yun. "Stability Evaluation of Rock Blocks in Tunnels for Observational Method." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148526.

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Hitchcock, Alistair. "Improving delivery of underground transportation infrastructure : an observational method case history." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431943.

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Le, Masurier Jason Walter. "Developing the Observational Method as a systemic approach to uncertainty management." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369873.

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Zhang, Wenlong. "Forward and Inverse Problems Under Uncertainty." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE024/document.

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Cette thèse contient deux matières différentes. Dans la première partie, deux cas sont considérés. L'un est le modèle plus lisse de la plaque mince et l'autre est les équations des limites elliptiques avec des données limites incertaines. Dans cette partie, les convergences stochastiques des méthodes des éléments finis sont prouvées pour chaque problème.Dans la deuxième partie, nous fournissons une analyse mathématique du problème inverse linéarisé dans la tomographie d'impédance électrique multifréquence. Nous présentons un cadre mathématique et numérique pour une procédure d'imagerie du tenseur de conductivité électrique anisotrope en utilisant une nouvelle technique appelée Tentomètre de diffusion Magnéto-acoustographie et proposons une approche de contrôle optimale pour reconstruire le facteur de propriété intrinsèque reliant le tenseur de diffusion au tenseur de conductivité électrique anisotrope. Nous démontrons la convergence et la stabilité du type Lipschitz de l'algorithme et présente des exemples numériques pour illustrer sa précision. Le modèle cellulaire pour Electropermécanisme est démontré. Nous étudions les paramètres efficaces dans un modèle d'homogénéisation. Nous démontrons numériquement la sensibilité de ces paramètres efficaces aux paramètres microscopiques critiques régissant l'électropermécanisme
This thesis contains two different subjects. In first part, two cases are considered. One is the thin plate spline smoother model and the other one is the elliptic boundary equations with uncertain boundary data. In this part, stochastic convergences of the finite element methods are proved for each problem.In second part, we provide a mathematical analysis of the linearized inverse problem in multifrequency electrical impedance tomography. We present a mathematical and numerical framework for a procedure of imaging anisotropic electrical conductivity tensor using a novel technique called Diffusion Tensor Magneto-acoustography and propose an optimal control approach for reconstructing the cross-property factor relating the diffusion tensor to the anisotropic electrical conductivity tensor. We prove convergence and Lipschitz type stability of the algorithm and present numerical examples to illustrate its accuracy. The cell model for Electropermeabilization is demonstrated. We study effective parameters in a homogenization model. We demonstrate numerically the sensitivity of these effective parameters to critical microscopic parameters governing electropermeabilization
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Normand, Sébastien. "How Do Children with ADHD (Mis)manage their Real-Life Dyadic Friendships? A Multi-Method Investigation." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20139.

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This multi-method study provides detailed information about the friendships of 87 children with ADHD (77.0% boys) and 46 comparison children (73.9% boys) between the ages of 7 and 13. The methods used in the study included parent and teacher ratings, self-report measures, and direct observation of friends’ dyadic behaviours in three structured analogue tasks. Results indicated that, in contrast with comparison children, children with ADHD had friends with high levels of ADHD and oppositional symptoms; they perceived fewer positive features and more negative features, and were less satisfied in their friendships. Observational data indicated that children with ADHD performed both more legal and more illegal manoeuvres than comparison children in a fast-paced competitive game. While negotiating with their friends, children with ADHD made more insensitive and self-centred proposals than comparison children. In dyads consisting of one child with ADHD and one typically developing child, children with ADHD were often more controlling than their non-diagnosed friends. Globally, these results were robust and did not seem to be affected by age differences, ADHD subtypes, comorbidities, and medication status. Given the increased recognition of ADHD in adolescence and adulthood as well as the fact that negative peer reputation in childhood very strongly predicts mental-health status by early adulthood, this research may lead to the discovery of meaningful ways to help people with ADHD achieve improved mental health and happiness over their lifespan.
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Stenger, Mary Jennifer. "The impact of observational learning on preschoolers' cooperation in an ultrasound swallowing study." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1177018753.

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Isogai, Keisuke. "Observational Research on Dwarf Novae: Superoutburst, Evolution, and Development of a Classification Method Using Gaia DR2." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242610.

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Books on the topic "The observational method"

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Power, Brenda Miller. Taking note: Improving your observational notetaking. York, Me: Stenhouse Publishers, 1996.

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Patil, Ganapati P. Composite Sampling: A Novel Method to Accomplish Observational Economy in Environmental Studies. Boston, MA: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2011.

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Meisels, Samuel J. Thinking like a teacher: Using observational assessment to improve teaching and learning. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2002.

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Banfa, Martha. Observational strategies for the Nigerian classroom : a question of approach. Jos, Nigeria: Educational Resource Centre, 1994.

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Zelazny, Roger. Flare. N.Y: Baen, 1992.

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Smart, Barry, Kay Peggs, and Joseph Burridge. Observation Methods. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446286388.

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Douglas, Thompson W., and Evans Alfred S. 1917-, eds. Methods in observational epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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1953-, Dombro Amy Laura, and Dichtelmiller, Margo L. (Margo Lizabeth), 1954-, eds. The power of observation. Washington, DC: Teaching Strategies, 1999.

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Kreiner, Svend. Statistisk analyse af klasserumsobservationer. København: Danmarks pædagogiske institut, 1986.

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Borich, Gary D. Observation skills for effective teaching. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon Publishers, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "The observational method"

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Sakurai, Shunsuke. "Observational method." In Back Analysis in Rock Engineering, 19–30. Leiden,The Netherlands : CRC Press/Balkema, [2017] | Series:: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315375168-4.

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Murakami, Tomokazu. "Observational Method." In Geophysical Approach to Marine Coastal Ecology, 37–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1129-5_2.

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Rauch, Jan. "GUHA Method and the LISp-Miner System." In Observational Calculi and Association Rules, 233–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11737-4_14.

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Molteni, D., G. Gerardi, M. A. Valenza, and G. Lanzafame. "Simulations of Shocks with Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics Method." In Observational Evidence for Black Holes in the Universe, 83–104. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4750-7_6.

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Debehogne, H. "Simulation Method to Compute Accurately the Einstein Effect During a Total Solar Eclipse. New Ideas." In Theoretical and Observational Problems Related to Solar Eclipses, 165–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5492-5_27.

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Sharifzadeh, M., R. Masoudi, and M. Ghorbani. "Siah Bisheh powerhouse cavern design modification using observational method and back analysis." In Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 153–80. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boca Raton: CRC Press/Balkema, [2017]– |Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: volume 1. Principles: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315364223-6.

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Szczerba, R. "A New Method for Observational Testing of the Planetary Nebulae Nuclei Evolution." In Planetary Nebulae, 539. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0865-9_168.

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Jamroz, Dariusz. "Application of Perspective-Based Observational Tunnels Method to Visualization of Multidimensional Fractals." In Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, 364–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91262-2_33.

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Löfman, Monica Susanne, and Leena Korkiala-Tanttu. "Observational Method Applied to the Decision Optimizing of Foundation Method in Kujala Interchange on Silty Clay Subsoil." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 739–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77238-3_56.

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Wong, Man Sing, Xiaolin Zhu, Sawaid Abbas, Coco Yin Tung Kwok, and Meilian Wang. "Optical Remote Sensing." In Urban Informatics, 315–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_20.

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AbstractApplications of Earth-observational remote sensing are rapidly increasing over urban areas. The latest regime shift from conventional urban development to smart-city development has triggered a rise in smart innovative technologies to complement spatial and temporal information in new urban design models. Remote sensing-based Earth-observations provide critical information to close the gaps between real and virtual models of urban developments. Remote sensing, itself, has rapidly evolved since the launch of the first Earth-observation satellite, Landsat, in 1972. Technological advancements over the years have gradually improved the ground resolution of satellite images, from 80 m in the 1970s to 0.3 m in the 2020s. Apart from the ground resolution, improvements have been made in many other aspects of satellite remote sensing. Also, the method and techniques of information extraction have advanced. However, to understand the latest developments and scope of information extraction, it is important to understand background information and major techniques of image processing. This chapter briefly describes the history of optical remote sensing, the basic operation of satellite image processing, advanced methods of object extraction for modern urban designs, various applications of remote sensing in urban or peri-urban settings, and future satellite missions and directions of urban remote sensing.
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Conference papers on the topic "The observational method"

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Cortier, Véronique, and Stéphanie Delaune. "A Method for Proving Observational Equivalence." In 2009 22nd IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csf.2009.9.

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Calvello, Michele. "From the Observational Method to “Observational Modelling” of Geotechnical Engineering Boundary Value Problems." In Geo-Risk 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480731.008.

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Chu, Qing, Guangjian Yan, Martin Wild, Yingji Zhou, Kai Yan, Linyuan Li, Yanan Liu, Yiyi Tong, and Xihan Mu. "Ground-Based Radiation Observational Method in Mountainous Areas." In IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2019.8900174.

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Langhorst, Onno, Bas Obladen, Gijs Kaptein, and Carlos Bosma. "Monitoring as a tool for the "Observational Method"." In IABSE Symposium, Weimar 2007: Improving Infrastructure Worldwide. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137807796158291.

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Yang, Li-ying, and Jun-ying Zhang. "Improved Behavior Knowledge Space Combination Method with Observational Learning." In The Proceedings of the Multiconference on "Computational Engineering in Systems Applications". IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cesa.2006.313633.

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Yang, Li-ying, and Jun-ying Zhang. "Improved Behavior Knowledge Space Combination Method with Observational Learning." In Multiconference on "Computational Engineering in Systems Applications. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cesa.2006.4281958.

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Shuku, Takayuki, Shin-ichi Nishimura, and Toshifumi Shibata. "Observational Design Method for Earth Structures using Particle Filter." In Second International Conference on Vulnerability and Risk Analysis and Management (ICVRAM) and the Sixth International Symposium on Uncertainty, Modeling, and Analysis (ISUMA). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413609.246.

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Govindasamy, A. V., J. L. Briaud, D. Kim, F. Olivera, P. Gardoni, and J. Delphia. "Observational Method for Estimating Future Scour Depth at Existing Bridges." In International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41147(392)4.

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Duncan, J. Michael, and Thomas L. Brandon. "Use of the Observational Method as the Sole Basis for Design." In Eighth International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482162.010.

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Bozorgzadeh, N., and J. Harrison. "Observational method in the context of rock engineering limit state design." In The 2016 Isrm International Symposium, Eurock 2016. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315388502-126.

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Reports on the topic "The observational method"

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Long, Qi, Brent Johnson, Yize Zhao, Yi Deng, and Changgee Chang. Statistical Methods for Missing Data in Large Observational Studies. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute® (PCORI), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/10.2019.me.13035840.

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Hart, Carl R., D. Keith Wilson, Chris L. Pettit, and Edward T. Nykaza. Machine-Learning of Long-Range Sound Propagation Through Simulated Atmospheric Turbulence. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41182.

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Abstract:
Conventional numerical methods can capture the inherent variability of long-range outdoor sound propagation. However, computational memory and time requirements are high. In contrast, machine-learning models provide very fast predictions. This comes by learning from experimental observations or surrogate data. Yet, it is unknown what type of surrogate data is most suitable for machine-learning. This study used a Crank-Nicholson parabolic equation (CNPE) for generating the surrogate data. The CNPE input data were sampled by the Latin hypercube technique. Two separate datasets comprised 5000 samples of model input. The first dataset consisted of transmission loss (TL) fields for single realizations of turbulence. The second dataset consisted of average TL fields for 64 realizations of turbulence. Three machine-learning algorithms were applied to each dataset, namely, ensemble decision trees, neural networks, and cluster-weighted models. Observational data come from a long-range (out to 8 km) sound propagation experiment. In comparison to the experimental observations, regression predictions have 5–7 dB in median absolute error. Surrogate data quality depends on an accurate characterization of refractive and scattering conditions. Predictions obtained through a single realization of turbulence agree better with the experimental observations.
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Ghosh, Subir. On Two Methods of Identifying Influential Sets of Observations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada186270.

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Dahabreh, Issa, and Sarah Robertson. Statistical Methods to Measure Treatment Effect Using Observational Data Versus Randomized Trials. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/06.2020.me.130603758.

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Canavan, G. H. Comparison with European observations of meteor impact. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/524867.

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Landsittel, Douglas, (Joyce) Chung-Chou Chang, and Sally Morton. Guidance for Researchers on Optimal Methods for Conducting Comparative Effectiveness Research With Observational Data. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute® (PCORI), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/11.2019.me.130603827.

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van der Sanden, J. J., and B. J. Nyiri. Radar Earth observation methods towards hydrokinetic site selection: a literature review. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/308412.

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Tannen, Richard, and Michelle Denburg. Developing New Methods that Estimate if Treatment Reduces the Risk of Death in Observational Studies. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/09.2020.me.131006601.

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Lapham, Mary A., Michael Bandor, and Eileen Wrubel. Agile Methods and Request for Change (RFC): Observations from DoD Acquisition Programs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609878.

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Gutman, Roee, Anthony Scotina, Robert Smith, David Dore, and Andrew Zullo. Creating and Testing Methods to Estimate Treatment Effect in Observational Studies with Three or More Treatments. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/05.2020.me.140312104.

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