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Spross, Johan. "A Critical Review of the Observational Method." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144207.
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Building a sustainable structure in soil or rock that satisfies all predefined technical requirements implies choosing a rational and effective construction method. An important aspect is how the performance of the structure is verified. For cases when the geotechnical behaviour is hard to predict, the existing design code for geotechnical structures, Eurocode 7, suggests the so-called “observational method” to verify that the performance is acceptable. The basic principle of the method is to accept predefined changes in the design during construction, in order to accommodate the actual ground conditions, if the current design is found unsuitable. Even though this in theory should ensure an effective design solution, formal application of the observational method is rare. It is therefore not clear which prerequisites and circumstances that must be present for the observational method to be applicable and be the more suitable method. This licentiate thesis gives a critical review of the observational method, based on, and therefore limited by, the outcome of the performed case studies. The aim is to identify and highlight the crucial aspects that make the observational method difficult to apply, thereby providing a basis for research towards a more applicable definition of the method. The main topics of discussion are (1) the apparent contradiction between the preference for advanced probabilistic calculation methods to solve complex design problems and sound, qualitative engineering judgement, (2) the limitations of measurement data in assessing the safety of a structure, (3) the fact that currently, no safety margin is required for the completed structure when the observational method is applied, and (4) the rigidity of the current definition of the observational method and the implications of deviations from its principles. Based on the review, it is argued that the observational method can be improved by linking it to a probabilistic framework. To be applicable, the method should be supported by guidelines that explain and exemplify how to make the best use of it. The engineering judgement is however not lost; no matter how elaborate probabilistic methods are used, sound judgement is still needed to define the problem correctly. How to define such a probabilistic framework is an urgent topic for future research, because this also addresses the concerns regarding safety that is raised in the other topics of discussion.För att i berg eller jord kunna konstruera en anläggning, som uppfyller satta tekniska krav, krävs det att man väljer en rationell och effektiv konstruktionsmetod. En viktig aspekt i detta val är hur man verifierar konstruktionens funktion avseende exempelvis bärförmåga eller stadga. För fall när konstruktionens beteende svårt att förutsäga, erbjuder gällande standard (Eurokod 7) den så kallade observationsmetoden. Denna metod tillåter i förväg förberedda förändringar i designen under konstruktionstiden, om observationer av konstruktionens beteende indikerar att så behövs. På så vis anpassas konstruktionen till de faktiska förhållandena i marken. Trots att detta tillvägagångssätt i teorin borde ge en rationell design, används metoden sällan. Det råder därför oklarheter om vilka förutsättningar och omständigheter som krävs för att observationsmetoden ska kunna användas och dessutom utgöra den bästa lösningen. I denna licentiatuppsats granskas observationsmetoden och dess användbarhet. Målet med licentiatuppsatsen är att belysa de aspekter som kan utgöra svårigheter när observationsmetoden används. Dessa identifierades under arbetet med några fallstudier. Licentiatuppsatsen ger därmed en utgångspunkt för fortsatt forskning för att ta fram en mer användbar definition av observationsmetoden. De viktigaste aspekterna som diskuteras i uppsatsen är (1) den skenbara motsatsen mellan användandet av sannolikhetsbaserade beräkningsmetoder för att lösa komplexa dimensioneringsfrågor och kvalitativa ingenjörsmässiga bedömningar, (2) de begränsningar som finns när man använder mätdata för att utvärdera konstruktioners säkerhet, (3) att det för tillfället saknas krav på säkerhetsmarginal mot brott för konstruktioner som byggts med observationsmetoden, och (4) vad svårigheten att uppfylla Eurokodens strikta definition innebär för metodens användbarhet. Utifrån resultatet av granskningen dras slutsatsen att observationsmetoden kan förbättras genom att ge den ett sannolikhetsbaserat ramverk. För att förenkla användningen bör riktlinjer och anvisningar utformas. Även om metoden utvecklas mot en högre grad av beräkningskomplexitet, kommer ingenjörsmässiga bedömningar också framgent att vara viktiga, eftersom en avgörande aspekt är hur problemställningen formuleras. Med ett sannolikhetsbaserat ramverk ökar möjligheten att lösa de frågeställningar kring säkerhet som också diskuteras i uppsatsen.
QC 20140415
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Spross, Johan. "Toward a reliability framework for the observational method." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192825.
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Constructing sustainable structures in rock that satisfy all predefined technical specifications requires rational and effective construction methods. When the geotechnical behaviour is hard to predict, the European design code, Eurocode 7, suggests application of the observational method to verify that the performance is acceptable. The basic principle of the method is to accept predefined changes in the design during construction to comply with the actual ground conditions, if the current design is found unsuitable. Even though this in theory should ensure an effective design solution, formal application of the observational method is rare. Investigating the applicability of the observational method in rock engineering, the aim of this thesis is to identify, highlight, and solve the aspects of the method that limit its wider application. Furthermore, the thesis aims to improve the conceptual understanding of how design decisions should be made when large uncertainties are present. The main research contribution is a probabilistic framework for the observational method. The suggested methodology allows comparison of the merits of the observational method with that of conventional design. Among other things, the thesis also discusses (1) the apparent contradiction between the preference for advanced probabilistic calculation methods and sound, qualitative engineering judgement, (2) how the establishment of limit states and alarm limits must be carefully considered to ensure structural safety, and (3) the applicability of the Eurocode definition of the observational method and the implications of deviations from its principles.För att kunna konstruera en anläggning i berg, som uppfyller satta tekniska krav, krävs det en rationell och effektiv konstruktionsmetod. När konstruktionens beteende är svårt att förutsäga, erbjuder den europeiska standarden Eurokod 7 den så kallade observationsmetoden. Denna metod tillåter i förväg förberedda förändringar i designen under konstruktionstiden, om observationer av konstruktionens beteende indikerar att så behövs. På så vis anpassas konstruktionen till de faktiska förhållandena i marken. Trots att detta tillvägagångssätt i teorin ger en rationell design, används metoden sällan i enlighet med Eurokod 7. Denna doktorsavhandling undersöker tillämpbarheten av observa-tionsmetoden när man bygger i och på berg. Målet är att belysa de aspekter som begränsar dess användning och i dessa fall föreslå förbättringar som ökar tillämpbarheten. I ett vidare perspektiv syftar avhandlingen även till att förbättra den konceptuella förståelsen för hur beslut bör fattas i designprocessen när det finns stora osäkerheter. Avhandlingen visar hur observationsmetoden kan användas i ett sannolikhetsbaserat ramverk. Metodiken ger användaren möjlighet att jämföra för- och nackdelarna med observationsmetoden och konventionell dimensionering. Avhandlingen diskuterar bland annat även (1) den skenbara motsatsen mellan användandet av sannolikhetsbaserade beräkningsmetoder för att lösa komplexa dimensioneringsfrågor och kvalitativa ingenjörsmässiga bedömningar, (2) hur larmgränser och brottgränstillstånd bör definieras för att ge tillräcklig säkerhetsmarginal, samt (3) hur Eurokod 7:s strikta definition av observationsmetoden påverkar dess användbarhet.
QC 20160926
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Jin, Yingyan. "Supervised learning for back analysis of excavations in the observational method." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275587.
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In the past few decades, demand for construction in underground spaces has increased dramatically in urban areas with high population densities. However, the impact of the construction of underground structures on surrounding infrastructure raises concerns since movements caused by deep excavations might damage adjacent buildings. Unfortunately, the prediction of geotechnical behaviour is difficult due to uncertainties and lack of information of on the underground environment. Therefore, to ensure safety, engineers tend to choose very conservative designs that result in requiring unnecessary material and longer construction time. The observational method, which was proposed by Peck in 1969, and formalised in Eurocode 7 in 1987, provides a way to avoid such redundancy by modifying the design based on the knowledge gathered during construction. The review process within the observational method is recognised as back analysis. Supervised learning can aid in this process, providing a systematic procedure to assess soil parameters based on monitoring data and prediction of the ground response. A probabilistic model is developed in this research to account for the uncertainties in the problem. Sequential Bayesian inference is used to update the soil parameters at each excavation stage when observations are available. The accuracy of the prediction for future stages improves at each stage. Meanwhile, the uncertainty contained in the prediction decreases, and therefore the confidence on the corresponding design also increases. Moreover, the Bayesian method integrates subjective engineering experience and objective observations in a rational and quantitative way, which enables the model to update soil parameters even when the amount of data is very limited. It also allows the use of the knowledge learnt from comparable ground conditions, which is particularly useful in the absence of site-specific information on ground conditions. Four probabilistic models are developed in this research. The first two incorporate empirical excavation design methods. These simple models are used to examine the practicality of the approach with several cases. The next two are coupled with a program called FREW, which is able to simulate the excavation process, still in a relatively simplistic way. The baseline model with simple assumptions on model error and another one is a more sophisticated model considering measurement error and spatial relationships among the observations. Their efficiency and accuracy are verified using a synthetic case and tested based on a case history from the London Crossrail project. In the end, the models are compared and their flexibility in different cases is discussed.
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Hwang, Jae-Yun. "Stability Evaluation of Rock Blocks in Tunnels for Observational Method." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148526.
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Hitchcock, Alistair. "Improving delivery of underground transportation infrastructure : an observational method case history." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431943.
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Le, Masurier Jason Walter. "Developing the Observational Method as a systemic approach to uncertainty management." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369873.
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Zhang, Wenlong. "Forward and Inverse Problems Under Uncertainty." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE024/document.
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Cette thèse contient deux matières différentes. Dans la première partie, deux cas sont considérés. L'un est le modèle plus lisse de la plaque mince et l'autre est les équations des limites elliptiques avec des données limites incertaines. Dans cette partie, les convergences stochastiques des méthodes des éléments finis sont prouvées pour chaque problème.Dans la deuxième partie, nous fournissons une analyse mathématique du problème inverse linéarisé dans la tomographie d'impédance électrique multifréquence. Nous présentons un cadre mathématique et numérique pour une procédure d'imagerie du tenseur de conductivité électrique anisotrope en utilisant une nouvelle technique appelée Tentomètre de diffusion Magnéto-acoustographie et proposons une approche de contrôle optimale pour reconstruire le facteur de propriété intrinsèque reliant le tenseur de diffusion au tenseur de conductivité électrique anisotrope. Nous démontrons la convergence et la stabilité du type Lipschitz de l'algorithme et présente des exemples numériques pour illustrer sa précision. Le modèle cellulaire pour Electropermécanisme est démontré. Nous étudions les paramètres efficaces dans un modèle d'homogénéisation. Nous démontrons numériquement la sensibilité de ces paramètres efficaces aux paramètres microscopiques critiques régissant l'électropermécanismeThis thesis contains two different subjects. In first part, two cases are considered. One is the thin plate spline smoother model and the other one is the elliptic boundary equations with uncertain boundary data. In this part, stochastic convergences of the finite element methods are proved for each problem.In second part, we provide a mathematical analysis of the linearized inverse problem in multifrequency electrical impedance tomography. We present a mathematical and numerical framework for a procedure of imaging anisotropic electrical conductivity tensor using a novel technique called Diffusion Tensor Magneto-acoustography and propose an optimal control approach for reconstructing the cross-property factor relating the diffusion tensor to the anisotropic electrical conductivity tensor. We prove convergence and Lipschitz type stability of the algorithm and present numerical examples to illustrate its accuracy. The cell model for Electropermeabilization is demonstrated. We study effective parameters in a homogenization model. We demonstrate numerically the sensitivity of these effective parameters to critical microscopic parameters governing electropermeabilization
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Normand, Sébastien. "How Do Children with ADHD (Mis)manage their Real-Life Dyadic Friendships? A Multi-Method Investigation." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20139.
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This multi-method study provides detailed information about the friendships of 87 children with ADHD (77.0% boys) and 46 comparison children (73.9% boys) between the ages of 7 and 13. The methods used in the study included parent and teacher ratings, self-report measures, and direct observation of friends’ dyadic behaviours in three structured analogue tasks. Results indicated that, in contrast with comparison children, children with ADHD had friends with high levels of ADHD and oppositional symptoms; they perceived fewer positive features and more negative features, and were less satisfied in their friendships. Observational data indicated that children with ADHD performed both more legal and more illegal manoeuvres than comparison children in a fast-paced competitive game. While negotiating with their friends, children with ADHD made more insensitive and self-centred proposals than comparison children. In dyads consisting of one child with ADHD and one typically developing child, children with ADHD were often more controlling than their non-diagnosed friends. Globally, these results were robust and did not seem to be affected by age differences, ADHD subtypes, comorbidities, and medication status. Given the increased recognition of ADHD in adolescence and adulthood as well as the fact that negative peer reputation in childhood very strongly predicts mental-health status by early adulthood, this research may lead to the discovery of meaningful ways to help people with ADHD achieve improved mental health and happiness over their lifespan.
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Stenger, Mary Jennifer. "The impact of observational learning on preschoolers' cooperation in an ultrasound swallowing study." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1177018753.
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Isogai, Keisuke. "Observational Research on Dwarf Novae: Superoutburst, Evolution, and Development of a Classification Method Using Gaia DR2." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242610.
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Borders, Christina Marie. "Direct Observation as a Decision Method for Evaluating Inclusionary Classroom Participation of Children with Mild Hearing Impairment: A Pilot Study." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1242410154.
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Cunningham-Davis, John Peter. "Is cost-minimisation analysis a scientifically acceptable method for deciding health sector intervention choices? : an observational case study of echocardiography." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629946.
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Due to limited budgets and tight financial control of budget within the NHS, policy makers are faced with difficult decisions. Recent Governmental White Papers have turned the NHS full circle and it has returned to where it started in the 1990's. The primary care health sector is increasingly responsible not only for managing their own budgets but for providing services which need to be economically evaluated. In order to achieve this various goal, sources of evidence stemming from evidence based medicine, involving various evaluations are/paramount. Policy makers need to base their decisions on sources of evidence which have been subject to economic evaluation. This thesis attempts to illustrate where the best sources of evidence can.be obtained, either from Randomised Controlled Trials of Observational Studies when making choices involving cost-effective treatments and investigations and ensuring to appropriately use the relevant economic evaluation technique. Heart failure represents a major problem not only for society but also for the NHS. Many treatments have been developed for this condition and have been proven to be not only beneficial for the morbidity and mortality of patients but have also been shown to be cost-effective for the NHS. Their prescription however needs assessment via echocardiography. There are a large proportion of patients not receiving the optimal treatment and management. Such crucial issues make heart failure one of the best targets for a high yield, low health care intervention. Due to the advances of a primary care led NHS, the viability of a primary care service involving echocardiography was economically evaluated and compared via cost minimisation analysis, to a secondary echocardiography service. Results demonstrated not only the costs of patients to the NHS but also how echocardiography could assist in reducing this burden. Primary care echocardiography has also been demonstrated to be cost-effective compared with secondary care provision and recommendations for further research should consider the expansion of similar echocardiographic service encompassing a larger patient population in a multi health care centre. This would provide further evidence combined with the recent advances in technology for the necessary resources for funding such an expansion of schemes where the biggest impact will be achieved. Issues of equality of provision inherent with this expansion must also be addressed before any introduction.
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Hamacher, Duane Willis Physics Faculty of Science UNSW. "A search for transiting extrasolar planets from the southern hemisphere." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Physics, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40943.
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To date, more than 300 planets orbiting stars other than our sun have been discovered using a range of observing techniques, with new discoveries occuring monthly. The work in this thesis focused on the detection of exoplanets using the transit method. Planets orbiting close to their host stars have a roughly 10 per cent chance of eclipsing (transiting) the star, with Jupiter?sized planets causing a one per cent dip in the flux of the star over a few hours. A wealth of orbital and physical information on the system can be extracted from these systems, including the planet density which is essential in constraining models of planetary formation. To detect these types of planets requires monitoring tens of thousands of stars over a period of months. To accomplish this, we conduct a wide-field survey using the 0.5-meter Automated Patrol Telescope (APT) at Siding Spring Observatory (SSO) in NSW, Australia. Once candidates were selected from the data?set, selection criteria were applied to separate the likely planet candidates from the false?positives. For this thesis, the methods and instrumentation used in attaining data and selecting planet candidates are discussed, as well as the results and analysis of the planet candidates selected from star fields observed from 2004?2007. Of the 65 planet candidates initially selected from the 25 target fields observed, only two were consistent with a planet transit. These candidates were later determined to be eclipsing binary stars based on follow up observations using the 40-inch telescope, 2.3-m telescope, and the 3.9-m Anglo-Australian Telescope, all located at SSO. Additionally, two planet candidates from the SuperWASP-North consortium were observed on the 40-inch telescope. Both proved to be eclipsing binary stars. While no planets were found, our search methods and results are consistent with successful transit surveys targeting similar fields with stars in a similar magnitude range and using similar methods.
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Adams, Stephen. "Analyzing Injury in Canadian Youth Ice Hockey through a Mixed Method Observational Design: Moving Beyond the Mechanisms of Injury to the Socio-Cultural Complexities of Implementing Injury Prevention Strategies." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26283.
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Ice hockey is a sport known for its speed and skill. However, its intensely physical nature is associated with the potential risk of injury, which has become a major public controversy in Canada (Cusimano, Sharma, Lawrence, et al., 2013; Emery et al., 2010). Epidemiological research has adequately documented the frequency and severity of injury (King & LeBlanc, 2006; Yard & Comstock, 2006). Yet, because of methodological limitations and the lack of systematic and mandatory injury prevention strategies implemented nationwide, injuries remain high (Cusimano, Nastis, & Zuccaro, 2013; Emery et al, 2010). An alternative methodology, combined with broadening injury definitions can provide a more detailed assessment of the risks of, and circumstances, around injury.
A methodology, based primarily on observational techniques, was utilized to examine injury in body checking hockey when it is first introduced to youth players. Injury was defined as ‘any physical trauma that has occurred as a result of participation in an organized competition’ including four categories of injury severity. In a comparison of Ontario Peewee (ages 11-12) with Québec Bantam (ages 13-14) boys hockey, no significant differences were found in overall injury (χ2: 0.22; p:0.64), however, there were significant differences in frequency of body checking related injury; 76% versus 59% (χ2:4.76; p:0.03). The odds of being injured due to body checking are 2.158 times higher in Peewee (βex 2.158; 95%CI: 1.07-4.34; p:0.03) indicating no increased risk of injury when body checking is introduced later while delaying introduction reduces the frequency of body checking related injury.
Ongoing public debate in Canada concerning safety in youth hockey is understood through the theoretical lens of discourse (Foucault, 1972, 1990). The dominant discourse in Canada around hockey is based in a traditional, physically dominant model, where intense physical contact is not only inevitable but desirable. The reverse discourse prioritizes the safety of participants over the potential of lessening the intense physicality of the Canadian style of play. These competing discourses create tension and ambivalence amongst safety advocates and conservative hockey practitioners and enthusiasts. The emotionality of hockey stakeholders often overwhelms logic regarding safety decisions, ultimately impacting progressive injury prevention initiatives.
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Bjureland, William. "On reliability-based design of rock tunnel support." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-204919.
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Tunneling involves large uncertainties. Since 2009, design of rock tunnels in European countries should be performed in accordance with the Eurocodes. The main principle in the Eurocodes is that it must be shown in all design situations that no relevant limit state is exceeded. This can be achieved with a number of different methods, where the most common one is design by calculation. To account for uncertainties in design, the Eurocode states that design by calculation should primarily be performed using limit state design methods, i.e. the partial factor method or reliability-based methods. The basic principle of the former is that it shall be assured that a structure’s resisting capacity is larger than the load acting on the structure, with high enough probability. Even if this might seem straightforward, the practical application of limit state design to rock tunnel support has only been studied to a limited extent. The aim of this licentiate thesis is to provide a review of the practical applicability of using reliability-based methods and the partial factor method in design of rock tunnel support. The review and the following discussion are based on findings from the cases studied in the appended papers. The discussion focuses on the challenges of applying fixed partial factors, as suggested by Eurocode, in design of rock tunnel support and some of the practical difficulties the engineer is faced with when applying reliability-based methods to design rock tunnel support. The main conclusions are that the partial factor method (as defined in Eurocode) is not suitable to use in design of rock tunnel support, but that reliability-based methods have the potential to account for uncertainties present in design, especially when used within the framework of the observational method. However, gathering of data for statistical quantification of input variables along with clarification of the necessary reliability levels and definition of “failure” are needed.QC 20170407
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Clarin, Viktoria. "En ansats mot förenklad sprickkartering av borrkärna." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231369.
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Detta examensarbete är en ansats mot en förenklad metod för sprickkartering i borrkärna och utvärderar huruvida en förenklad metod är tillämpbar vid projekt som anläggs under aktiv design och tid är en kritisk faktor. Det föreliggande arbetet är en studie baserad på data från Boliden Mineral AB, från undersökningar utförda i syfte att lokalisera en lämplig, lågpermeabel bergvolym för anläggandet av ett slutförvar för miljöfarligt avfall. Vattenflöde i kristallin bergmassa, liksom den i Sverige, förmodas traditionellt påverkas mest av sprickornas karaktär så som sprickdensitet, sprickvidd, råhet, sprickfyllning etc. Vidare påverkar sprickegenskaperna bergmassans hållfasthet, varför karaktärisering av bergmassan utgör en central roll vid byggande i berg. Effektivisering av sprickkartering under aktiv design undersöktes genom att utvärdera hur väl de parametrar som används vid karaktärisering verkar för identifiering av vattenförande strukturer. Vidare utvärderades möjligheten att minska antalet sprickor att kartera och karaktärisera vid den fysiska kärnan. Resultat i denna studie visar inte några tydliga kopplingar mellan mätsektionernas hydrauliska konduktivitet (K) och de individuella karterade parametrarna. Osäkerheterna är dock stora då mätsektionerna för de hydrauliska testerna utgörs av 10 m för uppskattande av K, som dessutom påverkas av storskaliga företeelser (t.ex. grad av sammankoppling) som vidare inte är möjligt att uppskatta från borrhålsdata. Fjärrkartering av borrhålsfilm underestimerar överlag bergkvaliteten för de tre borrhål som analyserades. En förenklad metod med ett representativt urval sprickor för fysisk kartering beskriver fördelningen av parametervärden väl, vid jämförelse mot en fullständig fysisk kartering för två borrkärnor. Lerfyllda sprickor och höga Ja-värden överestimeras dock vid den förenklade karteringen vilket potentiellt kan leda till en mer konservativ förstärkningsåtgärd än nödvändigt. Fler studier behöver dock genomföras för att utvärdera huruvida den förenklade metoden kan reflektera parametervärdenas fördelning för individuella sprickgrupper. Vidare krävs ytterligare undersökningar för utvärdering av hur robusta de presenterade metoderna är vid kartering av borrkärnor med högre sprickighet än de som använts för analys i denna studie.This master thesis is the inception of a simplified method for logging fractures in drill holes and comprises an evaluation on whether a simplified method is applicable for projects where the observational method is used and time is a critical factor. The following work is a study based on data from Boliden Mineral AB, acquired from investigations for locating a suitable, low-permeable rock mass for a repository for hazardous waste. Water flow in crystalline bedrock, such as that found in Sweden, is traditionally thought to be most influenced by fracture characteristics like fracture density, aperture, roughness, fillings etc. Moreover, these same characteristics influence the rock mass strength, which is why the characterization of fractures is fundamental for construction in rock. To improve efficiency of fracture logging in projects maintained under the observational method, an evaluation on how well the quantified fracture characteristics work for identification of large-scale water bearing structures was performed. Furthermore, the possibility of decreasing the number of fractures to log and characterize in the core was investigated. The results show no apparent correlations between hydraulic conductivity (K) in test sections and the individually mapped parameters. However, the uncertainties are significant, mainly because of the large sections in which the hydraulic tests were conducted, but also because of largescale features influencing K (e.g. interconnectivity) which are not possible to estimate from core data. Remote logging of borehole images generally underestimates the quality of the rock mass for the three analyzed boreholes. A simplified method with a representative selection of fractures for physical core logging was found to describe the distribution of parameter values well, when compared to a complete physical core log for two drill cores. Clayfillings and high Ja -values are however overestimated when the simplified method is applied which may lead to a more conservative reinforcement measure than necessary. However, more studies need to be carried out to evaluate whether the simplified method can reflect the distribution of parameter values for individual fracture sets. Moreover, additional studies are required to evaluate the robustness of the suggested simplified methods in drill cores from areas of more heavily fractured bedrock than those analyzed in this study.
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Sjöholm, Linn. "Textsamtal som undervisningsmetod : Diskussion om metoden i kollegiala samtal." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19082.
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För att öka resultaten i de stora internationella undersökningarna PISA och PIRLS har staten satsat på kompetensutbildning för lärare i Sverige. Läslyftet är en av satsningarna och syftar till att öka kvaliteten i undervisningen när det gäller språk-, läs- och skrivdidaktik. En av modellerna som lärare utbildas i är samtal om text eller textsamtal. Den här studien följer åtta lärares diskussioner och erfarenheter som de delar med sig av under deltagandet i läslyftet 2016. Studien genomförs med hjälp av deltagande observationer då författaren till den här studien är en av deltagarna i läslyftet. I den tidigare forskningen framgår att textsamtal är gynnsamt för elevers kunskapsutveckling och att användning av metoden behöver öka i Sverige. Studien har ett sociokulturellt perspektiv eftersom teorin om att lärande sker i samband med andra är aktuell för studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Studiens syfte är att undersöka karaktären av textsamtal som undervisningsmetod i lärares kollegiala samtal. Frågeställningarna är: vilka motiv finns för lärare att använda textsamtal i undervisningen och vad pratar lärare om när de diskuterar textsamtal som undervisningsmetod? I resultatet presenteras de olika lärarnas erfarenheter och tankar kring textsamtal som undervisningsmetod. Det framgår av resultatet att lärarna har olika mycket erfarenhet av textsamtal innan de påbörjar läslyftet men att alla har en mycket positiv inställning till användandet av den. I diskussionen diskuteras hur de olika lärarna använder sig av metoden i förhållande till tidigare forskning. Det diskuteras även varför de är motiverade att använda metoden med motivet att öka kunskap i alla skolans ämnen.
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Borderie, Joceran. "La quête du Team Flow dans les jeux vidéo coopératifs : apports conceptuels et méthodologiques." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20015/document.
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De récents travaux ont amorcé l’exploration des formes sociales de l’expérience optimale (i.e. group flow et team flow). Toutefois, la connaissance que l’on a de ces processus et des manières de les identifier reste très limitée. Ce travail de thèse visait d’une part à définir le team flow et à en isoler les dimensions conceptuelles, et d’autre part, à élaborer une nouvelle méthode d’observation visant à détecter les différentes formes de flow grâce aux comportements des joueurs et à l’enregistrement des parties de jeu. Dans cette perspective, trois études ont été menés sur différents jeux coopératifs (League of Legends, Resident Evil 5…) et ont révélé : 1) que le team flow est un phénomène qualitativement différent de la forme individuelle du flow et présente donc des dimensions conceptuelles qui lui sont spécifiques ; 2) que l’interdépendance positive et les modèles mentaux partagés semblent jouer un rôle majeur dans l’émergence du team flow. L’interdépendance permet de lier les joueurs dans l’action et de les orienter dans une direction commune. Les modèles mentaux semblent permettre aux joueurs de construire un cadre d’organisation partagé qui favorise l’émergence d’une coopération efficace et fluide ; 3) que le flow, le team flow et le group flow sont des états mentaux qu’il semble possible de détecter en observant le comportement des joueurs et leurs actions dans le jeu. Considérées dans leur ensemble, ces études ont permis de mieux cerner le fonctionnement de l’expérience optimale de coopération, sa singularité face à la version individuelle du flow, ainsi que des pistes pour identifier ces états mentaux en temps réel. Après avoir discuté les principaux résultats de cette thèse, nous suggérons des perspectives de recherches et d’applications dépassant le cadre du jeu vidéoRecent studies have explored social forms of the optimal experience (i.e. group flow and team flow). However, knowledge about these processes and ways to identify them, is very limited. Therefore, the present thesis aims, first, to define the team flow and its conceptual dimensions, and second, to create a new method to detect the different forms of flow through observation of players’ behavior and game replays. In this vein, three studies were carried out on different cooperative games (League of Legends, Resident Evil 5…) and revealed that: 1) team flow is a phenomenon qualitatively different from individual flow and therefore posseses unique conceptual dimensions; 2) positive interdependence and shared mental models seem to play a major role in the emergence of team flow. Positive interdependence links players in action and points them in a common direction. Mental models appear to allow players to build a shared organizational framework that promotes the emergence of an effective and smooth cooperation; 3) flow, team flow and group flow are mental states that seem to be possibly detectable by observing players’ behavior and their actions in the game. The joint outcomes of these studies help to define the optimum cooperative experience, its functioning, its specific characteristics compared to the individual version of flow, as well as ways to identify these mental states in real time. After discussing the main results of this thesis, we suggest research perspectives and applications beyond the scope of gaming
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More, Surhud, Hironao Miyatake, Masahiro Takada, Benedikt Diemer, Andrey V. Kravtsov, Neal K. Dalal, Anupreeta More, et al. "DETECTION OF THE SPLASHBACK RADIUS AND HALO ASSEMBLY BIAS OF MASSIVE GALAXY CLUSTERS." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621397.
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We show that the projected number density profiles of Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometric galaxies around galaxy clusters display strong evidence for the splashback radius, a sharp halo edge corresponding to the location of the first orbital apocenter of satellite galaxies after their infall. We split the clusters into two subsamples with different mean projected radial distances of their members, < R-mem >, at fixed richness and redshift. The sample with smaller < R-mem > has a smaller ratio of the splashback radius to the traditional halo boundary R-200m than the subsample with larger < R-mem >, indicative of different mass accretion rates for these subsamples. The same subsamples were recently used by Miyatake et al. to show that their large-scale clustering differs despite their similar weak lensing masses, demonstrating strong evidence for halo assembly bias. We expand on this result by presenting a 6.6 sigma difference in the clustering amplitudes of these samples using cluster-photometric galaxy cross-correlations. This measurement is a clear indication that halo clustering depends on parameters other than halo mass. If < R-mem > is related to the mass assembly history of halos, the measurement is a manifestation of the halo assembly bias. However, our measured splashback radii are smaller, while the strength of the assembly bias signal is stronger, than the predictions of collisionless. cold dark matter simulations. We show that dynamical friction, cluster mis-centering, or projection effects are not likely to be the sole source of these discrepancies. However, further investigations regarding unknown catastrophic weak lensing or cluster identification systematics are warranted.
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Venturella, Mariella. "Autismo, un hermano, otros hermanos, un grupo. Estudio observacional del proceso de un grupo de niños con hermanos diagnosticados de Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392132.
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El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi és estudiar el procés d'un grup de nens amb germans diagnosticats de TEA (Trastorn de l'espectre autista) del Centre Educatiu i Terapèutic Carrilet. Al beneficiar-se del model mixt, qualitatiu i quantitatiu, la metodologia observacional és la més indicada per a estudiar aquest tipus de fenomen. Des dels resultats obtinguts, s'ha pogut discutir el desenvolupament comunicatiu del grup, dels seus participants i de les dues terapeutes. Per l'experiència recollida es suggereix ampliar les bases teòriques sobre les relacions fraternes i, sobretot, crear més espais dirigits a atendre les necessitats dels nens amb germans en situació de risc.El principal objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar el proceso de un grupo de niños con hermanos diagnosticados de TEA (Trastorno del Espectro Autista) del Centro Educativo y Terapéutico Carrilet. Al beneficiarse del modelo mixto, cualitativo y cuantitativo, la metodología observacional es la más indicada para estudiar este tipo de fenómeno. Desde los resultados obtenidos, se ha podido discutir el desarrollo comunicativo del grupo, de sus participantes y de las dos terapeutas. Por la experiencia recogida se sugiere ampliar las bases teóricas sobre las relaciones fraternas y, sobre todo, crear más espacios dirigidos a atender las necesidades de los niños con hermanos en situación de riesgo.
The main objective of this thesis is study the process of a children group with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) siblings in Centre Educatiu i Terapèutic Carrilet. Benefiting from mixed model, qualitative and quantitative, the observational methodology is a better form to study this phenomenon. From the results obtained it was possible to discuss the communicative development of the group, of the participants and the two therapists. The experience gathered suggested expanding the theoretical basis of siblings relations and, above all, create more spaces designed to the needs of children with risk siblings.
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Nord, B., E. Buckley-Geer, H. Lin, H. T. Diehl, J. Helsby, N. Kuropatkin, A. Amara, et al. "OBSERVATION AND CONFIRMATION OF SIX STRONG-LENSING SYSTEMS IN THE DARK ENERGY SURVEY SCIENCE VERIFICATION DATA." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621386.
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We report the observation and confirmation of the first group-and cluster-scale strong gravitational lensing systems found in Dark Energy Survey data. Through visual inspection of data from the Science Verification season, we identified 53 candidate systems. We then obtained spectroscopic follow-up of 21 candidates using the Gemini Multi-object Spectrograph at the Gemini South telescope and the Inamori-Magellan Areal Camera and Spectrograph at the Magellan/Baade telescope. With this follow-up, we confirmed six candidates as gravitational lenses: three of the systems are newly discovered, and the remaining three were previously known. Of the 21 observed candidates, the remaining 15 either were not detected in spectroscopic observations, were observed and did not exhibit continuum emission (or spectral features), or were ruled out as lensing systems. The confirmed sample consists of one group-scale and five galaxy-cluster-scale lenses. The lensed sources range in redshift z similar to 0.80-3.2 and in i-band surface brightness i(SB) similar to 23-25 mag arcsec(-2) (2 '' aperture). For each of the six systems, we estimate the Einstein radius theta(E) and the enclosed mass M-enc, which have ranges theta(E) similar to 5 ''-9 '' and M-enc similar to 8 x 10(12) to 6 x 10(13)M(circle dot), respectively.
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Ukwatta, T. N., K. Hurley, J. H. MacGibbon, D. S. Svinkin, R. L. Aptekar, S. V. Golenetskii, D. D. Frederiks, et al. "INVESTIGATION OF PRIMORDIAL BLACK HOLE BURSTS USING INTERPLANETARY NETWORK GAMMA-RAY BURSTS." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621378.
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The detection of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) in the solar neighborhood would have very important implications for GRB phenomenology. The leading theories for cosmological GRBs would not be able to explain such events. The final bursts of evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs), however, would be a natural explanation for local GRBs. We present a novel technique that can constrain the distance to GRBs using detections from widely separated, non-imaging spacecraft. This method can determine the actual distance to the burst if it is local. We applied this method to constrain distances to a sample of 36 short-duration GRBs detected by the Interplanetary Network (IPN) that show observational properties that are expected from PBH evaporations. These bursts have minimum possible distances in the 10(13)-10(18) cm (7-10(5) au) range, which are consistent with the expected PBH energetics and with a possible origin in the solar neighborhood, although none of the bursts can be unambiguously demonstrated to be local. Assuming that these bursts are real PBH events, we estimate lower limits on the PBH burst evaporation rate in the solar neighborhood.
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Langmuir, David Allan. "Making sense of teacher collaboration : a case study of two teachers’ engagement in clinical supervision." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ34574.pdf.
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Kuhn, Robin Merritt Rosales-Ruiz Jesus. "Assessing the stimulus control of observers." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12146.
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Derainne, Lucien. "« Qu’il naisse l’observateur » : pensée et figures de l'observation, 1750-1850." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSES013.
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Scientifique, impersonnelle, dépassionnée, désengagée : aucun de ces adjectifs ne convient à l’observation entre 1750 et 1850. Celle-ci était un talent universel, l’esprit d’observation. L’histoire littéraire de cette aptitude révèle qu’à côté de la subjectivité, la science affronta, sous le nom d’observation, le problème redoutable du talent. Plus un individu est observateur, plus il se perfectionne au contact du monde : l’esprit d’observation ne dévoile la vérité qu’en faisant diverger les entendements. Face à ce risque, la méthodologie eut pour fonction de recréer une connivence à partir d’un accord politique sur la différence des esprits. Ces discours parlant d’égalité nourrirent alors une pensée contestataire, de la bohème littéraire aux socialistes du XIXe en passant par les girondins et les libéraux. L’invention de l’objectivité finit par clore les débats, vers 1850, en annulant le génie d’observation au profit d’une substituabilité conventionnelle entre savants. Salutaire par son aspect démocratique, ce règne de la méthode dont nous sommes encore tributaires repose toutefois sur un imaginaire non interrogé : le savoir précéderait le savoir-faire, l’expérience s’acquerrait volontairement, le moi serait indépendant de ses idées… Seule une esthétique réfléchit à ces présupposés : le réalisme. En ne décrivant « que ce que les autres sont à même de voir aussi, afin qu’ils puissent juger en connaissance de cause » (E. Duranty), l’auteur observateur définit un réel commun à partir d’une négociation critique sur les talents : en cela, ces textes sont plus proches de la méthodologie que de la science, et constituent une proposition épistémologique originaleScientific, impersonal, dispassionate, disengaged: none of these adjectives is suitable for observation between 1750 and 1850. The spirit of observation was a universal talent. The literary history of this aptitude reveals that science faced, under the name of observation, not only the problem of subjectivity, but also the problem of talent. The more an individual is an observer, the more he perfects himself in contact with the world: the spirit of observation reveals the truth, but it creates difference in minds. The function of the methodology was to recreate a political agreement on the intellectual inequality. These speeches, dwelling with equality, then fed a dissenting thought, from literary bohemia to the socialists of the 19th century, including the Girondins and the liberals. The invention of objectivity closed the debates around 1850 by extolling a conventional substitutability between scientists. Democratic, this reign of the method rests however on an unquestioned imagination: knowledge would precede know-how, experience would be acquired voluntarily, the ego would be independent of its ideas ... These presuppositions are nevertheless questioned by realism aesthetics. By describing "only what others are able to see as well, so that they can judge with full knowledge of the facts" (E. Duranty), the observer author defines a common reality from a critical negotiation on talents. That is why these texts are closer to methodology than to science, and constitute an original epistemological proposition
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Watts, Krista Leigh. "Bayesian Methods and Computation for Large Observational Datasets." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10895.
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Much health related research depends heavily on the analysis of a rapidly expanding universe of observational data. A challenge in analysis of such data is the lack of sound statistical methods and tools that can address multiple facets of estimating treatment or exposure effects in observational studies with a large number of covariates. We sought to advance methods to improve analysis of large observational datasets with an end goal of understanding the effect of treatments or exposures on health. First we compared existing methods for propensity score (PS) adjustment, specifically Bayesian propensity scores. This concept had previously been introduced (McCandless et al., 2009) but no rigorous evaluation had been done to evaluate the impact of feedback when fitting the joint likelihood for both the PS and outcome models. We determined that unless specific steps were taken to mitigate the impact of feedback, it has the potential to distort estimates of the treatment effect. Next, we developed a method for accounting for uncertainty in confounding adjustment in the context of multiple exposures. Our method allows us to select confounders based on their association with the joint exposure and the outcome while also accounting for the uncertainty in the confounding adjustment. Finally, we developed two methods to combine het- erogenous sources of data for effect estimation, specifically information coming from a primary data source that provides information for treatments, outcomes, and a limited set of measured confounders on a large number of people and smaller supplementary data sources containing a much richer set of covariates. Our methods avoid the need to specify the full joint distribution of all covariates.
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Fowler, Philip. "Methods for improving covariate balance in observational studies." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Statistik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-139523.
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This thesis contributes to the field of causal inference, where the main interest is to estimate the effect of a treatment on some outcome. At its core, causal inference is an exercise in controlling for imbalance (differences) in covariate distributions between the treated and the controls, as such imbalances otherwise can bias estimates of causal effects. Imbalance on observed covariates can be handled through matching, where treated and controls with similar covariate distributions are extracted from a data set and then used to estimate the effect of a treatment. The first paper of this thesis describes and investigates a matching design, where a data-driven algorithm is used to discretise a covariate before matching. The paper also gives sufficient conditions for if, and how, a covariate can be discretised without introducing bias. Balance is needed for unobserved covariates too, but is more difficult to achieve and verify. Unobserved covariates are sometimes replaced with correlated counterparts, usually referred to as proxy variables. However, just replacing an unobserved covariate with a correlated one does not guarantee an elimination of, or even reduction of, bias. In the second paper we formalise proxy variables in a causal inference framework and give sufficient conditions for when they lead to nonparametric identification of causal effects. The third and fourth papers both concern estimating the effect an enhanced cooperation between the Swedish Social Insurance Agency and the Public Employment Service has on reducing sick leave. The third paper is a study protocol, where the matching design used to estimate this effect is described. The matching was then also carried out in the study protocol, before the outcome for the treated was available, ensuring that the matching design was not influenced by any estimated causal effects. The third paper also presents a potential proxy variable for unobserved covariates, that is used as part of the matching. The fourth paper then carries out the analysis described in the third paper, and uses an instrumental variable approach to test for unobserved confounding not captured by the supposed proxy variable.
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Kayande, Sarang R. "Forecasting of work in process quality using Holt-Winters method for missing observations." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=885.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 110 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-91).
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Meng, Huan Y. A., George H. Rieke, Kate Y. L. Su, and András Gáspár. "The First 40 Million Years of Circumstellar Disk Evolution: The Signature of Terrestrial Planet Formation." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623246.
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We characterize the first 40 Myr of evolution of circumstellar disks through a unified study of the infrared properties of members of young clusters and associations with ages from 2 Myr up to similar to 40 Myr: NGC 1333, NGC 1960, NGC 2232, NGC 2244, NGC 2362, NGC 2547, IC 348, IC 2395, IC 4665, Chamaeleon I, Orion OB1a and OB1b, Taurus, the beta Pictoris Moving Group,. Ophiuchi, and the associations of Argus, Carina, Columba, Scorpius-Centaurus, and Tucana-Horologium. Our work features: (1) a filtering technique to flag noisy backgrounds; (2) a method based on the probability distribution of deflections, P(D), to obtain statistically valid photometry for faint sources; and (3) use of the evolutionary trend of transitional disks to constrain the overall behavior of bright disks. We find that the fraction of disks three or more times brighter than the stellar photospheres at 24 mu m decays relatively slowly initially and then much more rapidly by similar to 10 Myr. However, there is a continuing component until similar to 35 Myr, probably due primarily to massive clouds of debris generated in giant impacts during the oligarchic/chaotic growth phases of terrestrial planets. If the contribution from primordial disks is excluded, the evolution of the incidence of these oligarchic/chaotic debris disks can be described empirically by a log-normal function with the peak at 12-20 Myr, including similar to 13% of the original population, and with a post-peak mean duration of 10-20 Myr.
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Lu, Rong. "Statistical Methods for Functional Genomics Studies Using Observational Data." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1467830759.
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Jungnell, Victor. "Guidance Methods for Earth Observation Satellites." Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102172.
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The purpose of this study is on the one hand to test the current guidance algorithm for image acquisition by the CSO satellite, and on the other hand to compare it to alternative algorithms. The latter may oer improvements to guidance precision and image quality by reducing the amount of calculation steps. The algorithms were tested in a computer environment which simulates acquisition by the satellite for a large number of cases, ensuring reliability of the results. Testing showed that image quality remains largely unchanged when using the new algorithms. This shows that the current algorithm is well-suited for use in the satellite, and that the new algorithms may be used as alternatives.
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Witta, Eleanor Lea. "Seven methods of handling missing data using samples from a national data base." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-170840/.
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Kim, Giyoung. "Development of root observation method by image analysis system." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37462.
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Knowledge of plant roots is important for determining plant-soil relationships, managing soil effectively, studying nutrient and water extraction, and creating a soil quality index. Plant root research is limited by the large amount of time and labor required to wash the roots from the soil and measure the viable roots. A root measurement method based on image analysis was proposed to reduce the time and labor requirement. A thinning algorithm-based image analysis method was used to measure corn root length at the planar faces cut from a core sample. The roots were exposed by careful handling and contrasted from the soil by causing autofluorescence using long-wave ultraviolet light. The contrast-enhanced images were stored on the camcorder video tape and digitized by frame grabber. A binary root image was acquired from the digitized gray scale image by a thresholding operation. The binary root image was thinned until the roots were reduced to their basic structure. Root length was calculated from the number of pixels of the root's basic structure. This root length was divided by the removed soil volume of the profile of the core sample to estimate the root length density (RLD, cm root cm⁻³ soil). This estimated RLD was regressed on RLD, measured from washed roots in the same soil core sample, and a linear relationship (R² = 0.96) was obtained. This study indicated that the image analysis root measurement method can determine the length of corn root systems up to 2.5 times faster than by using the conventional method which incorporates a root washing procedure.Ph. D.
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Schneider, Glenn, John H. Debes, Carol A. Grady, Andras Gáspár, Thomas Henning, Dean C. Hines, Marc J. Kuchner, Marshall Perrin, and John P. Wisniewski. "The HR 4796A Debris System: Discovery of Extensive Exo-ring Dust Material." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626527.
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The optically and IR-bright and starlight-scattering HR 4796A ringlike debris disk is one of the most-(and best-) studied exoplanetary debris systems. The presence of a yet-undetected planet has been inferred (or suggested) from the narrow width and inner/outer truncation radii of its r = 1.'' 05 (77 au) debris ring. We present new, highly sensitive Hubble Space Telescope (HST) visible-light images of the HR 4796A circumstellar debris system and its environment over a very wide range of stellocentric angles from 0.'' 32 (23 au) to approximate to 15 '' (1100 au). These very high-contrast images were obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) using six-roll PSF template-subtracted coronagraphy suppressing the primary light of HR 4796A, with three image-plane occulters, and simultaneously subtracting the background light from its close angular proximity M2.5V companion. The resulting images unambiguously reveal the debris ring embedded within a much larger, morphologically complex, and biaxially asymmetric exo-ring scattering structure. These images at visible wavelengths are sensitive to and map the spatial distribution, brightness, and radial surface density of micron-size particles over 5 dex in surface brightness. These particles in the exo-ring environment may be unbound from the system and interacting with the local ISM. Herein, we present a new morphological and photometric view of the larger-than-prior-seen HR 4796A exoplanetary debris system with sensitivity to small particles at stellocentric distances an order of magnitude greater than has previously been observed.
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Apyvalaitė, Renata. "Stebėjimų įtaka pradinių klasių mokinių žinių apie gyvąją gamtą plėtrai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050623_110711-37625.
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Die Aktualität des Themas von meiner Magisterarbeit „Einfluss der Naturbeobachtungen auf die Erweiterung der Kenntnisse der Schüler in der Grundschule“ besteht darin, das die Aufmerksamkeit auf die naturwissenschaftliche Bildung in der Schule sowohl in allen Ländern Europas als auch in Litauen wächst. Die naturwissenschaftliche Bildung ist in allen Altersstufen wichtig.
Die meisten Forschungsergebnisse zeugen davon, dass die naturwissenschaftliche Bildung in der Grundschule notwendig, kompliziert und am wichtigsten ist. Deshalb sollte die Schule die Schüler in der Liebe und in der Achtung vor der Natur erziehen, weil der Mensch eigentlich verstehen soll, dass er als Naturkönig nicht werden kann.
In dieser Arbeit versuchte ich zu zeigen, wie die naturwissenschaftliche Bildung in der Grundschule durchgeführt wird, welche Materialien die Lehrer dabei benutzen.
Die Neuheit von diesem Thema besteht darin, dass die Lehrer zu wenig methodische Literatur für dieses neue Programm haben.
Das Hauptziel der Forschung ist festzustellen, wie die Naturbeobachtungen die Naturkenntnisse der Schüler in der Grundschule beeinflussen.
Der Forschungsgegenstand ist die Naturbeobachtung der Schüler der 1.– 4. Klasse im Unterricht der Weltkenntnis.
Die Aufgaben der Arbeit sind:
pädagogische, psychologische und methodische Literatur zu diesem Thema zu analysieren;
den Platz der Naturbeobachtung in der Grundschule in Litauen in den Jahren zwischen dem ersten und zweiten Weltkrieg zu analysieren;
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Klein, Kristopher G., Justin C. Kasper, K. E. Korreck, and Michael L. Stevens. "Applying Nyquist's method for stability determination to solar wind observations." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626568.
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The role instabilities play in governing the evolution of solar and astrophysical plasmas is a matter of considerable scientific interest. The large number of sources of free energy accessible to such nearly collisionless plasmas makes general modeling of unstable behavior, accounting for the temperatures, densities, anisotropies, and relative drifts of a large number of populations, analytically difficult. We therefore seek a general method of stability determination that may be automated for future analysis of solar wind observations. This work describes an efficient application of the Nyquist instability method to the Vlasov dispersion relation appropriate for hot, collisionless, magnetized plasmas, including the solar wind. The algorithm recovers the familiar proton temperature anisotropy instabilities, as well as instabilities that had been previously identified using fits extracted from in situ observations in Gary et al. (2016). Future proposed applications of this method are discussed. Plain Language Summary Waves in some plasma systems can grow, rather than damp, in time drawing energy from the departures from equilibrium. We present a means of efficiently determining if a particular system is susceptible to such unstable behavior. Such determination is typically made by solving a difficult mathematical problem or making simplifying assumptions about the system. Our technique is compared to previously studied cases with good agreement. We then discuss plans for future application of the technique to measurements of the solar wind, a hot and tenuous magnetized plasma that fills our solar system.
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Jacenková, Zuzana. "Komunikácia v organizácii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264384.
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This master thesis is dealing with the internal communication issue and the practical use of the theoretical knowledge in an analysis. The main aim of the thesis is to provide the analysis on a concrete corporation and to identify the main difficulties in the transmission of information. Theoretical part clarifies the elementary vocabulary and characterizes the communication in general. It identifies the aims, functions as well as the types of the internal communication as a part of the communication in an organization. There is the definition of effective communication and possible communication obstacles determined. The theoretical base is followed by practical part, where analysis on the specific company is provided. The two techniques were used for the purpose of analysis, the observation method and questionnaires, which complete information obtained from the first method used and confirm the results or otherwise.
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Kuhlman, Christopher J. "Evaluation of convective wind forecasting methods during high wind events." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FKuhlman.pdf.
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Tanji, T., S. Hasebe, Y. Nakagami, K. Yamamoto, and M. Ichihashi. "Observation of Magnetic Multilayers by Electron Holography." Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10296.
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Helbert, Justin (Justin C. ). "Methods for observational studies using data from massive open online courses." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106126.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 51).
Measuring the effect of a course component in online classes present an opportunity to use propensity score methods. Propensity score methods aim to balance the effect of self-selecting biases and other confounding variables that arise in observational studies like this, as each student decides what components they engage in throughout the course. This method is applied to an edX course, 6.002x, to estimate the effect of attempting homework and other assessments on students' final exam performance.
by Justin Helbert.
M. Eng.
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Duggan, Mark G. (Mark Gregory). "Matched sampling of methods to reduce bias in an observational study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35405.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-91).
by Mark Gregory Duggan.
M.S.
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ZHANG, YUYANG. "Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation in Observational Studies using Tree-based methods." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587037857042995.
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Kalaycioglu, O. "Methods for handling missing data for observational studies with repeated measurements." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1463537/.
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Missing data is common in longitudinal observational studies where, data on both outcome and explanatory variables are collected repeatedly at several time points. The research in this thesis is motivated by the repeated measurements observational study with incomplete outcome and explanatory variables. When the missing values on the explanatory variables are related to the observed values of the outcome, it has been recommended to use multiple imputation (MI) techniques to alleviate the problems of both bias and the efficiency of the parameter estimates. In this thesis MI techniques were reviewed, extended where necessary and compared regarding the bias and efficiency of the regression coefficient estimates using simulation studies in order to suggest the choice of the most optimal MI method when MAR explanatory variables occur in repeated measurements studies. Multivariate normal imputation (MVNI) produced the least bias in most situations, is theoretically well justified and allows flexible correlation for the repeated measurements in the imputation model. Bayesian MI is efficient and maybe preferable for imputing categorical variables with extreme prevalences. Imputation by chained equations (ICE) approaches were sensitive to the correlation between the repeated measurements of the incomplete variables. A complete missing data analysis requires sensitivity analysis which investigates the departures from MAR mechanism. Models for handling MNAR in both outcome and explanatory variables are not well developed and can potentially be complicated, especially when there are several missingness patterns. In this thesis selection modelling and pattern mixture modelling frameworks are extended to accommodate MNAR mechanism on time-varying outcome and explanatory variables, with mixed type of missingness patterns using fully Bayesian estimation technique. The investigations suggested that, when the true form of missingness mechanism is specified and the variables that cause missingness are used in the missingness models, the parameter estimates will be less biased than using standard MAR methods. The bias can be reduced, if the true values of missingness parameters are incorporated into the missingness models using informative priors.
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Carvalho, Fernando Pedro. "'Powellsnakes' : a fast Bayesian approach to discrete object detection in multi-frequency astronomical data sets." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/245147.
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In this work we introduce a fast Bayesian algorithm designed for detecting compact objects immersed in a diffuse background. A general methodology is presented in terms of formal correctness and optimal use of all the available information in a consistent unified framework, where no distinction is made between point sources (unresolved objects), SZ clusters, single or multi-channel detection. An emphasis is placed on the necessity of a multi-frequency, multi-model detection algorithm in order to achieve optimality. We have chosen to use the Bayes/Laplace probability theory as it grants a fully consistent extension of formal deductive logic to a more general inferential system with optimal inclusion of all ancillary information [Jaynes, 2004]. Nonetheless, probability theory only informs us about the plausibility, a ‘degree-of-belief ’, of a proposition given the data, the model that describes it and all ancillary (prior) information. However, detection or classification is mostly about making educated choices and a wrong decision always carries a cost/loss. Only resorting to ‘Decision Theory’, supported by probability theory, one can take the best decisions in terms of maximum yield at minimal cost. Despite the rigorous and formal approach employed, practical efficiency and applicability have always been kept as primary design goals. We have attempted to select and employ the relevant tools to explore a likelihood form and its manifold symmetries to achieve the very high computational performance required not only by our ‘decision machine’ but mostly to tackle large realistic contemporary cosmological data sets. As an illustration, we successfully applied the methodology to ESA’s (European Space Agency) Planck satellite data [Planck Collaboration et al., 2011d]. This data set is large, complex and typical of the contemporary precision observational cosmology state-of-the-art. Two catalogue products are already released: (i) A point sources catalogue [Planck Collaboration et al., 2011e], (ii) A catalogue of galaxy clusters [Planck Collaboration et al., 2011f]. Many other contributions, in science products, as an estimation device, have recently been issued [Planck et al., 2012; Planck Collaboration et al., 2011g,i, 2012a,b,c]. This new method is called ‘PowellSnakes’ (PwS).
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Hade, Erinn M. "PROPENSITY SCORE ADJUSTMENT IN MULTIPLE GROUP OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES: COMPARING MATCHING AND ALTERNATIVE METHODS." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1339067394.
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Rinaldi, G., U. Fink, L. Doose, G. P. Tozzi, F. Capaccioni, G. Filacchione, D. Bockelée-Morvan, et al. "Properties of the dust in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko observed with VIRTIS- M." OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624747.
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An investigation is presented of the dust scattering in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for the dates of 2015 February 28, March 15 and April 27. A comparison of the morphology of dust continuum maps at 1.1 mu m and gas emission shows that for the above dates the spatial distribution of the dust is strongly correlated with H2O but not with CO2 emission. For April 27, the radial profile on the illuminated side of the nucleus in the inner coma agrees well with the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) calculations as the dust is accelerating and flows outwards distribution of the dust is narrower than the broader emission of the gas. Af. values are 1.13 m for 2015 February 28, 2.02 m for April 27, while local values for March 15 are 2.3-5.3 m, depending on the nucleus illumination. In the inner coma, the spectral reflectivity from 0.35 to 3.5 mu m displays a red slope with a change at around 1 mu m. From 0.35 to 0.8 mu m, the values range from 9 to 12 +/- 1 per cent per 100 nm both on the sunlit side and on the dark side. From 1 to 2.5 mu m, the values are 1.7 +/- 0.2 per cent per 100 nm on the sunlit side and 3 +/- 1 per cent per 100 nm on the dark side. For the August 26 jet, no significant increase of the colour gradient with distance from the nucleus could be observed, nor any significant difference detected between the jet and the background coma.
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Stewart, R. D. "Observations of thermospheric winds by an optical Doppler method in Antarctica." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375494.
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Bale, Jefri Semuel. "The damage observation of composite using non destructive testing (NDT) method." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100067/document.
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L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier le comportement de l'endommagement des matériaux composites sous chargement statique et fatigue par contrôle non destructif (C.N.D) thermographie et soutenu par émission acoustique et la tomographie (CT scan). Pour cela, ce unidirectionnels composite à fibres de verre (GFRP) et discontinue composite à fibres de carbone (DCFC) ont été utilisés comme les éprouvettes qui ont fourni par PSA peugeot citröen, France. Une série d'essais mécaniques a été réalisée pour déterminer le comportement de l'endommagement sous chargement statique et fatigue. Pendant tout des essais mécanique, la thermographie a été utilisé pour l'observation en temps réel pour suivre l'évolution des températures sur la surface de l'éprouvette et supporté par émission acoustique dans certaines conditions. Cette étude a utilisé une forme rectangulaire et se compose d'éprouvettes trouées et non trouées au centre de l'éprouvette. La vitesse de déplacement constante est appliquée pour observer l'effet sur le comportement de l'endommagement sous chargement de traction statique. Sous les essais de fatigue, le paramètre constant de la fréquence et de l'amplitude de stress a été étudiée pour chaque niveau de charge pour avoir les propriétés de fatigue et l'évolution de l'endommagement de l'éprouvette. La tomographie a été utilisée pour confirmer l'apparition de l'endommagement et l'etat du matériau après l'essai de fatigue. L'analyse des résultats de l'expérimentation et de l'observation NDT montré le bon accord entre les résultats mechnical et NDT thermographie avec prise en charge par l'observation de l'émission acoustique en détecter l'apparition et la propagation de l'endommagement de GFRP PRV et DCFC sous chargement de statique en traction. Les essais en fatigue montrent que la dissipation thermique est liée à l'évolution de l'endommagement et également thermographie et peut être utilisé avec succès pour déterminer la limite d'endurance (HCFS) et la courbe de Wöhler du matériau composite. Les résultats par CT scan ont mesurée avec succès les endommagements et l'état du matériau après essai de fatigue du matériau compositeThe aim of this study is to investigate the damage behaviour of composite material in static and fatigue condition with non destructive testing (NDT) thermography method and supported by acoustic emission and also computed tomography (CT) scan. Thermography and acoustic emission are used in real-time monitoring techniques during the test. On the other hand, NDT observation of tomography is used for a post-failure analysis. In order to achive this, continuous glass fiber composite (GFRP) and discontinuous carbon fiber composite (DCFC) have been used as the test specimens which supplied by PSA Company, France. A series of mechanical testing was carried out to determine the damage behaviour under static and fatigue loading. During all the mechanical testing, thermography was used in real-time observation to follow the temperature change on specimen surface and supported by acoustic emission in certain condition. This study used rectangular shape and consist of specimen with and without circular notches (hole) at the center. The constant displacement rate is applied to observe the effect on damage behaviour under tensile static loading. Under fatigue testing, the constant parameter of frequency and amplitude of stress was explored for each load level to have the fatigue properties and damage evolution of specimen. The tomography was used to confirm the appearance of damage and material condition after fatigue testing. The analysis from the experiment results and NDT observation shown the good agreement between mechnical results and NDT thermography with supported by acoustic emission observation in detect the appearance and propagation of damage for GFRP and DCFC under static loading. Fatigue testing shows that thermal dissipation is related to the damage evolution and also thermography and can be successfully used to determine high cycle fatigue strength (HCFS) and S-N curve of fiber composite material. From post failure analysis, CT scan analysis successfully measured and evaluated damage and material condition after fatigue test for fiber composite material. v
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Henninger, Jacqueline Chryar. "The effects of knowledge of instructional goals on observations of teaching and learning /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Nilsson, Malin, and Eva Störby. "Musik i en förskola." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för lärarutbildning (LUT), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-17236.
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Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka hur en förskoleavdelning arbetar med musik. Genom en kvalitativ observation undersökte vi hur pedagogerna och barnen använde sig utav musik i den dagliga verksamheten. Vi har tagit utgångspunkt i ett etnografiskt perspektiv och sociokulturell teoribildning. Data samlades in genom deltagande observationer under fem tillfällen på en förskoleavdelning, tre timmar per tillfälle. Resultatet visade att förskolan använde sig utav musik dagligen på flera olika sätt och med varierande syften. Genom barnens samspel med varandra eller tillsammans med pedagogen formades det musikaliska aktiviteter hos barnen. Under observationstillfällena använde sig barnen och pedagogerna av musiken både vid planerade musikaliska aktiviteter och mer spontana musikaliska aktiviteter. I resultatet delade vi även in observationerna i dessa två teman: planerade musikaliska aktiviteter och spontana musikaliska aktiviteter. Sedan analyserade vi resultatet utefter vilket syfte aktiviteterna skulle kunna ha vid de olika situationerna. Vårt arbete kan användas utav pedagoger för att de själva ska få syn på eller reflektera över sin musikverksamhet på förskolan.