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Journal articles on the topic 'The operating performance of vehicles'
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1
MERKISZ, Jerzy, Ireneusz PIELECHA, and Jarosław MARKOWSKI. "Operating parameters of high performance vehicle engines." Combustion Engines 131, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117313.
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The paper presents the assessment of operating parameters for piston combustion engines used in sports vehicles. The assessment was made for parameters of selected performance vehicles: Formula 1, Le Mans and WRC in relation to conventional vehicles. The conventional vehicles were classified within two categories: sports vehicles and general use road vehicles. Basic engine characteristics were analyzed and the parameter values obtained allowed a comparison of the engines.
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Zhao, Ming Yu, Ying Hui Wang, Zhi Yuan Lu, and Wei Guo Zhang. "Electric Vehicle Operating Characteristics Analysis Based on Structural Equation Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.202.
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Through research of user activity characteristics of the user's social attributes of electric vehicles, electric vehicles, electric vehicles performance and electric vehicles running environment, this paper puts forward electric vehicle running characteristics model, specificly select factors affecting variables, uses structural equation modeling on operating characteristics of the electric vehicle, uses AMOS6.0 software for solve and data fitting adoping least square method, finally gives credible analysis results.
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KOSSOV, E. E., V. V. ASABIN, A. G. SILYUTA, and L. E. L. E. KOSSOVA. "Criterion for evaluating vehicle performance." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 78, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2019-78-2-96-99.
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The article proposes to evaluate the efficiency of an autonomous vehicle, taking into account not only the energy consumption for motion, but also the time of motion, i. e. both factors — efficiency and performance — should be taken into account. As a criterion for evaluating the efficiency of vehicles, authors propose the multiplication of efficiency on performance — the energy efficiency indicator (EEI). The best will be the vehicle with the highest EEI. The indicator should be calculated according to the specified technical characteristics of the vehicle laid down in the technical specifications. This criterion is suitable both for the evaluation of the vehicle during the design and during operation. At the same time, it is possible to evaluate and compare the EEI of technical vehicles not only of railway transport. The article presents the criterion values for water, rail and air transport. Proposed criterion makes it possible to evaluate the change in vehicle efficiency over time due to technical progress. Since 1953, the energy efficiency of a diesel locomotive has increased almost 3 times. To calculate the operational energy efficiency, it is necessary to obtain data on the actual performance of the vehicle. On railway transport, this is data on train work in t·km, speed and fuel consumption. The EEI assessment based on operating data will show how correctly the organization of vehicle operation is built, how non-stationary modes of the power plant and specific modes of traction influence the overall performance of the vehicle, how well the vehicle is selected for these operating conditions.
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Guarda, Gregory, Apostolos Pesyridis, and Ashish Alex Sam. "Preliminary Investigation of the Performance of an Engine Equipped with an Advanced Axial Turbocharger Turbine." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 7452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217452.
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Stringent emission regulations and increased demand for improved fuel economy have called for advanced turbo technologies in automotive engines. The use of turbochargers on smaller engines is one such concept, but they are limited by a time delay in reaching the required boost during transient operation. The amount of turbocharger lag plays a key role in the driver’s perceived quality of a passenger vehicle’s engine response. This paper investigates an alternative method to the conventional design of a turbocharger turbine to improve the transient response of a passenger vehicle. The investigation utilises the Ford Eco-Boost 1.6 L petrol engine, an established production engine, equipped with a turbocharger of similar performance to the GT1548 produced by Honeywell. The commercially available Ricardo WAVE was used to model the engine. Comparing the steady-state performance showed that the axial turbine provides higher efficiencies at all operating conditions of an engine. The transient case demonstrated an improved transient response at all operating conditions of the engine. The study concluded that, by designing a similar sized axial turbine, the mass moment of inertia can be reduced by 12.64% and transient response can be improved on average by 11.76%, with a maximum of 21.05% improvement. This study provides encouragement for the wider application of this turbine type to vehicles operating on dynamic driving cycles such as passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, and certain off-road applications.
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Mukhitdinov, Akmal, Kamoliddin Ziyaev, Janserik Omarov, and Shokhsanam Ismoilova. "Methodology of constructing driving cycles by the synthesis." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 01033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126401033.
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The difference in the dynamics of the development of motorization in the regions of the world, the levels of traffic organization, determines the need to develop a methodology for specific operating conditions. Improvement of the existing driving cycles and methods of their development, which characterize the real operating conditions, is of great importance. An important task is considered the implementation of targeted research to improve automobile operation efficiency of vehicles by introducing modern information technologies into the process of determining the driving cycles, modernizing the design parameters of vehicles by assessing the influence of driving conditions when rationing fuel consumption, developing methods for choosing the design parameters of vehicles and the most adapted vehicle for specific operating conditions. The article provides a systematic analysis of scientific research of methodology for constructing driving cycles, factors influencing the performance and driving modes, as well as the fuel consumption of the car. The methodology for constructing a standard driving cycle for specific urban operating conditions is given based by synthesizing on passenger car driving modes in the city.
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Spielberg, Nathan A., Matthew Brown, Nitin R. Kapania, John C. Kegelman, and J. Christian Gerdes. "Neural network vehicle models for high-performance automated driving." Science Robotics 4, no. 28 (March 27, 2019): eaaw1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aaw1975.
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Automated vehicles navigate through their environment by first planning and subsequently following a safe trajectory. To prove safer than human beings, they must ultimately perform these tasks as well or better than human drivers across a broad range of conditions and in critical situations. We show that a feedforward-feedback control structure incorporating a simple physics-based model can be used to track a path up to the friction limits of the vehicle with performance comparable with a champion amateur race car driver. The key is having the appropriate model. Although physics-based models are useful in their transparency and intuition, they require explicit characterization around a single operating point and fail to make use of the wealth of vehicle data generated by autonomous vehicles. To circumvent these limitations, we propose a neural network structure using a sequence of past states and inputs motivated by the physical model. The neural network achieved better performance than the physical model when implemented in the same feedforward-feedback control architecture on an experimental vehicle. More notably, when trained on a combination of data from dry roads and snow, the model was able to make appropriate predictions for the road surface on which the vehicle was traveling without the need for explicit road friction estimation. These findings suggest that the network structure merits further investigation as the basis for model-based control of automated vehicles over their full operating range.
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Gan, Jing, Xiaobin Fan, Zeng Song, Mingyue Zhang, and Bin Zhao. "Power Test System Development and Dynamic Performance State Estimation Based on Hub Motor Vehicle." Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2020): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212797613666200131143626.
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Background: The power performance of an electric vehicle is the basic parameter. Traditional test equipment, such as the expensive chassis dynamometer, not only increases the cost of testing but also makes it impossible to measure all the performance parameters of an electric vehicle. Objective: A set of convenient, efficient and sensitive power measurement system for electric vehicles is developed to obtain the real-time power changes of hub-motor vehicles under various operating conditions, and the dynamic performance parameters of hub-motor vehicles are obtained through the system. Methods: Firstly, a set of on-board power test system is developed by using virtual instrument (Lab- VIEW). This test system can obtain the power changes of hub-motor vehicles under various operating conditions in real-time and save data in real-time. Then, the driving resistance of hub-motor vehicles is analyzed, and the power performance of hub-motor vehicles is studied in depth. The power testing system is proposed to test the input power of both ends of the driving motor, and the chassis dynamometer is combined to test so that the output efficiency of the driving motor can be easily obtained without disassembly. Finally, this method is used to carry out the road test and obtain the vehicle dynamic performance parameters. Results: The real-time current, voltage and power, maximum power, acceleration time and maximum speed of the vehicle can be obtained accurately by using the power test system in the real road experiment. Conclusion: The maximum power required by the two motors reaches about 9KW, and it takes about 20 seconds to reach the maximum speed. The total power required to maintain the maximum speed is about 7.8kw, and the maximum speed is 62km/h. In this article, various patents have been discussed.
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Wu, Xiao Hua, and Wei Li. "Overview Study of Multi-Dynamic Coupling Drive System on EV." Applied Mechanics and Materials 288 (February 2013): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.288.125.
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The multi-dynamic coupling drive system can coordinate the operating characteristics of all power sources, optimize the total efficiency and driving characteristic of the drive system, and hence improve the performance of electric vehicles. Therefore, it has greater energy saving potential and better prospects. Under the premise of meeting the needs of electric vehicle performance, how to synthesis and decompose the output power of the different power sources reasonablely and efficiently is the core problem. There are a number of driving modes existing in the the multi-dynamic coupling drive electric vehicles. The coordination control of the torque of related power sources during the transition among different modes is essential to vehicle’s power and ride comfort performance. It is meaningful to improve the system efficiency and drivability performance by control strategy, while ensuring the capability of energy saving and emission reduction.
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Schlenther, Tilmann, Kai Martins-Turner, Joschka Felix Bischoff, and Kai Nagel. "Potential of Private Autonomous Vehicles for Parcel Delivery." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (September 10, 2020): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120949878.
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Using the same vehicles for both passenger and freight transport, to increase vehicle occupancy and decrease their number, is an idea that drives transport planners and is also being addressed by manufacturers. This paper proposes a methodology to simulate the behavior of such vehicles within an urban traffic system and evaluate their performance. The aim is to investigate the impacts of resignation from fleet ownership by a transport service company (TSC) operating on a city-wide scale. In the simulation, the service provider hires private autonomous cars for tour performance. Based on assumptions concerning the operation of such vehicles and TSCs, the software Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) is extended to model vehicle and operator behavior. The proposed framework is applied to a case study of a parcel delivery service in Berlin serving a synthetic parcel demand. Results suggest that the vehicle miles traveled for freight purposes increase because of additional access and egress trips. Moreover, the number of vehicles en route is higher throughout the day. The lowering of driver costs can reduce the costs of the operator by approximately 74.5%. If the service provider additionally considers the resignation from fleet ownership, it might lower the operation cost by another 10%, not taking into account the costs of system transfer or risks like vehicle non-availability. From an economic perspective, the reduction of the overall number of vehicles in the system seems to be beneficial.
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Regehr, Jonathan D., Jeannette Montufar, and Garreth Rempel. "Safety performance of longer combination vehicles relative to other articulated trucks." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 1 (January 2009): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-109.
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This article helps improve the understanding about the safety performance of longer combination vehicles (LCVs) relative to other articulated trucks operating on rural highways, using evidence from the Canadian portion of the CANAMEX trade corridor. The analysis reveals that from a collision rate perspective, LCVs as a group have better safety performance than other articulated trucks. Turnpike doubles have the lowest collision rate of all articulated truck types (16 collisions per 100 million vehicle-kilometres of travel or VKT), followed by Rocky Mountain doubles (32 collisions per 100 million VKT). The collision rate for triple trailer combinations (62 collisions per 100 million VKT) is higher than the collision rates for tractor semitrailers (42 collisions per 100 million VKT) and legal-length tractor double trailers (44 collisions per 100 million VKT). These results are an important input for civil engineering and transport policy decisions concerning longer combination vehicle operations.
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Tanvir, Shams, H. Christopher Frey, and Nagui M. Rouphail. "Effect of Light Duty Vehicle Performance on a Driving Style Metric." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 25 (September 7, 2018): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118796070.
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Eco-driving involves alterations to driving style to improve energy efficiency. The observed driving style reflects the combined effects of roadway, traffic, driver, and vehicle performance. Although the effect of roadway and traffic characteristics can be inferred from microscale driving activity data, the effect of vehicle performance on driving style is not properly understood. This paper addresses two questions: (1) how different is an individual driver’s driving style when operating vehicles with differences in performance?; and (2) how dissimilar are the driving styles of different drivers when operating vehicles that have similar performance? To answer these questions, we have gathered microscale vehicle activity measurements from 17 controlled real-world driving schedules and two years of naturalistic driving data from five drivers. We also developed a metric for driving style termed “envelope deviation,” which is a distribution of gaps between microscale activity (1 Hz) and fleet average envelope. We found that there is significant inter-driver heterogeneity in driving styles when controlling for vehicle performance. However, no significant inter-vehicle heterogeneity was present in driving styles while controlling for the driver. Findings from this study imply that the choice of vehicle does not significantly alter the natural driving style of a driver.
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Yu, Kaijiang, and Junqi Yang. "Performance of a Nonlinear Real-Time Optimal Control System for HEVs/PHEVs during Car Following." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/879232.
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This paper presents a real-time optimal control approach for the energy management problem of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with slope information during car following. The new features of this study are as follows. First, the proposed method can optimize the engine operating points and the driving profile simultaneously. Second, the proposed method gives the freedom of vehicle spacing between the preceding vehicle and the host vehicle. Third, using the HEV/PHEV property, the desired battery state of charge is designed according to the road slopes for better recuperation of free braking energy. Fourth, all of the vehicle operating modes engine charge, electric vehicle, motor assist and electric continuously variable transmission, and regenerative braking, can be realized using the proposed real-time optimal control approach. Computer simulation results are shown among the nonlinear real-time optimal control approach and the ADVISOR rule-based approach. The conclusion is that the nonlinear real-time optimal control approach is effective for the energy management problem of the HEV/PHEV system during car following.
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DASZKIEWICZ, Paweł, Łukasz RYMANIAK, and Michalina KAMIŃSKA. "Issues of emission evaluation of road-rail vehicles in the aspect of current type approval regulations." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-347.
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One of the ways to reduce exhaust emissions from vehicles is to replace worn-out shunting locomotives with road-rail tractors. The main purpose of this solution is to reduce the negative environmental impact of the vehicle and to reduce the fuel consumption compared to a shunting locomotive performing the same work. The tests on exhaust emissions of rail vehicles are carried out on an engine test bench, making it impossible to determine the environmental performance of these vehicles during real operation. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out measurements in real operating conditions in order to obtain reliable reference results. This enables the verification of vehicles ecological indicators in a wide range of operational work parameters. It is possible to obtain reliable results regarding the impact of the tested vehicle on the natural environment in this way and compare them with the applicable emission standards.
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Jeffs, James, Truong Quang Dinh, Widanalage Dhammika Widanage, Andrew McGordon, and Alessandro Picarelli. "Optimisation of Direct Battery Thermal Management for EVs Operating in Low-Temperature Climates." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 5980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225980.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) experience a range reduction at low temperatures caused by the impact of cabin heating and a reduction in lithium ion performance. Heat pump equipped vehicles have been shown to reduce heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) consumption and improve low ambient temperature range. Heating the electric battery, to improve its low temperature performance, leads to a reduction in heat availability for the cabin. In this paper, dynamic programming is used to find the optimal battery heating trajectory which can optimise the vehicle’s control for either cabin comfort or battery performance and, therefore, range. Using the strategy proposed in this research, a 6.2% increase in range compared to no battery heating and 5.5% increase in thermal comfort compared to full battery heating was achieved at an ambient temperature at −7 °C.
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Noei, Shirin, Mohammadreza Parvizimosaed, and Mohammadreza Noei. "Longitudinal Control for Connected and Automated Vehicles in Contested Environments." Electronics 10, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161994.
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The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) defines six levels of driving automation, ranging from Level 0 to Level 5. Automated driving systems perform entire dynamic driving tasks for Levels 3–5 automated vehicles. Delegating dynamic driving tasks from driver to automated driving systems can eliminate crashes attributed to driver errors. Sharing status, sharing intent, seeking agreement, or sharing prescriptive information between road users and vehicles dedicated to automated driving systems can further enhance dynamic driving task performance, safety, and traffic operations. Extensive simulation is required to reduce operating costs and achieve an acceptable risk level before testing cooperative automated driving systems in laboratory environments, test tracks, or public roads. Cooperative automated driving systems can be simulated using a vehicle dynamics simulation tool (e.g., CarMaker and CarSim) or a traffic microsimulation tool (e.g., Vissim and Aimsun). Vehicle dynamics simulation tools are mainly used for verification and validation purposes on a small scale, while traffic microsimulation tools are mainly used for verification purposes on a large scale. Vehicle dynamics simulation tools can simulate longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamics for only a few vehicles in each scenario (e.g., up to ten vehicles in CarMaker and up to twenty vehicles in CarSim). Conventional traffic microsimulation tools can simulate vehicle-following, lane-changing, and gap-acceptance behaviors for many vehicles in each scenario without simulating vehicle powertrain. Vehicle dynamics simulation tools are more compute-intensive but more accurate than traffic microsimulation tools. Due to software architecture or computing power limitations, simplifying assumptions underlying convectional traffic microsimulation tools may have been a necessary compromise long ago. There is, therefore, a need for a simulation tool to optimize computational complexity and accuracy to simulate many vehicles in each scenario with reasonable accuracy. This research proposes a traffic microsimulation tool that employs a simplified vehicle powertrain model and a model-based fault detection method to simulate many vehicles with reasonable accuracy at each simulation time step under noise and unknown inputs. Our traffic microsimulation tool considers driver characteristics, vehicle model, grade, pavement conditions, operating mode, vehicle-to-vehicle communication vulnerabilities, and traffic conditions to estimate longitudinal control variables with reasonable accuracy at each simulation time step for many conventional vehicles, vehicles dedicated to automated driving systems, and vehicles equipped with cooperative automated driving systems. Proposed vehicle-following model and longitudinal control functions are verified for fourteen vehicle models, operating in manual, automated, and cooperative automated modes over two driving schedules under three malicious fault magnitudes on transmitted accelerations.
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Kovbasenko, Serhii, Andriy Holyk, and Serhii Hutarevych. "RESEARCH OF INDICATORS OF A VEHICLE WITH A DIESEL WORKING ON DIESEL AND DIESEL GAS CYCLES USING THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 1 (261)’2020 (March 20, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2020-1-261-14-19.
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The features of an advanced mathematical model of motion of a truck with a diesel engine operating on the diesel and diesel gas cycles are presented in the article. As a result of calculations using the mathematical model, a decrease in total mass emissions as a result of carbon monoxide emissions is observed due to a decrease in emissions of nitrogen oxides and emissions of soot in the diesel gas cycle compared to the diesel cycle. The mathematical model of a motion of a truck on a city driving cycle according to GOST 20306-90 allows to study the fuel-economic, environmental and energy indicators of a diesel and diesel gas vehicle. The results of the calculations on the mathematical model will make it possible to conclude on the feasibility of converting diesel vehicles to using compressed natural gas. Object of the study – the fuel-economic, environmental and energy performance diesel engine that runs on dual fuel system using CNG. Purpose of the study – study of changes in fuel, economic, environmental and energy performance of vehicles with diesel engines operating on diesel and diesel gas cycles, according to urban driving cycle modes. Method of the study – calculations on a mathematical model and comparison of results with road tests. Bench and road tests, results of calculations on the mathematical model of motion of a truck with diesel, working on diesel and diesel gas cycles, show the improvement of environmental performance of diesel vehicles during the converting to compressed natural gas in operation. Improvement of environmental performance is obtained mainly through the reduction of soot emissions and nitrogen oxides emissions from diesel gas cycle operations compared to diesel cycle operations. The results of the article can be used to further develop dual fuel system using CNG. Keywords: diesel engine, diesel gas engine, CNG
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Glushchenko, Andrey, Alexey Khokhlov, Denis Molochnikov, Ilmas Salakhutdinov, Evgeny Proshkin, and Ilnar Gayaziev. "Development of a model for improving operating performance of vehicles." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 403 (December 19, 2019): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/403/1/012099.
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Kamińska, Michalina, Łukasz Rymaniak, Piotr Lijewski, Natalia Szymlet, Paweł Daszkiewicz, and Rafał Grzeszczyk. "Investigations of Exhaust Emissions from Rail Machinery during Track Maintenance Operations." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 3141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113141.
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The paper presents the investigations of exhaust emissions under actual operation of two rail vehicles: a track geometry vehicle and a clearance vehicle. The environmental assessment of this type of objects is difficult due to the necessity of adapting the measurement equipment and meeting the safety requirements during the tests (particularly regarding the distance from the overhead electrical lines). The authors have proposed and developed a unique research methodology, based on which a detailed exhaust emissions analysis (CO, HC, NOx, and PM) was carried out. The complex assessment included the unit and on-track exhaust emissions. In the analyses, the authors also included the operating conditions of the powertrains of the tested machinery. The obtained environmental indexes were referred to the homologation standards, according to which the vehicles were approved for operation. Due to the nature of operation of the tested vehicles, the authors carried out a comprehensive environmental assessment in the daily and annual approach as well as in the aspect of their operation as combined vehicles, which is a novel approach to the assessment of the environmental performance of this type of objects.
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Noh, Jung-Hun, Seong-il Song, and Deog-Jae Hur. "Numerical Analysis of the Cooling Performance in a 7.2 kW Integrated Bidirectional OBC/LDC Module." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010270.
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To satisfy increasing demands for ecofriendly vehicles, researchers are now studying electric vehicle (EV)-related technologies. In particular, integrated bidirectional onboard battery charger (OBC)/low-voltage DC–DC converter (LDC) modules are being researched to improve the efficiency of onboard chargers for EV charging applications. In this study, a numerical analysis method is proposed that considers the power loss and heat flow characteristics in the design of a 7.2 kW integrated bidirectional OBC/LDC module. The developed module supports four operating modes depending on the service situation: OBC and LDC single operation, OBC/LDC simultaneous operation, and LDC operation. The mode is selected based on the power system flow. The characteristics of the circuit were analyzed in each of the four modes to compute the heat loss from the major heating elements. The results of a numerical analysis of the internal cooling characteristics showed that the internal temperature was higher in the OBC single operating mode than in the OBC and LDC simultaneous operating mode in which the power loss was the highest. The results emphasize the importance of ensuring that cooling designs consider the characteristics of various modes as well as the worst-case power loss.
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Mendes, Lucas Mestres, Manel Rivera Bennàssar, and Joseph Y. J. Chow. "Comparison of Light Rail Streetcar Against Shared Autonomous Vehicle Fleet for Brooklyn–Queens Connector in New York City." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2650, no. 1 (January 2017): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2650-17.
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Policy makers predict that autonomous vehicles will have significant market penetration in the next decade or so. In several simulation studies shared autonomous vehicle fleets have been shown to be effective public transit alternatives. This study compared the effectiveness of a shared autonomous vehicle fleet with an upcoming transit project proposed in New York City, the Brooklyn–Queens Connector light rail project. The study developed an event-based simulation model to compare the performance of the shared autonomous vehicle system with the light rail system under the same demand patterns, route alignment, and operating speeds. The simulation experiments revealed that a shared autonomous vehicle fleet of 500 vehicles of 12-person capacity (consistent with the EZ10 vehicle) would be needed to match the 39-vehicle light rail system if operated as a fixed-route system. However, as a demand-responsive system, a fleet of only 150 vehicles would lead to the same total travel time (22 min) as the 39-vehicle fleet light rail system. Furthermore, a fleet of 450 12-person vehicles in a demand-responsive operation would have the same average wait times while reducing total travel times by 36%. The implications for system resiliency, idle vehicle allocation, and vehicle modularity are discussed.
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De Pinto, Stefano, and Giacomo Mantriota. "Power Flows in Compound Transmissions for Hybrid Vehicles." Machines 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines7010019.
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Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) traction systems are the most promising technologies being characterized by high performance, high fuel efficiency, low emissions and long operating range. Significant improvements can be achieved equipping transmissions with variable transmission ratio such as power-split transmission and a compound power-split electric continuously variable transmission (eCVT). These systems have been introduced to improve vehicle global efficiency since they can maximize the efficiency in different operating conditions. Optimal design and control of these systems leads improvements in vehicles performance and mathematical models, which support the preliminary design phase, can play a key role in this field. In this work, the internal power circulations of “four-port-mechanical-power split device are determined through a dynamic analysis.” Finally, the efficiency of the compound transmission is analytically evaluated, assuming that the overall losses are linked to the eCVT variator.
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Dvorak, Dominik, Daniele Basciotti, and Imre Gellai. "Demand-Based Control Design for Efficient Heat Pump Operation of Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 5440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205440.
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Thermal management systems of passenger vehicles are fundamental to provide adequate cabin thermal comfort. However, for battery electric vehicles they can use a significant amount of battery energy and thus reduce the real driving range. Indeed, when heating or cooling the vehicle cabin the thermal management system can consume up to 84% of the battery capacity. This study proposes a model-based approach to design an energy-efficient control strategy for heating electric vehicles, considering the entire climate control system at different ambient conditions. Specifically, the study aims at reducing the energy demand of the compressor and water pumps when operating in heat pump mode. At this scope, the climate control system of the reference vehicle is modelled and validated, enabling a system efficiency analysis in different operating points. Based on the system performance assessment, the optimized operating strategy for the compressor and the water pumps is elaborated and the results show that the demand-based control achieves up to 34% energy reduction when compared to the standard control.
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Pei, Yu-Long, Yong-Ming He, Bin Ran, Jia Kang, and Yu-Ting Song. "Horizontal Alignment Security Design Theory and Application of Superhighways." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 2222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062222.
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In China, the maximum design speed of highways is 120 km/h, which first appeared in the Highway Engineering Technical Standard (Trial) in 1951. However, vehicle performance, road design, and construction technology have been greatly improved over the past 68 years. To adapt to the development demands of highway design speeds above 120 km/h in the future, it is urgent to study superhighway alignment design theory. Therefore, the horizontal alignment security design theory of superhighways was developed in this paper. First, the definition, classification, and construction mode of a superhighway and suitable vehicles of different grades are presented. Then, the lengths of straight lines were limited to reduce driving fatigue. Next, the minimum radii of circular curves were calculated based on driver characteristics and stress analysis of operating vehicles. Finally, the minimum lengths of transition curves were calculated based on the centrifugal acceleration of the operating vehicles, the travel time, and the passenger visual characteristics. The calculation and analysis results show that the superhighway linear features conform to the vehicle operating characteristics, and can ensure the safety of driving.
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Gorozhankin, S. A., A. D. Bumaga, and N. V. Savenkov. "Improving Car Fuel Efficiency by Optimising Transmission Parameters." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 3 (October 7, 2019): 7019–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.3.2019.14.0526.
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The theoretical and experimental studies of the car power unit functioning at unsteady modes have been conducted. The experimental studies have been conducted using the test stand for measuring engine performance. In addition, the measurements of the parameters of the power unit of the category N1 vehicle under natural conditions (the road tests in the modes of standardized driving cycles) have been made. The aim of the work is increasing the fuel efficiency of the vehicles under operating conditions. For this purpose, the transmission parameters have been optimised for the conditions of the vehicle driving in the standardized NEDC and WLTC driving cycles. The research results enable to give recommendations on improving both the design of the power unit and its operating modes in operation.
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Astarita, Vittorio, Giuseppe Guido, Domenico Mongelli, and Vincenzo Pasquale Giofrè. "A CO-OPERATIVE METHODOLOGY TO ESTIMATE CAR FUEL CONSUMPTION BY USING SMARTPHONE SENSORS." TRANSPORT 30, no. 3 (October 2, 2015): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1081280.
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The European Commission has recently promoted research programs aimed at finding solutions to the ever more compelling problem of air pollution from road vehicles and has also indicated a better sustainability among the possible impacts of co-operative Intelligent Transportation Systems. In fact, many practical solutions can be developed that allow drivers and management to optimise resources and to contain costs and the emissions of pollutants by applying communication systems between vehicles (Vehicle-to-Vehicle – V2V) and between vehicles and infrastructure (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure – V2I). Along this mainstream this paper present a co-operative system which offer drivers the ability to manage their consumption and driving style, suggesting corrections to the usually adopted behaviour. The new contribution of this paper is both the co-operative approach between drivers to achieve a common goal of a better common energy consumption strategy and a methodology to estimate fuel consumption just by using Satellite data obtained from a simple smartphone. Since the fuel consumption has to be evaluated with regards to the specific vehicle type the system is based also on crowdsourcing of the specific vehicle consumption performances. The paper describes a system that gathers data on fuel consumption from the co-operating drivers that can build together the data set necessary to the system itself once they accept this paper paradigm: crowd sourced co-operation for a smarter and more sustainable transport system.
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Powell, James, Gordon Danby, John Morena, Thomas Wagner, and Charles Smith. "MAGLEV 2000 Urban Transit System." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1838, no. 1 (January 2003): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1838-08.
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The MAGLEV 2000 (M2000) of Florida Corporation has designed magnetic levitation (maglev) and propulsion technology for high-speed intercity transportation systems capable of operating at speeds in excess of 300 mph. This high-speed technology can be adapted for slower-speed urban transit operations with operating speeds of 30 to 120 mph. M2000 preliminary baseline urban transit designs and essential criteria for a maglev technology to operate safely and efficiently in an urban transit environment are discussed. M2000 uses superconducting magnets on the vehicle, interacting with aluminum coils in the guideway for levitation, stability, and propulsion. The coils are completely encapsulated in polymer concrete panels, which are attached to the sides of a narrow-beam guideway. The vehicle straddles the beam with a 6-in.gap between the guideway surface and vehicle. Propulsion is provided through the linear synchronous motor coils and powered by alternating electrical current. The large clearance between vehicles and guideway with the superconducting M2000 magnet system ensures low-cost guideway construction because of more leeway with construction tolerances. These large clearances allow system operations under snow and ice conditions. The magnetic switch also allows for efficient off-line stations and permits increased train frequencies and operation of express trains without delays from locally stopping trains. Most of the components for a M2000 operating system have been constructed. A review is presented of manufacturing techniques, operating requirements, and performance results for a maglev transit project.
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Ramesh Babu, Anandh, Jelena Andric, Blago Minovski, and Simone Sebben. "System-Level Modeling and Thermal Simulations of Large Battery Packs for Electric Trucks." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 4796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164796.
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Electromobility has gained significance over recent years and the requirements on the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles are growing. Lithium-ion batteries are the primary source of energy in electric vehicles and their performance is highly dependent on the operating temperature. There is a compelling need to create a robust modeling framework to drive the design of vehicle batteries in the ever-competitive market. This paper presents a system-level modeling methodology for thermal simulations of large battery packs for electric trucks under real-world operating conditions. The battery pack was developed in GT-SUITE, where module-to-module discretization was performed to study the thermal behavior and temperature distribution within the pack. The heat generated from each module was estimated using Bernardi’s expression and the pack model was calibrated for thermal interface material properties under a heat-up test. The model evaluation was performed for four charging/discharging and cooling scenarios typical for truck operations. The results show that the model accurately predicts the average pack temperature, the outlet coolant temperature and the state of charge of the battery pack. The methodology developed can be integrated with the powertrain and passenger cabin cooling systems to study complete vehicle thermal management and/or analyze different battery design choices.
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Stobart, R. K. "An availability approach to thermal energy recovery in vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 1107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto463.
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Availability is a well-established and widely recognized way of describing the work-producing potential of energy systems. A first-law analysis is helpful in setting the energy context and ensuring that energy flows balance, but it is a second-law analysis based on availability that places an upper bound on the potential work output. In this analysis a new approach to thermal management intended for vehicle propulsion is examined and developed. Starting with a simple analysis of the chemical energy flow, a realistic heat exchange performance is introduced to establish a practical architecture. Within this framework, the availability analysis shows that effective thermal efficiencies of between 25 and 30 per cent are feasible. With a spark ignition engine operating at a high load condition, and the thermal recovery system at an operating pressure of 100 bar, the maximum efficiency possible with a steady flow work-producing device is 37 per cent (with fully reversible thermodynamic processes). In a water-based thermal recovery system, work could only reasonably be produced with heat transfer from a reservoir at the saturation temperature corresponding to the operating pressure. At 100 bar the maximum efficiency would be 33 per cent. In a different mode of operation, where heat is transferred incrementally to a thermal accumulator and work produced as required, the efficiency is 32 per cent at only 20 bar operating pressure. These efficiency values apply to work production to supplement a combustion engine at any operating condition. An analysis of a reciprocating expander as the work-producing device shows substantial flexibility in operation. Control of system operating pressure is shown to be of value in that periodic adjustments enhance the availability content of the thermal reservoir. The operating pressure of a fluid power system is related to the temperature of operation, and therefore the heat transfer processes. Choice of too high a pressure leads to reduced heat transfer, and ultimately a reduction in work output. There is an optimum condition that can be selected at design time and maintained during the running of the system.
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Kitching, K. J., D. J. Cole, and D. Cebon. "Performance of a Semi-Active Damper for Heavy Vehicles." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 122, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286431.
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This paper describes the development, modeling, and testing of a prototype, continuously variable semi-active damper for heavy vehicles. A simple proportional valve is used to generate the variable damping coefficient and the detrimental effects of the oil flow forces acting on the valve spool are studied. The force tracking performance of the damper is then examined under simple input conditions. The compliance of the hydraulic fluid is found to have a strong influence on the response of the damper. The performance of the prototype damper is investigated under realistic operating conditions using a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) test rig, with a single wheel station vehicle model. The prototype damper displays a time lag of approximately 20 ms between the demanded and achieved damping force. The semi-active suspension is found to be most effective in reducing the vehicle body motion relative to the performance of an optimum passive suspension. [S0022-0434(00)00903-5]
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Fabris, Eduardo Jose, Vicenzo Abichequer Sangalli, Leonardo Pavanatto Soares, and Márcio Sarroglia Pinho. "Immersive telepresence on the operation of unmanned vehicles." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 172988142097854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881420978544.
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Unmanned ground vehicles are usually deployed in situations, where it is too dangerous or not feasible to have an operator onboard. One challenge faced when such vehicles are teleoperated is maintaining a high situational awareness, due to aspects such as limitation of cameras, characteristics of network transmission, and the lack of other sensory information, such as sounds and vibrations. Situation awareness refers to the understanding of the information, events, and actions that will impact the execution and the objectives of the tasks at the current and near future of the operation of the vehicle. This work investigates how the simultaneous use of immersive telepresence and mixed reality could impact the situation awareness of the operator and the navigation performance. A user study was performed to compare our proposed approach with a traditional unmanned vehicle control station. Quantitative data obtained from the vehicle’s behavior and the situation awareness global assessment technique were used to analyze such impacts. Results provide evidence that our approach is relevant when the task requires a detailed observation of the surroundings, leading to higher situation awareness and navigation performance.
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Tang, Li, Yunpeng Shi, Qing He, Adel W. Sadek, and Chunming Qiao. "Performance Test of Autonomous Vehicle Lidar Sensors Under Different Weather Conditions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 1 (January 2020): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120901681.
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This paper intends to analyze the Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) sensor performance on detecting pedestrians under different weather conditions. Lidar sensor is the key sensor in autonomous vehicles, which can provide high-resolution object information. Thus, it is important to analyze the performance of Lidar. This paper involves an autonomous bus operating several pedestrian detection tests in a parking lot at the University at Buffalo. By comparing the pedestrian detection results on rainy days with the results on sunny days, the evidence shows that the rain can cause unstable performance and even failures of Lidar sensors to detect pedestrians in time. After analyzing the test data, three logit models are built to estimate the probability of Lidar detection failure. The rainy weather still plays an important role in affecting Lidar detection performance. Moreover, the distance between a vehicle and a pedestrian, as well as the autonomous vehicle velocity, are also important. This paper can provide a way to improve the Lidar detection performance in autonomous vehicles.
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Graba, Massinissa, Sousso Kelouwani, Lotfi Zeghmi, Ali Amamou, Kodjo Agbossou, and Mohammad Mohammadpour. "Investigating the Impact of Energy Source Level on the Self-Guided Vehicle System Performances, in the Industry 4.0 Context." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 8541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208541.
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Automated industrial vehicles are taking an imposing place by transforming the industrial operations, and contributing to an efficient in-house transportation of goods. They are expected to bring a variety of benefits towards the Industry 4.0 transition. However, Self-Guided Vehicles (SGVs) are battery-powered, unmanned autonomous vehicles. While the operating durability depends on self-path design, planning energy-efficient paths become crucial. Thus, this paper has no concrete contribution but highlights the lack of energy consideration of SGV-system design in literature by presenting a review of energy-constrained global path planning. Then, an experimental investigation explores the long-term effect of battery level on navigation performance of a single vehicle. This experiment was conducted for several hours, a deviation between the global trajectory and the ground-true path executed by the SGV was observed as the battery depleted. The results show that the mean square error (MSE) increases significantly as the battery’s state-of-charge decreases below a certain value.
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Ekbote, Amey, Mathew Karvinkoppa, Virendra Bhojwani, and Naveen Patil. "Comprehensive study on smart cooling techniques used for batteries." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017001028.
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Electric vehicles are important in today’s world to reduce pollution. The demand for electric vehicles is increasing day by day. The major component is the battery for an electric vehicle which gives the power to drive motor and drives the vehicle. Continuous operation of the vehicle causes the battery to heat and while heating there are some flammable gases released which may cause a fire. The heating of batteries reduces the performance of the vehicle and reduces the efficiency, therefore there is a need for cooling techniques to keep the temperature of batteries below the critical temperature for safe operating conditions. The present study emphasizes various cooling techniques used for the battery thermal management system. Cooling improves the performance of the battery and reduces the temperature of the battery. It helps in maintaining the temperature of the battery at the desired level. Before cooling the battery, it is necessary to study the thermal behavior of the battery. Various aspects of the thermal behavior are also reported in the paper and the problems associated with the time required for charging the batteries are also discussed.
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Abd El-Gawad, Mohamed A., Hesham ElSawy, Ahmed Hamdi Sakr, and HyungWon Kim. "Network-Wide Throughput Optimization for Highway Vehicle-To-Vehicle Communications." Electronics 8, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080830.
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This letter analyzes the meta-distribution of the transmission success probability (TSP) for vehicular networks based on a one-dimensional Poisson point process (PPP). We also propose a method to maximize the throughput across the vehicular network. Compared to the conventional spatial average performance assessment, the meta-distribution reveals the fraction of vehicles that operate at a target success rate of transmission across the highway. To this end, we propose a per-vehicle rate selection scheme to keep a target quality of service (QoS) level for all vehicles. The results reveal that operating at the spatially-averaged maximum throughput may lead to excessive variation in the performance of individual vehicles. However, with the proposed meta-distribution-aware rate selection scheme, the throughput variation among the vehicles can be significantly reduced (e.g., up to a 60 % reduction).
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Yang, Cheng Ping, and Tyng Liu. "Analysis of a New Mechanical Anti-Lock Brake System for Two-Wheeled Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.313.
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This study aims to present an analysis on a new type of mechanical anti-lock brake system (ABS) and the device is suitable for two-wheeled vehicles, such as bicycles. Firstly, the structure of the mechanism, the principle of operation and operating stages of the device are discussed. Secondly, the force models of the system and the force equations with parameters are developed. Then, a numerical program for simulating the operation of the system is developed, and the relationship between operating force and braking force, as well as the efficiency of ABS in different situations (e.g. road friction coefficient, loading) are analyzed. Finally, the results of how each parameter affects the braking performance are discussed. In this paper, we present a complete analysis on this new mechanical ABS systematically. Through the simulation of various operating conditions, the characteristics of the system are investigated and clearly verified. It is shown that this type of mechanical ABS could be useful in some situations. However, the overall braking performance will be reduced. This new mechanical ABS might be useful with some possible modifications, and could be applied in other areas.
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Cormell, Darren. "A new tool in the subsea industry: the Autonomous Inspection Vehicle (AIV)." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11073.
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A new tool for subsea inspection in the offshore oil and gas industry is now going through performance and qualification testing. The Autonomous Inspection Vehicle (AIV) has been designed and built by Subsea7 and SeeByte Ltd to provide the industry with a valuable tool capable of making a positive contribution to life-of-field operations. The station keeping and hovering ability of the AIV is the next step in the evolution of autonomous systems in the marine environment. Survey class autonomous vehicles have already shown their value with improved data quality and efficiencies compared with traditional methods. The first commercial AIV will be capable of many of the inspection tasks presently carried out by remotely operated vehicles (ROV). Regular inspection data of risers, pipelines, and seabed equipment can be gathered using a single AIV operating directly from an offshore facility. A more rapid assessment of a field can be made using multiple systems operating together from a single support vessel. This has not been done before with a commercial vehicle; hence, AIV is leading-edge technology. This extended abstract outlines some of the technical challenges in creating the vehicle and how the use of advanced simulation linked to practical testing is being used to ensure the performance of the system. Also discussed is a parallel with the evolution of subsea infrastructure that has fully enabled the capability of the ROV; how the introduction of autonomous technology should be considered with confidence is also demonstrated.
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Bondariev, S. I. "Optimization methods of operating costs on road transport in international transportation." Naukovij žurnal «Tehnìka ta energetika» 11, no. 3 (November 18, 2020): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/machenergy2020.03.129.
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Transport processes research are closely related to the economic and operational performance of road transport. During planning road transportation, the most important factor is the transport services cost. Known fact that most of the transportation costs are car fuel. The share of car fuel in the transport tariff cost can be 25-50% (depending on the working conditions of vehicles). Therefore, research that is associated with improving the vehicles efficiency by reducing variable costs is appropriate and relevant. The article presents the results of research on the planning of transport processes in the road transport performance in international road transport for the return flight and calculating methods the demand for the amount of fuel purchased in different countries with different prices. The author presents the results of theoretical and experimental research the adequacy of the mathematical model (methodology). The specified mathematical model consists in substantiation of a technique of calculation of quantity of car fuel, definition of the variable factors influencing volumes of fuel expenses, calculation of correction factors (total) received on the basis of technical and operational indicators of vehicles and the influencing factors connected with features of road transport work. . The second part of the research contains the results of the development of an algorithm development to calculate the total cost of automotive fuel, which was purchased at different prices in several countries. Thus, the main purpose of research is the task of substantiating the algorithm (mathematical model – methodology) for determining fuel costs by the criterion of the highest use of fuel in countries at the lowest prices.
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Szałek, Andrzej, and Ireneusz Pielecha. "The Influence of Engine Downsizing in Hybrid Powertrains on the Energy Flow Indicators under Actual Traffic Conditions." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 2872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102872.
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The development of internal combustion engines is currently based around the ideas of downsizing and rightsizing. These trends, however, are not very widespread in vehicles with hybrid drive systems. Nevertheless, the authors analyzed the performance indicators of hybrid drives in downsized vehicles. Two generations of a vehicle model, equipped with hybrid drive systems, were used in the analysis in which not only the design of the internal combustion engine was changed, but also other hybrid drive systems (including the transmission, electric motors and high-voltage batteries). The paper analyzes the energy flow in two hybrid vehicles of different generations during tests in real road driving conditions in accordance with the requirements of the RDE (real driving emissions) tests. The authors have confirmed that newer vehicle designs extend the vehicle range by 38% in the electric mode under the conditions of road traffic (68% in the urban conditions). The application of a combustion engine with better operating indexes did not result in its greater load, but led to limitation of the maximum pressure-volume (PV) diagram. The change of the battery to Li-ion, despite its lower electric and energy capacity, led to an increase in vehicle’s working parameters (power and regenerative braking).
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Steinberg, Daniel, Asher Bender, Ariell Friedman, Michael Jakuba, Oscar Pizarro, and Stefan Williams. "Analysis of Propulsion Methods for Long-Range AUVs." Marine Technology Society Journal 44, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.44.2.3.
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AbstractUnderwater gliders use a buoyancy engine and symmetric wings to produce lift. During operation, gliders follow a saw-tooth trajectory, making them useful vehicles for profiling ocean chemistry. By operating at low speeds with low hotel loads, gliders achieve a high endurance. Man-portable, propeller-driven autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are capable of level flight and can also follow terrain to yield high-quality benthic imagery. These platforms typically operate at high speeds with high hotel loads resulting in relatively low endurance. Although both vehicles are used to collect oceanographic data, constraints on how these vehicles are used differentiate the nature of data they collect. This article examines whether one method of propulsion can provide an intrinsic advantage in terms of horizontal range at low speed, regardless of sampling design. We employ first-principle analysis that concludes that either class of vehicle can be designed to achieve the same horizontal transit performance regardless of speed. This result implies that the choice of propulsion method should be driven exclusively by the application and operational requirements.
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Pirouzi, Sasan, and Jamshid Aghaei. "Mathematical modeling of electric vehicles contributions in voltage security of smart distribution networks." SIMULATION 95, no. 5 (June 6, 2018): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549718778766.
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This paper evaluates the voltage security of the distribution networks in the presence of electric vehicles in the optimization framework. Accordingly, the main objective functions of this optimization problem include maximization of voltage security margin and minimization of operational cost. Also, it is supposed that the electric vehicles are equipped with bidirectional chargers to control active and reactive power in smart distribution networks, simultaneously. The objective functions are subject to the constraints of power flow equations, system operating limits and electric vehicle constraints. The proposed model is implemented on the 33-bus distribution network to evaluate the performance of the proposed optimization scheme for the management of the smart distribution networks in the presence of electric vehicles. The results show that the operational cost and network voltage security margin are reduced in the case of the higher electric vehicle penetration rate when electric vehicles are used for charging active power and reactive power control capability, with respect to the case that does not include electric vehicles.
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Goncharenko, S. V., Z. A. Godzhaev, V. I. Pryadkin, A. V. Artyomov, and T. Z. Godzhaev. "Specifics of certification of agricultural tires with maximum consideration of their operating conditions." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 4 (2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2020-4-3-11.
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The problems of product quality and competitiveness are typical in the modern world. The inter-national market constantly demands the improvement of the performance properties of automobiles, tractors, agricultural machinery and other types of mobile vehicles. At the same time, they can not be increased without significant improving of the tire performance characteristics. Pneumatic tires are among the critical units of mobile vehicles that have a significant impact on the following per-formance properties; therefore, as a complex product, they were included in the list of approval in accordance with Regulation No 106 for agricultural vehicles and their trailers. The purpose of the research was to develop recommendations for improving the methodology of conducting certifica-tion tests of agricultural tires aimed at improving product quality. The article discusses the methods of certification and approval of tires for agricultural vehicles and their trailers. The drawbacks of the method of certification of agricultural tires using the method of automobile ones are analyzed. It is proposed to supplement the certification with test methods developed in the Russian Federation that are as close as possible to the operating conditions of agricultural vehicles and tires of traction machines. The experience of work of “Bridgestone” and “Michelin” companies in the Russian Federation is presented. The absence of a national tire certification system in Russia influence in many cases vehicle breakdowns, which lead to downtime, as well as to the occurrence of accidents. In case of serious accidents in transport, when there is insufficient clarity of the causes of the accident or it is clear that the accident is related to tire failure, the victims initiate legal proceedings against the manufacturers, involving the payment of monetary compensation. At the same time, mass production defects are usually hidden behind the losses of consumers. To improve the quality of agricultural tires, it is proposed to revise UN/ECE Regulation No 106 as close as possible to operating conditions, as well as to create an independent accredited tire center.
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Jefferys, E. R., and B. S. Samra. "Adaptive Prediction of the Motion of Marine Vehicles." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231217.
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A predictor of the future motion of a vessel subject to random wave and wind forces, would have a variety of applications in ocean engineering. Most previous work has assumed that the wave spectrum is known and that the vessel is modeled accurately; both factors affect the predictor performance strongly. In practice, the relevant data is difficult to measure on a manoeuvering vessel and can change significantly with operating conditions. Here were describe the application of an adaptive algorithm which predicts the future of a signal from its history. The predictor adapts to the signal and varies its parameters to optimise the prediction. Operating on a signal with a stationary spectrum, the predictor tends to a steady performance; if the spectrum changes, the predictor quickly adjusts to the new situation. We illustrate the performance of the system with examples.
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Raad, Lutfi, and Jian John Lu. "Traction Performance of Transit and Paratransit Vehicles in Winter." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1731, no. 1 (January 2000): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1731-06.
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The traction performance of transit and paratransit vehicles during the winter is an important factor in public transportation system operations. Vehicle traction forces are significantly reduced on snowy or icy surfaces, specifically during stopping, starting, cornering, and hill climbing. Reduced traction increases stopping distances and decreases controllability when a vehicle stops in an emergency situation. This study evaluated the traction performance of transit and paratransit vehicles on snowy and icy surfaces. Field tests were conducted in Fairbanks, Alaska, using three types of vehicles—a 41-passenger transit bus, a 32-passenger transit bus, and a 9-passenger paratransit vehicle. Each vehicle was tested for different combinations of tire types, including highway tires, snow tires, studded-siped tires, highway three-rib tires, all-season tires, and snow-siped tires. Tests of winter traction performance evaluated stopping distance, starting traction, hill climbing, cornering, and controllability. For similar tire combinations and surface conditions, the tested transit and paratransit vehicles had different traction performance. Results indicate that winter traction performance is significantly influenced by vehicle type, tire combination, and road surface (compacted snow or ice). Research findings and recommendations for tire combinations best suited for winter traction are presented.
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Capata, Roberto, and Francesco Tatti. "Designing, Prototyping, Assembling and Costs Analysis of a Gas Turbine Hybrid Vehicle." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 4611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184611.
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Hybrid vehicles currently represent a compromise between the maturity of conventional vehicles and the low consumption and attention to environmental issues of electric vehicles. This article analyzes the feasibility of a hybrid series vehicle where the heat engine is replaced by a micro gas turbine. In the continuous generation of electric current, it has numerous advantages compared to an internal combustion engine and the purpose of the article is to verify whether these advantages also apply to traction in a hybrid vehicle. The model will be a city car as problems in urban environments of pollution and optimization of consumption are more revealing. After defining performance requirements, the main components are sized and then selected from the catalog, paying attention in the search for a compromise between performance, space constraints, and costs. The Advisor software will then be used to simulate the configuration in both urban and suburban cycles, paying attention to performance, the state of charge of the battery, the operating points of the microturbine, the input and output energy for each element, and fuel consumption. Then, we analyze the level of pollutant emissions to verify that they are lower than the values set by European legislation, specifically the EURO 6 standard. Finally, the total life cycle costs of the car are analyzed as the sum of the purchase cost, operating costs, and maintenance costs to verify the competitiveness of the configuration in the current market. The car was then compared with the Toyota Yaris Hybrid in terms of performance, fuel consumption, emissions, and costs to highlight advantages and disadvantages.
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Clark, Evan B., Nathan E. Bramall, Brent Christner, Chris Flesher, John Harman, Bart Hogan, Heather Lavender, et al. "An intelligent algorithm for autonomous scientific sampling with the VALKYRIE cryobot." International Journal of Astrobiology 17, no. 3 (September 25, 2017): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550417000313.
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AbstractThe development of algorithms for agile science and autonomous exploration has been pursued in contexts ranging from spacecraft to planetary rovers to unmanned aerial vehicles to autonomous underwater vehicles. In situations where time, mission resources and communications are limited and the future state of the operating environment is unknown, the capability of a vehicle to dynamically respond to changing circumstances without human guidance can substantially improve science return. Such capabilities are difficult to achieve in practice, however, because they require intelligent reasoning to utilize limited resources in an inherently uncertain environment. Here we discuss the development, characterization and field performance of two algorithms for autonomously collecting water samples on VALKYRIE (Very deep Autonomous Laser-powered Kilowatt-class Yo-yoing Robotic Ice Explorer), a glacier-penetrating cryobot deployed to the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska (Mission Control location: 61°42′09.3″N 147°37′23.2″W). We show performance on par with human performance across a wide range of mission morphologies using simulated mission data, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms at autonomously collecting samples with high relative cell concentration during field operation. The development of such algorithms will help enable autonomous science operations in environments where constant real-time human supervision is impractical, such as penetration of ice sheets on Earth and high-priority planetary science targets like Europa.
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Kuklina, Irina Gennadevna. "AUTOMATION OF DESIGN PROCESSES WHEN CREATING AND OPERATING SPECIAL CARS." Computational nanotechnology 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2313-223x-2019-6-4-9-17.
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The fundamental task of the modern engineer-creator of specialized automotive equipment (the study examines cross- country vehicles and equipment for the construction and maintenance of roads) is a competent and high-performance application of modern information technologies, as noted in the Government Decree of 2014 . The author of the article proposed a structured set of application of object-oriented information methodologies for solving problems of calculation and visualization when creating highly reliable vehicles equipped with long screw rotors . The methodologies of automation and computerization of design processes in calculating the dynamics of a machine (the creation of a competent design of vibration damping in automotive vehicles is one of the most important tasks of car builders) were considered and proposed at the end of the last and the beginning of the modern century by leading foreign and Russian authors [4, p. 53].Snow and swamp vehicles - so often called rotor-screw machines are equipped with long screw rotors [6, p. 23], the use of which significantly increases the cross-country ability of the machine [7, p. 135], but also increases the vibrational loads on the operator and passengers of the all-terrain vehicle. The creation of a methodology for calculating the oscillatory processes of these machines is devoted to the works of famous scientists of Russia . The proposed surveys are devoted to the use of modern information technologies to increase the speed and quality characteristics of calculation processes when creating comfortable and reliable special vehicles with rotary thrusters. Calculation programs are accompanied by video playback of machine units.The article proposes an original object-oriented system for studying dynamic vibration loading of machines with linear contact between the supporting surface and the propulsion. It is the uniqueness of rotor-screw machines that creates difficult conditions for the design engineers of these machines. Automation of complex calculations of the oscillatory system of these machines is an important task for Russian designers.
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Viswanath, Hari, A. Kumaraswamy, and P. Sivakumar. "Optimisation of Diesel Engine for Hybrid Military Tracked Vehicles using Matlab-Simulink." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 4 (June 30, 2017): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.11490.
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<p class="Abstract">The demand in the technology requirements for diesel engines is growing keeping hybrid vehicles in mind. In future the diesel engine no longer drives the wheels directly; as a result the engine can be engaged at a limited number of operating points, thus, offering an opportunity to optimise the fuel efficiency and performance at those operating points. The extent to which this optimisation is possible is limited by practical considerations. Also if the positive and negative power peaks in vehicle during mobility (e.g. acceleration and regenerative braking respectively) can be accommodated by high-power batteries, then the size of the engine can be considerably reduced. The engine’s operating points depend on the power-control strategy. The consequences of modifications to these operating points will have an effect on performance and efficiency. As in series hybrid only a limited number of operating points are involved and dynamic performance requirements are not imposed on the diesel engine, significant improvements can be achieved by the optimisation of the diesel engine at these operating points. The feasibility of optimisation of the engine at these operating points can be done by modification on the injection systems, the valve timings and other such parameters. This kind of approach requires the use of complex and repeated experimental analysis of the engine which is costly, cumbersome and time consuming. An alternative to this kind of experimental approach is to develop a simulation model of the engine with the generator in Matlab- Simulink.</p>
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Доценко, D. Dotsenko, Сторчеус, and Yu Storcheus. "IMPROVING THE RELIABILITY OF THE SUPERCHARGING SYSTEM WITH ENERGY TRANSFORMERS FOR TRANSPORT DIESELS." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19304.
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The article presents the results of computational and experimental studies of the effect of operating and design parameters of the system on the basis of the boost transformer cascade energy performance and reliability characteristics of diesel vehicles. The factors affecting the performance of the combined engine turbocharging. Ways of expanding the area of effective operation of the systems considered turbocharging
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Oh, Cheol, and Stephen G. Ritchie. "Anonymous Vehicle Tracking for Real-Time Traffic Surveillance and Performance on Signalized Arterials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1826, no. 1 (January 2003): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1826-06.
Full textAbstract:
One of the fundamental requirements for facilitating implementation of any advanced transportation management and information system (ATMIS) is the development of a real-time traffic surveillance system able to produce reliable and accurate traffic performance measures. This study presents a new framework for anonymous vehicle tracking capable of tracing individual vehicles by the vehicle features. The core part of the proposed vehicle tracking method is a vehicle reidentification algorithm for signalized intersections based on inductive vehicle signatures. The new vehicle reidentification system consists of two major components: search space reduction and probabilistic pattern recognition. Not only real-time intersection performance but also intersection origin–destination information can be obtained as the algorithm’s basic output. A systematic simulation investigation was conducted of the performance and feasibility of anonymous vehicle tracking on signalized arterials using the Paramics simulation model. Extensive research experience with vehicle reidentification techniques on single roadway segments was the basis for investigating the performance that could be obtained from tracking individual vehicles across multiple detector stations. The findings of this study serve as a logical and necessary precursor to possible field implementation of vehicle reidentification techniques. The proposed anonymous vehicle tracking methodology with existing traffic surveillance infrastructure would be an invaluable tool for operating agencies in support of ATMIS strategies for congestion monitoring, adaptive traffic control, system evaluation, and provision of real-time traveler information.
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Wade-Allen, R., J. P. Chrstos, G. Howe, D. H. Klyde, and T. J. Rosenthal. "Validation of a non-linear vehicle dynamics simulation for limit handling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407021529147.
Full textAbstract:
This paper discusses the validation of a ground vehicle dynamics computer simulation that includes complete models for sprung and unsprung masses, tyres, suspension, steering and brake systems, and power train including engine, transmission and differentials. The models have been developed over the last decade and have been applied to single-unit passenger cars, trucks and buses, and articulated tractor/trailer vehicles up to limit performance operating conditions. The tyre and vehicle models use composite parameters that are relatively easy to measure. However, the measurements must cover the key operating regime where the simulation is expected to be applied. For example, limit performance manoeuvring conditions require tyre data over large slip conditions and high normal load (beyond the design load) to cover the full range of dynamic operating conditions. Spring and damper response should also take into account large deflections and high velocities respectively to cover relevant non-linearities.