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Journal articles on the topic 'The Pashto Language'
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1
Israr, Ayesha, Khalid Shah, and Arif Khan. "English Pashto Contact: Morphological Adaptation of Bilingual Compound Words and Hybrydization in Pashto Language." Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (2023): 256–64. https://doi.org/10.71016/hnjss/e2j53602.
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Aim of the Study: Language Contact is a familiar concept in the present global world. Across the globe, languages get mixed up at different levels. Borrowing and code-switching are some of the means through which languages interact. This study examines Pashto-English contact at word and syllable levels. Methodology: By recording the speech of 100 Pashto native speakers, selected via ‘social network’ sampling, the study located a number of Pashto-English compound hybrid words which is a unique contact of its kind. In data analysis, tokens were categorized on the basis of their pattern and morphological structure. Findings: The study shows that Pashto-English Bilingual Compound Hybrid words (BCHWs) are very prevalent in Pashto language. The study also found that the BCHWs in Pashto are completely productive and have their own meanings. It also shows that the dominant pattern of hybrid words in Pashto is the conjugation of an independent English root word followed by a Pashto inflectional morpheme, which contributes to the core semantic content of the construction. The BCHWs construction shows that how both the languages are closer to each other. Pashto-English contact results into bilingual compound and hybrid words, which form a considerable number of tokens in the present day, spoken Pashtu. Conclusion: On the basis of these findings, the study assumes that the same phenomenon may increase with the passage of time that would in turn result in the formation of more bilingual compound or hybrid words.
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Ayesha Saddiqa. "The Role of Pashto (as L1) and Urdu (as L2) in English Language Learning." Linguistics and Literature Review 4, no. 1 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/llr.v4i1.273.
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Pashto is one of the dominant languages in the north of Pakistan. Its speakers prefer to communicate in L1with their peers in non-pashto speaking regions like Lahore, which is the capital city of Punjab, Pakistan. Along with Pashto, they communicate in Urdu (the national language) and English (the most prestigious academic language) for higher education, employment and business. With this background in mind, the current study investigates: (a) what are the common syntactic properties (sentence structure, aspect, preposition, article and mood) in Pashto, Urdu and English languages?, (b) What are the advantages and/ or disadvantages to Pashto speakers in English language learning? and (c) What is the potential role of Urdu in English language learning? Linguistic Proximity Model was used as a theoretical framework to analyze the data. The data was gathered from 19 Bachelor of Science Pashto students of different programs from three universities located in Lahore. The participants were asked to translate sentences from Urdu to English and from Pashto to English to find interference of both Pashto and Urdu in learning the English language. Unlike many studies, the present study negates the facilitative role of background languages in learning the target language. Apparently, although Urdu serves as a base for learning the English language, the present study recommends an independent investigation to explore the role of the Urdu language in learning English.
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Imdad, Ali Humera Sharif Afia Mahmood. "A Study of Demonstrative Determiners in Pashto Language." Multicultural Education 7, no. 6 (2021): 634. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042164.
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<em>The existence of determiner phrase and its different manifestations in number, gender, and case have been studied and proved in the English language in many research studies. Many languages other than English need this investigation in order to establish a sound hypothesis about the universal language structure. This study was an attempt to find out the structure of the determiner phrase in the Pashto language. It also investigated the equivalents of the English determiner phrase in the Pashto language. It used the spoken corpus of Pashto as primary data. In addition, short stories and novels written by literary writers in the Pashto language have been used as secondary data. Moreover, intensive group discussion with native speakers of the Pashto language has also been utilized as another secondary data source. The minimalist program was used to guide and understand syntactic structure of languages. It was followed by determiner phrase hypothesis. The hypothesis states that a noun is headed by its determiner in a noun phrase. Data were analyzed within the framework of determiner phrase hypothesis. The study shows that noun in the determiner phrase is not determined by definite or indefinite article in the Pashto language. The determiner phrase is inflected for number, gender, and case in Pashto language. Furthermore, the Pashto determiner phrase is different from English in terms of medial demonstrative determiners. The study is significant as it provides an insight into the structure of the Pashto determiner phrase.</em>
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Manawi, Saeyd Kamal, Khairuddin Aslamyar, and Muhammad Yaqoob Seraj. "A Comparative Analysis of Passive Voice in Farsi and Pashto Languages." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 7, no. 5 (2024): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2024.7.5.3.
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Two prominent languages of the Indo-Iranian branch, Pashto and Persian, have different passive voice formulations that reflect their own grammatical structures and cultural backgrounds. This article analyzes the passive structure of the Pashto language. The Pashto language has a passive structure that shares many structural similarities with the Persian language. This study aimed to educate EFL learners, teachers, and interpreters in Afghanistan on how to effectively use English, Pashto, and Persian in learning and teaching. A qualitative study was undertaken to analyze the passive voice structures in Persian and Pashto languages. The study utilized library-based techniques. Various structures of passive within tenses were analyzed in detail. The results showed that both Farsi and Pashto use almost the same pattern in changing an active into a passive one. The study found that passive voice is not only limited to some verb identifiers and past participle forms, but also involves transitivity alternation in both Farsi and Pashto languages.
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Hood, Haji Mohammad. "Language borrowing in Pashto." International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies 4, no. 1 (2022): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/27068919.2022.v4.i1b.693.
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Aslamzai, Sebghatullah, and Saidah Saad. "Pashto Language Stemming Algorithm." Asia-Pacific Journal of Information Technology and Multimedia 04, no. 01 (2015): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/apjitm-2015-0401-03.
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Ali, Khurshid, and Fatima Tuz Zahra. "Unstable Bilingualism between Hindko and Pashto in Hazar." CARC Research in Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (2024): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.58329/criss.v3i2.134.
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Hindko and Pashto languages belong to the Indo-European language family, belonging to subgroups Indo-Aryan and Indo-Iranian respectively. In North West Frontier Region Pashto and Hindko co-exist side by side, gaining numbers of bilingual speakers. But the bilingualism between these two languages is not of a stable nature. Survey-based research was conducted in five different localities across Hazara Division districts. Results from the statistics collected from five hundred bilinguals' questionnaires data provided the results of the research. The study provides substantial evidence in proof of Unstable Bilingualism. The bilinguals do not exhibit equal competency in both languages, with some exceptions. However, majority of the bilinguals have more competencies in mother-tongue rather than the 2nd language. The circumstances and factors involved in language acquisition and learning have a great impact on the competency in language; the domains and usage of specific language also affects the competency in the language. Study further pointed out that the areas in which both languages exist, the use of one language in more domains leads to the dominance of that language in overall impression and accent of other language. Like in the locality of Dhodial most of the speakers showed that the impression of Hindko accent is dominant on Pashto accent and vice versa in areas where Pashto has impact on Hindko accent. These results pointed out stable groundings to prove that bilingualism between Pashto and Hindko is of unstable nature.
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Haq, Ijazul, Weidong Qiu, Jie Guo, and Peng Tang. "Pashto offensive language detection: a benchmark dataset and monolingual Pashto BERT." PeerJ Computer Science 9 (October 18, 2023): e1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1617.
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Social media platforms have become inundated with offensive language. This issue must be addressed for the growth of online social networks (OSNs) and a healthy online environment. While significant research has been devoted to identifying toxic content in major languages like English, this remains an open area of research in the low-resource Pashto language. This study aims to develop an AI model for the automatic detection of offensive textual content in Pashto. To achieve this goal, we have developed a benchmark dataset called the Pashto Offensive Language Dataset (POLD), which comprises tweets collected from Twitter and manually classified into two categories: “offensive” and “not offensive”. To discriminate these two categories, we investigated the classic deep learning classifiers based on neural networks, including CNNs and RNNs, using static word embeddings: Word2Vec, fastText, and GloVe as features. Furthermore, we examined two transfer learning approaches. In the first approach, we fine-tuned the pre-trained multilingual language model, XLM-R, using the POLD dataset, whereas, in the second approach, we trained a monolingual BERT model for Pashto from scratch using a custom-developed text corpus. Pashto BERT was then fine-tuned similarly to XLM-R. The performance of all the deep learning and transformer learning models was evaluated using the POLD dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that our pre-trained Pashto BERT model outperforms the other models, achieving an F1-score of 94.34% and an accuracy of 94.77%.
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Muhammadi, Attaullah, Ahmad Shah Nawabi, Sayed Ahmad Qani, Mohammad Edriss Masoom, Naseer Ahmad Tayid, and Hashmatullah Tareen. "An Overview of the Influence of Other Languages on the Composition of Contemporary Pashto Script." Sprin Multidisciplinary Journal in Pashto, Persian & English 2, no. 01 (2024): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55559/smjppe.v2i01.241.
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This topic introduces the definition of composition and the influence of other languages in Pashto literature on Pashto compositions and also shows the composition of Pashto language itself. Definitions in this topic, other relevant aspects of the topic are taken from reputable sources and part of the effect on the composition is seen in the writings of newspaper and radio speakers and writers, as well as school and university professors, which will be discussed accordingly. This research has been compiled from the reputable academic books using a library method, in simple and fluent Pashto language; in order to achieve the three goals of this research, which is to identify the composition; find out the Influence of other languages on Pashto compositions and presentation of Pashto compositions instead of these effective compositions. Finally, the features of the Pashto language's own composition and some suggestions are presented as part of this research.
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., Shaibar, та Ata ur Rahman. "(پشتو نثر میں سیرت نگاری کا ایک علمی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ(منتخب کتب سیرت کی روشنی میں". Journal of Islamic and Religious Studies 4, № 1 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36476/jirs.4:1.06.2019.06.
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Due to the significance of Sīrah, Muslim scholars started writing about it from the very beginning of Islam. Pashto language, like other major languages, contains the Sīrah writings. There are two types of Sīrah writings in Pashto language. The first type of books are written for a common man, in a very simple language and style, just to get guidance from the Sīrah of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). This type of books were discussed by Dr. Sa’īdullah Qaḍī in his article “Sīrah books in Pashto Language” published in “Al-Ḥaq” Monthly Journal of Jami’a Dārul Uloom Ḥaqqānia, Akora Khattak. The second type of Sīrah books are written after deep research and criticism of the narrations. But it is worth mentioning that no comprehensive research has been carried out so far which can cover both types of books. Therefore an analysis of the Selected Sīrah writings in Pashto Language has been made, to explore the remarkable Sīrah writings in Pashto Language.
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Bacha, Mian Shah, and Rabia Rustum. "The Comparative Study of Politeness in Pashto and English Languages." Global Regional Review IV, no. I (2019): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-i).53.
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This research study aims at finding out the expressions of politeness in the Pashto Language. The data were collected from the respondents of the Pashto Language through a questionnaire of the open role-play situations of requesting and apologizing. The questionnaire was adopted from Reiter`s Study (2000), and it was also translated into the Pashto language. House and Kasper`s (1989) Analytical framework and coding scheme were applied for the analysis of the data of both the languages. The results show that politeness exists both in the Pashto language and British English, but the respondents of British English have shown more consideration towards negative politeness than the respondents of the Pashto Language. The British respondents have also shown a need to spare the hearer`s (addressee`s) face. Even, in British English, a need to respect the addressee`s negative face was also shown, corresponding to his/her distance, degree of individuation and other considerations.
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Ali, Akbar, Bilal Khan, and Nazakat Awan. "Contrastive Analysis of the English and Pashto Adjectives." Global Language Review I, no. I (2016): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2016(i-i).07.
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The paper mainly focuses on the contrastive analysis of the use of English and Pashto adjectives. Contrastive Analysis hypothesis developed in the 20th century from the two renowned theories of language acquisition and linguistics i.e. behaviorism and structuralism. This hypothesis states that the major barriers in the second learning and acquisition process arise from the interference of the first language. Contrastive analysis between languages facilitate the linguists and language teachers in predicting the difficulties a learner may confront through a structural, scientific analysis of pairs of languages (Brown, 2007). The adjectives of English and Pashto have been compared in the paper using contrastive analysis approach. The study finds that there are certain similarities and differences in the use of adjectives in English and Pashto which can cause issues in learning English adjective use by L1 Pashto speakers as ESL learners.
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Akbar, Ali, Khan Bilal, and Awan Nazakat. "Contrastive Analysis of the English and Pashto Adjectives." Global Language Review (GLR) 1, no. 1 (2017): 11. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2016(I-I).07.
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The paper mainly focuses on the contrastive analysis of the use of English and Pashto adjectives. Contrastive Analysis hypothesis developed in the 20th century from the two renowned theories of language acquisition and linguistics i.e. behaviorism and structuralism. This hypothesis states that the major barriers in the second learning and acquisition process arise from the interference of the first language. Contrastive analysis between languages facilitate the linguists and language teachers in predicting the difficulties a learner may confront through a structural, scientific analysis of pairs of languages (Brown, 2007). The adjectives of English and Pashto have been compared in the paper using contrastive analysis approach. The study finds that there are certain similarities and differences in the use of adjectives in English and Pashto which can cause issues in learning English adjective use by L1 Pashto speakers as ESL learners.
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Raziq Safi, Abdul, Ehsanullah Pamir, and Arifullah Haqpararst. "Contrastive Analysis of English and Pashto Adjectives." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 4, no. 6 (2023): 1011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1762.
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Language is a systematic means of communication that employs sound or conventional symbols. Using a foreign language can be problematic when attempting to communicate or translate written or spoken language from one's native language due to structural differences between languages. Among the most widely spoken languages in the world, English is understood by approximately half of the global population, though it is neither an official nor a second language in our country. Nonetheless, due to its significance, it is often taught as a foreign language at schools, institutes, and universities. As previously mentioned, Pashto, our language, shares both structural similarities and differences with English, which can pose challenges for learners. To address these difficulties in learning English, this paper presents a contrastive analysis of English and Pashto adjectives, examining the similarities and differences between them. The study employs a descriptive and contrastive methodology.
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Sardaraz, Dr Khan, and Kainat. "Syntactical Structure of English and Pashto Prepositions: A Case of IN-ON Vs PUH-KE and PUH-BANDE." sjesr 3, no. 1 (2020): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss1-2020(76-88).
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Previous literature mainly focused on the categorization of prepositions in investigation of the syntactical structure Pashto grammar. This paper will adopt syntactical model of Svenonius to examine the syntactic structure of Pashto prepositional system and will compare it with English to find out differences between English and Pashto prepositions. Svenonius’ model has been applied to the structured data on preposition IN and ON in English and PUH-KE and PUH-BANDE in Pashto retrieved from different sources. Purposeful structured sample was used for analysis. The analysis revealed that the prepositional systems in two languages exhibit syntactic and semantic differences, which often affect the translation and learning of second language. The analysis also revealed that the Svenonius’s model has to be modified to harness the syntactical structure of Pashto language. Moreover, Pashto speakers use the contact schema more often in expression of spatial relations than the English, and this paper suggests further research into spatial schemas to comprehensively analyze the Pashto prepositions.
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Akram, Aiman Gul, and Liaqat Iqbal. "Hybridization Within Single Words: An Analysis of the Formation of English- Pashto Lexical Hybrids In Pashto Spoken Discourse." Global Language Review VI, no. I (2021): 276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2021(vi-i).30.
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In bi/multilingual societies, the process of code-mixing and language hybridization holds great significance. The present study attempts to examine the process of language hybridization in the Pashto local context. The purpose of the study is to show that code-mixing of English lexical items in Pashto spoken discourse has resulted in the formation of English-Pashto lexical hybrids. Research data was collected through observation and television programs in the Pashto language. Data is analyzed by using Kachru's model of code-mixing of English in Hindi, where Unit Hybridization is applied, which isfurther added by the Sarwet Rasul model. Based on the research data, it was revealed that the English code mixed words in the Pashto language are mostly nouns. These words, when used by Pashto speakers, are made hybrid by adding different types of Pashto suffixes. The findings also revealed that because of the prestige factor attached, English words are used in Pashto spoken discourse which shows morphological deviations because of the influence of the mother tongue, i.e., Pashto language.
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Sherman, William E. B. "In the Garden of Language: Religion, Vernacularization, and the Pashto Poetry of Arzānī in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries." Afghanistan 5, no. 1 (2022): 122–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2022.0086.
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This article presents translations and analyses of some of the earliest known examples of Pashto literature: the poems of a figure known as Mullā Arzānī. The Pashto ghazals of Arzānī reflect a Sufi and messianic religio-cultural milieu in which Pashto is understood to be a divine language. An exploration of Arzānī’s poetry and Arzānī’s understanding of his own language use presents a strong challenge to the overly deterministic role that notions of “Pashtun identity” have played in Euro-American understandings of Pashto literature. Arzānī’s use of Pashto aimed not to express Pashtun ethnic identity. Rather, Arzānī’s ghazals position Pashto as an elite language that accords with the messianic and mystical logics of early modern Persianate cultures. Arzānī paired the cosmopolitanism of Persian and Islamic discourses with the particularity of Pashto language as a means to present Pashto as a divine and revelatory language within the messianic milieu of the Roshaniyya movement.
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Nasrat, Pohanyar Nasratullah, and Pohanyar Hejratullah Mobashir. "Opinions of Foreign Scholars on Pashto Language." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 3, no. 1 (2022): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v3i1.410.
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Pashto has always attracted the attention of scholars from the language of the eastern group of Aryan language throughout history. This will be a special structure of Pashto language so scholars have given different views on this language and its speakers. There may be some quotations in this commentary. self –research has also been done that confirms the authenticity of the language in the opinion of most researchers and writhers. The descriptive and analytical method used in this research. To address the issue the goal is to get those ideas out first which has been given by foreign scholars on Pashto language not only local scholars but also many western writhers have done research on Pashto language and gave his views on it. Which in turn is appreciated. Because it paved the way for the introduction of Pashto language and its origin and roots and he introduced the language to the world outside the region.
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Noorzai, Ezatullah, and Ariana Haqpal. "Essential Skills for a Lexicographer: Based on Pashto Lexicography." Journal of Education, Learning, and Management 2, no. 1 (2025): 154–59. https://doi.org/10.69739/jelm.v2i1.560.
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How Pashto dictionaries meet rules of modern lexicography? Lexicography is a division of linguistic working on recording and developing data of languages. Pashto is one of the languages which do not have many resources in lexicography. Most Afghan lexicographer using traditional methods for making dictionary which can not afford the user’s needs. The paper aims encouraging lexicographer to follow modern lexicography methods and rules in Pashto. As well as, explains that lexicographers need to learn language and dictionary-making skills which help lexicographer in comprehensive dictionary. This study explores and compare key trends in both Afghan and international lexicographer practices. Furthermore, critically examines the current state of Pashto dictionaries; highlights significant methodological shortcomings, and proposes a set of well-structured recommendations to address the gaps. There are many problems in Pashto-Pashto (mono-lingual) dictionaries regarding data collection, grammar, explanations, definition. Therefore, the dictionaries do not meet users’ needs due to missing the standards and rules of modern dictionaries and lexicography. Moreover, the study shown Pashto descriptive mono-lingual dictionaries does not follow modern rules of lexicography, digital tools and often no update. The article tells that lexicography is not just a technical job but an academic work that helps save and grow the language.
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Dinakhel, Muhammad Ali. "An Analysis of Conflict between Pashto and Dari Languages of Afghanistan." Central Asia 83, Winter (2019): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-83.30.
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Since the establishment of Afghanistan State, Dari (dialect of Persian) has remained its dominant and official language. However, in twentieth century, some measures were taken for the development of Pashto language followed by declaration of Pashto as official language in 1936. For the first time a dialect of Persian spoken in Afghanistan was officially renamed as Dari in the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan. In this constitution as well as in the current constitution of 2004 both of the languages were declared as official languages. Since the emergence of Pashto as official language, a rivalry and linguistic divergence created between the two languages and their respective ethnic groups. As a result of this rivalry an ethnic and linguistic consciousness emerged which led to discussions about language planning policies.
 This research article discovers historical evolution and reasons for this linguistic divergence and its implications on future nation building in Afghanistan. It also explores historical development of status, planning and policies regarding these two languages for better understanding of the linguistic divergence and rivalry. Furthermore, the study proposes options for accommodation of different languages through cultural harmonization and multiculturalism. 
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De Chiara, Matteo. "Recent Studies on Pashto." Iran and the Caucasus 21, no. 1 (2017): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-90000010.
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The article examines the three recent publications on Pashto—a Pashto-French dictionary, a manual of Pashto, and a descriptive grammar of this language. The author tries to analyse in detail many aspects of phonology and grammar of Pashto when presenting these works.
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Rehman, Naveed Ur, Waqas Ahmad, Manaf Ali Shah, and Arshad Ali Khan. "Case Marking in Pashto Nouns: Word and Paradigm Approach." Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 5, no. 4 (2024): 323–32. https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.v-iv.24278.
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The present study investigates the case marking of nouns in the Marwat dialect of the Pashto language, spoken in many regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan by using the Word-and Paradigm (WP) approach of Haspelmath & Sims (2010). The study attempts to analyze and describe morphological processes of case marking of nouns in the Pashto language. The data was collected from different villages of district Lakki Marwat, located in the south of KPK, in the form of audio recordings of eight willing and preferably old uneducated rural participants. The analysis of the data showed that Pashto nouns shared a number of morphological features with other IA (Indo-Aryan) languages like Rangri vis-à-vis the presence of grammatical gender marking. The data also shows that Pashto nouns are morphologically rich. Nouns carry these case inflections i.e. ergative, nominative, accusative, oblique, and vocative. The study finds the WP approach suitable for the analysis of the morphologically complex Pashto language due to its ability to deal with cumulative, extended, and zero exponents.
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Omarkhel, Hameedullah. "An Analytical Study of Standard Pashto Language." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 4, no. 5 (2024): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.4.5.17.
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Linguistics has different branches; the most famous branch is called descriptive linguistics. Linguistics is an excellent branch of descriptive linguistics and it is a science that studies the sub-systems of a comprehensive system of a language. As you can see, every language has its own dialects, like other languages, Pashto has many dialects due to the presence of speakers in different regions. Dialect is a style of communication or a type of speech. Dialect in English is called dialect, which is made from the Greek word (dialectos and dialectos means the way of speaking. The issue of standard language is a matter of cultural and social popularity, and all social popularity has economic and political roots. Standard dialect is called standard dialect in English; Therefore, if all dialects of a language are eliminated, one dialect is considered the standard dialect to be used, selected and accepted for speaking and daily writing in terms of social, tabriz, cultural and political status is called standard dialect. Pashto may have unity to some extent, but dialectic unity is less. In Kabul, some pen holders and a certain amount of official power holders mention the standard language, which has no oral existence, but only a written form; So, on this basis, one can say that until now, there is no public oral standard language understood in Pashtuns, which has become popular among the people from the point of view of its social popularity. In this writing we become familiar with other idioms beside standard dialect.
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AZIZ, Khan Mohammad, and Muhammad Zahir ZAHED. "Analysis of folkloric terms in Pashto language." Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 10 (2023): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v2i10.172.
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The Pashto language encompasses a rich array of legendary terminology, with numerous words employed by past leaders that include both mythological and metaphorical connotations. In addition to their surface-level significance, a significant proportion of phrases within the Pashto language are employed to convey a secondary, or intrinsic, meaning like ‘Diwali Xaro ‘Bird of wall’. If we explain this kind of term, (Diwali Shiro) means the beautiful girls of the neighborhood. De Aasman Kat, "The Sky Bed." When elucidating the word "De Aasman Kat," it denotes an individual who resides within a realm of fantasy, wherein they inhabit an imaginative and non-existent world, persistently engrossed in fanciful musings and reverie. This individual may exhibit a tendency to disregard the practicalities of existence and instead engage in a deep involvement with their imaginative realm. This behavior can be attributed to individuals seeking to avoid unpleasant realities or distressing experiences, or alternatively, it may stem from a desire to engage in creative endeavors and construct novel narratives and realms.
 Language serves as a significant tool for comprehension and communication, and folklore assumes a substantial role in the process of societal advancement. Significant contributions have been made in the domain of Pashto folklore, resulting in the compilation of many literary works. The motif has been observed in both poetic and prose literary works. The early and later works of Pashto literature encompass a plethora of folkloric compositions. Pashto grammar books serve as valuable resources for illustrating grammatical concepts, often incorporating elements of folklore within their textual content.
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Ali, Akbar, Muhammad Anees, and Bilal Khan. "Passivization in Pashto and English: A Comparative Analysis." Global Regional Review IV, no. III (2019): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iii).06.
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The present research work intends to analyze and compare the sentence structures in English and Pashto Language. The researcher has focused mainly on the passivization process in this regard. The primary reason for the research is to highlight the similarities and differences between the passivization processes in both languages. Moreover, the researcher has delimited the study to tenses used in both the languages. The study follows qualitative method of research where the researcher has collected the data for the English passivization from the various grammar books while for the collection of data in the form of Pashto passive structures, the researcher has used test as research tools. The researcher has compared the passivization process in each tense between English and Pashto in the data analysis chapter. The study highlighted some similarities but many differences in the passivization process in English and Pashto languages.
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Zamaleeva, Eleonora Ilsurovna. "Comparative Analysis And Criteria For Highlighting The Circumstances Of The Course Of Action In Pashto And Russian." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 04 (2021): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue04-29.
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The article is devoted to the comparative, as well as the criteria for highlighting the circumstance of the mode of action in the Pashto language, approaches to the selection of the circumstance of the mode of action among other grammatical categories in Pashto and Russian. In terms of the functional features of adverbs, it is worth noting that an adverb always performs the function of a circumstance in a sentence. For example, the circumstances of time, place, degree, or mode of action in both Pashto and Russian. In the adverbialization characteristic of the Pashto language adverbs, it can be noted that this paragraph considers the process of the transition of adverbs to other parts of speech. In the Pashto language, as in the Russian language, the circumstance is divided into the following groups: place, time, degree, mode of action, and others.
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Mehmood, Nasir, and Azhar Habib. "Language and Cognition: The Exploration of Spatial Description in English and Pashto Languages." Journal of English Language, Literature and Education 3, no. 02 (2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/jelle.2021.030292.
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This article explores the relation between language and cognition by examining the spatial description in English and Pashto. The study is descriptive and exploratory in nature. It identifies how Pashto and English speakers respond when they are asked to guide a stranger to some location, and which systems of reference they use to indicate directions and locations. For this purpose, firstly, the conversation of four speakers was recorded in Pashto and English and then transcribed and analysed by applying the rules of conversational analysis. After analysing the data, it has been found that all four speakers predominantly used the egocentric and intrinsic codes of spatial reference whereas absolute system of reference was rarely used. These findings strengthen the view that speakers are inclined to use objects in the environment as well as egocentric system associated with the speakers’ point of view. Moreover, the speakers’ responses are depended on the physical and situational context and independent of the languages they use. The study concludes with the understanding that there may be universal features demonstrable in the spatial domain.
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Kushev, Vladimir. "Areal Lexical Contacts of the Afghan (Pashto) Language." Iran and the Caucasus 1, no. 1 (1997): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338497x00085.
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AbstractThe continual political, commercial and economic relations and frequent military conflicts and clashes of the Pashtuns with neighbouring states or tribal formations or with similar structures to which Pashtuns were in a subordinate status were constantly resulting in intensive cultural and linguistic contacts. This article pays a modest tribute to the studies, insufficient for the present, concerning interrelations of the written Pashto with the Persian, Turkic and Indian languages in the sphere of their vocabularies during the period from the earliest literary monuments in Pashto (i.e. from the middle of the XVI century) up to the beginning of the XIX c., for which purpose texts of Afghan classic poetry, prose treaties and chronicles have been used That was a period of large-scale borrowing of foreign words through the channels of the written language and colloquial speech. Arab-Persian loanwords which had no tangible bounds as to their entry into the literary Pashto were very numerous (about a half of the Pashto vocabulary) in comparison with Indian loanwords and have been rnore organically included into the Pashto vocabulary, though at the same time all the borrowings, irrespective of their source-language, have been more or less equally adapted phonetically and morphologically. On this account the aspects of their presentation in this article are different: borrowings from Persian have been given only general characteristics, while concrete ancl detailed lists of Indian and Turkic loanwords are given because their quantity in the analysed texts was limited to such an extent that we have consinered it relevant to publish them almost completely.
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Rehman, Muhammad Zubair, Nazri Mohd. Nawi, Mohammad Arshad, and Abdullah Khan. "Recognition of Cursive Pashto Optical Digits and Characters with Trio Deep Learning Neural Network Models." Electronics 10, no. 20 (2021): 2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202508.
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Pashto is one of the most ancient and historical languages in the world and is spoken in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Various languages like Urdu, English, Chinese, and Japanese have OCR applications, but very little work has been conducted on the Pashto language in this perspective. It becomes more difficult for OCR applications to recognize handwritten characters and digits, because handwriting is influenced by the writer’s hand dynamics. Moreover, there was no publicly available dataset for handwritten Pashto digits before this study. Due to this, there was no work performed on the recognition of Pashto handwritten digits and characters combined. To achieve this objective, a dataset of Pashto handwritten digits consisting of 60,000 images was created. The trio deep learning Convolutional Neural Network, i.e., CNN, LeNet, and Deep CNN were trained and tested with both Pashto handwritten characters and digits datasets. From the simulations, the Deep CNN achieved 99.42 percent accuracy for Pashto handwritten digits, 99.17 percent accuracy for handwritten characters, and 70.65 percent accuracy for combined digits and characters. Similarly, LeNet and CNN models achieved slightly less accuracies (LeNet; 98.82, 99.15, and 69.82 percent and CNN; 98.30, 98.74, and 66.53 percent) for Pashto handwritten digits, Pashto characters, and the combined Pashto digits and characters recognition datasets, respectively. Based on these results, the Deep CNN model is the best model in terms of accuracy and loss as compared to the other two models.
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Faryal, Syeda, Sumbal Imran, and Sumaira Rauf. "A Study of Linguistic Features of Interjections in Pashto and English." Summer 2023 VIII, no. III (2023): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2023(viii-iii).02.
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The study is intended to investigate the morphological and pragmatic aspects of interjections in Pashto and English languages. It is also concerned with the finding of likenesses and contrasts between Pashto and English interjections. In order to reach these objectives, a qualitative method of purposive observation and comparative analysis is carried out. Evaluation shows that Pashto and English languages do share some morphological traits with respect to interjections in spite of the fact that both have distinct morphological patterns. The pragmatic uses of interjections are also looked at in this study by examining the ways in which they are used in both languages for indicating emotions, mindsets, conversational management, courteousness and other pragmatic goals. The use of observation and contrastive analysis helps by offering useful insights into the linguistic characteristics of interjections in Pashto and English languages. Our comprehension of interjections and their functions in language is advanced by this research.
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Shehriyar Younas, Shahid Ijaz, Zeeshan Sikandar, Afaq Ali, and Mohsin Ali. "Cross-Linguistic Influence: Pashto Speakers Learning English Phonology, Grammar, and Vocabulary." Journal of Arts and Linguistics Studies 3, no. 1 (2025): 1347–69. https://doi.org/10.71281/jals.v3i1.280.
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This research investigates the influence of Pashto as a mother tongue on the acquisition of English as a second language among Pashto-speaking learners. A wide-scale investigation of several dimensions across phonology grammar and lexicon demonstrates both inhibiting and facilitating elements in Pashto native speakers acquiring English. Phonological investigations at the initial level focus on listening patterns in Pashto that affect speakers’ pronunciation of English. Grammatical transfer in English language learning focuses on tracing Pashto language structures that influence learners’ construction of English statements. This research investigates how Pashto vocabulary functions as an educational resource to support English learning while also investigating its potential as linguistic obstacles which block effective English mastery. This research combines mixed methods for investigation using qualitative and quantitative data collection practices to analyze linguistic phenomena thoroughly. Research outcomes will enable educational practitioners to create specific teaching strategies for Pashto speakers learning English by identifying specific linguistic intersections and patterns. The main purpose of this examination tries to advance comprehension of system learning procedures which generate cross-linguistic influence effects. The research outcomes create a valuable starting point for delivering practical support to educators and linguists and curriculum developers who work in multilingual learner language instruction.
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Baktash, Jawid Ahmad, and Mursal Dawodi. "Tuning Language Processing Approaches for Pashto Texts Classification." International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics 12, no. 2 (2023): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijci.2023.120222.
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Nowadays, text classification for different purposes becomes a basic task for concerned people. Hence, much research has been done to develop automatic text classification for the majority of national and international languages. However, the need for an automated text classification system for local languages is felt. The main purpose of this study is to establish a novel automatic classification system of Pashto text. In order to follow this up, we established a collection of Pashto documents and constructed the dataset. In addition, this study includes several models containing statistical techniques and neural network neural machine learning including DistilBERT-base-multilingual-cased, Multilayer Perceptron, Support Vector Machine, K Nearest Neighbor, decision tree, Gaussian naïve Bayes, multinomial naïve Bayes, random forest, and logistic regression to discover the most effective approach. Moreover, this investigation evaluates two different feature extraction methods including bag of words, and Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency. Subsequently, this research obtained an average testing accuracy rate of 94% using the MLP classification algorithm and TFIDF feature extraction method in single label multi-class classification. Similarly, MLP+TFIDF with F1-measure of 0.81 showed the best result. Experiments on the use of pre-trained language representation models (such as DistilBERT) for classifying Pashto texts show that we need a specific tokenizer for a particular language to obtain reasonable results.
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Imdad Ali, Dr. Sikandr Ali, and Humera Sharif. "A Study of Demonstrative Determiners in Pashto." sjesr 6, no. 3 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol6-iss3-2023(1-12).
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The existence of determiner phrases and their different manifestations in number, gender, and case have been studied and proved in English in many research studies. Many languages other than English need this investigation to establish a sound hypothesis about the universal language structure. This study was an attempt to find out the structure of the determiner phrase in the Pashto. It also investigated the equivalents of the English determiner phrase in the Pashto. It used the spoken corpus of Pashto as primary data. In addition, short stories and novels written by literary writers in the Pashto have been used as secondary data. Moreover, intensive group discussion with native speakers of Pashto has also been utilized as another secondary data source. The minimalist program was used to guide and understand the syntactic structure of languages. It was followed by the determiner phrase hypothesis. The hypothesis states that a noun is headed by its determiner in a noun phrase. Data were analyzed within the framework of the determiner phrase hypothesis. The study shows that a noun in the determiner phrase is not determined by a definite or indefinite article in Pashto. The determiner phrase is inflected for number, gender, and case in Pashto. Furthermore, the Pashto determiner phrase is different from English in terms of medial demonstrative determiners. The study is significant as it provides insight into the structure of the Pashto determiner phrase.
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Nasrat, Pohanyar Nasratullah. "Graph Metical Problems of the Pashto Language Alphabet." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 4, no. 1 (2023): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v4i1.646.
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This research article discusses the graph metical problems of the Pashto-language alphabet. That are the issue of the waw(و), force or zawar (ه), zawarky(ۀ) and yaa(ی). The Pashto alphabet has three waw (و) such that grapheme is on. also in this alphabet force (zawar) and zurki there are different sounds but is writhing by on grapheme in Pashto language. Although this problem has been solved at the moment, but it is not observed in writing because of lack of attention the authors. There are also five yaas in Pashto-language alphabet, two of which are the hamzadar yaa (ئ) and other one has the tail yaa(ۍ)its sound is the same, but there are two graphs such as those are used the hamzadar yaa(ئ) in the verb and the tail (ۍ) yaa is using in the noun. There are also issue of the alaf(آ) alaf the himself having the mad (⁓) for example (آبا - àbà) in this word alaf has the mad and other alaf does not have the mad because the first alaf is used at the beginning of the word and make the syllable and other alaf is this word used with be(ب) make the syllable but not having the mad.
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Suliman, Sayad. "National Narration of Adam Khan and Durkhanai." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 05, no. 03 (2020): 67–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3817312.
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Narratives are a very important part of literature which is the great source of a nation’s cultural values. There are two types of tales in Pashto folklore, those which are translated from other languages and those which are national and written by Pashto writers themselves. The first national narratives in Pashto “Adam Khan and Durkhanai, Dalai and Shamai” attributed to Sadar Khan Khatak. Dalai and Shamai was written in 1110 Hijjree while Adam Khan and Durkhanai was written in 1118 Hijjree. “Adam Khan and Durkhanai” is a national tale of Pashto language which was initially versified in the form of couplets, where each line has eight syllables, by Sadar Khan Khatak in 1110 Hijjree. The number of couplets is 2587. This tale was published by Pashto Academy of Peshawar University in 1959 AD for the first time.
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Ali, Akbar, Muhammad Yasir Khan, and Bilal Khan. "Compounding in Pashto: An Analysis of Compound and Compound- Complex Adjectives." Global Language Review II, no. I (2017): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2017(ii-i).08.
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Compounding as the word formation process is common across languages. Pashto language uses it as a productive morphological process. The paper aims at the structural description of compound and compound-complex adjectives in the language. For this purpose the data were collected through discourse centered method, Pashto newspapers and Pashto programmes on T.V and radio. The data is analyzed using Plag’s (2003) work on word formation in English as theoretical framework. The analysis proves that the grammatical categories exploited in order to derive non-simple adjectives are that of noun, verb and adjective. Further, it also reveals the fact that compound-complex adjectives are derived through synthetic compounding. It also denote the fact that in cases where compound-complex words are formed, the suffixed is invariably attached to the element on the right.
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Akbar, Ali, Yasir Khan Muhammad, and Khan Bilal. "Compounding in Pashto: An Analysis of Compound and Compound- Complex Adjectives." Global Language Review (GLR) 2, no. 1 (2017): 8. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2017(II-I).08.
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Compounding as the word formation process is common across languages. Pashto language uses it as a productive morphological process. The paper aims at the structural description of compound and compound-complex adjectives in the language. For this purpose the data were collected through discourse centered method, Pashto newspapers and Pashto programmes on T.V and radio. The data is analyzed using Plag’s (2003) work on word formation in English as theoretical framework. The analysis proves that the grammatical categories exploited in order to derive non-simple adjectives are that of noun, verb and adjective. Further, it also reveals the fact that compound-complex adjectives are derived through synthetic compounding. It also denote the fact that in cases where compound-complex words are formed, the suffixed is invariably attached to the element on the right.
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Khan, Habib, Mirza Obaid Baig, Sumaiyah Obaid, and Muhammad Hamad Haleem. "PASHTO TRANSLATION, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF LEEDS ASSESSMENT OF NEUROPATHIC SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS (LANSS) IN SPINAL CORD INJURY PATIENTS." Journal of Medical Sciences 32, no. 1 (2024): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52764/jms.24.32.1.10.
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Objective: The aim pf this study was to translate to translate English version of Leeds assessment of Neuropathic symptoms and signs (LANSS) pain scale into Pashto language and to determine the validity and reliability of Pashto version of LANSS pain scale in spinal cord injury patients. Material & Methods: LANSS was translated from original language into Pashto and then back translated to English. It was reviewed by ten physical therapy experts for face and content validity. The scores of the Pashto version of the LANSS were studied in a sample of 113 spinal cord injury patients having pain from Pashto speaking region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Comparison between Pashto LANSS and DN4 Questionnaire score was done to check for concurrent validity. Intra-class correlation coefficient, Cohen’s kappa agreement and internal consistency were estimated to check the reliability of Pashto version of LANSS. Results: For a p-value of <0.01, the overall mean score of Pashto-LANSS was higher in patients suffering from neuropathic pain. The ICC score for Pashto-LANSS was 0.76, kappa value 0.76 and Cronbach’s alpha 0.83 indicating significant scores. The results of Pearson’s correlation showed significant correlation between Pashto-LANSS and DN4. Conclusion: Pashto LANSS is a reliable and valid tool to identify neuropathic pain in SCI patients. Pashto version of LANSS can be used in differentiating neuropathic pain from nociceptive pain in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Key terms: LANSS, Neuropathic pain, DN4 Questionnaire, Spinal cord injury, Pashto version of LANSS (Pashto-LANSS).
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Khkalay, Ajmal, and Shafiqullah Amirzay. "Study of Gender in Pashto Grammar." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 4, no. 3 (2023): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v4i3.791.
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According to female perspective the male mentality about them in culture, is the mentality based on narcissism, which is a social reality. On this basis, we can also study languages that, according to women perspective or feminist theory, retain their gender and differentiate between word meanings and grammatical rules based on gender. In these languages, there used to be Avestian and Persian, which now leaves behind gender in the language. now it is Pashto, which still retains gender and differentiates linguistic rules and trends based on gender. In Pashto, gender is dominated by two areas: One in independent concepts and the other in grammatical variations. In Pashto, there is a gender difference in the price of nouns, adjectives, numbers, and adverbs, as well as in the case of verb descriptions. However, in all these contexts, the source is masculinity, from which the feminine derives, so there are two ways: from the most common masculine to feminine.
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Dr. Syed Shujaat Ali, Dr Ghani Rahman, and Shahabullah. "Language Attitude of Pashto Speakers towards English." sjesr 3, no. 3 (2020): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(192-197).
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The present study is concerned with the investigation of the language attitude of Pashto speakers towards English. The study aims to look into issues of language interplay of Pashto language with the English language. The study took the data from undergraduate level students through a questionnaire and found out that most of the speakers have a positive attitude towards the English language. They are of the view that through the English language they explore the world more and more because most of the materials are available in the English language and by learning it one can express himself. They opined that the government should declare English as the official language of the state once again because it is still the medium of instruction in most parts of the country. This shift of change of the official language created difficulty in learning, though they are of the view that we can contribute to society without English.
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Baktash, Jawid Ahmad, Mursal Dawodi, Mohammad Zarif, and Nematullah Hassanzada. "TUNING TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING APPROACHES FOR PASHTO TEXT CLASSIFICATION." International Journal on Natural Language Computing 12, no. 2 (2023): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijnlc.2023.12205.
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Today text classification becomes critical task for concerned individuals for numerous purposes. Hence, several researches have been conducted to develop automatic text classification for national and international languages. However, the need for an automatic text categorization system for local languages is felt. The main aim of this study is to establish a Pashto automatic text classification system. In order to pursue this work, we built a Pashto corpus which is a collection of Pashto documents due to the unavailability of public datasets of Pashto text documents. Besides, this study compares several models containing both statistical and neural network machine learning techniques including Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), decision tree, gaussian naïve Bayes, multinomial naïve Bayes, random forest, and logistic regression to discover the most effective approach. Moreover, this investigation evaluates two different feature extraction methods including unigram, and Time Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (IFIDF). Subsequently, this research obtained average testing accuracy rate 94% using MLP classification algorithm and TFIDF feature extraction method in this context.
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Jawid, Ahmad Baktash, Dawodi Mursal, Zarif Joya Mohammad, and Hassanzada Nematullah. "Tuning Traditional Language Processing Approaches for Pashto Text Classification." International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC) 12, no. 2 (2023): 14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8016338.
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Today text classification becomes critical task for concerned individuals for numerous purposes. Hence, several researches have been conducted to develop automatic text classification for national and international languages. However, the need for an automatic text categorization system for local languages is felt. The main aim of this study is to establish a Pashto automatic text classification system. In order to pursue this work, we built a Pashto corpus which is a collection of Pashto documents due to the unavailability of public datasets of Pashto text documents. Besides, this study compares several models containing both statistical and neural network machine learning techniques including Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), decision tree, gaussian naïve Bayes, multinomial naïve Bayes, random forest, and logistic regression to discover the most effective approach. Moreover, this investigation evaluates two different feature extraction methods including unigram, and Time Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (IFIDF). Subsequently, this research obtained average testing accuracy rate 94% using MLP classification algorithm and TFIDF feature extraction method in this context.
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Uddin, Imran, Dzati A. Ramli, Abdullah Khan, et al. "Benchmark Pashto Handwritten Character Dataset and Pashto Object Character Recognition (OCR) Using Deep Neural Network with Rule Activation Function." Complexity 2021 (March 4, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669672.
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In the area of machine learning, different techniques are used to train machines and perform different tasks like computer vision, data analysis, natural language processing, and speech recognition. Computer vision is one of the main branches where machine learning and deep learning techniques are being applied. Optical character recognition (OCR) is the ability of a machine to recognize the character of a language. Pashto is one of the most ancient and historical languages of the world, spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan. OCR application has been developed for various cursive languages like Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese, but very little work is done for the recognition of the Pashto language. When it comes to handwritten character recognition, it becomes more difficult for OCR to recognize the characters as every handwritten character’s shape is influenced by the writer’s hand motion dynamics. The reason for the lack of research in Pashto handwritten character data as compared to other languages is because there is no benchmark dataset available for experimental purposes. This study focuses on the creation of such a dataset, and then for the evaluation purpose, a machine is trained to correctly recognize unseen Pashto handwritten characters. To achieve this objective, a dataset of 43000 images was created. Three Feed Forward Neural Network models with backpropagation algorithm using different Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) layer configurations (Model 1 with 1-ReLU Layer, Model 2 with 2-ReLU layers, and Model 3 with 3-ReLU Layers) were trained and tested with this dataset. The simulation shows that Model 1 achieved accuracy up to 87.6% on unseen data while Model 2 achieved an accuracy of 81.60% and 3% accuracy, respectively. Similarly, loss (cross-entropy) was the lowest for Model 1 with 0.15 and 3.17 for training and testing, followed by Model 2 with 0.7 and 4.2 for training and testing, while Model 3 was the last with loss values of 6.4 and 3.69. The precision, recall, and f-measure values of Model 1 were better than those of both Model 2 and Model 3. Based on results, Model 1 (with 1 ReLU activation layer) is found to be the most efficient as compared to the other two models in terms of accuracy to recognize Pashto handwritten characters.
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Tsyryapkina, Yulia N. "Evolution of Language Policy in Afghanistan Education System in the 1920s-2010s." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 5(139) (December 6, 2024): 70–78. https://doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2024)5-09.
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The article considers the processes of development of Afghanistan education system in the context of evolution of language policy in the years 1920s — 2010s. It was made clear that multi-level education system in Afghanistan was formed in the years of 1920s — 1930s and finally confirmed in the 1960s years. The most widely spread language in the sphere of business correspondence and education was Dari. The article finds out that Pashto as the language of the state-constituting ethnic group was enforced in the years 1930s — 1940s. On the basis of statistics data it has been proved that in 1960s the territorial and lingual differentiation in school education still remained. The analysis of academic curriculum has shown that in the education process much attention was paid to the language training of students, specifically they studied Pashto / Dari, Arabic, foreign language. The Government of the People's Democratic Party in the years 1980s made an attempt to introduce education provided by the Uzbek and Turkmen languages in the areas of indigenous dwelling of these ethnic groups. The article demonstrates that after the rise to power of Western-oriented governments of H. Karzai and A. Ghani, according to the Constitution of 2004 Pashto and Dari were accepted as the official languages, at the same time the status of languages of some ethnic minorities were strengthened, among other things including the education system, that shows the aspiration of the government to achieve equitable character of language policy.
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Ullah, Imran, Khalil Ullah, Hamad Khan, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Muhammad Shahid Anwar, and Ikram Syed. "Pashto poetry generation: deep learning with pre-trained transformers for low-resource languages." PeerJ Computer Science 10 (August 30, 2024): e2163. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.2163.
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Generating poetry using machine and deep learning techniques has been a challenging and exciting topic of research in recent years. It has significance in natural language processing and computational linguistics. This study introduces an innovative approach to generate high-quality Pashto poetry by leveraging two pre-trained transformer models, LaMini-Cerebras-590M and bloomz-560m. The models were trained on an extensive new and quality Pashto poetry dataset to learn the underlying complex patterns and structures. The trained models are then used to generate new Pashto poetry by providing them with a seed text or prompt. To evaluate the quality of the generated poetry, we conducted both subjective and objective evaluations, including human evaluation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can generate Pashto poetry that is comparable in quality to human-generated poetry. The study provides a valuable contribution to the field of Pashto language and poetry generation and has potential applications in natural language processing and computational linguistics.
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Ullah, Qasim, Shams Ur Rehman, and Saqib Raza. "The Dual Faces of Pashto: Analyzing Diglossia and Vernacular Diversity Using Ferguson's Framework and the Strategies to Explore the Regional Varieties." Journal of Policy Research 10, no. 3 (2024): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.61506/02.00333.
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This study provides a comprehensive analysis of Pashto language varieties through the framework of Ferguson’s diglossia model, focusing on Educated Standard Pashto, Regional Standard Pashto, and Prestige Standard Pashto. The research examines how these variants reflect and diverge from classical diglossic criteria. Educated Standard Pashto, which developed in the early 20th century, is characterized by its formal usage in education and media. While it exhibits features of a High form, such as a rich lexicon of paired terms and limited literacy, it does not fully meet Ferguson’s criteria due to the absence of a religious text and minimal grammatical differences from Low Pashto. Despite its prestige in formal contexts, its impact is somewhat mitigated by the low literacy rate in Afghanistan, with many illiterate speakers acquiring aspects of this variant informally through media exposure. Regional Standard Pashto, used as a common dialect among Pashtuns from various tribes, emerges in cities like Kandahar, Jalalabad, and Kabul. Each of these regional standards reflects local tribal influences and adaptations, with Kandahar and Jalalabad Pashto being shaped by their respective tribal dialects. In contrast, Kabul’s Pashto incorporates elements from multiple regional varieties and is notably influenced by Dari, the predominant language in the capital. This regional variation facilitates communication among Pashto speakers from diverse backgrounds. Prestige Standard Pashto, primarily represented by Southern Pashto, holds significant cultural and historical status due to the Durrani Confederacy’s role in Afghan history. Although its prestige is largely symbolic, reflecting Pashtun ethnic unity rather than a formalized linguistic tradition, it plays a crucial role in the standardization efforts of Educated Standard Pashto. The study shows Pashto partly aligns with Ferguson’s diglossia model, mainly through lexical differences and limited literacy, but lacks in areas like significant grammatical divergence and a central religious text. It highlights the complexities of Pashto's regional variations and the media’s role in linking High and Low Pashto.
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Khalid, Amina, and Arshad Ali Khan. "Bilingual Identity of Pashtoon Immigrants: Insights from Lahore." Global Social Sciences Review V, no. IV (2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-iv).01.
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The aim of this article is to examine the ways through which the immigrant Pashto speech community constructs their bilingual identity in the multicultural settings of Lahore. The participants for the research were selected through purposive sampling technique. The data of the study was collected via interviews from 10 adults of Pashto speech community, who have been living in Lahore for more than five years. The study is based on the philosophy of Spolsky's (2004) Language Policy Framework, which considers language practices, beliefs and management as different ways of constructing identities. The nature of the data is descriptive and qualitative, and thematic analysis was used while the data coding was performed through Atlas.ti software. The findings revealed that the Pashto speakers use their first language (Pashto) in their home environment to maintain their language, identity and culture while using Urdu and English outside their home domain at their workplaces.
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Khaliq, Fazli, Muhammad Shabir, Inayat Khan, et al. "Pashto Handwritten Invariant Character Trajectory Prediction Using a Customized Deep Learning Technique." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 6060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136060.
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Before the 19th century, all communication and official records relied on handwritten documents, cherished as valuable artefacts by different ethnic groups. While significant efforts have been made to automate the transcription of major languages like English, French, Arabic, and Chinese, there has been less research on regional and minor languages, despite their importance from geographical and historical perspectives. This research focuses on detecting and recognizing Pashto handwritten characters and ligatures, which is essential for preserving this regional cursive language in Pakistan and its status as the national language of Afghanistan. Deep learning techniques were employed to detect and recognize Pashto characters and ligatures, utilizing a newly developed dataset specific to Pashto. A further enhancement was done on the dataset by implementing data augmentation, i.e., scaling and rotation on Pashto handwritten characters and ligatures, which gave us many variations of a single trajectory. Different morphological operations for minimizing gaps in the trajectories were also performed. The median filter was used for the removal of different noises. This dataset will be combined with the existing PHWD-V2 dataset. Various deep-learning techniques were evaluated, including VGG19, MobileNetV2, MobileNetV3, and a customized CNN. The customized CNN demonstrated the highest accuracy and minimal loss, achieving a training accuracy of 93.98%, validation accuracy of 92.08% and testing accuracy of 92.99%.
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Khan, Sardaraz, and Kainat. "STRUCTURAL DECOMPOSITION OF PASHTO PATH PS." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 7, no. 1 (2022): 168–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp168-195.
Full textAbstract:
Background and Purpose: Past studies categorized Pashto prepositions as pre-position, post-position and ambi-position on the basis of their syntactical position in a unit of grammar. This paper aims to analyze the Pashto path prepositions and to find out its syntactic differences from other major languages, particularly English.
 
 Methodology: A data corpus consisted of 245 clauses and sentences collected from Pashto grammar books was analysed using a nanosyntax approach, following Pantcheva and Svenonius’ decomposition of Path Ps and Place Ps where the terminal nodes of Pashto path Ps in the data were identified.
 
 Findings: The findings revealed that Pashto Path Ps exhibited Pantcheva’s eight functional semantic heads, but its complexity due to ambiposition and precedence of place Ps over path Ps in complex phrases required adjustments in Pantcheva and Svenonius’ syntactical models to harness the complex patterns of Pashto prepositional system. Moreover, the headedness of PPs in Pashto is flexible, as it can be both head initial and head final.
 
 Contributions: This paper not only contributes to the existing literature on Pashto Path Ps but also reflects that the existing syntactic models may further be enriched by their application to cross linguistic data. This paper suggests further studies into Pashto prepositions from other syntactic and semantic perspectives such as nanosyntax algebraic models and iconicity which will not only contribute to the understanding of Pashto grammar and syntax but also to learning Pashto as a second language and translating it.
 
 Keywords: Preposition, post position, ambiposition, Path Ps, Place Ps.
 
 Cite as: Sardaraz, K., & Kainat. (2022). Structural decomposition of Pashto path Ps. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 168-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp168-195
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Subhan, Fazli, and Shuja Ahmad. "CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF PASHTO LOVE METAPHORS." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 04 (2022): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i04.875.
Full textAbstract:
The traditional theories considered metaphor a rhetorical device only and claim that the purpose of metaphor is only beatification of language and the usage in poetic shaping and of words. But CMT (Conceptual Metaphor Theory) challenged this view and on the contrary they claim that metaphor is conceptual and that it is understanding one thing in terms of another. According to this theory, Metaphor is unavoidable inherent part of our conceptual system, reasoning, and speech that makes the world around us understandable and comprehendible for us. Conceptual metaphor theory is applied here in this research to identify, interpret and analyze the conceptual metaphors for love in Pashto language and culture. This research also establishes the entailment and mappings of these metaphorical linguistic expressions in different contexts and categorizes the Metaphorical linguistic expression for love in Pashto language into Structural, Orientational and Ontological metaphors. Keywords: Metaphor, Conceptual, Love, Pashto, Entailment, CMT.