Relevant bibliographies by topics / The Polish Underground State

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'The Polish Underground State'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 24 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "The Polish Underground State"

1

Salmonowicz, Stanisław. "The Dilemmas of the Polish Underground State (1939–1945)." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 25, no. 3 (February 14, 2017): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2016.25.3.819.

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Sacewicz, Karol. "The Polish Underground State vs. The Polish Communists, and the concept of counteraction." Echa Przeszłości, no. XXII/2 (November 17, 2021): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ep.7214.

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Podczas II wojny światowej Polskie Państwo Podziemne zostało zmuszone walczyć o niepodległą, suwerenną i integralnie terytorialną Polskę również z komunistycznym podziemiem. Artykuł systematyzuje dotychczasowe ustalenia odnoszące się zarówno do antykomunistycznych struktur Polski Podziemnej odpowiedzialnych za prowadzenie konfrontacji z komunistami, skupiając się również na ukazaniu form oraz metod stosowanych w tejże walce. Tekst przedstawia liczne ograniczenia, jaki rzutowały na dość umiarkowane metody konfrontacji z komunistami, jakimi posługiwało się Polskie Państwo Podziemne. Takich ograniczeń nie stosowali komuniści ani w okresie II wojny światowej, ani po zdobyciu władzy w powojennej Polsce.
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Kołtuniak, Łukasz. "Not Only the War. The Ideology of Polish Underground State." Polish Political Science Yearbook 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 576–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2018310.

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Kołtuniak, Łukasz. "Not Only the War. The Ideology of Polish Underground State." Polish Political Science Yearbook 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 576–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2018319.

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Łazowska, Bożena. "Polish statistical research during the Second World War." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 62, no. 4 (April 28, 2017): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0894.

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The aim of this article is to present the research conducted by the Polish statisticians within 1939—1945. The paper was prepared on the basis of the query in the Central Statistical Archive of CSO and the State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw, as well as German statistical sources, reports, memoirs, chronicles, press articles, biographies and historical monographs. It presents the work of the Polish statisticians employed by the Statistical Office of General Government in Cracow and the underground statistical research conducted mainly by the Institute of Social Economy under the name of the Central Welfare Council in Warsaw, including especially the effort of Ludwik Landau and Jan Piekalkiewicz. Also, the illegal statistical education and activity of the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile relating to the statistics were discussed. The study shows that under the Nazi occupation Polish statisticians conducted underground statistical research mainly in Cracow and Warsaw and their results were delivered to the structures of the Polish Underground State and to the Polish Government in exile in London.
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Przybylski, Jerzy. "Podziemie w zbrojne w Polsce w latach 1944–1948 (geneza i historyczne refleksje)." Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość XV (June 15, 2019): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0472.

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The article is an element of ordering knowledge of the armed under-ground existing and operating in Poland in 1944–1948. It includes the genesis of the uprising, as well as an outline of the history of the Polish Underground State and the Polish Army in the USSR, which was com-manded by Gen. Władysław Anders. It also contains a condensed de-scription of the post-war underground operation in Poland and its divi-sions. It presents the causes of individual events that affected the devel-opment or abandonment of political and armed underground activities, as well as crimes and crimes committed at that time by both opposing parties (armed forces and state security forces).
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Ćwięk, Henryk. "Polish Police of the General Government in the Occupational Security System of the Third Reich." PRZEGLĄD POLICYJNY 143, no. 3 (November 2, 2021): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4648.

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After the defence war in 1939 was lost, the authorities of the Third Reich forced Polish State Police offi cers to serve in the occupier’s security structures in the General Government. This formation was used to implement various activities directed against the Polish nation. The policy of the Nazi authorities varied depending on the existing priorities in this regard. The Germans carried out brutal pacifi cation operations directed mainly against the Jewish population using Polish police. One should not forget about the harmful actions of Polish policemen against Jews. The tragic part of the occupation history of the Polish police was their participation in operations against the resistance movement. Collaboration in the Polish police was a part of this phenomenon in the General Government. The cooperation of Polish policemen with the resistance movement deserves attention. They made a signifi cant contribution to the preparation and implementation of subversive actions as well as the execution of attacks and sentences. They were present on almost all fronts of underground activity. Knowledge of the role of the Polish police in the dark period of the occupation is not satisfactory and requires further research.
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Poprawa, Marcin. "Prasa konspiracyjna w służbie kontrpropagandy — funkcje, cele, zjawiska językowe na przykładzie gazet podziemnych 1939–1945." Oblicza Komunikacji 10 (November 15, 2018): 57–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.10.3.

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Underground press in the service of counterpropaganda — functions, goals, linguistic phenomena as seen in underground newspapers of 1939–1945In the article the author examines the most important strategies of the linguistic fight against the Nazi propaganda employed by the underground press published by political parties active in the Polish Underground State during the Second World War. A theoretical introduction contains an outline of the model of political communication under German occupation 1939–1945 as well as the most important functions of articles that could be placed between political propaganda and wartime propaganda.
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Kovalev, Boris N. "On the Reasons for the Negative Attitude of the Soviet Security Agencies towards the Home Army." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 4, no. 4 (2020): 1360–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2020-4-4-8.

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The article analyzes the publication of the Polish historian Dariusz Rogut “The Attitude of Soviet Security Organs to the Home Army (July 1944 – January 1945).” The reasons for the problems in the relationship between the Soviet State Security Organs and the underground Polish military organization “Home Army” in the final period of the Second World War are seen in the complex relationship between the Soviet leadership in Moscow and the Polish government in London.
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Sowiński, Paweł. "Wojna na znużenie. NOW-a a aparat przemocy 1982–1989." Wolność i Solidarność 10 (2017): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25434942ws.17.004.13117.

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NOW-a Publishers versus Polish Secret Service, 1982–1989 This article contributes to the history of the biggest Polish underground publishing project during the communist period. Sowinski argues that NOW-a publishers, though attacked by the police, was not destroyed. One of the main reason for this was the resilience of the grassroot activists energised by external support from Polish émigré circles in the West. Author also seeks causes of NOW-a success as underground book producer in the strategy of limited police harassment of the late stage of communist dictatorship. After martial law had been lifted in 1983 the Polish authority avoided to take major operations against opposition, i.e. massive crackdowns and imprisonments. Instead, the regime developed more subtle methods of policing the illicit book circulation. However, what constantly hampered the police effort to penetrate the NOW-a network was a lack of solid intelligence. The article offers a deep insight into the police investigation, agents reports as well as provides with fresh statistic on independent publishing and the police counterattacks.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The Polish Underground State"

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Law, Sze-wai Ben. "Investigating the urban underground dimension : Hong Kong in the state of flux /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25799988.

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Schwonek, Matthew Raymond. "Kazimierz Sosnkowski, the Polish army, and Polish state-building, 1905-1944 /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148785810611633.

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Donoghue, Alan M. "Acute heat illness in underground miners : the clinical state, haematology, biochemistry and risk factors." Curtin University of Technology, School of Public Health, 2000. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11757.

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Objectives - To examine the incidence, clinical state, personal risk factors, haematology and biochemistry of heat exhaustion cases occurring at a deep underground metalliferous mine. To describe the underground and surface thermal conditions associated with the occurrence of heat exhaustion cases.Methods - A one-year prospective case-series of acute heat exhaustion cases was undertaken at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical and Australia. A case-control study of body mass index (BMI) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO(subscript)2max) in heat exhaustion was also undertaken. A history was obtained using a structured questionnaire. Pulse rate, blood pressure, tympanic temperature and urine specific gravity were measured before treatment. Venous blood was analysed for haematological and biochemical parameters, during the acute presentation and after recovery. BMI and VO(subscript)2max were measured after recovery and in a group of controls. Psychrometric wet bulb temperature, dry bulb temperature and air velocity were measured at the underground sites where heat exhaustion had occurred. Air cooling power and psychrometric wet bulb globe temperatures were derived. Surface 24-hour mean wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. Surface 24-hour mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived.Results - 106 cases were studied in the case series. The incidence of heat exhaustion during the year was 43.0 cases per million man-hours. In February it was 147 cases per million man-hours. The incidence rate ratio for mines operating below 1200m compared to those operating above 1200m was 3.17. Mean estimated fluid intake was 0.64 litres/hour (SD 0.29, Range 0.08-1.50).The following were raised on acute presentation compared to recovery (P value, % of acute cases above the normal clinical range): neutrophils (P<0.001, 36%), anion gap (P<0.001, 63%), urea (P<0.001, ++
21%), creatinine (P<0.001, 30%), glucose (P<0.001, 15%), serum osmolality (P=0.030, 71%), creatine kinase (P=0.002, 45%), aspartate transaminase (P<0.001, 14%), lactate dehydrogenase (P<0.001, 9.5%), and ferritin (P<0.001, 26%). The following were depressed on acute presentation compared to recovery (P value, % of acute cases below the normal clinical range): eosinophils (P=0.003, 3 8%) and bicarbonate (P=0.0 11, 32%). Urea and creatinine were significantly raised in miners with heat cramps compared to miners without this symptom (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference in sodium concentration (P=0.384).Mean psychrometric wet bulb temperature was 29.0 degrees celsius (SD 2.2, Range 21.0-34.0). Mean dry bulb temperature was 37.4 degrees celsius (SD 2.4, Range 31.0-43.0). Mean air velocity was 0.54 m/s (SD 0.57, Range 0.00-4.00). Mean air cooling power was 148 W/m(subscript)2 (SD 49, Range 33-290). Mean psychrometric wet bulb globe temperature was 31.5 degrees celsius (SD 2.0, Range 25.2-35.3). Few cases (<5%) occurred at a psychrometric wet bulb temperature <25.0'C, dry bulb temperature <33.8'C, air velocity >1.56 m/s, air cooling power >248 W/m(subscript)2, or psychrometric wet bulb globe temperature <28.5 degrees Celsius.The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred compared to those days on which it did not occur (P<0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the surface 24-hour mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees celsius was 4.82 (95% CI 2.12-10.96).65 cases of heat exhaustion and 119 controls were studied in the case-control study. Heat exhaustion cases had a significantly higher BMI than controls (P=0.006). The odds ratios increased with BMI. For a BMI of 32.00-36.99, compared to a BMI of less than 27.00 the odds ratio was 3.63 (95% ++
confidence interval 1.42-9.36). V0(subscript)2max was not significantly lower in cases than controls. The odds ratios for heat exhaustion increased with decreasing VO(subscript)2max, but not significantly. The sample size provided 80% power of detecting an odds ratio of 2.5 or greater.Conclusion - Heat exhaustion in underground miners is associated with hypohydration, neutrophil leukocytosis, eosinopenia, metabolic acidosis, increased glucose and ferritin, and a mild rise in CK, AST and LD. Heat cramps are associated with hypohydration but not hyponatraemia. The incidence of heat exhaustion increases during summer and at depth. An increased fluid intake is required. Heat exhaustion would be unlikely to occur if ventilation and refrigeration achieved air cooling power >250W/m2 at all underground work sites. Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion. Deep underground miners should be advised to maintain a BMI of 24-27.
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FranÃa, Francisco Mavignier Cavalcante. "Indicators integrated sustainability and analysis multicriteria dams underground in Cearà state." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17258.

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Instituto Centro de Ensino TecnolÃgico
The underground dam is a social technology of low cost and simple process of construction and operation. In the semi-arid zone of Ceara there is potential to build approximately 3,400 underground dams. The central problem of this study is the lack of in-depth knowledge of the degree of sustainability of underground dams of CearÃ, in economic, social, environmental and institutional terms. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the sustainability of underground dams, the state of CearÃ, as a social technology to living as semi-arid. For this, we used the Dashboard of Sustainability Method by dimension and global, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process to identify the underground dam operating alternative that generates greater benefits to communities. The questionnaires (field research), for the use of Dashboard of Sustainability method, was carried out with 40 farmers, owners of underground dams, located in 11 municipalities of the State of CearÃ. The collection of judgments, for the application of Analytic Hierarchy Process applied together 11 experts and / or decision-makers with expertise in underground dams. When using the Dashboard of Sustainability method, which aims to identify the level of performance of sustainable development for indicator by size and global, were selected with the help of principal component analysis, 28 indicators. These indicators, only 36% achieved the level of 700 points, which is the sustainability threshold used in this thesis. None of the four dimensions reached the level of 700 points. The lower performance was with the economic dimension, reaching only 218 points (need for severe attention) when the maximum metric desirable for the model is 1,000 points or at least the threshold of sustainability of 700 points. The overall index, sustainable development (IGDS) of underground dams of Ceara, reached the metric of 538 points, considered an average level of performance and below the sustainability threshold. The selection of dam alternatives, made by AHP, according to the predominant use, showed that the highest priority for investment, to be decided by the public manager is to "underground dam focused on water supply," closely followed by "underground dam focused on agricultural production". The lowest metric was to "dam focused on environmental benefits", with a metric that reached only 33% of the first alternative. Another important finding that deserves reflection, was that farmers (ex-post analysis) have recorded reasonable performance of the environmental dimension indicators, while the expert and decision-makers (analysis ex-ante) have rated the "dam focused on earnings environmental" the third priority, with metric equal to one third of the first alternative.
A barragem subterrÃnea à uma tecnologia social de baixo custo e de processo simples de construÃÃo e operaÃÃo. Na zona semiÃrida do Estado do Cearà hà potencial para construÃÃo de, aproximadamente, 3.400 barragens subterrÃneas. O problema central, deste estudo, à a falta de conhecimento aprofundado do grau de sustentabilidade das barragens subterrÃneas do CearÃ, em termos econÃmicos, sociais, ambientais e institucionais. Assim, o objetivo desta tese à analisar a sustentabilidade das barragens subterrÃneas, do Estado do CearÃ, como uma tecnologia social para convivÃncia como semiÃrido. Para isto, utilizou-se o mÃtodo Painel de Sustentabilidade (Dashboard of Sustainability), por dimensÃo e global, e o MÃtodo de AnÃlise HierÃrquica (Analytic Hierarchy Process) para identificar a alternativa de exploraÃÃo de barragem subterrÃnea que gera maiores benefÃcios Ãs comunidades. A aplicaÃÃo dos questionÃrios (pesquisa de campo), para a utilizaÃÃo do mÃtodo Painel de Sustentabilidade, foi realizada junto a 40 agricultores, proprietÃrios das barragens subterrÃneas, localizados em 11 municÃpios do Estado do CearÃ. A coleta dos julgamentos, para a aplicaÃÃo do MÃtodo de AnÃlise HierÃrquica, aplicada junto a 11 especialistas e/ou decisores, com experiÃncia em barragens subterrÃneas. Na utilizaÃÃo do Painel de Sustentabilidade, que visa identificar o grau de desempenho de indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentÃvel por indicador, por dimensÃo e global, foram selecionados com o auxÃlio da anÃlise de componentes principais, 28 indicadores. Destes indicadores, apenas 36% alcanÃaram o patamar de 700 pontos, que à o limiar da sustentabilidade adotado nesta tese. Nenhuma das quatro dimensÃes atingiu o patamar de 700 pontos. O mais baixo desempenho ficou com a dimensÃo econÃmica, ao atingir apenas 218 pontos (necessidade de atenÃÃo severa), quando a mÃtrica mÃxima desejÃvel para o modelo à 1.000 pontos ou, no mÃnimo, o limiar da sustentabilidade de 700 pontos. O Ãndice global, de desenvolvimento sustentÃvel (IGDS) das barragens subterrÃneas do Estado do CearÃ, atingiu a mÃtrica de 538 pontos, considerado um grau mÃdio de desempenho e abaixo do limiar da sustentabilidade. A seleÃÃo das alternativas de barragens, feita pelo MÃtodo AHP, segundo o uso predominante, mostrou que a maior prioridade para investimento, a ser decidida pelo gestor pÃblico, à para a âbarragem subterrÃnea focada na oferta de Ãguaâ, seguida de perto pela âbarragem subterrÃnea focada na produÃÃo agrÃcolaâ. A menor mÃtrica ficou para a âbarragem focada em ganhos ambientaisâ, com uma mÃtrica que alcanÃou apenas 33% da primeira alternativa. Outra constataÃÃo relevante, que merece reflexÃo, foi o fato de os agricultores (anÃlise ex-post) terem registrado um razoÃvel desempenho dos indicadores da dimensÃo ambiental, enquanto os especialista e decisores (anÃlise ex-ante) terem classificado a âbarragem focada em ganhos ambientaisâ na terceira prioridade, com mÃtrica igual a um terÃo da primeira alternativa.
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França, Francisco Mavignier Cavalcante. "Indicators integrated sustainability and analysis multicriteria dams underground in Ceará state." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/19077.

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FRANÇA, Francisco Mavignier Cavalcante. Indicators integrated sustainability and analysis multicriteria dams underground in Ceará state. 2016. 166 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2016
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The underground dam is a social technology of low cost and simple process of construction and operation. In the semi-arid zone of Ceara there is potential to build approximately 3,400 underground dams. The central problem of this study is the lack of in-depth knowledge of the degree of sustainability of underground dams of Ceará, in economic, social, environmental and institutional terms. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the sustainability of underground dams, the state of Ceará, as a social technology to living as semi-arid. For this, we used the Dashboard of Sustainability Method by dimension and global, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process to identify the underground dam operating alternative that generates greater benefits to communities. The questionnaires (field research), for the use of Dashboard of Sustainability method, was carried out with 40 farmers, owners of underground dams, located in 11 municipalities of the State of Ceará. The collection of judgments, for the application of Analytic Hierarchy Process applied together 11 experts and / or decision-makers with expertise in underground dams. When using the Dashboard of Sustainability method, which aims to identify the level of performance of sustainable development for indicator by size and global, were selected with the help of principal component analysis, 28 indicators. These indicators, only 36% achieved the level of 700 points, which is the sustainability threshold used in this thesis. None of the four dimensions reached the level of 700 points. The lower performance was with the economic dimension, reaching only 218 points (need for severe attention) when the maximum metric desirable for the model is 1,000 points or at least the threshold of sustainability of 700 points. The overall index, sustainable development (IGDS) of underground dams of Ceara, reached the metric of 538 points, considered an average level of performance and below the sustainability threshold. The selection of dam alternatives, made by AHP, according to the predominant use, showed that the highest priority for investment, to be decided by the public manager is to "underground dam focused on water supply," closely followed by "underground dam focused on agricultural production". The lowest metric was to "dam focused on environmental benefits", with a metric that reached only 33% of the first alternative. Another important finding that deserves reflection, was that farmers (ex-post analysis) have recorded reasonable performance of the environmental dimension indicators, while the expert and decision-makers (analysis ex-ante) have rated the "dam focused on earnings environmental" the third priority, with metric equal to one third of the first alternative.
A barragem subterrânea é uma tecnologia social de baixo custo e de processo simples de construção e operação. Na zona semiárida do Estado do Ceará há potencial para construção de, aproximadamente, 3.400 barragens subterrâneas. O problema central, deste estudo, é a falta de conhecimento aprofundado do grau de sustentabilidade das barragens subterrâneas do Ceará, em termos econômicos, sociais, ambientais e institucionais. Assim, o objetivo desta tese é analisar a sustentabilidade das barragens subterrâneas, do Estado do Ceará, como uma tecnologia social para convivência como semiárido. Para isto, utilizou-se o método Painel de Sustentabilidade (Dashboard of Sustainability), por dimensão e global, e o Método de Análise Hierárquica (Analytic Hierarchy Process) para identificar a alternativa de exploração de barragem subterrânea que gera maiores benefícios às comunidades. A aplicação dos questionários (pesquisa de campo), para a utilização do método Painel de Sustentabilidade, foi realizada junto a 40 agricultores, proprietários das barragens subterrâneas, localizados em 11 municípios do Estado do Ceará. A coleta dos julgamentos, para a aplicação do Método de Análise Hierárquica, aplicada junto a 11 especialistas e/ou decisores, com experiência em barragens subterrâneas. Na utilização do Painel de Sustentabilidade, que visa identificar o grau de desempenho de indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável por indicador, por dimensão e global, foram selecionados com o auxílio da análise de componentes principais, 28 indicadores. Destes indicadores, apenas 36% alcançaram o patamar de 700 pontos, que é o limiar da sustentabilidade adotado nesta tese. Nenhuma das quatro dimensões atingiu o patamar de 700 pontos. O mais baixo desempenho ficou com a dimensão econômica, ao atingir apenas 218 pontos (necessidade de atenção severa), quando a métrica máxima desejável para o modelo é 1.000 pontos ou, no mínimo, o limiar da sustentabilidade de 700 pontos. O índice global, de desenvolvimento sustentável (IGDS) das barragens subterrâneas do Estado do Ceará, atingiu a métrica de 538 pontos, considerado um grau médio de desempenho e abaixo do limiar da sustentabilidade. A seleção das alternativas de barragens, feita pelo Método AHP, segundo o uso predominante, mostrou que a maior prioridade para investimento, a ser decidida pelo gestor público, é para a “barragem subterrânea focada na oferta de água”, seguida de perto pela “barragem subterrânea focada na produção agrícola”. A menor métrica ficou para a “barragem focada em ganhos ambientais”, com uma métrica que alcançou apenas 33% da primeira alternativa. Outra constatação relevante, que merece reflexão, foi o fato de os agricultores (análise ex-post) terem registrado um razoável desempenho dos indicadores da dimensão ambiental, enquanto os especialista e decisores (análise ex-ante) terem classificado a “barragem focada em ganhos ambientais” na terceira prioridade, com métrica igual a um terço da primeira alternativa.
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羅思偉 and Sze-wai Ben Law. "Investigating the urban underground dimension: Hong Kong in the state of flux." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980405.

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Rae, Gavin. "Social democracy in a transition state : a Polish third way?" Thesis, London South Bank University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410548.

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Szajkowski, B. "Roman Catholic Church-State relations in Poland 1944-1983." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378427.

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Ruskoski, David Thomas. "The Polish Army in France: Immigrants in America, World War I Volunteers in France, Defenders of the Recreated State in Poland." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/1.

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Independent Poland ceased to exist in 1795 and the various insurrections to restore the Polish state were thwarted by the Germans, Austro-Hungarians, and Russians. During the First World War, Polish statesmen called upon the thousands of Polish immigrants in the United States to join the Polish Army in France, a military force funded by the French government and organized by the Polish Falcons of America and Ignacy Paderewski, the world-famous Polish pianist. Over 20,000 men trained in Canada and fought in the final months of the war on the Western front. While in France they were placed under the command of General Jozef Haller and became known as Haller’s Army. At the conclusion of the war, the Allied leaders at the Paris Peace Conference decided to send the soldiers to Poland to fight in the Polish-Soviet War to stop the western advance of the Bolsheviks. When the war ended, the United States government, with the influence of Secretary of State Robert Lansing, funded the return of the soldiers to their homes in the United States. This dissertation focuses on questions of the relationships among foreign policy, nationalism, and immigration and investigates forced recruitment, dissatisfaction with the cause of Polish independence exacerbated by difficult wartime conditions, nationalism among immigrant groups, ethnic identity, and anti-Semitism.
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Kozłowska-Macgregor, Martyna. "The state of near-native grammar : a study of aspect in L2 Polish." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38500.

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Sorace (1993) suggests that competence at the final stage of non-native acquisition falls into qualitatively distinct categories: (1) incomplete grammar, which lacks a representation for a part of the target system; (2) divergent grammar, which has the target distinctions with non-target instantiations. She captures the general nature of the two systems but leaves their contents undefined. This study adopts her proposal and investigates non-native grammars with respect to acquisition of the Polish aspects: completive, pofective and perfective, in an attempt to define the properties of incomplete or divergent knowledge in the domain of aspect.
According to the account of the aspectual system of Polish proposed in this thesis, acquisition of this system requires knowledge of the following semantic and morpho-syntactic properties: (1) aspectual interpretations, which depend on the semantic features of a VP; (2) the semantic features carried by the aspects; (3) the distinct feature context required for each aspectual interpretation; (4) restriction on feature composition with respect to the syntactic domain of derivation, namely l(exical)-syntax vs. s(syntactic)-syntax. The learners' competence, therefore, must contain information about which feature context yields which interpretation, which interpretations are unrealizable in these contexts, and which aspectual structures are allowed by virtue of their syntactic vs. lexical feature character. The Polish aspectual system involves many elements of knowledge that must be acquired for the L2 end-state to be complete. It also provides a wide range of properties whose nontarget status would lead to a divergent grammar.
Experimental data were elicited from two groups of English speakers who were advanced or near-native learners of Polish in a series of tests (grammaticality judgments, semantic and end-state compatibility tasks, and picture selection) each addressing separate sets of restrictions governing the system. Results were compared to native speaker adult and child controls.
Although the results reveal two types of competence, these cannot be categorically defined as either complete or divergent. While the near-natives' knowledge manifests a complete representation of the elements of the target grammar and native-like distinctions between the aspects, it also bears some characteristics of an incomplete system. The advanced learners manifest a system that is both divergent and incomplete. The study shows that the classification proposed by Sorace (1993) is only appropriate with reference to individual properties of grammar, as a single system of knowledge may show the characteristics of complete, incomplete, divergent and, possibly, non-divergent competence.
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Books on the topic "The Polish Underground State"

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Marek, Ney-Krwawicz, Górski Grzegorz, and Ślaski Jerzy, eds. Polskie państwo podziemne =: Polish underground state. Warszawa: Światowy Związek Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej, 1999.

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B, Czarnomski F., ed. Fighting Warsaw: The story of the Polish underground state, 1939-1945. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2004.

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1952-, Kunert Andrzej Krzysztof, and Piontek Eugeniusz, eds. Proces moskiewski przywódców polskiego państwa podziemnego =: The Moscow Trial of the leaders of the Polish underground state. Warszawa: Światowy Związek Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej, 2000.

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Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology. Guide for certification of compliance with state underground storage tank rules. Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1991.

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Terrorism, New York State Policy Study Group on. Report of the New York State Policy Study Group on Terrorism. [Albany, N.Y.]: New York State Criminal Justice Institute, 1985.

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Prażmowski, B. D. E. Eagle's brood: A life in the Polish underground. Port Hope, Ont: Larchwood Press, 1990.

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Matusak, Piotr. Polish resistance movement 1939-1945. Warsaw: Presspol, 1985.

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Wilk, Z. Hydrogeological aspects of groundwater hazard in Polish underground mining. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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Brown, Belinda. The private revolution: Women in the Polish underground movement. London: Hera Trust, 2003.

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Solidarity and other Polish clandestine publications in the British Library. London: British Library, Reference Division, Department of Printed Books, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "The Polish Underground State"

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Garliński, Józef. "The Polish Underground State." In Poland in the Second World War, 120–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09910-8_10.

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Cașu, Igor. "Soviet state security and the Cold War." In The Secret Police and the Religious Underground in Communist and Post-Communist Eastern Europe, 131–47. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429331466-9.

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Rode, Dagmara. "Underground Women’s State." In Representing Abortion, 190–202. Abingdon, Oxon;New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Interdisciplinary research in gender: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003016595-17.

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Reading, Anna. "State Capital’s Monument." In Polish Women, Solidarity and Feminism, 29–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12339-1_5.

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Keryk, Myroslava. "Does Polish Origin Matter? The Integration Challenges of Polish Card Holders in Poland." In Poland's Kin-State Policies, 123–35. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003190288-10.

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Szlązak, Nikodem, and Dariusz Obracaj. "Evaluation of Microclimate Conditions in Polish Underground Mines." In Proceedings of the 11th International Mine Ventilation Congress, 787–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1420-9_67.

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Nowosielski, Michał. "Relations Between Polish Immigrant Organisations in Germany and Institutions of the Polish and German States." In Poland's Kin-State Policies, 109–22. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003190288-9.

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Kozarzewski, Piotr. "Polish Experience in a Comparative Perspective." In State Corporate Control in Transition, 245–338. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78562-8_7.

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Synowiec, Andrzej. "Stefan Surzycki's Activities for Polish Agriculture in the Revived Polish State." In Postwar Continuity and New Challenges in Central Europe, 1918–1923, 421–38. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003185017-26.

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Cordell, Karl. "The Polish Minority in Germany: Marginal or Marginalised?" In Poland's Kin-State Policies, 83–95. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003190288-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "The Polish Underground State"

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Stankiewicz, K., D. Jasiulek, J. Rogala-Rojek, and S. Bartoszek. "Selected, State-of-the-Art Mechatronic Systems in Polish Underground Mining Industry." In 30th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction and Mining; Held in conjunction with the 23rd World Mining Congress. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc2013/0013.

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Kisiel, J., M. Budzanowski, M. Chorowski, S. Cygan, J. Dorda, S. Hanzel, M. Harańczyk, et al. "SUNLAB—The Project of a Polish Underground Laboratory." In EXOTIC NUCLEI AND NUCLEAR∕PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS (III): From Nuclei to Stars. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3527216.

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Zelasko, Piotr, Bartosz Ziolko, Tomasz Jadczyk, and Tomasz Pedzimaz. "Linguistically motivated tied-state triphones for polish speech recognition." In 2015 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cybernetics (CYBCONF). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cybconf.2015.7175941.

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Nakamura, K., S. Kishii, and Y. Arimoto. "Reconditioning-Free Polish for Inter-Layer-Dielectric Planarization." In 1996 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1996.a-5-4.

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Demchenko, N. P., and E. I. Krapivsky. "Geophysical Monitoring of Underground Pipelines Technical State." In Saint Petersburg 2010. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20145522.

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WEI, Honghu, Yan BAO, and Hongwei MA. "State Analysis of Underground Self-walking Excavator." In 2016 International Conference on Architectural Engineering and Civil Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aece-16.2017.79.

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Belotti, Vittorio, Rinaldo C. Michelini, and Matteo Zoppi. "Remote Controlled Underground Robot for Landfill Drainage." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95465.

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The environmental policy of EU, acknowledged by the Economics Ministers in June 2001 meeting, establishes a set of priorities. The present paper deals with urgent demands in these fields, with attention on pollution decreasing/removal. A survey of European Topic Centre on Waste, based on partial data only, points out the risk of sewage and leachate contamination of subsoil and waterbed for 13500 landfills. The European Council, in the Directive 97/C_76/01, requests the member states to take the necessary measures to ensure, to fullest practicable extent, that old-landfills and polluting-sites should be rehabilitated. This request is specifically addressed, with the Microdrainage project, EVK4-CT-2002-30012, successfully achieved building the robotic prototype, properly operative from mid 2005. The paper presents the innovative developments undertaken by the project. A new drilling equipment is built, suited for autonomous operation, with fully automatic effectors and rods feeding and with multi-function boring/drilling head, to comply with complex work-task schedules. The mechanical architecture needs proper sophistication, to deal with rods supplying along the micro-tunnel, local buffering to complete the lay-down of a draining line, and mast feeding by the purposely designed arm. The system implementation, thereafter, tackles with the severe technical specifications for the micro-tunnel surroundings, and exacting performance requirements in rig levelling, mast attitude accuracy and work-task sequencing. By this project, the successful deployment of these enabling technologies helped in developing the novel robotic device, capable to solve the de-pollution requirements of the EU environmental policy.
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Szajewska, Anna. "Functioning of Thermal Camera In Actions of Polish State Fire Service." In Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Asia 2015. QIRT Council, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21611/qirt.2015.0029.

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Kim, Kwangsoo, Dong-Hwan Park, Jaeheum Lee, and Seong-il Jin. "UGS middleware for monitoring state of underground utilities." In 2015 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictc.2015.7354770.

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Kubecek, Vaclav. "Nonlinear mirror mode-locking of solid state lasers." In 13th Polish-Czech-Slovak Conference on Wave and Quantum Aspects of contemporary Optics. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.545173.

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Reports on the topic "The Polish Underground State"

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Lee, Moo Y. The State of stress in the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead South Dakota. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1330612.

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Schubert, Wulf, and Nedim RADONCIC. COMPUTER AIDS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES: THE AUSTRIAN STATE-OF-THE-ART. Cogeo@oeaw-giscience, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5242/iamg.2011.0666.

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Smith, G. E. State and National Energy and Environmental Risk Analysis Systems for Underground Injection Control. Summary annual report, April 1993--April 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10182196.

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Haas, M. R. State and National Energy and Environmental Risk Analysis Systems for underground injection control. Summary annual report, April 1992--April 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10182716.

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Mazurkiewicz, Marek. ECMI Minorities Blog. German minority as hostage and victim of populist politics in Poland. European Centre for Minority Issues, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/fhta5489.

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On 4 February 2022, the Polish Journal of Laws published a new ordinance of the Minister of Education and Science, implementing cuts in the funding of education of German as a minority language. Consequently, the hourly length of such lessons will be significantly reduced. This regulation applies exclusively to the German minority, and the official motive for introducing discriminatory measures is to improve the situation of Polish diaspora in Germany. This is the first time after 1989 when the Polish state authorities introduce a law limiting the rights of Poland’s citizens belonging to a national minority (in this situation children), as a retaliation for the alleged situation of a kin-community elsewhere. Importantly, the adopted regulations are not only discriminatory towards one of the minorities; their implementation may in fact contribute to the dysfunctionality of the entire minority education system in Poland. This is also an obvious violation of the constitutional principle of equality before the law, the right of minorities to ‘maintain and develop their own language’, international standards of minority rights protection, as well as a threat to the very functioning of human rights protection mechanisms in the country.
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Paque, M. J. Assistance to state underground injection control programs and the oil and gas industry with class 2 injection well data management and technology transfer. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/257325.

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Szymborska, Hanna, and Jan Jan Toporowski. Industrial Feudalism and Wealth Inequalities. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp174.

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The possibility, first raised by Rudolf Hilferding, of stabilizing a capitalist economy through the operations of a ‘general cartel’, leaving only social and political ‘contradictions’ to disturb the functioning of the system, gave rise to a discussion among Marxists not only on whether such a stabilization was at all possible, but also on the nature and scope of those contradictions. This discussion had been anticipated in the 1890s in the work of the Polish Marxist Ludwik Krzywicki (1859 – 1941). He put forward the idea that, in a capitalist economy stabilized in this way, a state of ‘industrial feudalism’ would prevail, in which society would become stratified into social classes without the possibility of mobility between those classes. This analysis was extended in 1940s by Oskar Lange (1904-1965) as he attempted to make sense of the American New Deal and rediscovered in the 1950s by Tadeusz Kowalik (1926-2012). This paper explains the concept of industrial feudalism and argues that the main mechanism for such a stratification today is the unequal distribution of wealth, in the context of declining welfare provision.
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Guidati, Gianfranco, and Domenico Giardini. Joint synthesis “Geothermal Energy” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.4.en.

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Near-to-surface geothermal energy with heat pumps is state of the art and is already widespread in Switzerland. In the future energy system, medium-deep to deep geothermal energy (1 to 6 kilometres) will, in addition, play an important role. To the forefront is the supply of heat for buildings and industrial processes. This form of geothermal energy utilisation requires a highly permeable underground area that allows a fluid – usually water – to absorb the naturally existing rock heat and then transport it to the surface. Sedimentary rocks are usually permeable by nature, whereas for granites and gneisses permeability must be artificially induced by injecting water. The heat gained in this way increases in line with the drilling depth: at a depth of 1 kilometre, the underground temperature is approximately 40°C, while at a depth of 3 kilometres it is around 100°C. To drive a steam turbine for the production of electricity, temperatures of over 100°C are required. As this requires greater depths of 3 to 6 kilometres, the risk of seismicity induced by the drilling also increases. Underground zones are also suitable for storing heat and gases, such as hydrogen or methane, and for the definitive storage of CO2. For this purpose, such zones need to fulfil similar requirements to those applicable to heat generation. In addition, however, a dense top layer is required above the reservoir so that the gas cannot escape. The joint project “Hydropower and geo-energy” of the NRP “Energy” focused on the question of where suitable ground layers can be found in Switzerland that optimally meet the requirements for the various uses. A second research priority concerned measures to reduce seismicity induced by deep drilling and the resulting damage to buildings. Models and simulations were also developed which contribute to a better understanding of the underground processes involved in the development and use of geothermal resources. In summary, the research results show that there are good conditions in Switzerland for the use of medium-deep geothermal energy (1 to 3 kilometres) – both for the building stock and for industrial processes. There are also grounds for optimism concerning the seasonal storage of heat and gases. In contrast, the potential for the definitive storage of CO2 in relevant quantities is rather limited. With respect to electricity production using deep geothermal energy (> 3 kilometres), the extent to which there is potential to exploit the underground economically is still not absolutely certain. In this regard, industrially operated demonstration plants are urgently needed in order to boost acceptance among the population and investors.
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State Assistance with Risk-Based Data Management: Inventory and needs assessment of 25 state Class II Underground Injection Control programs. Phase 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10158305.

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State and national energy environmental risk analysis systems for underground injection control. Final report, April 7, 1992--May 31, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/196523.

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