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Coleman, Michelle. "The presumption of innocence." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2018. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/25861/.
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Despite its inclusion in most, if not all, criminal justice systems, there is no general consensus as to what constitutes the presumption of innocence. This study answers the question: What is the presumption of innocence? The study contributes to knowledge by providing a comprehensive definition of the presumption of innocence from both a theoretical and practical perspective. The substantive chapters are thematic. Chapter two examines how the presumption of innocence fits within the existing legal framework. Chapters three and four discuss the two aspects of the presumption of innocence. The procedural aspect is a legal presumption that is applicable at trial, while the non-procedural aspect extends the presumption of innocence outside of trial to protect non-convicted individuals from being treated as if they have been convicted. Chapter five argues that everyone can benefit from the presumption of innocence, but the right only attaches once someone is 'charged'. Chapter six examines the duty to uphold the presumption of innocence concluding that the strongest duty falls to the fact-finder but the majority of the burden falls to public authorities. Finally, the seventh chapter attempts to reconcile the presumption of innocence with pre-determination detention. The thesis concludes that the presumption of innocence is a human right with two aspects. These aspects keep innocent people from being treated as if they have been convicted of a crime. While the procedural aspect is operative at trial, the nonprocedural aspect extends the presumption of innocence beyond trial. The outcome of the particular criminal case determines when the right to the presumption of innocence ends. Finally, the presumption of innocence may be reconciled with predetermination detention only if the reason justifying the detention is not based within the criminal process.
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Stumer, Andrew. "The presumption of innocence after the human rights act." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491058.
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5203 L $$aSince the introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998, English courts have been called upon to decide whether 'reverse burdens', that is burdens of proof on a defendant in a criminal trial, are compatible with the right to be presumed innocent protected by Article (2) of the ECHR. Following the lead of the Strasbourg Court, the English courts have leld that the right to be presumed innocent may be subject to proportionate limitations. Accordingly, the doctrine of proportionality, comprising the notion of 'balance' between individual rights and the community interest, has become the touchstone of compliance with Article 6(2). is thesis seeks to move discussion of Article 6(2) beyond the anguage of proportionality and to place the focus on the values underlying the presumption of innocence.
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MALTA, YEGROS MARTINS. "THE PRECAUTIONARY ARRESTS IN A PROTECTIVE PERSPECTIVE OF PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=23403@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO garantismo penal busca a interpretação do Direito Penal e Processual Penal em consonância com a Constituição, assegurando a todos os cidadãos, inclusive aqueles que respondem a processos, os direitos e garantias individuais, limitando o poder estatal. O direito penal deve ser fulcrado em princípios como legalidade estrita (devendo ser feita a análise da tipicidade de forma conglobante), materialidade e lesividade dos delitos, responsabilidade pessoal, contraditório, a presunção de inocência dentre outros, não podendo intervir de forma violenta contra o acusado, sob pena de estar contribuindo para o aumento da violência. Prisão não é solução contra crimes. Deve-se investir mais em políticas públicas efetivas. A liberdade é a regra. Prisão, exceção. Deve o magistrado, quando a prisão não for adequada e necessária, aplicar outras cautelares. As prisões cautelares devem servir ao processo, observando-se as regras processuais e princípios constitucionais. Na garantia da ordem pública, deve-se demonstrar o perigo na liberdade de forma concreta. As decisões do Tribunal de Justiça de Minas devem estar em consonância com as decisões garantistas do Supremo Tribunal Federal.
The Penal Guaranteeism persuits the Criminal Law and Procedures interpretation in line with the Constitution, assuring all the citizens, including the ones whom respond to proceedings, the rights and individual guarantee, limiting the State power. The criminal law must be established to principles such as strict legality, (must be made the analysis of the typical features in an encompass way), materiality and how the offences prejudice, personal responsibility, contradictory, the presumption of innocence among others, do not taking part in a violent way against the accused, under penalty of being contributing to the violence increase. Arrest is not the solution against crimes. It must be more invested in effective public policies. Freedom is the rule. Arrest, an exception. The magistrate must apply interim measures when the arrest is not suitable or necessary. The interim measures must serve the proceeding, taking into account the procedural rules and the constitutional principles. In the public order assurance statement, it must be shown the danger in freedom in a concrete way. Court of Justice of the Estate of Minas Gerais decisions must be in line with the decisions from the garantists of the Supreme Court.
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Matshoba, Mzwandile Reuben. "Bail and the presumption of innocence: a critical analysis of section 60(1-1) of the criminal procedure Act 51 of 1977 as amended." Thesis, UWC, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3073.
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Magister Legum - LLMIn South Africa, as in most jurisdictions, the presumption of innocence is a guaranteed constitutional right. The rationale of the presumption lies in the protection which it offers, since a person charged with a criminal offence stands to lose dearly in personal liberty, in social life and psychological well-being. The presumption is, therefore, a pivotal element of a culture of democracy and human rights. This study is prompted by the realisation that the presumption of innocence, which ought to constitute one of the most fundamental rights in any criminal justice system, is being eroded steadily in South Africa. In this regard, a significant area of concern is the current bail laws which, in my estimation, make a big dent into the right to be presumed innocent. The bail laws are part of government’s policies directed at fighting crime. However, the pre-occupation with crime control measures threatens to reverse the hard-won rights of the accused and threatens to undermine individual liberty. Also, these measures are incompatible with the constitutional commitment to a culture of human rights.
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Makasana, Velile. "The onus of proof and presumption of innocence in South African bail jurisprudence." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020911.
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The South African criminal justice process is such that there is an inevitable lapse of time between the arrest of the offender and his or her subsequent trial. The pre-trial incarceration presents a special problem. Between the arrest of the accused and release, the accused is being deprived of his or her liberty in circumstances where no court of law has pronounced him or her guilty. The right to bail is well entrenched in South African criminal justice system both in the Constitution Act and Criminal Procedure Act. Bail is always in the form of contract between the State and the accused, even though at times it may be opposed by the State. In the past the legal position based on the case law was that the presumption of innocence in bail proceedings operated in favour of the applicant even where it was said that there was a strong prima facie case against him or her. This position has slightly changed in that the courts in bail applications are not concerned with guilt, but that of possible guilt only to the extent that it may bear on where the interests of justice lie in regard to bail. The onus of proof in bail applications, other than Schedule 5 and 6 offences is borne by the State. Where Schedule 5 or 6 is applicable the onus is on the applicant. There are different requirements between schedule 5 and 6 that must be met by the applicant before release on bail is granted. In Schedule 5 offences the bail applicant must satisfy the court that the interests of justice permit his or her release. In determining whether the interests of justice permit the release of a particular applicant on bail, the courts are guided by the provisions of section 60(4) to (9) inclusive of section (11B)(c) of the Criminal Procedure Act. In such determination the courts must also take into account of section 60(60)(a) to (g) of the Criminal Procedure Act. In Schedule 6 offences there are two requirements namely: the exceptional circumstances and the interests of justice. The term “exceptional circumstances” does not have a closed definition. Both requirements must be established by means of written or oral evidence to the satisfaction of the court before bail may be granted. As pointed out above, the State may still oppose the release on bail of the applicant. It is now accepted in bail applications that ordinary circumstances may in particular context be blended with exceptional or unusual elements. In such cases the court is expected to apply its independent evaluation of evidence in order to determine whether the exceptional circumstances in the interests of justice permit the release on bail. Similarly to the South African bail jurisprudence the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court recognises a right of the arrested person to apply for the interim release. It also recognises the need to establish exceptional circumstances for such release. The South African bail jurisprudence recognises the right to bail, and places reasonable and procedural limitations founded on the constitutional values and interests of justice. There are still practical challenges that need to be addressed as a results of the stringent requirements in section 60(11)(a) and (b) of the Criminal Procedure Act that relate to Schedule 5 and 6. It is therefore recommended that there is a need for the following: 1. Legislative intervention that will regulate and limit the time spent on investigations where bail has been refused. 2. Legislative intervention that will provide for an automatic review procedures in Schedule 5 or 6 offences where bail is refused on grounds that the interests of justice do not permit the release of the applicant on bail or for failure to prove exceptional circumstances. It is submitted that this may assist in reducing refusals of bail based on mistaken understanding of the law or facts or irregularities that may be prejudicial to the applicant or the administration of justice; or 3. Legislative intervention that will make it mandatory for a court that refuses to grant bail to reconsider its decision after a certain period in future provided that the trial has not been commenced with, in order to determine whether further incarceration is necessary or proportionate to the offence. It is submitted that this may assist the court to enquire into unreasonable delays on investigations or changed circumstances of the applicant in order to enable the court to reconsider its previous decision if necessary. This may further assist in offences where it is foreseeable that the trial court is likely to pass a partly or wholly suspended sentence in case of conviction. For example some cases fall within the scope of Schedule 5 by virtue of a previous conviction on Schedule 1 or release on bail on a Schedule 1 offence. The above recommendations may directly or indirectly contribute in balancing the scales of justice during the bail proceedings and its aftermath. These may contribute to the reduction of high numbers of the in custody awaiting trial prisoners while not compromising the current bail procedures.
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Boreiša, Ričardas. "Nekaltumo prezumpcija." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120703_143149-86752.
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Nekaltumo prezumpcija – pamatinis ir visuotinai pripažįstamas baudžiamosios teisės principas, įtvirtintas tarptautiniuose teisės tiek nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose. Šio principo postulatas reikalauja asmenį laikyti nekaltu, jei neįrodoma priešingai ir suponuoja būtinų procesinių taisyklių laikymąsi nustatant tam tikras proceso dalyvių teises ir pareigas. Tačiau nekaltumo prezumpcijos principas turi tam tikrų prieštaravimų, kurių esminis yra tai, kad baudžiamajame procese greta nekaltumo prezumpcijos egzistuoja jos antipodas - kaltumo prezumpcija. Jei tokios nebūtų, būtų neįmanomą prieš asmenį pradėti baudžiamąjį procesą ir taikyti jam procesines prievartos priemones. Vadinasi nekaltumo prezumpcija nėra ir negali būti suabsoliutinama baudžiamajame procese, tačiau visgi ji būtina kaip asmens teisių garantas.
Šiuolaikinėje baudžiamojoje teisėje, nors ir suvokiama nekaltumo prezumpcijos svarba žmogaus teisių užtikrinimo kontekste ir vienų mokslininkų laikoma objektyvia ir visuotinai privaloma teisine nuostata, visgi yra manančių, kad nekaltumo prezumpcija yra viso labo tik fikcija, neturinti praktinės reikšmės. Be to nekaltumo prezumpcija nebegalioja tik nuo to momento kai įsiteisėja kaltumą konstatuojantis teismo nuosprendis. Vadinasi kol vyksta ikiteisminis tyrimas, ar teismo procesas, daugelis aplinkybių dar nėra pilnutinai ištirtos, taigi nesibaigus teisminiam nagrinėjimui išlieka didėlė tikimybė nekaltai apkaltinti asmenį. Todėl praktikoje dažnai kyla nekaltumo prezumpcijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The presumption of innocence is the fundamental and general principle in the criminal law which is recognized both: internationally and nationally. The presumption of innocence - is the principle that one is considered innocent until proven guilty. This principle implies that there should be the certain and strict rules followed in the process while settling the rights and obligations of the participants of the criminal procedures. However this principle has some contradictions with other principles. The essential contradiction is with the presumption of guilt. Without the presumption of guilt there would be impossible to start the criminal proceedings and to impose coercive measures against any person. So the presumption of innocence is not and can not be considered as absolute principle, but the one which guarantees the implementation of certain rights of the person in criminal proceedings. Even though in modern criminal law the importance of the presumption of innocence to ensure human rights is realized and principle is considered as universally binding legal provision by many researchers, some researches express the opinion that presumption of innocence is pure fiction and that it has no practical significance. The presumption of innocence proceeds until someone is found guilty by final and valid court decision. Taking into the consideration mentioned above during the pre-trial investigation or during the trial many factors have not yet been fully explored and... [to full text]
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Jordan, James Campbell. "Interpretation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the presumption of innocence." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5229.
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Kabwe, Joshua. "Criminalising possession of unexplained wealth by public officials: legal perspectives from Zambia." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4409.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis paper attempts a comprehensive analysis of the offence of illicit enrichment in Zambia. It focuses on how the offence fits into the broader legislative framework in Zambia. More importantly, the paper addresses aspects of the offence related to the presumption ofinnocence, the protection against self-incrimination and the presumption of legality in the light of the Zambian Constitution to determine whether the concerns raised are legitimate. Also, considering the potential effectiveness of criminalising illicit enrichment by public officials, this study investigates whether the law in Zambia can be implemented to balance the constitutional rights of the accused and the right of society to recover illicitly obtained wealth. Finally, the research seeks to determine the possible challenges of implementing and prosecuting the offence, and its efficacy in the fight against corruption in Zambia.
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Bowers, Jonathan. "American and Norwegian Press' Approaches to Identification of Criminal Suspects or Arrestees: The Public's Right to Know Versus the Private Citizen's Right to Privacy, Reputation, and Presumption of Innocence." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13428.
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This thesis examines the processes the American and Norwegian press go through when identifying (or not) private citizens who are suspected of or arrested for a crime. Four central principles are explored in detail and elaborated upon as they relate to the press and individuals in the criminal justice system: the public's right to know, the right to privacy, protection of reputation, and presumption of innocence. Three Norwegian newspaper editors and an independent consultant to the Norwegian Institute of Journalism elaborated on how identification of criminal suspects is determined in Norway. The Norwegian case study provides an alternative approach to identification. Both legal and ethics solutions are proposed as a way to help protect the privacy, reputation, and presumption of innocence of private individuals suspected of or arrested for a crime but without unconstitutionally intruding on press freedom.
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Gimson, Rachel. "Captured red handed : the impact of social media on the evolving concepts of the criminal defendant and the presumption of innocence." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/67121/.
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Demiciano, Thiago de Oliveira. "Princípios constitucionais penais: provas e indícios." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2019. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/22004.
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The evidence is an important element inside the legal process, but it needs to be studied under the due Law Process to avoid convictions that are uttered without enough elements to diverge the presumption of innocence from the defendant. Before this affirmative, the historical shaping study of the rule of law and its influence on the practical appliance of the dignity principle of the human person. Therefore, the prosecution system was adopted as the criminal justice system, that has principles in accordance with the Federal Constitution as its basis, since there is an independent institution prosecuting and impartial judge of law, enabling, in a broad and contradictory way, so the defendant may file its own version of the facts and, eventually, adduce evidence. However, we must stress that there are constitutional principles that aim to protect the human dignity of all citizens under the criminal jurisdiction of the rule of law, imposing warranties and limiting the State punitive power. It is necessary to have evidence obtained in agreement with all the systematic of Due Law Process, and the consequence is being withdraw from the process and being disabled by the judges. To utter a condemnatory resolution, the evidences need to convince the court of its concreteness and authorship. For that matter, the signs must be seen as a diverse form of the direct evidences, because they don’t have the certainty and an effort is necessary by the interpreter to be able to extract plausible elements leading to the criminal conviction.
Os indícios são elementos importantes na disciplina do processo penal, mas precisam ser estudados sob a ótica do devido processo legal para evitar que condenações sejam proferidas sem elementos suficientes para afastar a presunção de inocência do acusado. Diante desta afirmativa, esta dissertação apresenta um estudo histórico da formação do Estado Democrático de Direito e sua influência para aplicação prática do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. O estudo aborda o fato de o país ter adotado como sistema processual o acusatório, que tem por bases princípios em consonância com a Constituição Federal. Há um órgão independente acusando e um juiz imparcial, possibilitando, de forma ampla o contraditório, ou seja, a defesa pode apresentar sua versão dos fatos e, eventualmente, produzir provas. A pesquisa ressalta ainda a existência de princípios constitucionais que visam proteger a dignidade humana de todos os cidadãos que estiverem sob jurisdição penal de um Estado Democrático de Direito, impondo garantias e limitando o poder punitivo do Estado. Durante o presente estudo, observa-se a necessidade da existência de provas obtidas de acordo com a sistemática do devido processo legal, sob pena do seu desentranhamento e inutilização pelo julgador. Para proferir um decreto condenatório, as provas precisam convencer o magistrado da autoria e materialidade. Neste sentindo, os indícios devem ser observados de forma diversa das provas diretas porque não possuem a certeza; daí a necessidade do esforço do intérprete para extrair elementos convincentes visando impor uma condenação penal. Assim, os elementos que compõem a prova indiciária são objeto principal de investigação desta dissertação
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Meade, John. "Forfeiture and due process, an analysis of the Proceeds of Crime Act, 1996 and its effect on the presumption of innocence in Irish law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22866.pdf.
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Faifi, Farai. "The presumption of gult created by Section 235(2) of the Tax Administration Act: a constitutional and comparative perspective." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012979.
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This research examined the legal nature of the presumption of guilt created by section 235(2) of the South African Tax Admiration Act and considered whether or not its practical application violates the taxpayer’s fundamental right contained in section 35(3) of the Constitution, which gives every accused taxpayer the right to a fair trial, including the right to be presumed innocent. The research also provided clarity on the constitutionality of this presumption because it has been widely criticised for unjustifiably violating the taxpayer's constitutional right to a fair trial. The conclusion reached is that the presumption created by section 235(2) of the Tax Administration Act constitutes an evidentiary burden rather than a reverse onus. It does not create the possibility of conviction, unlike a reverse onus where conviction is possible, despite the existence of a reasonable doubt. Therefore, it does not violate the accused taxpayer’s the right to a fair trial and the right to be presumed innocent and hence it is constitutional. Accordingly, the chances that the accused taxpayer will succeed in challenging the constitutionality of section 235(2) of the Act are slim.
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Rütter, Castro Aloys. "El Conflicto de la presunción de inocencia y la libertad de expresión e información en los procesos penales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664612.
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La Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos elevó a rango de derechos humanos a la presunción de inocencia, libertad de expresión y de información. El primero, sienta la piedra angular de los procesos penales bajo el sistema penal acusatorio. Mientras que los otros, constituyen piezas centrales para el adecuado funcionamiento de la democracia. No obstante, a pesar de su valor actual, encontramos situaciones en las que esos derechos colisionan, percibiéndose vulnerada la presunción de inocencia por medio del ejercicio de los derechos a expresarse libremente y a informar. El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar el conflicto entre estos derechos y proponer nuevas formas para tutelar adecuadamente el derecho a la presunción de inocencia ante las posibles vulneraciones ocurridas en ejercicio de la libertad de expresión e información.The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States elevated the presumption of innocence, freedom of expression and information to human rights. The first one is the cornerstone of criminal proceedings under the accusatory criminal system, while the other rights are central pieces for proper functioning of democracy. However, despite its current value, we find situations in which these rights collide and the presumption of innocence is perceived violated by the exercise of the rights to freely express and to inform. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the conflict between these rights and to propose new ways to adequately protect the right to the presumption of innocence at the light of possible violations that occur in the exercise of freedom of expression and information.
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Gonçalves, Marianna Moura. "Prisão e outras medidas cautelares pessoais à luz da proporcionalidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-21082012-115732/.
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O reconhecimento da presunção de inocência não se mostra incompatível com a admissão da prisão e de outras medidas de caráter pessoal no curso da persecução penal. Assim como os demais direitos fundamentais, a presunção de inocência não se mostra absoluta ou insuscetível de restrições. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro admite intervenções legítimas no âmbito de proteção da presunção de inocência, submetendo-as ao controle da proporcionalidade e do conteúdo essencial dos direitos fundamentais. A proporcionalidade serve como limite das intervenções e desdobra-se nos pressupostos, requisitos extrínsecos e requisitos intrínsecos já explorados. O descumprimento de qualquer destes pontos revela a desobediência à regra da proporcionalidade e, com isto, o caráter ilegítimo da intervenção no âmbito de proteção da presunção de inocência. Esta análise pode ocorrer tanto da perspectiva abstrata, examinando-se a previsão normativa, como da perspectiva concreta, analisando a aplicação e a execução da normaThe recognition of the presumption of innocence is inconsistent with the admission of the prison and other measures of personal character in the course of criminal prosecution. Like other fundamental rights, the presumption of innocence does not show absolute and subject to no restrictions. The Brazilian legal system admits intervention legitimate in the context of protection of the presumption of innocence, places them under the control of proportionality and the essential content of fundamental rights. Proportionality serves as a limit of interventions and unfolds in the assumptions, requirements extrinsic and intrinsic requirements already explored. The breach of any of these seven elements reveals the disobedience to the rule of proportionality and, thus, the illegitimate nature of the intervention under protection of the presumption of innocence. This analysis can occur from both the abstract perspective, examining the legislative provision, as the concrete perspective, examining the implementation and enforcement of the standard.
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Nakaharada, Carlos Eduardo Mitsuo. "Prisão preventiva: direito à razoável duração e necessidade de prazo legal máximo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-08042016-164648/.
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O direito à razoável duração do processo, inserido expressamente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro a partir do advento da Emenda Constitucional 45/2004, já poderia ser inferido desde a incorporação da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos, bem como ser considerado um corolário da garantia do devido processo legal. Todo indivíduo tem o direito a um processo sem dilações indevidas, em especial aquele que se encontre submetido a uma prisão preventiva, medida cautelar pessoal de extrema gravosidade. Nesse contexto, exsurge o direito que o indivíduo preso preventivamente tem de que o seu processo seja julgado em um prazo razoável ou de que ele seja desencarcerado, caso preso além da necessidade fática contida no caso concreto. Entretanto, a interpretação da garantia não pode restar somente à livre vontade dos aplicadores do direito, sendo necessária uma regulamentação legal efetiva da duração da prisão preventiva, por meio de prazos concretos nos quais o sujeito deverá ser posto em liberdade, ante a desídia estatal. Incorporando experiências estrangeiras, deve o legislador pátrio adotar marcos temporais legais, em que a prisão preventiva deverá cessar, caso excessivamente prolongada. Muito embora no ano de 2011 tenha sido reformada a tutela das medidas cautelares pessoais no Código de Processo Penal, o legislador ordinário não aprovou a imposição de limites de duração da prisão preventiva, permanecendo ao livre arbítrio das autoridades judiciárias a interpretação da garantia em referência. Assim, o Projeto de Lei do Novo Código de Processo Penal, atualmente em trâmite no Congresso Nacional, ao prever limites máximos de duração da prisão preventiva, dá uma efetiva regulamentação à garantia da duração razoável do imputado preso, devendo ser, espera-se, mantido no eventual texto final aprovado.The right to reasonable duration of process, inserted expressly into Brazilian law from the advent of the 45th Constitutional Amendment, of 2004, could already be inferred since the incorporation of the American Convention on Human Rights, as well as be considered a corollary of the due process of law clause. Each individual has the right to a process without undue delay, specially those submitted to preventive detention, personal precautionary measure of extreme severity. In this context, arises the right of the individual who is preventively arrested that his case is ruled within a reasonable time, or that he is set free, when remanded beyond factual necessity. However, the interpretation of such right cannot be left only to the free will of law enforcers, needing an effective legal regulation regarding the duration of preventive detentions, through concrete marks in which the individual must be set free, before the state negligence. Incorporating foreign experiences, Brazilian legislator must adopt temporal legal marks, in which preventive detention must cease, in case it is excessively delayed. Despite modification in 2011 of the legal regulation of personal precautionary measures contained in the Criminal Procedure Code, the ordinary legislator did not approve the imposition of limits of duration regarding preventive detention, remaining to the free will of judicial authorities the interpretation of the referred right. Thus, the Project of the New Criminal Procedure Code, currently in progress through the National Parliament, containing maximum limits of duration regarding preventive detention effectively regulates such guarantee thus must be, as expected, held in the final approved legal text.
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Miranda, Julio Gonzalo. "La prisión provisional como pena anticipada." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672290.
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La prisión provisional es utilizada aun en nuestros días como una pena anticipada. Esa percepción permitió analizar en el presente trabajo el instituto pretendidamente procesal bajo distintos prismas y con las herramientas que brindan diversas disciplinas. La base constitucional radica en la observación de la presunción de inocencia, principalmente en cuanto regla de tratamiento del imputado. La mirada social fue entendida dentro de las ciencias de comunicación y las funciones y problemas que se advierten en la actividad mediática dirigida al proceso penal en un Estado Democrático. La dogmática del instituto cautelar y el deslinde de los distintos elementos que conforman la decisión de encarcelamiento sin condena se detuvo en las dificultades que subsisten respecto del modo de justificar la medida tanto en sus fundamentos como en el plano probatorio. Finalmente, el estudio de las teorías de la pena permitió advertir la identidad de funciones que, en muchos casos, se verifica entre la prisión provisional y la pena, las cuales coinciden con una equivalencia de efectos y consecuencias que se advierten ilegítimas. Se defiende, en definitiva, que la medida cautelar no puede tomar los fines de la sanción.The provisional prison is still used today as an anticipated penalty. This perception allowed the analysis of the allegedly procedural institute in the present work under different prisms and with the tools provided by various disciplines. The constitutional basis lies in the observation of the presumption of innocence, mainly as a rule of treatment of the accused. The social view was understood within the communication sciences and the functions and problems that are noticed in the media activity directed to the criminal process in a Democratic State. The dogmatics of the precautionary institute and the demarcation of the different elements that make up the decision of imprisonment without conviction stopped at the remaining difficulties regarding the way to justify the measure both on its grounds and on the probative level. Finally, the study of the theories of punishment allowed us to notice the identity of functions that, in many cases, is verified between provisional imprisonment and punishment, which coincide with an equivalence of effects and consequences that are perceived as illegitimate. Ultimately, it is argued that the precautionary measure cannot take the purpose of the sanction.
La presó provisional és utilitzada fins i tot en els nostres dies com una pena anticipada. Aquesta percepció va permetre analitzar en el present treball l'institut pretesament processal sota diferents prismes i amb les eines que brinden diverses disciplines. La base constitucional rau en l'observació de la presumpció d'innocència, principalment pel que fa regla de tractament de l'imputat. La mirada social va ser entesa dins de les ciències de comunicació i les funcions i problemes que s'adverteixen en l'activitat mediàtica adreçada a el procés penal en un Estat Democràtic. La dogmàtica de l'institut cautelar i la delimitació dels diferents elements que conformen la decisió d'empresonament sense condemna es va aturar en les dificultats que subsisteixen respecte de la manera de justificar la mesura tant en els seus fonaments com en el pla probatori. Finalment, l'estudi de les teories de la pena permetre advertir la identitat de funcions que, en molts casos, es verifica entre la presó provisional i la pena, les quals coincideixen amb una equivalència d'efectes i conseqüències que s'adverteixen il·legítimes. Es defensa, en definitiva, que la mesura cautelar no pot prendre els fins de la sanció.
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Taylor, Max. "Politics and the presumption in favour of bail consideration of aspects of the Bail Act, NSW, 1978, in the period to the end of 2008. Discussion of the relative importance of various political factors that led to the neutralisation or reversal of the concept that is associated with the presumption of innocence /." Bachelor's thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/84254.
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Thesis (BA(Hons)) -- Macquarie University, Dept. of Politics and International Relations.Coursework. Submitted in (partial) fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Macquarie University, Dept. of Politics and International Relations, 2009. Includes bibliography.
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Bento, Patricia Stucchi. "O enfoque constitucional da decisão de pronúncia." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7418.
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Previous issue date: 2006-12-15The Brazilian Constitucion of 1988 established the Democratic State of law, gave priority to the information rules of the Brazilian State, guilding those fundamental principles as a basic guildeline of its constitucional legal system, having as main event the human dignity which assumes the function of integration part to the brazilian legal system. The Human Dignity became one habilitation implement to the brazilian law system, achivieng one punishing combination with the fundamentals rights. The presumption of innocence became a constitution object, acting as accused status, revelling one kind of treatment given, to identify him as the subject of the criminal procedure, rights and garanties owner´s . The principle of in dubio pro reo prevision became understood as obligee application, due its nature of procedure instruments established as inconditional garanty of the presumption of innocence. The Criminal Procedure Law, as the constitucional rights applied, resultanted of those constitucional rights and garanties, have the preservation job of the freedom and public order. The Criminal Procedure harmony is directed to the binomial, social pacification and human freedom, reaching its action limits. The justication of punishing system beyond constitucional rights, finds its reality in the instrumentality and procedural security, that make practical the justice application, in its proportional ways. Due the constitucional prevision of the criminal procedure principles, they achieve its finality serving public order, to reach the social pacifism of the human being. With this appearance, new fundamental justifing of its existence became understood instrumentality and garantees rules to gave viabilits the justice regeneration, penalty application, right garantees and individual freedoms, saving person against state abusive acts when exercising it jus puniendi. In this security model, with a clear observation of the garantees established the in dubio pro reo application as basis for jury indictment (408 Brazilian Criminal Procedure Code) demanding full knowledge of the felony, and not doubt of its occurence and satisfactory demonstration of the felony. The criminal judge observes his atuation as due process of law seeker in jury system, by the non application of the in dubio pro societa, that is a serious violation of the human rights. The achieve the presumption of innoncence and the in dubio pro reo application reaches a constitucional status, becaming applicable rules when the criminal law do not have explicited determination about that issue, by analogy, in case of doubt to disfavour the citizen accused or offender. The reception of the article 408 (Brazilian Criminal Procedure Code) demands a new legal basis which is Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988. A new interpretation of the article 408 (Brazilian Criminal Procedure Code) is necessary, based in the reason of the constitution principles and norms, that can not the same being explained with the same application and the same extension of other times and political system, in spite of the fact old verbal formulation
A Constituição Federal de 1988 ao instituir o Estado Democrático de Direito, realçou a importância das regras informadoras da sua respectiva organização, valorizando os princípios fundamentais como diretrizes básicas do ordenamento constitucional, tendo por núcleo essencial a dignidade da pessoa humana. O fundamento da dignidade da pessoa humana assume a atribuição de elemento de integração do ordenamento jurídico, proporcionando um sistema punitivo pautado nos direitos fundamentais. O princípio da presunção de inocência passa a ser dogma constitucional, preservando o tratamento dispensado ao acusado, identificando-o como sujeito de direitos da relação processual, titular de direitos e garantias. O princípio do in dubio pro reo surge como aplicação obrigatória dos casos de dúvida no processo penal, configurando como um dos instrumentos processuais probatórios eficientes para a preservação do estado de inocência. O Direito Processual Penal, enquanto direito constitucional aplicado, derivado dos direitos e garantias fundamentais, tem por finalidade a preservação da liberdade e da ordem pública. A harmonia do Direito Processual Penal está direcionada no binômio, da pacificação social e liberdade do indivíduo, encontrando assim os limites de sua atuação. A justificação do exercício da pretensão punitiva sob o prisma constitucional, condiciona sua existência na a instrumentalidade e o garantismo processual, que viabilizam a realização da justiça corretiva, a aplicação da pena, na devida proporção da sua necessidade e adequação. Neste modelo garantista é que se consolida a aplicação do in dubio pro reo como fundamento da pronúncia (art. 408, caput, do CPP), exigindo-se o pleno conhecimento do delito e demonstração suficiente da autoria da prática delituosa, condicionando a dúvida que milite a favor do acusado. O juiz togado vincula sua atuação de garantidor do devido processo legal no procedimento do júri, disso decorrendo a inaplicabilidade do in dubio por societate, não se podendo impor um conceito abstrato como instrumento de defesa da sociedade. O in dubio pro societa implica em grave violação direitos e garantias constitucionais possam resultar em prejuízo daquele em benefício do qual foram instituídos. A positivação do princípio da presunção de inocência e a aplicação do in dubio pro reo, que ganharam status constitucional, tornando-se regras aplicáveis na hipótese em que a lei não disponha expressamente de forma diversa, e principalmente, pela analogia, em caso de qualquer dúvida em desfavor do investigado ou acusado. A recepção do art. 408, caput, do CPP, impõe sua submissão a um fundamento de validade, sucedâneo de todas as normas infra-constitucionais: a Constituição Federal de 1988. A interpretação adequada do artigo 408, caput, do Código de Processo Penal é uma decorrência lógica, vez que necessita serem observados as normas e princípios constitucionais, para que estes possam coexistir de forma harmônica no nosso ordenamento jurídico
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Lascane, Neto Felipe. "O cumprimento de pena sem decisão transitada em julgado: efetividade processual versus presunção de inocência." Universidade Nove de Julho, 2018. http://bibliotecatede.uninove.br/handle/tede/1748.
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The dissertation aims at the examination of the decisions given by the Supremo Tribunal Federal that allowed the beginning of the prison penalty involving deprivation of liberty just after the decision of second instance instead of after the final judgment of the criminal case, according to the fifth article, item LVII, of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 -, moderating, in this form, the extension of the constitutional presumption of innocence, to the extent that as the provision textually in the norm consecrating the presumption of innocence doesn’t admit this abbreviation of the cessation of the state of innocent and consequently the arrest of person who does not have against him a finally decision.
A dissertação visa ao exame das decisões prolatadas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal que permitiram o cumprimento da pena segregativa da liberdade a partir da decisão de 2ª instância, e não mais a partir da sentença penal transitada em julgado, conforme dispõe o artigo 5º, inciso LVII, da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 - CR/88 -, mitigando, dessa forma, a extensão do princípio constitucional da presunção de inocência e promovendo uma mutação inconstitucional na medida em que o disposto textualmente na norma consagradora da presunção de inocência não admite esse abreviamento da cessação do estado de inocente e, consequentemente, o encarceramento de pessoa que não tem contra si uma decisão condenatória transitada em julgado.
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Oliveira, Luiz Andrey Viana de. "O princípio da presunção de inocência: sua mitigação frente à criminalidade." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1017.
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O objeto de estudo desta dissertação é uma análise quanto à mitigação do princípio da presunção de inocência, quando confrontado com as espécies de criminalidade. Na pesquisa
empírica realizada, foram levantados os dados, inicialmente os inquéritos policiais do ano de 2009, na cidade do Recife, relacionada às investigações de crimes contra a administração
pública, efetuados pela Delegacia Especializada de Repressão aos Crimes contra a Administração Pública, e as investigações de crimes de roubo realizados pela Delegacia Especializada de Repressão ao Roubo, analisando posteriormente a transformação destes inquéritos em processos, sendo levantados estes no Tribunal de Justiça de Pernambuco -
TJPE em seu site na internet, fazendo uma análise da relação do princípio da presunção de inocência com as medidas cautelares deferidas, o lapso temporal em relação à sentença de primeiro grau, os recursos interpostos, o lapso temporal em relação ao trânsito em julgado, bem como a análise da divulgação pela mídia dos fatos e pessoas investigados, sendo estes dados levantados através de pesquisa na internet pelo Google, tendo como filtro inicial os nomes das pessoas indiciadas. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisão de literatura, além do método estatístico/boleana. A análise qualitativa da pesquisa viabilizou a demonstração da mitigação do citado princípio de forma diferenciada a depender da criminalidade colocada à frente, se grave violenta ou grave não violenta Na revisão de literatura, estuda-se aspectos da verdade e justiça, a construção e desenvolvimento do princípio da presunção de inocência, bem como a utilidade das decisões. Analisa ainda as formas de controle e a atuação dos
meios de comunicação, a colisão de direitos fundamentais em relação ao princípio da presunção de inocência, bem como sua ligação com a seletividade em relação à criminalidade e sua relativização face à criminalidade grave violenta e não violenta.The aim of this study dissertation is analyzing on mitigation of the presumption of innocence principle when confronted with types of criminality. In the empirical research, data were initially collected from police inquiry in the year 2009 from Recife city, related to crimes investigations against public administration obtained from Specialized Police Department for Repression Crime against Public administration and the theft crimes investigations recorded by the Specialized Police Department of Theft Repression, analyzing later the evolution of this inquiry during lawsuit, collected from Pernambuco Justice Tribunal (TJPE) site, studying the relation between presumption of innocence principles and protective measures differed, the temporal limits related with the verdict of first degree, the appeals, temporal limits related with the process in judgment, the media divulgation by the facts and investigated persons were informations obtained from google research, doing a initial screening of indicted persons. The literature review and the statistical Boolean/method were applied in the methodology. The research qualitative analysis allowed to demonstrating the mitigation of this principle in a different way, according to the violent grave criminality or not violent grave criminality. The truth and justice aspects, the construction and development of the presumption of innocence principle, as well as the decisions utility were studied in the literature review founded in legal dogmas. The media communication way of control and act, the collision of fundamental rights and the presumption of innocence principle relation, besides the connection of the selectivity criminality and its connection with violent grave criminality and not violent grave criminality are also analyzed.
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Makhanu, Titus Barasa. "Recovering the Proceeds of Corruption: Why Kenya Should Foreground Civil Forfeiture." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8212.
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Magister Legum - LLMToday corruption is a major concern for most countries.1 Civil forfeiture of the proceeds of corruption has been embraced as a key strategy by many states in recovering public funds lost through corruption.2 It may be defined as a remedial statutory device designed to recover the proceeds of a crime as well as its instrumentalities.3 Originally, asset recovery regimes adopted by most states were predominantly criminal forfeiture. This mode of forfeiture is preceded by a conviction, after which the state takes possession of the proceeds of the crime from a convicted individual.4 Its proceedings are in personam and the standard of proof is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, actual forfeiture only takes place after the issue of a conviction order. As a consequence, it is always lengthy and often results in delayed realisation of the proceeds of crime. 5 The inherent weaknesses of criminal forfeiture gave birth to the idea of developing a civil forfeiture system.6 This mode is different from the former in that its proceedings are in rem. Hence the standard of proof is proof on a balance of probabilities and a conviction order is not required.7
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Antunes, Flavio Augusto. "Presunção de inocência e direito penal do inimigo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9050.
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Previous issue date: 2010-06-09Centro Universitário Assunção UNIFAI
The dissertation shall treat the principle of the presumption of innocence, by approaching its historical evolution and its current concepts within the legal system in which it is fitted. The mentioned principle shall be analyzed in the scope of international treaties and legal systems of other countries. The dissertation shall also deal with the so called criminal law of the enemy, as amended by the current doctrine of criminal law, by presenting its origins and the treatment it received in the legislation of other countries, in order to demonstrate the cases in which this right is currently previewed in the Brazilian legislation. At the end, a critical analysis on the possibility of harmonizing the principle of the presumption of innocence and the criminal law of the enemy shall be accomplished, by making some conclusive reflections on the paths of the criminal law in the future, by considering the coexistence of both systems
A dissertação tratará do princípio da presunção de inocência, abordando a sua evolução histórica e a sua conceituação atual, dentro do sistema legal em que enquadrado. Referido princípio será analisado no âmbito dos tratados internacionais e dos sistemas legais de outros países. A dissertação também cuidará do denominado direito penal do inimigo, conforme destaque da doutrina atual de direito penal, apresentando as suas origens e o tratamento que lhe foi dado pela legislação de outros países, para se demonstrarem, também, os casos em que esse direito é atualmente previsto na legislação brasileira. Ao final, buscar-se-á fazer uma análise crítica sobre a possibilidade de harmonização entre o princípio da presunção de inocência e o sistema do direito penal do inimigo, fazendo algumas reflexões conclusivas sobre os caminhos do direito penal do futuro, considerando a coexistência de ambos os sistemas
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Faillet-Sblandano, Margaux. "Le soupçon en droit." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1025.
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Fréquemment utilisé en droit pénal et procédure pénale mais également présent dans d’autres domaines de la matière juridique, le soupçon en droit n’a pourtant jamais fait l’objet d’une étude juridique transversale. Présent mais non encadré, le soupçon en droit laisse dans son sillage un certain nombre de dérives et d’atteintes à des principes ou droits fondamentaux. Cette constatation parachève l’idée d’une nécessaire conceptualisation juridique de la notion à travers notamment l’élaboration d’une définition. Partant du recensement des différentes manifestations du soupçon en droit la thèse a cherché à dégager les points convergents mais aussi les différences découlant de ces différentes utilisations du soupçon afin de la caractériser. La détermination du soupçon étant ainsi achevée, la question de son traitement s’est posée. D’un point de vue actuel, le constat a été celui d’une certaine subjectivation engendrée par l’utilisation du soupçon que ce soit de la part du législateur ou de celle du juge. Il en découle un certain nombre d’atteintes à des éléments pourtant essentiels tel que le principe de la présomption d’innocence mais également le principe de la légalité des délits et des peines ou plus généralement la nécessité d’une stabilité et d’une sécurité juridique. La volonté affichée par la thèse a alors été de proposer un encadrement juridique futur du soupçon qui permettrait de parer à ce risque de subjectivisme. Pour cela un travail définitionnel de la notion a été opéré. De cette définition, des propositions de réécriture de certains articles du Code de procédure pénale se sont imposéesFrequently used in criminal law and proceedings but also present in all the other Law matters, the suspicion has never been the subject of a legal study as it will here. Although the suspicion is closely linked to the legal matter as a whole, the first observation that can be made is that there is no legal definition of it. Present, but not clearly defined, the suspicion is an open door to all kind of abuses and could infringe fundamental rights and principles. This observation lead to the idea to make headway in the conceptualization of this notion, its delimitation and its definition. Therefore, beginning with the different legal appearances of the Suspicion - in the criminal law and above - the thesis tried to expose all the converging points and the differencies coming from all the uses of the suspicion in order to synthesise and define it clearly. We thus had to deal with the question within the following observations. From today’s point of view, the suspicion stay a subjective term whether it is use by the legislators or the judges. The main purpose of this thesis has been to suggest a futur legal framework for the notion of suspicion which could eliminate, or at least severely reduce the possibility of bias due to the subjectivism. For this to happen, we had to define, first of all, the notion distinctly from the twin notions of doubt, presumption, and then to propose a genuine legal definition of the suspicion. From this definition came some proposals to rewrite certain articles of the Criminal Code
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Rosenberg, Jennifer. "The penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act : in relation to article 6 in the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14192.
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The government of Sweden encourage the development of electricity produced from renewable sources by maintaining an electricity certificates system in which producers that use renewable sources in their production are given certificates. The system is regulated in the Swedish Electricity Certificates Act (lag (2003:113) om elcertifikat). To prevent fraudulent behaviour a penalty fee is charged upon producers that have recieved certificates due to incorrect or misleading information. The penalty fee can be appealed to a court but under the Electricity Certificates Act it is not allowed to reduce or adjust. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse if the penalty fee in the Electricity Certificates Act meets the requirements of legal certainty in article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention) including right to a fair trial and to be seen as innocence until proven guilty. The method used is analysing applicable sources in accordance with the Swedish legal hierarchy in which laws have the highest value. The Convention is incorporated into Swedish law and has the same legal value as such. Judgments from the European Court of Human Rights on the Swedish tax surcharge are used for guidance on how to interpret article 6 in the Convention. Two cases from Swedish courts concerning the penalty fee are used to find what problems the penalty fee encounters in a legal process. The rules on the penalty fee does not allow adjustments of it and circumstances in each case cannot be taken into consideration, therefore the penalty fee can be charged even when it would be unreasonable and there is a conflict with legal certainty in article 6 of the Convention. For that matter rules on evidentiary issues also has to be implemented. Courts can refuse to use rules which are in conflict with the Convention, but it is concluded that a change in regulation is needed.
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Pujadas, Tortosa Virginia. "Para una teoría general de las medidas cautelares penales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129639.
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In criminal proceedings are held before the final judgment, limitations of rights for preventive purposes. These restrictive measures are called precautionary measures. This thesis proposes a general theory for these acts: Based on the principle of necessity and the object of criminal proceedings, submits that those measures are justified by the existence of one or more risks for the valid performance of the process and the dangerousness of the defendant. The theory includes determining the basis for punitive preventive measures, materials and formal adoption requirements and the requirement of proportionality. It also proposes a methodology for practical application of theory and criteria to limit the use of remand. It addresses the analysis of the presumption of innocence as a rule of treatment, deriving their theoretical and practical virtuality in criminal proceedingsEn el proceso penal se dictan, antes de la sentencia definitiva, limitaciones de derechos con fines preventivos. Estas medidas limitativas son denominadas medidas cautelares. La presente tesis propone una teoría general para estos actos: A partir del principio de necesidad y del objeto del proceso penal, sostiene que aquellas medidas se justifican por la existencia de uno o varios riesgos para la válida realización del proceso y la peligrosidad del imputado. La teoría incluye la determinación del fundamento de las medidas cautelares penales, sus presupuestos materiales y formales de adopción y la exigencia de proporcionalidad. Se propone además una metodología de aplicación práctica de la teoría y unos criterios para limitar el uso de la prisión provisional. Además, aborda el análisis de la presunción de inocencia como regla de trato, derivando su virtualidad teórica y práctica en el proceso penal
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Guimarães, Júnior Juraci. "O CONTROLE JUDICIAL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDADE DA DEMOCRACIA PARTICIPATIVA NA LEI DE INICIATIVA POPULAR: Um estudo de caso a partir do julgamento pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal da (in)constitucionalidade da Lei da Ficha Limpa em relação à presunção de inocência e à irretroatividade das leis." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2015. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/661.
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Previous issue date: 2015-04-30The possibility and intensity of judicial review of participatory democracy in the popular initiative bill from the judgment by the Supreme Court of the Brasil of LC 135-2010, Law of Clean Record. After dealing the concept and evolution of direct and representative democracy to participatory democracy. Analyze the contours of democracy in the Brasil Federal Constitution of 1988 and the tension between democracy and the rule of law. Discuss to the various theoretical approaches to democratic deliberative aspects proceduralists and substantialists. The second step is to describe the political rights as fundamental rights, its concept, features and restrictions procedure. In a third step we discuss the legitimacy of judicial review in a democracy, addressing the various existing currents and contextualizing the legal reality and brazilian politics. Finally, it explains on the LC 135-2010, its participatory democratic formation and critically analyzes the reasons for the decision of the Brasil Supreme Court which ruled their (in) constitutionality.
A possibilidade e intensidade do controle judicial da democracia participativa no projeto de lei de iniciativa popular, a partir do julgamento pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal da Lei da Ficha Limpa. Inicialmente, aborda-se o conceito e evolução da democracia direta e representativa até a democracia participativa. Analisa-se os contornos da democracia na Constituição Federal de 1988 e a tensão entre a democracia e o Estado de Direito. Debata-se as diversas correntes teóricas democráticas até as vertentes deliberativas procedimentalistas e substancialistas. O segundo momento consiste em descrever os direitos políticos como direitos fundamentais, seu conceito, características e procedimento de restrição. Em um terceiro momento discute-se a legitimidade do controle judicial de constitucionalidade numa democracia, abordando as diversas correntes existentes e as contextualizando na realidade jurídica e política brasileira. Por fim, explana-se sobre a Lei da Ficha Limpa, sua formação democrática participativa e se analisa criticamente os fundamentos da decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal que julgou a sua (in)constitucionalidade.
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Bendjafer, Khalida. "La présomption d'innocence au sens de l'article 6§2 de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR0005.
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L’article 6§2 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme affirme que « toute personne est présumée innocente des faits qui lui sont reprochés jusqu’à ce que sa culpabilité ait été légalement établie ». Consacré sur le plan international et sur le plan national, le principe de présomption d’innocence est une constante dans les droits des pays du Conseil de l’Europe et il est le principe directeur de la procédure pénale. Néanmoins l’enjeu du procès pénal repose sur la recherche d'un équilibre entre les intérêts de la société et le primat de l'individu. À ce titre, l’opposition éternelle entre les intérêts de la société et celle du citoyen ainsi que la confrontation du principe avec d’autres principes fondamentaux (droit à l’information pour les journalistes) tendent à amoindrir la valeur de la présomption d’innocence. Malheureusement, l’affaiblissement de l’effectivité du principe s’observe sur l’ensemble des États membres, ce qui est d’autant plus inquiétant. C’est pourquoi, à travers cette thèse, j’ai voulu démontrer que le rôle du Conseil de l’Europe va au-delà de la simple exigence du respect des minimas imposés, il a un impact réel sur le droit positif de chaque État membre et il doit jouer un rôle plus affirmé pour renforcer les principes fondamentaux qu’il proclame. L’harmonisation des droits internes par le Conseil de l’Europe est une solution à envisager afin de renforcer l’effectivité du principe de présomption d’innocence. Bien que les prérogatives du Conseil de l’Europe soient limitées et que la rivalité avec l’Union européenne ne facilite pas l’objectif, il demeure le moteur principal en matière de promotion des droits de l’homme et l’impact de la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne en est une illustrationArticle 6§2 of the European Convention on Human Rights states that "everyone is presumed innocent of the facts alleged against him until his guilt has been legally established". Dedicated internationally and nationally, the principle of the presumption of innocence is a constant in the countries rights of Council of Europe and is the guiding principle of criminal procedure. Nevertheless, the issue of the criminal trial lies in the search for a balance between the interests of society and the primacy of the individual. As such, the eternal opposition between the interests of the society and the citizen as well as the confrontation of the principle with other fundamental principles (right to information for journalists) tend to undermine the value of the presumption of innocence. Unfortunately, the weakening affecting the effectiveness of the principle is observed in all Member States, which is all the more worrying. That is why, through this thesis, I wanted to show that the role of the Council of Europe goes beyond the simple requirement of respecting minimum imposed standards, it has a real impact on the positive law of each state member and he must play a more assertive role to reinforce the fundamental principles it proclaims. The harmonization of internal laws by the Council of Europe is a solution to be considered in order to reinforce the effectiveness of the principle of the presumption of innocence. Although the prerogatives of the Council of Europe are limited and the rivalry with the European Union does not facilitate the objective, it remains the main engine for the promotion of human rights and the impact of the European Court case-law is an illustration of this
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Carrasco, Jorge Carlos. "Prisões cautelares e princípios constitucionais." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5388.
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Previous issue date: 2010-10-18This paper proposes to address the constitutional principles in the prisons of interim nature under Brazilian law of criminal procedure. We aimed to establish the general objective points of reflection on the subject based on the analysis of necessity and uniqueness of precautionary detention, on the right to implement its temporary and possible conflict between that law and preserving the right to freedom. The specific objectives are delimited to present the history and characteristics of precautionary detention, its types and analyze the personal and social consequences of temporary detention. It was also subject of consideration the seriousness of the injunction, on an extremely exceptional character, imposed in order to establish the desired balance between the two duties of the State: - protection and security to society and security and protection of fundamental rights and freedom of the individuals it includes. The types of precautionary detention were reconsidered in light of the constitutional principles and guarantees by considering the purposes of preventive detention. According to the understanding of the Federal Supreme Court, the legitimacy of precautionary detention must be viewed based on the principle of non-culpability. It is necessary to study and demonstrate that precautionary detention is protected by its extraordinary character following the modern trends of Superior Courts of Law, attaching jurisprudence. For this research, we opted for bibliographical study on doctrines, jurisprudence and legislation pertinent to the theme. Thus, the study was justified and was relevant to show that all rules prior to the Federal Constitution which determines automatic and mandatory prison without real justification are revoked. All rules which prohibit the bail, when not justified in real need of arrest, such as those based solely on the seriousness of the crime, should be considered unconstitutional
O trabalho tem como proposta abordar os princípios constitucionais nas prisões de natureza cautelar previstas no ordenamento jurídico processual penal brasileiro. Procurou-se como objetivo geral estabelecer pontos de reflexão sobre o tema, a partir da análise da necessidade e excepcionalidade das prisões cautelares, do direito à sua execução provisória e eventual conflito entre esse direito e a preservação do direito de liberdade. Os objetivos específicos se delimitaram a apresentar o histórico e as características da prisão cautelar, suas espécies e analisar os reflexos pessoais e sociais da prisão preventiva. Foi também objeto de consideração a gravidade da medida cautelar, em caráter de extrema excepcionalidade, imposta com a finalidade pretendida de estabelecer o equilíbrio entre os dois deveres do Estado: - proteção e segurança à sociedade e garantia e proteção das liberdades e direitos fundamentais dos indivíduos que a integram. As espécies de prisão cautelar foram repensadas à luz dos princípios e garantias constitucionais considerando-se os fins da prisão preventiva. De acordo com o entendimento do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a legitimidade das prisões cautelares deve ser aferida tendo como norte o princípio da não culpabilidade. Procuramos estudar e demonstrar que as prisões cautelares são agasalhadas pelo manto da excepcionalidade seguindo as modernas tendências dos Superiores Tribunais, anexando para tanto jurisprudência pátria. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, optou-se pelo estudo bibliográfico em doutrinas, jurisprudências e legislações pertinentes à temática abordada. Assim, o estudo justificou-se e fez-se relevante para demonstrar que estão revogadas todas as normas anteriores à Constituição Federal que determinam a prisão processual automática e obrigatória sem justificação concreta. Devem ser consideradas inconstitucionais todas as normas que vedam a liberdade provisória, quando não justificadas na necessidade concreta da prisão, como aquelas baseadas exclusivamente na gravidade do delito
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Nga, Essomba Tergalise. "La protection des droits de l'accusé devant la cour pénale internationale." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30005.
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La protection des droits de l’accusé est tributaire du respect du procès équitable dans presque tout débat judiciaire. Ce faisant, la création de la CPI suscite une attention particulière en vertu non seulement de son caractère permanent et universel, mais aussi de l’ampleur des crimes internationaux qu’elle connait. Sous l’effet de cette configuration, la recherche laisse découvrir une protection à l’efficacité relative et utopique malgré l’exigence de compatibilité du droit applicable aux droits de l’homme internationalement reconnus. Toutefois, le respect apparent de ces droits, l’application du principe du contradictoire et l’exigence de la présence de l’accusé dans son procès ne garantissent pas l’effectivité de l’égalité des armes, l’exercice des droits de la défense et le respect de la présomption d’innocence. Au contraire, la prééminence du déséquilibre processuel, de la durée excessive des procès et du maintien en détention de l’accusé conduit à faire objection sur l’existence possible de la protection efficace des droits de l’accusé. La dite protection cède plutôt devant la lutte contre l’impunité, la délicatesse des victimes et témoins et la souveraineté des Etats. A l’issue de cette étude, il est nécessaire de procéder à un rééquilibrage des droits entre les parties et à une reconceptualisation de la compétence de la CourProtecting the rights of the accused depends in any legal debate on respect for a fair trial. In doing so, the creation of the ICC merits special attention by virtue not only of its being permanent and universal, but also the extent of international crimes with which it deals. As a result of this broad scope, research suggests any protective coverage is relative in its effectiveness and utopian, despite the requirement of compatibility of the law applicable to internationally recognized human rights. The apparent respect for these rights, the principle of due process and the requirement of the presence of the accused at his or her trial do not guarantee an effective equality of arms, the exercise of one’s rights or respect for the presumption of innocence. Instead, the procedural rule of imbalance, the excessive length of trials and the continued detention of the accused have led to objections about effectively protecting the rights of the accused. So-called protection gives way instead to the fight against impunity, the reticence of victims and witnesses and the sovereignty of States. Following this study, it is necessary to rebalance the rights of the parties and rethink the jurisdiction of the Court
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Brenes, Vargas Rodolfo. "Contribution à l'étude des abus de la liberté d'expression dans le domaine judiciaire : étude de politique criminelle : l'exemple de la France et du Costa Rica." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D018.
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La liberté d’expression est aujourd’hui considérée comme l’un des éléments essentiels d’une société démocratique. Sous l’impulsion de la jurisprudence européenne et interaméricaine des droits de l’homme, elle a acquis une dimension nouvelle et bénéficie d’une large protection. Cependant, et malgré son importance, cette liberté n’est pas absolue, elle doit être conciliée avec d’autres droits de valeur équivalente et des impératifs juridiques qui méritent aussi d’être protégés.Traditionnellement le moyen de régulation et de sanction des abus de la liberté d’expression a été le droit pénal. Cependant, le renforcement de la liberté a produit, de manière inversement proportionnelle, un phénomène de «retrait progressif» du droit pénal, lequel est considéré de moins en moins comme un mode «strictement nécessaire» etproportionnel de sanction par rapport au but poursuivi. Cette thèse analyse la pertinence du recours au droit pénal dans le domaine judiciaire, où la liberté d’expression se trouve souvent confrontée au droit à la présomption d’innocence, droit à la réputation, et aux impératifs de protection de l’autorité et de l’impartialité du pouvoir judiciaire. La question est abordée à partir d’une approche de politique criminelle, laquelle nous permet de déborder le champ du droit pénal, pour fairedes propositions de régulation et de sanction nouvelles, d’une nature autre que pénaleFreedom of speech is now considered one of the essential elements of a democratic society. Driven by the European and Inter-American Court of Human Rights, it has acquired a new dimension and has an extensive protection. However, despite its importance, this freedom is not absolute, it must be balanced with other rights of equal value and legal imperatives which also deserve protection. Traditionally the way of regulating and sanctioning abuses of freedom of speech was criminal law. However, the strengthening of the freedom has produced, inversely, a phenomenon of " gradual withdrawal " of criminal law, which is considered less and less as "strictly necessary" and is often viewed as a disproportionate mode of sanction in regards to the goal pursued. This thesis analyzes the relevance of the use of criminal law in the judiciary field, where freedom of expression is often confronted with the right to presumption of innocence, right to reputation, and the need to protect the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. The issue is studied from a criminal policy approach, which allows us to go beyond the field of criminal law to make proposals for new regulation and punishment by other means than criminal
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Oliveira, Junior Paulo Eduardo Duarte de. "Processo penal e mídia: a cultura do medo e a espetacularização dos juízos criminais." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3178.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a relação existente entre mídia, processo penal e controle social. Isso para saber a razão que fundamenta a exploração da notícia sobre o crime e sobre o investigado, pelos meios de comunicação de massa, bem como os reflexos deste trabalho da imprensa no resultado do processo, na sociedade, na pessoa do investigado e na política criminal. O método escolhido para o desenvolvimento do estudo foi o fenomenológico-hermenêutico e o seu resultado foi verificação de que a mídia explora a notícia sobre o crime com o único objetivo de atrair consumidores para os produtos de seus anunciantes. Contudo, desta conduta resulta a violação de muitos direitos de quem faz parte do processo penal, uma vez que a mídia mitiga a presunção de inocência e os direitos e garantias individuais do acusado. Isso porque promove julgamentos antecipados, que resultam na estigmatização de determinados cidadãos e na seletividade operada pelo próprio Estado, através de uma legislação simbólica, desenvolvendo o que se denomina de processo penal do inimigo. Por fim, a única saída para minimizar os reflexos da atuação midiática no processo é a veiculação da notícia sempre com esteio na presunção de inocência, ampla divulgação das sentenças absolutórias e condenações para as hipóteses de ilícitos causados pelo abuso do direito de informar.
The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between media, criminal and social control. That to know the reason underlying the exploitation of the crime and the investigation by means of mass communication as well as the reflections of this work of the press in the process output, in society, in the person of the investigation and criminal policy. The method chosen for the development of the study was the phenomenological-hermeneutic. And the result was the finding that the media operates on news of the crime with the sole purpose of attracting consumers to the products of their advertisers. However, this behavior results in the violation of many rights who is part of the criminal proceedings, since the media mitigates the presumption of innocence and the rights and individual guarantees of the accused. This is because it promotes early trials, which result in the stigmatization of certain citizens and selectivity operated by the state itself, through a symbolic legislation, developing what is called the prosecution of the enemy. Finally, the only way to minimize reflections of the media work in process is the placement of news always stay with the presumption of innocence, full disclosure of convictions and acquittals sentences for cases of illicit caused by abuse of the right to inform.
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Metenier, Julian. "La protection pénale de l'accusé." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1065.
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Le thème de la protection pénale de l'accusé, connu des pénalistes, mérite aujourd'hui d'être renouvelé sous un angle essentiellement probatoire, au regard de l'évolution actuelle du procès pénal. Situés au confluent de l'innocence et de la culpabilité, les droits et garanties accordés à l'accusé, entendu dans son acception conventionnelle, doivent être analysés en considération des principes fondateurs que sont la présomption d'innocence et les droits de la défense. L'évolution continue de ces deux principes, dans un sens diamétralement opposé, rejaillit inévitablement sur l'intensité et les modalités de la protection dont bénéficie toute personne suspectée ou poursuivie dans le cadre d'une procédure pénale.La présente étude, volontairement limitée à la phase préparatoire du procès pénal, se propose d'appréhender, dans un souci pratique et technique, les différentes évolutions jurisprudentielles et législatives opérées en la matière. Y seront ainsi abordées les principales problématiques actuellement rencontrées en procédure pénale telles que la question du statut juridique du suspect ou encore l'effectivité du principe du contradictoire dans l'avant-procès pénal. S'il peut être tentant, au premier abord, de conclure à un renforcement indiscutable de la protection pénale accordée à l'accusé, il conviendra alors de reconsidérer cette question à l'aune de l'étude des limites procédurales attachées au procès pénal. Loin d'aborder ce thème dans une optique partisane, il sera question de modération dans les propos tenus. En effet, peut-être plus que sur toute autre question de procédure pénale, il est impératif de savoir raison garderThe theme of the criminal protection of the accused, well-known to criminal specialists, today deserves to be renewed under a probationary essentially angle, in the light of current developments in the criminal trial. Located at the confluence of innocence and guilt, the rights and guarantees granted to the accused understood in its conventional sense, must be analyzed in consideration of the founding principles of presumption of innocence and the rights of the defense. The continuing evolution of these two principles, in a sense diametrically opposite, inevitably reflects the intensity and the terms of the protection afforded any person suspected or prosecuted under criminal proceedings.This study deliberately limited to the pre-trial phase, proposes to understand, in a practical and technical problems, the various case law and legislative developments carried out in the field. Will thus addressed the key issues currently faced in criminal proceedings such as the question of the legal status of the suspect or the effectiveness of the adversarial principle in the preliminary criminal trial. While it may be tempting, at first, to conclude an indisputable strengthening the criminal protection afforded to the accused, then it will be necessary to reconsider this issue in terms of the study of procedural limitations attached to the criminal trial. Far from addressing this issue in a partisan way, it will be about moderation in the remarks. Indeed, perhaps more than any other issue of criminal procedure, it is imperative to keep a sense of proportion
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Sastri, Reena. "James Merrill : knowing innocence /." New York : Routledge, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41092519r.
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Morrison, Nina. "The age of innocence." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6223.
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My work as a queer, feminist playwright is centered around reimagining the presentation of women and other marginalized people on stage. I write highly theatrical comedies meant to highlight and satirize aspects of presentation and representation related to gender, race and power. This play is titled The Age of Innocence, like the Edith Wharton novel which I have never read. I learned from the internet that Wharton wrote the novel in 1920 when she was 50 years old and thinking about her childhood days in New York City in the 1870’s long before the horrors of WWI. The novel is about the forbidden love and extramarital affair between very wealthy white people who cannot deny their love but are afraid of any impropriety that could threaten their wealth and social status. My play of the same title is inspired by Wharton’s novel and also by the very public breakup announcement made by famous television writer-director Jill Soloway and famous poet Eileen Myles. Soloway and Myles announced their breakup at a museum lecture that was supposed to be about queer media and queer literature. They decided to use the public speaking opportunity to publicly announce their breakup and process details of their relationship with the audience. My play is a comedy that borrows the premise of the Soloway Myles breakup announcement and a little of the structure of Wharton’s novel to examine gender presentation, race, privilege, romance and age.
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Carpenter, David. "The Age of Innocence [score]." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/216328.
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Music CompositionD.M.A
The Age of Innocence is an opera based on the 1920 novel by Edith Wharton. Set in New York high society of the 1870's, it tells the story of Newland Archer, a young lawyer, his fiancée May Welland, and her cousin, the Countess Ellen Olenska, who has returned to her native New York in an aura of scandal, having left her husband, the dissolute Polish Count Olenski, in Europe. Although Archer and Ellen fall in love, he nevertheless follows the expectations of his family and marries the lovely but conventional May. For her part, while she sees a life with Archer as an escape from her loneliness, Ellen cannot allow herself to betray her cousin, insisting that she and Archer can love each other only if they remain apart. This love triangle is unique because of the social pressures placed upon Archer: he is a product of New York society, which has taught him to believe in the factitious idea of female innocence, as personified by May. Though he questions this and other conventions of his society, he is unable to bring himself to abandon the safety of these social norms that govern every aspect of proper behavior in New York. It is Archer's love for Ellen that prompts him to challenge these standards, pointing out New York's hypocrisy in welcoming May's cousin back to America while at the same time treating her as a pariah for abandoning her husband in Europe. None of their objections to Ellen is explicitly stated, however, for this is a world which has a morbid fear of "the unpleasant"--that is, anything that would disturb the calm surface of society's politesse and social grace. It comes as no surprise, then, that Archer's desire for Ellen (especially after he marries May), becomes a potential social nightmare for his family and all of New York, as they ruthlessly plot to drive the two apart, and send Ellen back to Europe. The main challenge in creating an opera out of this story, in addition to streamlining a lengthy and complex plot, was to delineate both in the libretto and the music the realms of the said and unsaid--that is, what the characters say in public, and what they say to themselves or to others that represents their innermost feelings. In the libretto, this was achieved by drawing upon Wharton's dialogue and narration in the novel in order to create these private and public utterances, in the form of recitatives, arias, duets, or ensemble pieces. The language of the libretto has been fashioned to serve these different musical forms, with dialogue from the novel employed in moments of recitative; and freely-metered verse, with a modest use of rhyme, for the "numbers" of the opera. The music, meanwhile, employs a system of codes to define the realms of the said and unsaid--motives, sonorities and key relationships that bring into focus the interactions of the characters, especially Archer, Ellen and May as their drama plays out under the ever-watchful eyes of New York society. The music has also been rendered to bring out the stresses and meter of the text, and heighten the import of the words as sung by a particular character. I have attempted in my opera to bring to life the timeless themes of Wharton's novel: unfulfilled love, the individual versus society, the potential corrupting influence of desire, and the moral choices that human beings face as they wrestle with these common issues. Opera, through the language of music, is one of the few art forms capable of fully realizing these themes in a dramatic context--in this sense, it is just as relevant to our time as it was to Wharton's, and therefore remains a viable medium for the twenty-first-century composer.
Temple University--Theses
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Shaw, Jennifer L. "Redox non-innocence in macrocyclic complexes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438576.
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Sicksch, Lynsey Charlotte. "Auguries of Innocence: Failing Failed States." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104467.
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Thesis advisor: Gerald EasterThesis advisor: Timothy Crawford
Currently there are millions of people trapped within the confines of a failed state, where each day they are met with extreme risk in order to acquire the basic human needs. While these situations are easily classified as humanitarian emergencies, more often than not, the billions of dollars sent in aid harms the very communities they are charged to help. Through the case study of the world's most failed state, Somalia, this thesis defines and deconstructs state failure, explains life on-the-ground in Somalia, while suggesting solutions for the future
Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science
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Disque, J. Graham. "Narrative Therapy: Deconstructing Guilt and Reauthoring Innocence." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1997. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2830.
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Huang, Deguang. "Redox Non-innocence in Heteroleptic Macrocyclic Complexes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485477.
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Fratila, Stefana. "Decolonizing reconciliation : refusing settler innocence through sound." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57479.
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My thesis examines the possibility for decolonization in the aftermath of Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and proposes settler-shame as both generative and necessary to decolonizing and disrupting the patterns of ongoing colonial violence against Indigenous bodies. I specifically focus on how sound and performance can be used to critically engage and educate on both historical and ongoing colonial violence prevalent in settler-colonial society. I elaborate on how my own performances are an embodied form of settler-shame and put forward a sound technique I’ve called time-stretched witnessing. I draw on encounters within my own practice as an electronic artist/producer as a means of addressing the degree to which it might be possible to create space for meaningful knowledge sharing, memorialization, social transformation, and decolonization. To decolonize is to work towards a reconciliation that refuses ‘reconciliation’ as we have known it thus far, one that refuses settler innocence and encourages settler-shame, and centres Indigenous leadership, the return of land and an end to gender-based violence. Supplementary material : [http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57409]Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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DeBorde, Alisa Mariva. "Fire and ice in The Age of Innocence." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001394.
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Stephen, Emma Louise. "Redox non-innocence in transition metal macrocyclic complexes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580394.
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Abstract Chapter one introduces this thesis with a brief overview of macrocyclic chemistry and provides examples of macrocyclic complexes as well as briefly discussing the applications of macrocyclic complexes, the macrocyclic effect and the co-ordination chemistry of sulfur-based macro cyclic transition metal complexes. The concepts of paramagnetism and Jahn- Teller distortion are approached with respect to the target metal oxidation states Ni(III), Pt(III) and Pd(III). The overall aim of the work presented in this thesis is also stated. Chapter two continues from the concept of paramagnetism briefly discussed in chapter one and describes the technique of EPR spectroscopy and the energy terms associated with the EPR spin Hamiltonian such as the electron Zeeman interaction (g) and the hyperfine and superhyperfine coupling parameters (A, a). The limitation of this technique is discussed in terms of observed hyperfine splitting and the technique of ENDOR spectroscopy is introduced. Chapter three describes the chemistry of Ni(III) macrocyclic complexes and a brief history of 61Ni EPR spectroscopic studies. The Ni(II) complexes [Ni([9]aneNS2-CH3)2]2+ ([9]aneNS2-CH3 = N-methyl-l-aza-4, 7 -dithiacyclononane), 1 2-bis-(1-aza-4 7- , , dithiacyclononylethane), [Ni([9]aneS3)2]2+ ([9]aneS3 = 1,4,7 -trithiacyclononane) and I-phenyl-l-phospha-4,7- dithiacyclononane) have been prepared and can be chemically oxidized to gave the formal Ni(III) products [Ni([9]aneS3)2]3+, [Ni(bis[9]aneNS2-C2H4)]3+ and [Ni([9]aneNS2-CH3)2]3+ and [Ni([9]aneS2P-C6Hs)2]3+ which have been characterized by multi-frequency EPR spectroscopy. The multi-frequency X-, L-, S-, K- and Q- [Ni([9]aneS3)2]3+ and their 86.2% 61Ni-enriched analogues as both fluid and frozen 11 Abstract solutions were simulated. Treatment of the spm Hamiltonian parameters by perturbation theory reveals that the SOMO has 50.6%, 42.8% and 37.2% Ni 3dz' character m and [Ni([9]aneS3)2]3+ respectively, consistent with DFT calculations and reflecting delocalization of charge onto the S-thioether centres. EPR spectra for C8Ni([9]aneS3)2]3+ and [61,S8Ni([9]aneS3)2]3+ are consistent with a dynamic Jahn- Teller distortion in this compound. In contrast to [Ni([9]aneNS2-CH3)2]3+, [Ni(bis[9]aneNS2-C2H4)]3+ and [Ni([9]aneS3)2]3+, DFT calculations on [Ni([9]aneS2P-C6Hs)2]3+ reveal that the SOMO for this complex has 30.9% Ni 3dxy character. Chapter four details the chemistry of Pt(III) and that of Pt(II) macrocyclic complexes. The Pt(II) complexes [Pt([9]aneS3)2]2+ ([9]aneS3 1,4,7- trithiacyclononane), [Pt([18]aneS6)]2+ ([18]aneS6 1,4,7,1 0, 13, 16- hexathiacyclooctadecane) and [Pt([ 1 0]aneS3)2f+ ([ 1 0]aneS3 1,4,7- trithiacyclodecane) have been synthesised. The electrochemical two electron oxidation of [Pt([9]aneS3)2]2+ to [Pt([9]aneS3)2t+ in MeCN [0.2 M NBli4PF6, vs. Fe + IFc, N2, chemically reversible at 243 K] proceeds via an unusually stable [Pt([9]aneS3)2]3+ intermediate [E« = +0.37 V vs. Fc+IFc, ~E = 142 mY, A = 396 nm (5700)]. Single crystals of [Pt([9]aneS3)2](PF6kMeCN were grown from a solution following a limited one electron electrochemical oxidation of the parent Pt(II) complex [Pt([9]aneS3)2]2+. [Pt([9]aneS3)2](PF6)3.MeCN possesses a distorted octahedral geometry consistent with a J ahn- Teller distorted low-spin 5d7 Pt(III) centre. Multi-frequency EPR spectroscopy of chemically-generated [Pt([9]aneS3)2]3+ in HCI04 at Q-, X-, S- and L-band show that [Pt([9]aneS3)2]3+ undergoes a dynamic Jahn-Teller distortion in solution which was minimised at 80 K to reveal rhombic parameters. Treatment of the Spin Hamiltonian reveals that the Pt Sd» orbital iii Abstract contribution to the SOMO of this Pt(III) species, supported by DFT calculations is :S 30.4% and reflecting the non-innocence of the thioether crown macrocyc1e. In addition to this, DFT calculations identify significant spin density on four protons pendant to the macrocyc1ic backbone. The couplings associated with these protons were confirmed by S- and X-band EPR spectroscopy and studied further by double resonance methods to reveal that these protons interact with the Pt 5dz2 orbital through an orbital through-bond interaction. A comparative multi-frequency EPR spectroscopic study was undertaken on the chemically-generated complexes [Pt([18]aneS6)]3+ and [Pt([10]aneS3)2]3+ in 70% HCl04. Interpretation of the spin Hamiltonian parameters reveals that the Pt 5dz> orbital contributions to the SOMOs of these Pt(III) species are :S23.8%. Pt(III) solid state structures were unobtainable for [Pt([18]aneS6)]3+ and [Pt([10]aneS3)2]3+, but attempts to isolate [Pt([l 0]aneS3)2]3+ led to the isolation of the octahedral Pt(IV) complex [Pt([l 0]aneS3)2] (Cl04k(H30)2 [Pt- S = 2.3610(11), 2.3552(10), 2.3792(11) A]. Chapter five begins with a discussion of Pd(III) chemistry and the chemistry of Pd(II) with macrocyc1ic ligands. The Pd(II) complexes [Pd([9]aneS3)2]2+ ([9]aneS3 = 1,4,7-trithiacyc1ononane) and [Pd([18]aneS6)f+ ([18]aneS6 = 1,4,7,10,13,16- hexathiacyc1ooctadecane) have been prepared and can be chemically oxidized to gave the formal Pd(III) products [Pd([9]aneS3)2]3+ and [Pd([18]aneS6)]3+, which have been characterized by X-ray crystallography and multifrequency EPR spectroscopy. The single of crystal X-ray structures distorted octahedral stereochemistries for the Pd centres with Pd-S distances of [2.3692, 2.3695(8), 2.5356(9) A] and [2.3454(5), 2.3490(6), 2.5474(6) A] respectively, consistent with the Jahn- Teller distorted geometry expected for d7 Pd(III) complexes. Further to the chemical oxidation, [Pd([9]aneS3)2](PF6)2 shows a iv Abstract one-electron oxidation process in MeCN [0.2 M NBll4PF6, 293 K] at Ey, = +0.57 V vs. F c + IF c assigned to a formal Pd(III)/Pd(II) couple. Multi-frequency EPR spectra of [Pd([9]aneS3)2]3+ and [Pd([18]aneS6)]3+ as both fluid (X-band) and frozen (Q-, X-, S- and L-band) solutions were simulated. Treatment of the spin Hamiltonian parameters by perturbation theory reveals that the SOMO has 21.8% and 25% Pd character in [Pd([9]aneS3)2]3+ and [Pd([18]aneS6)]3+ respectively, consistent with DFT calculations and reflecting the significant electronic charge distributed over the S-thioether centres. Both [Pd([9]aneS3)2]3+ and [Pd([18]aneS6)]3+ exhibit a clear five line superhyperfine splitting in the g== region in the EPR spectra. Double resonance spectroscopic measurements supported by DFT calculations have shown that four protons pendant to the macrocyclic backbone give rise to this feature through a through-bond interaction with the Pd 4dz2orbital. Chapter six concludes this thesis with a discussion on the overall conclusions to the work on the transition metal macrocyclic complexes presented in this thesis. v
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Kawamoto, Marcia Tiemy Morita. "Historical representation in the age of lost innocence." Florianópolis, SC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/96206.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura CorrespondenteMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-26T09:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 301634.pdf: 842053 bytes, checksum: dd25a3227e92023945dbcb9552c518b7 (MD5)
This research discusses the representation of French youth's culture in the late 60's in a postmodern context of critical debates, through a comparative analysis between Gilbert Adair's novel The Holy Innocents (1988), its filmic adaptation The Dreamers (2003) by Bernardo Bertolucci and Adair's second version of his novels The Dreamers (2004). Through the theoretical framework of Fredric Jameson's interpretation of art as a capital product and Linda Hutcheon's concept of historiographical metafiction, the analysis shall demonstrate that these texts represent the historical context of the May 68 uprise through a combination of nostalgia and irony. This combination results in a postmodern contradiction which indicates a need to revise history from a contemporary perspective in which longing and distance are two main issues. In this sense, historical representation becomes more than a view of the past, it is also a reflection on the postmodern context.
Esta pesquisa discute a representação histórica da cultura francesa jovem no final da década de 60 em um contexto pós-moderno de debates críticos, por meio de uma análise comparativa entre o romance de Gilbert Adair, The Holy Innocents (1988), sua adaptação fílmica, The Dreamers (2003), de Bernardo Bertolucci e a sua segunda versão do romance de Adair The Dreamers (2004). Como quadro teórico, essa pesquisa utiliza a interpretação de Fredric Jameson da arte como um produto capital e o conceito de Linda Hutcheon de metaficção historiográfica. Em vista disso, a análise deve demonstrar que estes textos representam o contexto histórico do movimento francês Maio de 1968, por meio de uma combinação entre nostalgia e ironia. Essa combinação resulta em uma contradição pós-moderna, que revela uma necessidade de revisar a história por meio de uma perspectiva contemporânea em que falta e distanciamento são dois tópicos principais. Neste sentido, a representação histórica se torna mais do que uma visão do passado, ela também é uma reflexão sobre o contexto pósmoderno.
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Hagiwara, Takao. "The theme of innocence in Miyazawa Kenji's tales." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27103.
Full textAbstract:
Miyazawa Kenji (1896-1933), an exceptionally prolific poet and children's story writer, was little appreciated by his contemporaries, but after his death his literary fame grew rapidly. This neglect can be traced to a lack of understanding of Kenji's cosmology which gave rise to his unique sense of innocence. He expressed this sense of innocence through both his literature and his life. This dissertation is an attempt to clarify the nature of Kenji's idea of innocence as exemplified, specifically, in his tales.
Chapter 1 presents a biographical sketch of Kenji. It provides the necessary contextual information for analyzing his tales and explores the ways in which he expressed innocence in his life. Indeed, Kenji's life closely parallels his literature and can be seen as a "meta-text," as yet another tale whose central theme is innocence.
Chapter 2 dicusses the relationship between Kenji's ideas of innocence and "the other world," or ikukan. in terms of certain dichotomies such as Iwate (nature) vs. Tokyo (culture), art (imagination) vs. life (reality), and life vs. death. These conceptual pairs will also be considered in relation to another opposition, the center-periphery or "unmarked-marked" opposition.
Chapters 3 and 4 focus on how Kenji uses symbolism in his tales to express his ideas of innocence. Ideas from a wide variety of sources, including psychoanalytic theory, various schools of literary criticism, anthropology and religion, are used in analyzing Kenji's symbolism. These chapters will establish that Kenji's innocence is of cosmic scale and is often expressed through mandala-like images in which the center and the periphery interpenetrate.
Chapter 5 examines stylistic features of Kenji's tales such as his use of Iwate dialect, songs, onomatopoeia, and scientific vocabulary, in their relationship to the Issues of innocence, ikukan and the center-periphery dichotomy.
The conclusion attempts to provide a synthetic view of innocence in Kenji. This chapter argues that Ken j is ideas of innocence are best understood in relation to his cosmology which can be explained in terms of a special type of cyclicity and circularity. Indeed, the structure of Kenji"s universe may be compared to that of the Mobius strip in which ends are connected to beginnings through a simple half twist; this built-in twist generates the vital and energetic innocence seen in Kenji's literature as well as in his life.Arts, Faculty of
Asian Studies, Department of
Graduate
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Carpenter, David. "The Age of Innocence: an opera in two acts." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/132444.
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Music CompositionD.M.A.
The Age of Innocence is an opera based on the 1920 novel by Edith Wharton. Set in New York high society of the 1870's, it tells the story of Newland Archer, a young lawyer, his fiancée May Welland, and her cousin, the Countess Ellen Olenska, who has returned to her native New York in an aura of scandal, having left her husband, the dissolute Polish Count Olenski, in Europe. Although Archer and Ellen fall in love, he nevertheless follows the expectations of his family and marries the lovely but conventional May. For her part, while she sees a life with Archer as an escape from her loneliness, Ellen cannot allow herself to betray her cousin, insisting that she and Archer can love each other only if they remain apart. This love triangle is unique because of the social pressures placed upon Archer: he is a product of New York society, which has taught him to believe in the factitious idea of female innocence, as personified by May. Though he questions this and other conventions of his society, he is unable to bring himself to abandon the safety of these social norms that govern every aspect of proper behavior in New York. It is Archer's love for Ellen that prompts him to challenge these standards, pointing out New York's hypocrisy in welcoming May's cousin back to America while at the same time treating her as a pariah for abandoning her husband in Europe. None of their objections to Ellen is explicitly stated, however, for this is a world which has a morbid fear of "the unpleasant"--that is, anything that would disturb the calm surface of society's politesse and social grace. It comes as no surprise, then, that Archer's desire for Ellen (especially after he marries May), becomes a potential social nightmare for his family and all of New York, as they ruthlessly plot to drive the two apart, and send Ellen back to Europe. The main challenge in creating an opera out of this story, in addition to streamlining a lengthy and complex plot, was to delineate both in the libretto and the music the realms of the said and unsaid--that is, what the characters say in public, and what they say to themselves or to others that represents their innermost feelings. In the libretto, this was achieved by drawing upon Wharton's dialogue and narration in the novel in order to create these private and public utterances, in the form of recitatives, arias, duets, or ensemble pieces. The language of the libretto has been fashioned to serve these different musical forms, with dialogue from the novel employed in moments of recitative; and freely-metered verse, with a modest use of rhyme, for the "numbers" of the opera. The music, meanwhile, employs a system of codes to define the realms of the said and unsaid--motives, sonorities and key relationships that bring into focus the interactions of the characters, especially Archer, Ellen and May as their drama plays out under the ever-watchful eyes of New York society. The music has also been rendered to bring out the stresses and meter of the text, and heighten the import of the words as sung by a particular character. I have attempted in my opera to bring to life the timeless themes of Wharton's novel: unfulfilled love, the individual versus society, the potential corrupting influence of desire, and the moral choices that human beings face as they wrestle with these common issues. Opera, through the language of music, is one of the few art forms capable of fully realizing these themes in a dramatic context--in this sense, it is just as relevant to our time as it was to Wharton's, and therefore remains a viable medium for the twenty-first-century composer.
Temple University--Theses
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Ng, Magdalene Y. L. "Innocence and guilt detection in high-stakes television appeals." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2016. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/32621/.
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The present thesis explored the cognitive and affective mechanisms underlying the cues used to make innocence-guilt decisions in the high-stakes situation of television appeals in which people appeal publicly for the return of a loved one. Two aspects of the processes involved in making judgements of veracity were studied. Part 2 examined the interaction between explicit and implicit judgments. The studies in Part 2 experimentally manipulated aspects of 12 appeals to test hypotheses about the heuristics judges used to determine veracity. The hypotheses in these studies were initially based on the central assumption that in the absence of unambiguous information judges will draw on heuristics to make veracity judgments. These cognitive shortcuts were hypothesised to lead to biases in innocence-guilt judgments. The innocence bias was introduced as a potential predisposition that stood to be tested. Results did not reveal a consistent innocence or guilt bias. Rather, while all four experiments in Part 2 indicated the presence of different underlying cognitive processes across all experimental conditions, the results from these studies would appear to challenge the existence of any intrinsic tendency towards biases. In Part 3, the context of the appeals was taken as the basis for the assumption that truthful people would give clearer indications of grief than ones who were lying. Multivariate cues were analysed simultaneously using 39 appeals, with a theoretical basis drawn from the grief literature. Eight previously unidentified aspects consisting of verbal cues drawn from grief literature are found to distinguish honest and deceptive appeals with high accuracy and reliability. The work thus contributed to the initial understanding of the interaction between explicit and implicit decisions in making innocence-guilt judgments. Standing models of cognitive processing and their implications for the present thesis were also discussed. Contingent upon further clarification of cognitive processes involved during innocence and guilt verdict decision-making, the findings are particularly germane to the area of televised press conferences and have implications for police and practice.
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Greenwood, Holly. "Exploring the UK innocence movement : tension, reconfiguration and theorisation." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/99857/.
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This is the first in-depth empirical research into the UK “innocence movement,” which refers to the establishment of innocence projects (IPs) across the UK. IPs are university clinics in which students investigate cases of alleged miscarriages of justice. The Innocence Network UK (INUK) was founded in 2004 and assisted in the development of thirty-six IPs across the UK. This thesis utilised empirical methods undertaking semi-structured interviews with past and present leaders of IPs and other criminal appeal units. It provides three original insights into the UK innocence movement. First, it explored the distinctive model of IPs offered in the core literature and identified several underlying tensions within it. However, the research found the majority of sampled IPs did not conform to this model. Thus for heuristic purposes, and to examine the contrasting aims and objectives of criminal appeal clinics, the thesis sets out two ideal types and uses the evidence from interviews to place the sampled projects along a continuum between these. This section illustrated that the tensions within the literature model of IPs resulted in the sampled projects either evolving away from this approach, or not adopting it in the first place. Secondly, the thesis asks whether the innocence movement can be seen to follow a “rise and fall” trajectory, as the initial expansion of INUK was followed by its closure and the demise of several IPs. Instead, it is argued that the movement is better understood as having undergone a reconfiguration, and that the future landscape for miscarriage of justice work looks likely to be very different from that portrayed in the literature. Finally, the thesis adapts Luhmann’s Social Systems theory as a theoretical framework for examining the evolution of the UK innocence movement. The analysis concludes that this can provide theoretical insights into why the original aims and objectives of IPs were not realised. Insight is also drawn from Nobles and Schiff and their account of systems theory, which is used to further explore the tensions within the IP concept. The thesis conclusion reflects on the findings and offers suggestions for future research opportunities in these areas of legal education and analysis.
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Fajardo, Mori Martín. "The Presumption of Labor in the New Labor Procedure Law." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118189.
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This article focuses on the analysis and use of the institutions that are used in the new work process in order to give effective protection to workers in a process who were imposes a minimum duty of proof, and in turn, serve to combat fraud in hiring.El presente artículo se enfoca en el análisis y usos de las instituciones que se utilizan en el nuevo proceso laboral con el fin de dar un tutela efectiva a aquellos trabajadores dentro de un proceso a quienes se les impone un deber mínimo de probanza, y, a su vez, sirva para combatir el fraude en la contratación laboral.
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Starbuck, Nicole Sari. "Backyard Bedsides: An Exploration of the Loss of Childhood Innocence." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/244787.
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Backyard Bedsides is a series of paintings that explore the loss of innocence associated with childhood abuse and premature sexual discovery. The work focuses on the psychological and emotional repercussions of such events on prepubescent behavior and adolescent development. The images reference composite photographs, scientific studies, statistics, testimonials, and personal experience. The paintings also examine how color, composition, and context can be used to express feelings of isolation, confusion, and conflict. In this way, the paintings depict not realistic space, but psychological space. They provide a glimpse into the mind of the abused.