Books: 'The price determined'

1

Canzoneri, Matthew B. Is the price level determined by the needs of fiscal solvency? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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2

Harvey, Campbell R. What determines expected international asset returns? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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3

Özçam, Mustafa. An analysis of the macroeconomic factors that determine stock returns in Turkey. Ankara: Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu, 1997.

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4

Dhawan, Rajeev. What determines the output drop after an energy price increase: Household or firm energy share? Atlanta, Ga.]: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 2007.

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5

Cashing in on the Dow: Using Dow theory to trade and determine trends in today's markets. Chicago, Ill: John Magee, 1998.

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6

Grant, Keith B. Investigation of methodologies used by less-than-truckload (LTL) motor carriers to determine fuel surcharges. Ames, Iowa: Midwest Transportation Consortium, c/o Iowa State University, 2007.

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7

John, Huber. Geigen, Bestimmung der Preise: Geigen und Bogen, was bestimmt ihren Wert? = Violin, price determination : violins and bows, what determines their value? Frankfurt/M., West Germany: E. Bochinsky, 1988.

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8

Prianto, Fajar Wahyu. Analisis dornbusch sticky price model pada determinan fluktuasi nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dollar Amerika Serikat: Laporan penelitian dosen muda. Jember]: Universitas Jember, 2007.

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9

Walker, Craig A. Surveys to determine the current distribution of roundtail chub, flannelmouth sucker, and bluehead sucker in the Price River drainage, during 2002. Salt Lake City, Utah: Utah Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources, 2003.

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10

The small business valuation book: Easy-to-use techniques that will help you-- determine a fair price, negotiate terms, minimize taxes. Avon, MA: Adams Business, 2008.

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11

David, Bowers Q., ed. Photograde: A photographic grading encyclopedia for United States coins : a guide to evaluating the features which determine the price of rare coins. Wolfeboro, N.H: Bowers and Merena Galleries, 1990.

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12

Koppelaar, Rembrandt, and Willem Middelkoop. The Tesla Revolution. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982062.

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Though oil prices have been on a downward trajectory in recent months, that doesn't obscure the fact that fossil fuels are finite, and we will eventually have to grapple with the end of their dominance. At the same time, however, skepticism about the alternatives remains: we've never quite achieved the promised 'too cheap to meter' power of the future, be it nuclear, solar, or wind. And hydrogen and bio-based fuels are thus far a disappointment. So what does the future of energy look like? The Tesla Revolution has the answers. In clear, unsensational style, Willem Middelkoop and Rembrandt Koppelaar offer a layman's tour of the energy landscape, now and to come. They show how rapid technological advances in batteries and solar technologies are already driving large-scale transformations in power supply, while economic and geopolitical changes, combined with a growing political awareness that there are alternatives to fossil fuels will combine in the coming years to bring an energy revolution ever closer. Within in our lifetimes, the authors argue, we will see changes that will reshape economics, the balance of political power, and even the most mundane aspects of our daily lives. Determinedly forward-looking and optimistic, though never straying from hard facts, The Tesla Revolution paints a striking picture of our global energy future.

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13

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Commerce Committee. Public hearing before Senate Commerce Committee: Testimony to examine the underwriting factors and rating systems used by private passenger automobile insurers to determine driver eligibility and premiums for insurance coverage; this examination will include, but not be limited to, information concerning the use of occupation and education to determine driver eligibility and premiums : [June 12, 2006, Trenton, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: The Unit, 2006.

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14

Rose, Adam, Dan Wei, and Antonio Bento. Equity Implications of the COP21 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the equity implications of the “bottom-up” approach to climate change negotiations by analyzing the individual country unconditional greenhouse gas reduction pledges specified in the COP21 Agreement of 2015. It compares the implications before and after emissions trading in terms of the standard equity metrics of the Gini coefficient and Atkinson index for three major countries/regions: the European Union, China, and California. The chapter adapts a nonlinear programming model well suited to this purpose that determines the equilibrium emissions allowance price, mitigation costs, and allowance purchases and sales from trading. It also tests the sensitivity of the results to macroeconomic conditions and technological change. The findings are that the pledges made at COP21 reflect substantial inequality in general and run counter to most equity principles. They are definitely a major departure from the Egalitarian, Vertical, and Rawlsian equity principles proposed for many years by developing countries.

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15

Krause, Timothy A. Pricing of Futures Contracts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0015.

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This chapter examines the relation between futures prices relative to the spot price of the underlying asset. Basic futures pricing is characterized by the convergence of futures and spot prices during the delivery period just before contract expiration. However, “no arbitrage” arguments that dictate the fair value of futures contracts largely determine pricing relations before expiration. Although the cost of carry model in its various forms largely determines futures prices before expiration, the chapter presents alternative explanations. Related commodity futures complexes exhibit mean-reverting behavior, as seen in commodity spread markets and other interrelated commodities. Energy commodity futures prices can be somewhat accurately modeled as a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) process, although whether these models provide economically significant excess returns is uncertain.

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16

Kaboudan, Mak. Computational Spatiotemporal Modeling of Southern California Home Prices. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.13.

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Average quarterly price changes in six contiguous southern California cities are obtained and used, first, to determine if price changes in contiguous cities are spatiotemporally contagious, then to forecast each city’s average prices for four quarters (or one year, 2014). In order to capture the contagious effects, a spatiotemporal contagion response measure is proposed and computed. The measure quantifies the responsiveness of residential home-price changes in one location (or city) to lagged price changes in another location. Average home characteristics (such as square footage and number of bedrooms), as well as lagged average quarterly mortgage rates, lagged average quarterly unemployment rates, and lagged average quarterly price changes of all locations, are input variables used to estimate the response measures and produce price forecasts. Models and forecasts are obtained first using genetic programming then compared to outcomes obtained using linear regressions.

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17

Pillow, Michelle M. Determined Prince: A Qurilixen World Novel. Raven Books, The, 2018.

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18

(Firm), James Bain, ed. [Circular]: Having determined to withdraw the undermentioned blank forms from my stock, I shall, until 1st February next, offer them at a price barely the cost of the paper ... [Toronto?: s.n., 1986.

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19

Golda Meir: A Strong Determined Leader. Penguin Publishing Group, 2017.

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20

Adelstein, Richard. Crime and Punishment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694272.003.0010.

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This chapter elaborates the operation of criminal liability by closely considering efficient crimes and the law’s stance toward them, shows how its commitment to proportional punishment prevents the probability scaling that systemically efficient allocation requires, and discusses the procedures that determine the actual liability prices imposed on offenders. Efficient crimes are effectively encouraged by proportional punishment, and their nature and implications are examined. But proportional punishment precludes probability scaling, and induces far more than the systemically efficient number of crimes. Liability prices that match the specific costs imposed by the offender at bar are sought through a two-stage procedure of legislative determination of punishment ranges ex ante and judicial determination of exact prices ex post, which creates a dilemma: whether to price crimes accurately in the past or deter them accurately in the future. An illustrative Supreme Court case bringing all these themes together is discussed in conclusion.

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21

Adelstein, Richard. Trials and Bargains. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694272.003.0011.

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Almost every criminal conviction in the United States is achieved by guilty plea, and the system of plea bargaining that creates this outcome is closely examined in this chapter and briefly compared with case dispositions in inquisitorial systems. Adversarial and inquisitorial trials as ways to determine criminal liability and liability prices are compared, and the origins of plea bargaining in rising caseloads and elaborate rights and procedures in adversarial trials are discussed. How plea bargaining works and whether it puts a price on the right to trial are examined, and the Supreme Court’s effort to regulate it for efficiency and fairness is reviewed. Bargaining in the United States and England are compared, and European approaches to rising caseloads are considered in light of the imperatives of inquisitorial procedure. Plea bargaining is a window on criminal liability everywhere, a last give-and-take over price in a system of involuntary entitlement exchange.

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22

Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.5 Content, third party rights and conditions, s.1: Content, Art.5.1.7. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0090.

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This commentary focuses on Article 5.1.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the determination of contractual price. According to Art 5.1.7, where a contract does not fix or make provision for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, to have made reference to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such performance in comparable circumstances in the trade concerned or, if no such price is available, to a reasonable price. This commentary discusses failure to determine the price by the parties, determination of the price according to the market price or a reasonable price, determination of the price by one of the parties, determination of the price by a third person, determination of the price with reference to external factors, and allocation of the burden of proof.

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23

Homburg, Stefan. Net Worth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807537.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 focuses on producers’ net worth. It joins a large strand rooted in the financial literature, which points out that under asymmetric information, producers need own equity to obtain credit. Incorporating this assumption yields scenarios with endogenous borrowing limits and shows that small variations in credit requirements have large macroeconomic consequences. A second theme concerns an unresolved problem of general equilibrium models. These determine equilibrium prices from decisions of producers and consumers who are ostensibly aware only of market prices and their own characteristics, i.e., technologies and preferences. However, consumers must also know current profits because these enter their budget constraints. As profits are determined in equilibrium, a logical circle emerges. Stock manias can be interpreted as situations where consumers overestimate profits; conversely, stock market crashes may reflect underestimations of profits. The text shows that misguided profit expectations as such do not have the expected impacts on economic activity.

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24

Determined Prince (Captured by a Dragon-Shifter): A Qurilixen World Novel. USA: The Raven Books LLC, 2014.

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25

Efficiently inefficient: How smart money invests and market prices are determined. 2015.

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26

Pedersen, Lasse Heje. Efficiently Inefficient: How Smart Money Invests and Market Prices Are Determined. Princeton University Press, 2015.

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27

Pedersen, Lasse Heje. Efficiently Inefficient: How Smart Money Invests and Market Prices Are Determined. Princeton University Press, 2019.

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28

Kert, Faye Margaret. Prize and Prejudice. Liverpool University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780968128817.001.0001.

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This journal examines privateering and naval prizes in Atlantic Canada in the maritime War of 1812 - considered the final major international manifestation of the practice. It seeks to contextualise the role of privateering in the nineteenth century; determine the causes of, and reactions to, the War of 1812; determine the legal evolution of prize law in North America; discuss the privateers of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the methods they utilised to manipulate the rules of prize making during the war; and consider the economic impact of the war of maritime communities. Ultimately, the purpose of the journal is to examine privateering as an occupation in order to redeem its historically negative reputation. The volume is presented as six chapters, plus a conclusion appraising privateering, and seven appendices containing court details, prize listings, and relevant letters of agency.

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29

Wolff, Jonathan. Economic Justice. Edited by Hugh LaFollette. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199284238.003.0018.

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Under conditions of imperfect knowledge a price system is essential for signalling information about surplus and shortage of particular goods, relative to demand. A profit system is essential to give individuals an incentive to respond to changing prices. Accordingly, any attempt to produce according to a central plan — however rational this may seem in theory — will destroy both information and incentives. Prosperity presupposes markets. Yet it would be wrong to identify the market with pure capitalism, in which the exercise of property rights may lead to deep inequality. If we are concerned with both efficiency and justice we must determine how far we can depart from capitalist forms of the free market, in the name of justice, without losing ‘too much’ of its efficiency advantages. The complex topic is: Justice must be balanced against efficiency and perhaps other values. How this is to be achieved forms an important part of the present discussion.

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30

Caffin, Elizabeth. Aotearoa/New Zealand. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the history of publishing, particularly of the English-language novel, in Aotearoa/New Zealand since 1950. It begins with a review of the local book scene during the period 1950–1965, when aspiring novelists faced many publication difficulties, such as the dominance of the local fiction market by British publishers and the power of publishers to fix and determine retail prices and bookseller discounts. It then turns to the years 1965–1980, when serious literary novels began to attract attention, and the 1980s, when New Zealand fiction gained overseas recognition after the 1984 novel the bone people by Keri Hulme won the 1985 Booker Prize. The chapter also examines important developments in the 1990s, such as the emergence of small independent publishers like Tandem Press and the proliferation of book festivals, and since 2000, including the expansion of internet bookselling and the rise in popularity of e-books.

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31

Sheimo, Michael D. Cashing in on the Dow: Using Dow Theory to Trade and Determine Trends in Today's Markets. AMACOM/American Management Association, 1997.

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32

Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Profit and Supply for Farms and Firms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0012.

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Chapter 12 begins by explaining why firms exist. The chapter then presents some data on the diversity of commodity production and profitability by farm size. The analytics of profit maximization when the firm operates in a competitive environment and is a price taker are then presented. The chapter determines the rule that guides production in order to maximize profit when the firm is a price taker. This analysis leads to a derivation of the firm’s (farm’s) supply curve. The chapter also explains what factors may cause a shift in the supply curve. The chapter explains the difference then between the supply curve and the supply function for a commodity. The chapter closes by emphasizing the main point of this chapter: any consideration of growing alternative commodities must consider revenue and cost differences.

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33

Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Demand and Supply. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0014.

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Chapter 14 introduces the ideas of consumer and producer sovereignty and addresses the questions: Who determines the prices and quantities of food in our food system? Consumers? Producers? Both? The chapter demonstrates that market prices and quantities occur where consumers and producers come together in the market as represented by the market supply and demand curves. The chapter shows how changes in demand and supply will affect prices and quantities in the market. Using the demand and supply framework, the chapter analyzes the expected impact of a proposed tax on sugar sweetened beverages to decrease caloric intake. The chapter ends with a demonstration and discussion of the effects of multiple changes in demand or supply on the market equilibrium prices and quantities.

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34

Trollope, Anthony. The Prime Minister. Edited by Nicholas Shrimpton. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199587193.001.0001.

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‘Though a great many men and not a few women knew Ferdinand Lopez very well, none of them knew whence he had come.’ Despite his mysterious antecedents, Ferdinand Lopez aspires to join the ranks of British society. An unscrupulous financial speculator, he determines to marry into respectability and wealth, much against the wishes of his prospective father-in-law. One of the nineteenth century’s most memorable outsiders, Lopez’s story is set against that of the ultimate insider, Plantagenet Palliser, Duke of Omnium. Omnium reluctantly accepts the highest office of state; now, at last, he is ‘the greatest man in the greatest country in the world’. But his government is a fragile coalition and his wife’s enthusiastic assumption of the role of political hostess becomes a source of embarrassment. Their troubled relationship and that of Lopez and Emily Wharton is a conjunction that generates one of Trollope’s most complex and substantial novels. Part of the Palliser series, The Prime Minister’s tale of personal and political life in the 1870s has acquired a new topicality in the early twenty-first century.

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35

Weller, Patrick. Prime Ministers and Cabinet Government. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199646203.003.0006.

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All prime ministers insist that their government practises cabinet government, and that stories of prime ministerial government are exaggerated. This chapter explores how cabinet government is interpreted in each system. Does it require a formal meeting or is it a process of consultation and coordination? This chapter identifies the different interpretations of collective responsibility. It traces the different routines that are used in the preparation of cabinet submissions and how agendas for cabinet are determined. It shows how cabinets are used in the different countries: for information, for endorsement, or for decision. The trend has differed across countries; the differences can be traced through rules of attendance, use of committees, and attitudes to the process. Cabinet government works more in decision mode in Australia and New Zealand than in Canada and Britain.

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36

Maskaeva, Asiya, and Mgeni Msafiri. Youth unemployment hysteresis in South Africa: Macro-micro analysis. 20th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/954-9.

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This study simulates the macro-micro economic impacts of the employment policy, focusing on hysteresis in youth unemployment in South Africa. Specifically, we apply a dynamic computable general equilibrium model to calibrate the 2015 South African Social Accounting Matrix to estimate, compare, and determine the impact of employment policy on youth unemployment as well as on aggregate economic outcomes. We simulate two scenarios where we reduce the import price of fuel by 20 per cent. Then, the total government savings from the reduced transport subsidy are reallocated to the education sector to support the unemployed youth. The research findings indicate that demand for youth labour increases in the long run, resulting in a decline in the unemployment rate. Moreover, the consumer price index decreased more than nominal income, thereby increasing household purchasing power and, potentially, easing poverty.

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37

Office of the Ohio Consumers' Counsel, ed. Puzzled by natural gas prices?: Learn how natural gas prices are determined, the factors that affect pricing and what that means to you. Columbus: Ohio Consumers' Counsel, 2004.

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38

Weller, Patrick. The Job. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199646203.003.0003.

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Prime ministers have no job description. They must exercise their prerogative powers to run the systems of government but, apart from those duties, they must determine what they see as important, how they will spend their time and what priorities they will set. This chapter explores how they approach their job; it identifies the importance of prior experience. Some prime ministers have never even been in office and must learn fast to define a strategy and learn how to manage their colleagues, even while they come to terms with the challenges of the job. Others have decades of experience and know what they want to do. Prime ministers’ working practices will differ; there is no one proper way of doing the job, even though they will share a number of common dilemmas.

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39

Adelstein, Richard. The Exchange Order. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694272.001.0001.

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This book illuminates a comprehensive social system that comprises explicit markets, tort liability, and criminal liability, and describes each of these three institutions as serving the same function in different social and physical circumstances. It defines exchanges as compensated transfers of rights and objects among individuals, and shows that markets, tort, and crime each operate to organize and facilitate, to govern, exchange of a particular kind of right in a particular exchange environment to which its own rules and procedures are well suited. Under perfect conditions, each operates to move rights and objects from lower- to higher-valuing owners by requiring every taker of rights to compensate every loser in full for the costs of the taking. Markets can organize voluntary exchange of property rights only where theft can be deterred, but when rights or objects are stolen, an involuntary transfer is initiated, and markets are incapable of organizing the completion of the involuntary exchange by compensating the victim. This is the role of tort and criminal liability, which complete the involuntary transaction begun by the theft by imposing a compensatory liability price on every offender equal to the costs imposed by the theft. Marginal-cost pricing in markets controls voluntary, lawful cost imposition by distinguishing inefficient from efficient cost imposition and encouraging the latter, and corrective justice in tort and crime, each in an institutional domain determined by the character of the rights being traded, controls involuntary, unlawful cost imposition in the same way.

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40

Addison, Tony, and Atanu Ghoshray. Pandemics and their impact on oil and metal prices. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/914-3.

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We examine the effect of pandemics on selected commodity prices—in particular, those of zinc, copper, lead, and oil. We set up a vector autoregressive model and analyse data since the mid-nineteenth century to determine how prices reacted to pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish Flu, 1957 Asian Flu, and 1968 Hong Kong Flu. We control for demand and supply fundamentals to generate forecasts from the point of outbreak, and we consider whether any pattern can be deduced in reactions to adverse global shocks. Results are varied, depending on choice of commodity and magnitude and type of response. No clear conclusions are possible from past pandemics, and we conclude that at the time of writing, forecasts are difficult to make in the ongoing current pandemic too. We conclude by estimating impulse response functions to assess likely impact and the subsequent response of commodity prices to the shock.

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41

Pritchett, Lant, Kunal Sen, and Eric Werker. Searching for a ‘Recipe’ for Episodic Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0011.

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This concluding chapter brings together the evidence gathered in the ten case studies. It concentrates on two key questions. First, what ignites growth within a country? Then once growth is ignited how is it maintained? The framework highlights that how the political settlement and rent space interact determines the deals space in which elites operate. Feedback loops, both positive and negative, exist within the case studies analysed. Transnational factors such as commodity price movements on international markets, the role of foreign donors, foreign direct investment, and neighbourhood effects can all have a significant impact on transitions between growth episodes. Implications for development policy are considered.

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42

Mandujano Miranda, Laura Araceli, and Enrique Armas Arévalos. Competitividad Internacional de las Empresas Exportadoras de Aguacate Michoacano a Estados Unidos: Un Estudio de Caso del Municipio de Tacámbaro. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33110/cep.ininee.11.2021.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to determine how quality, price and tech - nological innovation influence the competitiveness of avocado exporting companies of the municipality of Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico in the United States Market. To this end, a theoretical review was carried out, starting with classical theories until reaching the theory of competitive ad - vantage and finally reviewing models of competitiveness. To evaluate the influence of the variables, a questionnaire was applied to collect informa - tion, which was processed in the SPSS program. The results obtained show that the independent variables significantly influence the competitiveness of avocado exporting companies from Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico in the United States Market

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43

Keiser, Jessica. Varieties of Intentionalism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0008.

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In Imagination and Convention: Distinguishing Grammar and Inference in Language, Ernie Lepore and Matthew Stone offer a multifaceted critique of the Gricean picture of language use, proposing in its place a novel framework for understanding the role of convention in linguistic communication. They criticize Lewis’s and Grice’s commitment to what they call ‘prospective intentionalism,’ according to which utterance meaning is determined by the conversational effects intended by the speaker. Instead, they make a case for what they call ‘direct intentionalism’, according to which utterance meaning is determined by the speaker’s intentions to use it under a certain grammatical analysis. I argue that there is an equivocation behind their critique, both regarding the type of meaning that is at issue and the question each theory is attempting to answer; once we prise these issues apart, we find that Lepore and Stone’s main contentions are compatible with the broadly Lewisian/Gricean picture.

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44

Greer, Ian, Karen Breidahl, Matthias Knuth, and Flemming Larsen. Marketization and Transaction Modes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785446.003.0003.

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Marketization in this book is conceptualized in terms of the features of transactions that produce competition between providers. The organization of competition between providers is an important feature of policymaking because it affects the way that public policy is articulated in front-line public services. This chapter distinguishes among three transaction modes under which marketization proceeds along very different lines: grants (which are prior to marketization), purchasing (which is the subject of public procurement law), and vouchers (which rely on customer choice of clients). The chapter then analyzes these in terms of four features of the transaction that determine the intensity of competition between providers: the price mechanism, openness, prescription, and frequency.

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45

Kelly, Martina. Difficult Conversations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190849900.003.0010.

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Evaluation of the medical humanities/health humanities is contentious. Medicine, steeped in a world of accountability, seeks evidence of effectiveness or impact, where evidence is confined to the measurable. Medical humanities, an eclectic interdisciplinary field, values the experiential, more suited to descriptive, qualitative forms of investigation. Rather than prize one approach over the other, clinician educators need to be methodologically flexible. The decision about which approach to use is best determined by the question(s) they wish to answer. This chapter briefly reviews some of the tensions medical educators face when deciding how to evaluate their teaching. It outlines a number of approaches to evaluation and gives examples from the medical humanities literature. Finally, it provides some resources to direct further inquiry.

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46

Adelstein, Richard. Property and Utility. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694272.003.0004.

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This chapter shows how government constrains ownership in pursuing its objectives, considers the police power and eminent domain as alternative ways of achieving them in light of the dispute between Locke and Bentham, and introduces a central concept of the book, involuntary exchange. Exercising its police power, government may destroy the value of property without compensation, but eminent domain takings require that owners be paid full compensation for their loss. Eminent domain thus governs involuntary exchanges, compelled sales of property to government at a price equal to the replacement value of the property taken, and constitutes an organizational midpoint between markets and liability as institutions to govern exchange. The Supreme Court’s problematic attempts to distinguish between the two powers, and determine when a taking has been for public use, are considered, and two modern scholarly attempts to address the takings question, one Benthamite and one Lockean, are compared.

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47

Scott, Peter. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783817.003.0001.

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This chapter provides an overview and contextualization of the study. Following a discussion of the importance of consumer durables as markers of affluence (at the level of the household and of society in general), the chronology of the mass-market consumer durables revolution is sketched out. The next section explores the problems involved in creating mass markets in inter-war Britain, owing to both income constraints and notions of respectability which placed limits on conspicuous consumption, while associating consumer credit with recklessness and living beyond one’s means. There follows a discussion of how creating mass markets involved coordinating value chains—the sequence of steps from design and manufacture to retail that collectively determine the good’s format, price, and distribution channels. Finally, the structure of the book is set out and there is a brief discussion of how the study goes about reconstructing the story of the inter-war consumer durables revolution.

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48

HP, Lee. 5 The Judiciary under Siege: The 1988 Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755999.003.0006.

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This chapter explores the constitutional and political dimensions of the crisis that rocked the Malaysian judiciary in 1988. For the first time in Malaysian legal history, the highest judicial officer in the land was suspended and, after an inquiry to determine whether he should be removed for alleged misbehaviour, was subsequently removed. Following this unprecedented development, two other senior judges of the Supreme Court were also removed from office after an inquiry by a second tribunal. The political dimension cannot be divorced from the constitutional dimension because the legal and constitutional manoeuvrings were consonant with political skirmishes that involved, at one stage, the political survival of Prime Minister Mahathir.

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Iversen, Les. 5. Making new medicines. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198745792.003.0005.

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‘Making new medicines’ outlines the process of developing and marketing new drugs. Advanced techniques provide scientists with many potential receptor targets. Compounds which may affect the target are tested in vitro. If they appear to work further tests are carried out, increasing in complexity from cells to whole organisms. Animal trials help forecast toxicity and determine dosages. Finally, three-phase clinical trials occur in humans. Pharmaceutical companies then submit their data to the government for approval, before the drug can be sold. The lengthy and expensive process often results in high drug prices. A relatively new class of medicines—monoclonal antibodies—is having a major impact in treating hitherto untreatable conditions.

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Al-Rasheed, Madawi. The Son King. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197558140.001.0001.

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The murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul by regime operatives shocked the international community and tarnished the reputation of the young, reformist Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman. This book situates the murder in the context of the duality of reform and repression and challenges common wisdom about the inevitability of the latter. The author dismisses defunct views about the inescapable ‘Oriental Despotism’ as the only pathway to genuine reform in the country. Focusing on the prince’s divisive domestic, social and economic reforms, the author argues that the current wave of unprecedented repression is a function of the prince consolidating his power outside of the traditional consensus of royal family members and influential Saudi groups. But the divisive populist nationalism bin Salman has adopted, together with repressing the diverse critical voices of religious scholars, feminists and professionals, has failed to silence a vibrant young Saudi society and an articulate and connected youth cohort. Due to its repression, Saudi Arabia is now producing asylum seekers and refugees who seek safe havens abroad to pursue their quest for freedom, equality and dignity. While the regime continues to pursue them abroad and punish their families at home, exiled activists are determined to continue the struggle against one of the most repressive monarchies in the Arab world.

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Books on the topic 'The price determined'

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