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Herings, P. Jean-Jacques. "Endogenously determined price rigidities." Economic Theory 9, no. 3 (April 4, 1997): 471–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001990050137.
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Herings, P. Jean-Jacques. "Endogenously determined price rigidities." Economic Theory 9, no. 3 (October 1997): 471–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01213850.
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Astuti, Adni Dwi, and Moh Syaiful Anwar. "Determinan Harga Saham Pertambangan di Indonesia." Al-Tijary 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/at.v5i1.1662.
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The purpose of this research is to know the influence of profitability, solvency, and commodity prices on the stock price of mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2008-2018. Some aspects used in research include financial ratios such as ROE (Return of Equity), EPS (Earning per share of common stock) for variable profitability and DER (Debt to Equity Ratio) for solvency as well as the addition of external factors Like commodity prices to see how it affects the price of the stock. This research is conducted by the documentation method using data from the financial report of the mining company obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website. The analytical methods used in the research are the classical assumption test analysis and the data regression panel. This research uses a data mining company registered in Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) in 2008 – 2018 as 5 companies from 27 registered companies. The results of the Common-Constant estimation method (Pooled Ordinary Least Square/PLS) found that DER and EPS influence the stock price of the mining company partially, While commodity prices do not have a significant effect against the stock price of mining companies. ROE, DER, EPS and commodity prices do not have a significant effect on the stock price of mining companies, it can be demonstrated by the R-Squared 0.150565 value which means the above variables affect only 15.05% and the remaining 84.95% is determined by other variables not researched in this study.
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Adams, Charles M., Fred J. Prochaska, and Thomas H. Spreen. "Price Determination in the U.S. Shrimp Market." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 19, no. 2 (December 1987): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025371.
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AbstractThe monthly and quarterly price determination processes for 31–40 and 21–25 size classes of raw-headless shrimp were examined to determine price leadership between market levels. Causal relationships were assessed using Haugh-Pierce, Sims, and Granger methods. Price models at the retail, wholesale, and exvessel market levels were estimated. Economic factors analyzed were income, prices of competing products, landings and imports of raw headless shrimp, total retail supply, beginning stocks, and marketing costs.Monthly prices generally exhibited unidirectional causality from exvessel to retail price. Quarterly prices were determined interdependently among market levels. Price responses between market levels were found to be symmetric with beginning stocks, landings, and imports of own-size shrimp the most important determinants of price.
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Arısoy, Hasan, and Zeki Bayramoğlu. "Determination of the Effect of Price Fluctuations on Producer Income – the Case of Potatoes." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 11 (October 30, 2017): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i11.1342-1349.1356.
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Prices of agricultural products fluctuate depending upon several factors. In Turkey, potatoes are one of the main products for which price fluctuations are observed. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of the fluctuation in potato prices on producer incomes in Turkey. The Neyman Method was used to determine the sample size. The number of enterprises required to achieve a representative sample size was determined to be 56, with a 5% error margin and a 95% reliability limit. The way in which the potato cultivation area is affected by price was examined. The Koyck model was utilized for this purpose. By using Koyck analysis, average lag time was calculated to be approximately 1 year. This result indicates that the fluctuation in potato prices has quite a rapid effect on production. It was determined that producer income varies greatly depending on annual potato prices. The difference between estimated potato price and the actual price for the year 2012 resulted in an income loss of 11,198.6 $/ha. Some sustainable efforts such as production planning can be recommended to prevent these price fluctuations.
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Mat, Burak, Mehmet Saltuk Arikan, Mustafa Bahadir Çevrimli, Ahmet Cumhur Akin, and Mustafa Agah Tekindal. "Causality Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Consumer Price of Veal: The Case of Turkey." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (August 3, 2020): 6257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156257.
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It is interesting to identify the reasons and the direction of the correlation between the input/output prices and the macro/micro parameters in animal production processes. In the present study, the time series of the monthly data between the years 2014 and 2019 were analyzed to examine the factors that affected the consumer price of carcass meat in Turkey. An attempt was made to identify the relationship between the consumer price of carcass meat and the prices of cattle fattening feed, the exchange rate of the dollar, producer price index (PPI), and the agricultural PPI, which were anticipated to affect the consumer price of carcass meat as determined by the Granger causality analysis. According to econometric analysis results, when there is a change in carcass producer price, cattle fattening feed and PPI in the short term, the consumer price of carcass meat is affected by this. The producer price of carcass and PPI variables are determined to be the cause of each other’s Granger. At the same time, the PPI variable and the consumer price of carcass meat and dollar rate variables were found to be the cause of each other’s Granger. If Turkey is to prevent the excessive fluctuations in the consumer- and producer-prices of carcass meat caused by macro variables, an effective price control mechanism should be put into practice. It seems that this change would be possible only by developing and implementing policies to lower the input prices and production costs.
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Ellingerová, Helena, Zora Petráková, and Ingrida Skalíková. "Statistical Methods in Building Industry to Determine Prices Indices." Tehnički glasnik 14, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20200604105846.
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Tender price is often affected by the location of the construction, which is usually determined by the investor, and it has an impact on the traffic in the particular location. Individual time of supply and the method of realization play an important role as well. They both are determined by the investor along with the designer of the particular construction. Contractors often complain about the lack of time needed for the preparation of their tender prices. Therefore, it is necessary to look for the possibilities how to reliably speed up this process at the same time taking into account all of the specific features of a structure. This article deals with the application of two statistical methods. The Pareto analysis, which can be used during the design of the tender price, and the extrapolation method, which can be used for the estimation of the price development, based on the regression analysis of the time series. The results of the article particularly serve to contractors in the building industry to better prepare their price offers in tenders. The findings of this document may also be applicable in other countries which have a similar economic profile as Slovakia.
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McDowell, Howard, Randall A. Kramer, and J. Michael Price. "An Analysis of U.S. Farm Income Policies: Historical, Market-Determined, and Sector-Wide Stabilization." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 21, no. 2 (December 1989): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200001126.
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AbstractThis paper provides an economic analysis of the historical agricultural price and income support policy, a policy of market-determined prices and income, and a policy linking market-determined prices with sector-wide farm income stabilization in years of economic disaster. The analysis compares commodity prices, net farm income, and government expenditures over the period 1970 through 1982 based on estimates generated by USDA's Food and Agricultural Policy Simulator (FAPSIM). The historical policy generates the highest income and most stable prices. Market-determined income is lowest and has the greatest variability. Stabilization minimized income variability at intermediate income levels.
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Panagushin, V. P., and V. Y. Ivanisov. "METHODS OF FINANCING AND PRICING OF DEVELOPMENT - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEFENSE." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 2 (June 25, 2015): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2015-2-2.
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The evaluation of the cost of development - development (R & D) at the conclusion of the state contract is proposed to conduct an estimated price of the replacement steps of the current standard OCD OCD stages, which are adequate and include several stages. At each stage, the limit is determined by the estimated price of the ROC, while retail prices are determined by the following steps and stages of their amount. Upon completion of all stages of the ROC, it is converted indicative price stages and the ROC in the fixed-price into the cost to the planned profit.
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Kokot, Sebastian, and Marcin Bas. "The Comparative Analysis Of Asking And Traded Price Indices In Different Floor Area Subsegments Of The Residential Property Market." Real Estate Management and Valuation 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2015-0021.
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Abstract There are several acknowledged methods for determining residential property price indices. However, all of them have their drawbacks and advantages and reflect the averaged real movements of prices with varying accuracy. The paper attempts to answer the question: How faithfully do indices based on asking prices reflect the movements of traded prices? As a result we will find out whether, in the situation when property price indices cannot be determined, asking price based indices can be used instead. The paper specifies theoretical and practical aspects of constructing residential property price indices on the basis of asking and traded prices. It also contains an empirical analysis of these two index types.
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Wulandari, Ade Indah, and Ida Bagus Badjra. "PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM PADA PERUSAHAAN LQ-45 DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA (BEI)." E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana 8, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 5722. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejmunud.2019.v08.i09.p18.
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The stock price is the price on the stock market at a certain time determined by market participants and is determined by the demand and supply of the shares in question in the capital market. The stock price reflects the value of the company and the effectiveness of the company. The stock price is getting higher, the higher the company's value. This research was conducted to examine the effect of profitability on stock prices in LQ-45 companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The number of samples studied were twenty-seven (27) companies selected through a saturated sampling method with a four-year observation period. The data collection method used in this study is a nonparticipant observation method. Data analysis was carried out by multiple linear regression model analysis techniques. Based on the results of the analysis it was found that Return On Equity and Net Profit Margin had a significant positive effect on stock prices, while Return On Assets had no significant effect on stock prices. The increase in ROE and NPM will be followed by an increase in stock prices.
Keywords: Stock Price, Return On Assets , Return On Equity , Net Profit Margin
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Ibrahim, Ahmed Abdu Allah, and Mohamed Sharif Bashir. "Does the Incomplete Exchange Rate Pass-through Exist in Sudan?" East African Journal of Business and Economics 3, no. 1 (August 28, 2021): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.3.1.394.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the nominal exchange rate pass-through to domestic prices in Sudan from 1978–2017. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration is employed. The analysis is based on impulse response functions (IRFs) and forecast error variance decompositions (FEVDs). The dynamics of the cointegrated system can be investigated via the variance decompositions and IRFs. The findings confirm that the degree of exchange rate pass-through in Sudan is incomplete, and the empirical results also show that the domestic price index is predominantly caused by foreign price in both the short and long runs, in addition to the import price index and the nominal exchange rate; the exchange rate shock has a negative effect on the domestic price. Furthermore, FEVDs analysis illustrates that the variation in domestic price is primarily determined by the import prices, while changes in the exchange rate are primarily determined by the exchange rate itself.
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BÄUERLE, NICOLE, and DANIEL SCHMITHALS. "CONSISTENT UPPER PRICE BOUNDS FOR EXOTIC OPTIONS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 24, no. 02 (March 2021): 2150011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024921500114.
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We consider the problem of finding a consistent upper price bound for exotic options whose payoff depends on the stock price at two different predetermined time points (e.g. Asian option), given a finite number of observed call prices for these maturities. A model-free approach is used, only taking into account that the (discounted) stock price process is a martingale under the no-arbitrage condition. In case the payoff is directionally convex we obtain the worst case marginal pricing measures. The speed of convergence of the upper price bound is determined when the number of observed stock prices increases. We illustrate our findings with some numerical computations.
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Mansyur, Zaenuddin. "RELEVANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF FAIR PRICES AND PROFITS FOR THE COMMUNITY, (STUDY OF IBN TAYMIYYAH THOUGHTS ON JUSTICE IN TRADE)." Mu'amalat: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Ekonomi Syariah 11, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/mu.v11i1.2035.
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The urgency of justice in determining a price or profit in trade at least can construct the concerns of the leading cleric's Ibn Taymiyyah to bring up the theories associated with it. Ibn Taymiyah's involvement in bringing up the theory of justice in the field of trade was nothing but to improve the economic conditions of the community where he lived. Ibn Taimiyah's concern in the economy when he gave rise to fair price theory. According to him that a fair price is a price that can be formed by market forces that run freely is not determined by the party who has the goods so that the shortage of goods (supply decreases) or increasing population (demand rises) is not a reason to raise prices as freely as possible. While the theory of determining a fair price for Ibn Taymiyyah had an impact on determining a fair profit as well. Where profit-taking may also not be determined by the owner of the goods but profit-taking is based on market conditions in ways that are generally accepted. This means that the profit to be taken is a normal profit that can be received by all parties by providing the same price to the general public event even though there is a great need for the merchandise. Thus, determining a price is very relevant to making a profit. Where profits can be determined through market prices that do not cause gaps and exploitation to buyers.
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Simanjuntak, Josua Fernando, Agnes Prawita Sari, and Aulia Nada Syahputri. "Implementasi Fuzzy Tsukamoto Dalam Menentukan Harga Gabah Pada Petani." Brahmana : Jurnal Penerapan Kecerdasan Buatan 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30645/brahmana.v1i2.28.
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In human life, many things require decision making, including in agriculture. One of them is rice farmers who make the decision to determine the selling price of their grain according to the quality of their grain. By using Fuzzy logic, the grain price can be determined by going through the following stages: Fuzzification, Knowledge Base Formation, Fuzzy Inference, and Defuzzification. One of the Fuzzy logic methods that can be used is the Tsukamoto method, where this method has an output in the form of firm values. To be able to determine the price of grain, the data is taken from the Central Statistics Agency website, so that later prices and levels of grain quality can be determined properly. With this research, the farmers can determine the price of their grain exactly according to the quality of the grain. So that the problem of determining their grain prices can be overcome properly.
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Li, Yi Bing, Rui Yang, and Fang Ye. "Price Game Based Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks." Advanced Materials Research 225-226 (April 2011): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.225-226.632.
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The competitive price model is applied in the analysis of spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks. As the prices of shared spectrum are determined independently by primary users in practical application, to deal with the solution of equilibrium price without acknowledgement of current price strategies from other primary users, the iterative method is used to calculate price of the shared spectrum. In order to achieve better characteristics, an exponential iterative method for the competitive price based spectrum sharing model is proposed. It can achieve the desired spectrum price only with the prices strategies during last iteration. Simulation results show that the proposed exponential gradient iterative scheme can achieve the equilibrium price that maximizes the profits of primary users, and have better convergence performance than linear gradient iterative scheme.
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Elder-Vass, Dave. "No price without value: towards a theory of value and price." Cambridge Journal of Economics 43, no. 6 (August 17, 2019): 1485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bez040.
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Abstract The relationship between value and price, a central focus of classical political economy, has fallen into the shadows of neglect in contemporary economics. This paper builds on a critical realist framework and findings from the economics of conventions and the sociology of valuation to develop a theory of value that returns to the relation between value and price. It argues that value is best understood as a view of the price that something ought to exchange at, and that these views are shaped normatively by a host of lay theories of value and the groups and organisations that advance them. Through their effects on our assessments of value, these theories also influence the determination of prices. Although prices in open systems are determined by many interacting factors, lay theories of value play a crucial role in the process.
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Chung, Chune, Minkyu Jeong, and Jason Young. "The Price Determinants of the EU Allowance in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 4009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114009.
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The Kyoto Protocol came into effect in 1997 to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to address the problem of climate change. The Protocol includes a market-based mechanism designed to offset GHG emissions, called the emissions trading scheme (ETS), allowing companies to “trade” their shortage or surplus allowance. This study examines the determinants of the EU allowance (EUA) price in Phase 3 of the EU ETS (2013–2017). First, the causality between the EUA price and other variables is determined using a Granger causality test. Second, the correlation between the EUA price and each variable is measured using a VECM estimation and an impulse response function. Finally, the relative effect of each variable on the EUA price is determined using a forecast error variance decomposition. The results show that the EUA price has a causal effect on the prices of electricity and natural gas. Second, all variables, except the minimum temperature, show a positive relationship with the EUA price. Furthermore, when unexpected shocks occur, the EUA price shows the highest response to its past price, followed by the electricity price. Third, the past EUA price has the most influence on the EUA price, followed by the coal price.
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Lim, G. C., Vance L. Martin, and Leslie E. Teo. "ENDOGENOUS JUMPING AND ASSET PRICE DYNAMICS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 2, no. 2 (June 1998): 213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100598007044.
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A model of asset price dynamics is derived in which large jumps in stock prices are determined endogenously. An important property of the model is that it can lead to asset price distributions that are multimodal. The model can explain how relatively small changes in dividends can lead to relatively large changes in asset prices and it can be used to identify the time period in which bubbles begin and end. The framework is applied to modeling the U.S. stock market crash in October 1987. Some forecasting experiments also are conducted with the result that the model is able to predict the size of the eventual crash in the aggregate stock price.
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Sadanand, V. "Endogenously determined price-setting monopoly in an exchange economy." Journal of Economic Theory 46, no. 1 (October 1988): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(88)90157-3.
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Silitonga, Debora, Putri Delima S. I. Siregar, Rijal Siahaan, Andi Pranata Ginting, and Rosmita Sari Siregar. "Pengaruh Earning Per Share, Total Assets Turn Over dan Pertumbuhan Penjualan terhadap Harga Saham pada Perusahaan Sektor Property And Real Estate yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia." Journal of Economic, Bussines and Accounting (COSTING) 2, no. 2 (June 23, 2019): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/costing.v2i2.693.
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The stock price is the price of a stock that occurs on the stock market, at a certain time determined by the market actor and determined by the demand and supply of the shares concerned in the capital market. This study aims to examine the effect of earnings per share, total asset turn over and sales growth on stock prices in the property and real estate sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The population in this study was 47 companies and made a sample of 21 companies with purposive sampling technique. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis. The results of simultaneous research have an effect on stock prices. Partially earnings per share has a significant effect on stock prices, while total asset turnover and sales growth have no significant effect on stock prices. Simultaneously earnings per share, total assets turn over and sales growth have a significant effect on stock prices.
Keywords: Earning Per Share, Total Assets Turn Over, Sales Growth, Stock Price
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Rahman, Md Aknur, Sauda Sumaya Dina, Md Monirul Islam, Jakir Ahmed Chowdhury, Shaila Kabir, Abu Asad Choudhury, and Md Shah Amran. "The Study of Availability, Affordability and Price Variation of Essential Antibiotics in Bangladesh." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 12, no. 04 (December 5, 2019): 1811–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1812.
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The increased prices and low availability of medicines are main obstacles to health care system in developing countries like Bangladesh. The main goal of this work is to gather and assessing the data on availability, affordability and price variations of essential antibiotics in Bangladesh. The data will help to improve the availability and affordability of essential antibiotics for the mass peoples. The present work was done using standard methodology described in guideline, “Price measurement, availability and affordability and price components of medicines. A total of eighteen essential antibiotics were surveyed and their prices and availability were determined. Prices from 2003 to 2019 were collected from different sources to make a comparative study of the price variations over the years. The overall prices of essential antibiotics are not much higher than international reference prices. The rate of increase of price from previous years is not so alarming. The numbers of manufacturing companies were collected from the Bangladesh National Formulary (BDNF) of different Volumes to compare the increasing number of manufacturers. Essential antibiotics affordability was determined by comparing the total cost of treatment of a particular disease to the monthly salary of the lowest paid unskilled laborer. There are several essential antibiotics for which the numbers of manufacturing companies are increasing in very high rate. This type of survey may be expanded to the national level for the data of different regions of Bangladesh.
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Fesenko, V. V. "Analysis of Price Differences for Transfer Prices Auditing in the Controlled Import Transactions." Statistics of Ukraine 82, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.3(82)2018.03.10.
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The article’s objective is to justify and develop a method for analyzing price differences in the controlled foreign economic transactions of enterprises, for further auditing and analyzing transfer prices in foreign economic transactions with related parties. Actual transfer prices in a controlled transaction may differ from planned ones or from the estimated market range of prices, determined by normative requirements for reports on controlled transactions. A detailed analysis of differences in estimated prices is made, which may either occur occasionally or be formed purposefully by management staff of an enterprise when performing controlled import transactions. The economically reasonable ratio of prices in performing import transactions is determined from the perspective of management control for under-pricing purposes, and from the perspective of minimizing tax liabilities for over-pricing purposes. The proposed method for analysis of price differences in the controlled foreign economic transactions is built on the differences between an actual price and its planned, intra-group, minimal, average weighted and maximal levels, thus enabling to determine six types of differences: optimization difference, anti-group difference, the difference by market potential and the difference by the effectiveness of purchases. Identification and analysis of the calculated price difference will contribute in constructing a system for recording and analysis of reasons and effects of price distortions, which can be used for audit (internal and external) and analysis of the effectiveness of such transactions. The proposed method for analyzing price differences in the controlled foreign economic transaction can help internal auditors in identifying price differences that are exposed to the risk of essential distortion due to a probability of management impact, which enables to focus audit procedures on accounting and reporting segments with the increased risk of distortion. This method can also be used as an analytical procedure involved in independent or tax audit of import transactions in testing prices for over-pricing (in order to under-price the taxation base) or under-pricing (in order to reduce the amount of custom payments).
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Wnorowski, Henryk. "Assorted Methods of Making of Pricing Decisions in an Enterprise." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 37, no. 1 (August 8, 2014): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0028.
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Abstract Decisions concerning price development are best visible in view of their direct impact on the market activities of the company and the general level of profitability. In every activity, the success is measured by an excess of sales revenue over the costs of used resources. In an ideal case, a determined price provides the highest margin resulting from an analysis of the sales volume, takes into consideration the customer's evaluation of the product/service, and allows to react to competitive threats and to fend off the competition's attacks. There is no single universal way to develop prices for various enterprise types, regardless of the conditions of demand, the specific character of the sector they operate in, or the competitive situation, even if we assume that the enterprise has only one goal of activity. That's why, Author recommends three price determination methods. The ways of price determination presented in this article are just the first step on the way to reach the optimal prices. The prices determined in such way, as well as product or service prices already functioning in the market, are subject to modification depending on the assumed goals, taking into consideration the character of demand for a given commodity and the behaviour of the competition.
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Babcock, Paul. "Paralyzed by Prices: An Analysis of Price Theory within the Context of Health Care." Linacre Quarterly 86, no. 1 (February 2019): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0024363919837861.
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This article examines the structure of pricing within health care. The price mechanism within health care does not function as it does in other sectors of the economy. The author examines the price theories of capitalism, socialism, and solidarism to illuminate the purpose of prices relevant to health care. Drawing points from each system, the author argues in favor of a solidarist approach to prices relying on principles set forth in Catholic social teaching, with the caveat that the capitalist natural price must first be determined. The unique features of healthcare pricing and prioritization indicate that moral principles must guide the economics of health care, not merely supply and demand. Summary: This article discusses the problems with creating useful prices in health care. It examines the price theories of capitalism, socialism, and solidarism to see which would be most useful for health care price formation.
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Sikora, Adam Tomasz, and Joanna Ukalska. "Timber prices after natural disasters in the Forest District of Węgierska Górka." Forest Research Papers 75, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2014-0019.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the impact of increased timber logging after natural disasters on timber assortments, unit prices, as well as average prices of timber spruce and total timber. The net sales prices of the years 2004-2010, available from the database of the State Forests Information System (SFIS) for the Forest District of Węgierska Górka, were analysed and compared to the prices of selected forest districts within the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Cracow (RDSF). The forest districts were classified based on the volume of logged timber leading to a separation into two groups of two and six forest districts. Moreover, we tested for significance in the linear trends of relevant characteristics and determined confidence intervals. Furthermore, we calculated the rate of growth (decrease) of the unit prices. Our studies show a decrease in price of only some of the timber assortments despite a significantly increased supply. Price declines were observed for the average prices of timber spruce and total timber due to their lowered quality. The price of timber assortments was mainly determined by effects of macroeconomic factors.
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Hong, Jin Seok, and Jong Jin Kim. "A Study of Determined Price and Bid Price Commercial Sites Public Land Development Project Areas." Residential Environment Institute Of Korea 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22313/reik.2018.16.3.17.
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Canzoneri, Matthew B., Robert E. Cumby, and Behzad T. Diba. "Is the Price Level Determined by the Needs of Fiscal Solvency?" American Economic Review 91, no. 5 (December 1, 2001): 1221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1221.
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The fiscal theory of price determination suggests that if primary surpluses evolve independently of government debt, the equilibrium price level “jumps” to assure fiscal solvency. In this non-Ricardian regime, fiscal policy—not monetary policy—provides the nominal anchor. Alternatively, in a Ricardian regime, primary surpluses are expected to respond to debt in a way that assures fiscal solvency, and the price level is determined in conventional ways. This paper argues that Ricardian regimes are as theoretically plausible as non-Ricardian regimes, and provide a more plausible interpretation of certain aspects of the postwar U.S. data than do non-Ricardian regimes. (JEL E60, E63)
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Kopytets, N., S. Pashko, and V. Voloshyn. "Current trends in meat price formation." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2(159) (November 24, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-159-2-55-63.
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The article examines the main trends in meat price formation.It is determined that the methodology and tradition of price functioning have evolved historically in terms of understanding the nature and characteristics of the price. The level of product price contains the conflicting interests of different parts (producer and consumer). It is generalized that the formation of livestock products prices is influenced by supply and demand.It is confirmed that price is a factor that creates demand in case of the low consumers’ purchasing power. The process of prices forming on livestock products is based on the general principles of pricing. However, there are certain features of pricing stipulated from the specifics of production and processing of livestock products.Among the main factors influencing the prices formation on livestock products should be noted the following: natural and climatic conditions, price disparity in agriculture, the presence of a large number of households which deal with raising cattle and poultry,high level of production costs, the presence of multiple links in the production chain, a short period of product storage, a large proportion of low-income population.It is proved that the livestock product prices in market conditions must respond quickly to any changes in the production chain. The analysis of the price situation on the meat market was carried out.It was found that in Ukraine during the study period there is a tendency of increasing purchasing, wholesale and consumer prices.In the first half-year of 2020, there were significant changes in the price situation.The results confirm the trends at the world meat market.It is proved that the situation at the domestic meat market depends on the state of the global market. It is noted that in the future the price situation at the meat market will depend on the purchasing power of the population, the proposal of main meat types, the exchange rate of the national currency, production and export volumes. Keywords: price, demand, supply, meat market, purchase prices, wholesale prices, consumer prices, beef, pork, poultry meat.
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Rudko, G. I., M. M. Kurylo, V. V. Bala, and Yu S. Makovskyi. "METHODS FOR PRICE DETERMINATION (JUSTIFICATION) AT ECONOMIC-GEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF COAL DEPOSITS." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2018.4.45-48.
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The purpose of research is systematization and analysis of methods of price determining for geological and economic assessment of coal deposits in domestic and international practice. Price indicators and income from sale of coal affect significantly reserves value, profitability of their development, and determine industrial significance of reserves. In domestic practice commodity exchanges, contractual, regulated, world and transfer prices are used. In international practice coal prices are formed at the result of futures, spot or stock exchange contracts. Now international coal trade realizes in the framework of futures contracts and spot transactions. In recent years, short-term contracts prevail, rarely it’s used medium-term contracts. A sequence of coal pricing for geological and economic assessment has been determined, which is the following: classification of coal by grades and classes in accordance with current standards; statistical analysis of prices by grades and classes, coal enrichment products; determination of a system of discounts/surcharges to the price of each class depending on coal quality; correction of actual producer prices for assessment reserves. The values of surcharges or discounts for individual indicators of coal quality are determined. The sensitivity analysis of reserves value and profitability from changes in selling coal prices has been carried out. The determination of the coal price or enrichment products requires a detailed justification depending on the stage of geological and feasibility study of reserves. For detailed assessment of explored or exploited deposits it is reasonable to use actual prices of coal sales for the previous period and contract prices for future periods in the presence of medium and long-term contracts. For preliminary geological and economic assessment, it is possible to use the price of the analogue deposit, which is developed, or wholesale coal prices with correction by quality.
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Ayyıldız, Merve, and Adnan Çiçek. "Kırmızı Et Fiyatlarının GARCH Yöntemiyle Analizi: Türkiye Örneği." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 17, 2018): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i12.1775-1780.2095.
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Approximately 90% of the red meat consumption in Turkey is the beef. On the basis of consumption, beef is mostly equated with veal and therefore the price of veal is widely used in price evaluations. It is known that the change in veal prices is a very effective factor on consumption. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the fluctuations in veal prices. GARCH (1,1) model was used to determine the price uncertainty in the period between January 2005 and December 2017. According to the model results, veal prices reacted with big jumps to any shock such as economic and political instability, food crisis, natural events. It was determined that the price of veal meat could return to normal for a long time period according to the average price. In the study, foreign trade policies towards gaining a stable structure of red meat prices in Turkey should not be ignored. However, it has been concluded that policies supporting bovine supply should be developed as a complement to supply policies for cattle breeding.
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SEDANA, WIRYA, KOMANG DHARMAWAN, and NI MADE ASIH. "MENENTUKAN HARGA KONTRAK BERJANGKA KOMODITAS KEDELAI MENGGUNAKAN MODEL MEAN REVERSION." E-Jurnal Matematika 5, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mtk.2016.v05.i04.p137.
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It has been discussed in many literatures that commodity prices tend to follow mean reversion model. This means that when there is a jump price in certain time, the price will revert to the mean price in the future. In this research, the method to determine the existence of mean-reversion of soybean price dynamics is discussed. Then, the future contract of soybeans is calculated using mean-reversion simulation and the spot-future parity theorem. Both methods are applied to the closing price of soybeans for the period of 19 September 2011 to 28 April 2016. The results show that the future contract price calculated by Model Mean-Reversion simulation under estimate the future contract price determined by the spot-future parity theorem.
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Engelbrecht-Wiggans, Richard, Ernan Haruvy, and Elena Katok. "A Comparison of Buyer-Determined and Price-Based Multiattribute Mechanisms." Marketing Science 26, no. 5 (September 2007): 629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1070.0281.
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Hagen, Ronald. "How is the international price of a particular crude determined?" OPEC Review 18, no. 1 (March 1994): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0076.1994.tb00496.x.
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Sulistiowati, Susanti Evie, Ratya Anindita, and Rosihan Asmara. "PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND PRICE (IMPORTS, PRODUCERS AND CONSUMER) VOLATILITY OF SHALLOT IN PROBOLINGGO REGENCY." Agricultural Social Economic Journal 21, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2021.021.3.8.
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Changes in production, consumption, and import variables cause the price of shallots to fluctuate. A high and unpredictable price fluctuation increasing the volatility problem. This phenomenon gives results in risk, uncertainty and leading to a decline in the welfare of producers and consumers. Based on the description of the problems above, it is important to analyze price, production, import, and consumption volatility to determined the level of risk and uncertainty faced by producers and consumers. This study uses monthly secondary data (time series) on production, price, imports, and consumption of shallots in Probolinggo Regency, for seven years (2013-2019). The ARCH/GARCH method is used to analyze the volatility of prices, production and consumption. The results from the analysis are the production variable has a low level of volatility, the consumption and import prices have high-level volatility, producer price has low-level volatility, while consumer prices has-high level volatility. From the results means that the risks and uncertainties faced by producers in conducting shallot cultivation are low. While for the consumer means the risks and uncertainties in consuming shallots are high.
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Doyle, Guy. "The International Coal Trade and Price Outlook." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 6, no. 6 (December 1988): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600603.
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The paper starts with a brief review of recent trends in the international coal market and an examination of the linkage between coal and oil prices. It is argued that while oil prices had a significant impact on coal prices in the 1973–87 period, future coal price trends will be driven more by demand and supply developments in the coal market itself. Taking thermal coal as an example, future demand and supply developments are examined. Demand and supply are brought together by using an aggregate world supply curve. The plausible range of prices for 2000 is determined by reading off the supply curve at the appropriate projected demand levels.
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Jasiniak, Magdalena. "Stock Prices and the Rate of Return Analysis: The Case of Warsaw Stock Exchange." Financial Assets and Investing 9, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/fai2018-1-2.
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The main aims of this article are to verify whether rates of return might be determined by stock prices and to evaluate low price anomaly on the example of Warsaw Stock Exchange. The author states that cheap assets characterized by nominally lower prices are more attractive to buy and bring higher profits in comparison to assets described as expensive. In order to verify the hypothesis, database of 13789 quotations from 1.07.1999 to 30.12.2013 was created. The sample was divided into three groups – cheap, average, and expensive stocks. Finally, the statistical analysis was conducted using 2924 records including only cheap and expensive units. Statistical analysis confirms that low–priced assets generate higher profits and lower losses.
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Waights, Sevrin. "Does the law of one price hold for hedonic prices?" Urban Studies 55, no. 15 (January 31, 2018): 3299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017749403.
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Hedonic prices of locational attributes in urban land markets are determined by a process of spatial arbitrage that is similar to that which underpins the law of one price. If hedonic prices deviate from their spatial equilibrium values then individuals can benefit from changing locations. I examine whether the law holds for the hedonic price of rail access using a unique historical dataset for Berlin over the period 1890–1914, characterised by massive investment in the transport infrastructure. I estimate the hedonic price of rail access across multiple urban neighbourhoods and time periods to generate a panel dataset of hedonic price differences that I test for stationarity using a panel unit root test. Across multiple specifications I consistently fail to reject the null hypothesis of no unit root and accept the alternative hypothesis that the law holds. My estimates indicate a half-life for convergence to the law of one price that lies between 0.28 and 1.14 years. This result is consistent with spatial equilibrium.
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Rahayuningrum, Ninuk, Wayan Susila, and Tjahya Widayanti. "ANALYSING FACTORS DETERMINING SUGAR RETAIL PRICE." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 1, no. 2 (February 6, 2018): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v1i2.298.
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Since 2002, the government of Indonesia (GOI) has imposed promoting and protective to the Indonesia sugar industry. The policies have caused a significant increase in domestic production and farmer welfare. However, the policies also caused the government cannot effectively control the domestic retail price, especially when sugar price in the international market is very high. With this problem, this study is aimed at analyzing factors that significantly determine retail sugar price that can be used as policy instrument to control the price. An econometric model was used to determining the factors and their effect on the retail price. The result of analysis show that farm gate proce reference determined by the GOI, distribution costs, sugar import price, and market competition level are four main factor determining the retail price, explaining around 84% of retail price behavior. The elasticity of the sugar retail price toward the change of the four factors lies between 0.026-0.566. These imply that the GOI can use these four factors and their related variables as policy instrument to control the price.
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Zheng, Hua, Li Xie, and Li Zi Zhang. "Intelligent Simulation Method and its Application on Risk Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1293.
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This article describes an intelligent simulation method for measuring price risk, which is still one of the important problems for various risk managements and need to be studied profoundly. To solve this problem, risk measured in terms of Value at Risk on electricity price is proposed by intelligent simulation. In this work, prices under various market scenarios are produced by intelligent model using fuzzy neural network (FNN). After that, the quantitative model for price risk analysis is built in the form of a function of the estimated probability distribution of price, where price VAR is determined from the distribution according to parameter set, i.e. confidence level. The proposed method is more realistic and effective than variance approach to provide the assessment of the potential loss of electricity price over some period of time.
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A., Chmut, Ushkarenko Iu., and Makarenko S. "ECONOMIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MILK PRICES." Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Economic Sciences, no. 41 (March 31, 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2307-8030/2021-41-16.
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The article defines that the market of milk and dairy products is a component of the food market of Ukraine. The relevance of the statistical study of milk prices is that the price is an important component of the market and determines the supply and demand in it. Prices provide sources of income and payment of taxes, and pricing policy determines the efficiency of dairy producers. Prices are also an important factor in living standards, so their study is not only economic but also social and political. Analysis of previous studies has shown that most authors focus on economic analysis, and statistical studies of milk prices are few. Therefore, the topic is relevant. The article provides a statistical and economic analysis of purchase prices for milk, producer prices and retail prices. Indicators of average prices are determined. The dynamics of milk prices for a certain date in each month of 2020 is presented. Calculated indicators of varia-tion: absolute deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, variance. The study took into account data taken in the dynamics for a certain period, as well as milk prices in terms of individual regions and countries. The article presents the procedure for calculating all indicators and draws the appropriate conclusions. The study also conducted a dynamic and variational analysis of retail milk prices. The average retail price of milk is determined taking into account the average monthly prices and their variations. The forecast of average retail prices for pasteurized milk with a fat content of 2.6% and the dynamics of prices and milk from agricultural enterprises. A polynomial line of degree 5 is used to construct the trend line, all coefficients of this level are statistically significant. Seasonal tendencies to change of prices during the year, and tendencies of change of prices in dynamics for the ten-year period are revealed. The study was supple-mented by an analysis of the correlation between the purchase prices of raw milk and the selling prices of producers of finished products. Relevant economic and statistical conclusions have been made regarding the conducted price study.Keywords: statistical analysis, data analysis, price of milk, price behaviour, mean price, dispersion. У статті проведено економіко-статистичне аналізування закупівельних цін на молоко, цін виробників та роздрібних цін. Ви-значені показники середніх цін, їх динаміка з урахуванням цін на певну дату кожного місяця 2020 року. Розраховані показники варіації: середнє абсолютне відхилення, середнє квадратичне відхилення, коефіцієнт варіації, дисперсія. Під час проведення аналізування за основу були взяті як динамічні показники ціни, так і показники в розрізі окремих регіонів та країн. В статті також представлено порядок розрахунку даних показників та зроблені відповідні висновки. В дослідженні також проведено динамічне та варіаційне аналізування роздрібних цін на молоко. Визначена середня ціна молока з урахуванням середньомісячних цін та їх варіації. Здійснено прогноз середніх роздрібних цін на молоко пастеризоване жирністю 2,6% та цін на молоко від сільгосппідпри-ємств. Для побудови лінії тренду використана поліноміальна лінія 5 ступеня, всі коефіцієнти даного рівня є статистично значимі. Виявлені сезонні тенденції до зміни цін протягом року, та тенденції зміни цін в динаміці за десятирічний період. В результаті дослідження доповнено аналізуванням кореляційного зв’язку між закупівельними цінами сирого молока та відпускними цінами виробників готової продукції. Зроблені відповідні економічні висновки стосовно проведеного дослідження.Ключові слова: статистичне аналізування, аналізування даних, ціна молока, динаміка цін, середня ціна, дисперсія.
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Adamec, Václav. "Short‑Term and Long‑Term Relationships Between Prices of Imported Oil and Fuel Products in the U. S." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64, no. 4 (2016): 1285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664041285.
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In this study, we analyzed a system of five monthly time series integrated I(1): average price of crude oil imported to the U.S. from OPEC countries (Opec), imported oil price from other than OPEC countries (NonOpec) in USD per barrel, average price of regular gasoline in the U.S. (Regular), premium quality gasoline price (Premium) and kerosene price (Kerosene) in U.S. cents per gallon. Cointegration was established by EG test and the series were analyzed by VECM model with lag selected via BIC criterion. Cointegration rank was determined by the Johansen procedure. According to VECM coefficients, prices of oil from OPEC countries and beyond OPEC exert influence upon all commodity prices in the system, but in a contradictory manner. Responses to innovation shocks in Opec and NonOpec stabilized within 8 to 10 months upon a nonzero shift and further became permanent. Innovation shock in both types of gasoline and Kerosene had only short-term significant impact upon the system. Forecast error variance in all variables is explained mainly by variation in oil prices, especially Opec, which persists with increased horizon. For a short horizon h = 1, FEVDs in gasoline and kerosene prices are primarily made of variation in the respective fuel prices.
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Gemici, Eray, and Müslüm Polat. "Relationship between price and volume in the Bitcoin market." Journal of Risk Finance 20, no. 5 (November 18, 2019): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-07-2018-0111.
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Purpose Bitcoin has recently become the focal point of investors as a digital currency and an alternative payment method. Despite Bitcoin being in the spotlight, a gap in the literature on its price-setting behaviors has been observed. This study aims to contribute to the literature by investigating the relationship between Bitcoin price and volume in the period between January 1, 2012 and April 7, 2018 through a symmetric and asymmetric causality test. Design/methodology/approach Daily price and volume data relevant to Bitcoin traded in the Bitstamp market were obtained from www.bitcoincharts.com. Within the framework of data applicable for analysis, the data set for this study includes a total of 2,286 observations for the period between January 1, 2012 and April 7, 2018. Findings Based on the results of the standard causality test, a causality relationship was determined from price to volume. Based on the results of the asymmetric causality test between positive and negative shocks of variables, a unilateral causality relationship was determined from negative shocks in Bitcoin prices to negative shocks in trading volume as well as from positive shocks in trading volume to positive shocks in prices. Furthermore, it was found that the relationship between Bitcoin price and volume is cointegrated. Practical implications The empirical results can be used by investors and portfolio managers to make trading decisions. Originality/value The contribution of this paper to the literature is that it is the first study on the symmetric and asymmetric causality relationship between Bitcoin price and volume. Moreover, this paper reveals short- and long-term behaviors of Bitcoin using the cointegration test used for determining the long-term relationship between Bitcoin price and volume.
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Utnik-Banaś, Katarzyna, and Viktar Vasilyeu. "RYE PRICE VARIABILITY IN POLAND BETWEEN 2010 AND 2018." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5835.
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In the paper, the range of rye price variability was determined and a decomposition of a time series of prices was carried out, distinguishing seasonal, cyclical and irregular fluctuations. The rye market is a market of a product produced seasonally but with a storage period longer than one season, which influences seasonal changes of prices, on which economic changes overlap. The research material consists of prices of rye in monthly graduation for the years 2010-2018, from the Integrated System of Agricultural Market Information. In the analyzed period, the nominal price of rye more than doubled from 327 PLN/t in January 2010 to 719 PLN/t in December 2018. The coefficient of variability of rye prices ranged from 4.0% to 27.2%. The decomposition of the time series of prices indicates seasonal, cyclical and irregular fluctuations. The amplitude of seasonal fluctuations was 14% on average, the highest prices were in June (105%) and the lowest in August (91%). Cyclical changes averaged 71.2% per year, seasonal changes 17.9% and irregular changes 10.9% of overall rye price variation. The production of rye is steadily falling both in the world and Poland.
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Friedenberg, Brent. "Financial Outlook for the Canadian Gas Industry." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 5 (October 1995): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300512.
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The financial outlook for the Canadian gas industry depends on the outlook for gas prices at Canadian producing basins, the cost of producing in Canada and the volume of production of Canadian natural gas. Price, cost and volume determine the health of the Canadian industry. Industry's costs are the basis of the supply (volume) offered on the market and price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand.
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Khan, Safi Ullah. "Role of the Futures Market on Volatility and Price Discovery of the Spot Market: Evidence from Pakistan’s Stock Market." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2006.v11.i2.a6.
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This paper focuses on the role of the financial futures market in the volatility of Pakistan’s stock market and determines whether the stock futures price is capable of providing some relevant information for predicting the spot price. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) approach is used to measure volatility in the spot and the futures market and to analyze the relationships between spot and futures market volatility. Causality and feedback relationships between the two markets are analyzed and determined through the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Empirical results support the evidence that spot prices generally lead the futures prices in incorporating new information, and that volatility in the futures market does not increase volatility in the spot market. Rather the study finds more consistent support for the alternative hypothesis that volatility in the futures market may be an outgrowth of the volatile spot market.
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Reddy, Y. V., and Pinkesh Dhabolkar. "Pricing Efficiency of Exchange Traded Funds in India." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 11, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 244–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2020.11.33.
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Exchange traded funds (ETFs) have two prices, the market price and the net asset value (NAV) price. ETFs NAV price gets determined by the net value of the constituent assets, whereas the market price of ETFs depends upon the number of units bought or sold on the stock exchange during trading hours. As per the law of one price, the NAV and market price of the ETF should be the same. However, due to demand and supply forces, the market price may divert from its NAV. This price difference may have significant repercussions to investors, as it represents a cost if they buy overvalued ETF shares or sell undervalued ETF shares. Pricing efficiency is the speed at which the market makers correct the deviations between ETFs NAV and market price. The present study attempts to investigate the pricing efficiency of Indian equity ETFs employing an autoregression model over its price deviation, and also attempts to understand the lead-lag relationship between the price and NAV using the vector error correction model (VECM).
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Dudar, Volodymyr. "Building pricing strategies for enterprises of the organic sector with a view to pursue marketing goals." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 2(88) (June 6, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2018.02.045.
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The paper reveals the essence of price in the market system and the role of pricing / marketing strategies in organic agricultural production. It is pointed out that a price is a key measure of social spending, because it manages the economy through the redistribution of values between economic entities. It is also noted that the dynamics of price movements in the organic sector relates to changes in quality and volume of production, promotion on the market, consumer solvency, product-consumption level, inventory levels and the overall economic situation of enterprises. The research paper presents an analysis of factors and competitive pricing strategies that affect prices of organic agro-food products. Competitive pricing strategies in the price management system are derived on the basis of two criteria: competitive advantages based on price and non-price factors, and the volume of the target market. It is found that in setting prices of organic agro-food products, both internal and external factors should be taken into account. Internal factors include cost price, innovativeness and uniqueness of production, life-cycle stage, and simultaneity between prices and expectations of buyers. External factors are price sensitivity of buyers, price levels of competitors, and macroeconomic conditions, such as inflation, taxes, excise duties, state price policy. Concerning price-quality indicators, a model of marketing strategy for organic agro industrial enterprises is suggested. A certified organic business that holds a leading position in the market often has to pursue a strategy of high quality in which high prices are motivated by quality and safety of organic products. It is concluded that pricing in the organic agro-food market is determined by high cost of production, and high quality and specific product properties play a crucial role for consumers.
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Özsayın, Damla. "Investigation of Production and Price Relationship in Cow Milk Production by Koyck Model Approach." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 6 (July 14, 2017): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i6.681-686.1164.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the amount of cow milk production and its price in Turkey in the period between 1985-2015.The Koyck model that is one of the distributed lag models was used to analyse of these data. The production of cow milk was considered as dependent variable and the price series consisting of cow milk prices and lagged price series are considered as explanatory variable in the model. According to the results of Koyck model, it was determined that the production of cow milk was affected by the prices of maximum one year retrospectively and the time required to dramatically affect to production of cow milk of the change taken place in prices of cow milk was 2.9 years. Furthermore, the increase of 1 TL in price of cow milk decreases the production of cow milk by 183372.4 tonnes. On the other hand, the increase of 1 TL in prices in the previous period decreases the production of cow milk by 137345.9 tonnes. Based on these data, it can be said that the price of cow milk composed in the free market conditions is rather efficient in determination to production amount. In conclusion, economic measures such as making of production planning, constituting of efficient marketing opportunities, price policies and giving a place to stable production can be taken against to fluctutations in the price increases.
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Zhang, Jing, and Colin Brown. "Spatial Variation and Factors Impacting Grassland Circulation Price in Inner Mongolia, China." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 4381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124381.
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As the circulation of grassland use rights in China increases, relatively little is known about the factors that influence circulation price. This paper examines the spatial distribution of grassland circulation prices and the impact of various attributes on grassland circulation prices in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR). Spatial autocorrelation tests and quantile regression methods are applied to data from an online land-circulation website covering the period from January to October 2017. The spatial analysis found that grassland circulation price does vary greatly throughout IMAR but that no significant spatial autocorrelation is evident. The quantile regression analysis revealed significant, though varied, quantile effects across the price distribution indicating that local market structures, strong demand for grazing land in desert steppe, high demand of poor herders for smaller plots, and high demand of richer herders for larger plots all play an important role in determining circulation prices. These nuanced findings should enable policy makers, grassland users, and other grassland actors to better understand how grassland price is determined with respect to a range of factors across the quantiles of price as well as the spatial pattern of price characteristics. This information and understanding are a crucial step in improving grassland circulation.