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Cinelli, Claudia. "PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 24, no. 1 (October 22, 2015): 159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000078a.
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Unique geographical and physical specificities characterize the Arctic as an extreme and fragile marine environment. Arctic specificities differ from those of any other environment in relation to which most general principles of international law have developed. International law is usually related to the regulation of the physical environment including the distinct issues of soil, water and the atmosphere rather than a combination of these components, as is the case in the ice-covered marine areas such as those composing most of the Arctic Ocean. From both historical and contemporary perspectives, the ‘Arctic question’ has typically been: does the presence of ice change the legal status of the Arctic Ocean? The answer is decidedly no. The so-called Arctic exception, relating to Article 234 UNCLOS, is clearly the exception that proves the rule. This study focuses on how both the sovereignty-based approach and the general interest approach each address the dynamic evolution of Arctic marine environmental challenges in line with UNCLOS, the “Constitution for the Oceans”. This, however, does not preclude the special conditions of the Arctic environment being factored in when Arctic and non-Arctic entities seek feasible ad hoc solutions for cooperation on common interests and concerns.
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Djatmiko, Agoes, and Elisabeth Pudyastiwi. "PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION SEA ENVIRONMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE." Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v6i1.23469.
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Protection of the marine environment within the framework of international law is actually an accumulation of The Principle of National Sovereignity and The Freedom of High Sea. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) states that "a right on the part of an astat threatened with the environmental injury from sources beyond its territorial jurisdiction, at least where those sources are located on the high seas, to take reasonable action to prevent or abate that injury ". The general principle of good neighbor liness can be found in international customary law as well as in Article 74 of the UN Charter. This principle is reflected in several international treaties and is supported by the country's main practices in dangerous and emergency activities. Cooperation is contained in the 24th Principle of the Stockholm Declaration and the 27th Principle of the Rio Declaration which states that countries must cooperate in the principles of good faith and the spirit of partnership as efforts to protect the environment. Keywords: protection of the marine environment, principles of good faith, International Maritime Organization (IMO)
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Mangku, Dewa Gede Sudika. "PERLINDUNGAN DAN PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN LAUT MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL." TANJUNGPURA LAW JOURNAL 4, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/tlj.v4i2.41910.
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Issues relating to the protection of the marine environtment are of concern, including by international law. This research discusses the prtection and preservation of the marine environment according to international law. This research is a normative legal research. The approach used is the statutory approach. The research results show that the protection and preservation of the marine environment receives serious attention by international law, especially through regulation through the 1982 Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which fully regulates the protection and preservation of the marine environment in a Chapter, namely Chapter XII which consists of 45 articles (192-237). In this Chapter there are several important aspects relating to the protection and preservation of the marine environment, namely the existence of general obligations of countries in terms of protecting the marine environment (Articles 192-160), obligations of the state in terms of pollution (Articles 194-196), global cooperation and in the framework of protecting the marine environment (Articles 197-201), technical assistance (Articles 202-203), environmental monitoring and analysis (Articles 204-206), making laws and regulations and accompanying law enforcement (Articles 207-234), responsibilities and compensation obligations (Article 235), immunity rights (Article 236), obligations under other conventions concerning the protection of the marine environment (Article 237). Persoalan berkaitan perlindungan lingkungan laut menjadi perhatian, termasuk oleh hukum internasional. Penelitian ini membahas perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut menurut hukum internasional. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundangan-undangan. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil bahwa perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut mendapatkan perhatian serius oleh hukum internasional, terutama melalui pengaturan melalui Nations Convention on The Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 yang secara lengkap mengatur mengenai perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut dalam suatu Bab, yaitu Bab XII yang terdiri atas 45 pasal (192- 237). Dalam Bab tersebut terdapat beberapa aspek penting yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan dan pelestarian lingkungan laut, yaitu adanya kewajiban umum negara-negara dalam hal perlindungan lingkungan laut (Pasal 192- 193), kewajiban negara dalam hal pencemaran (Pasal 194-196), kerjasama global dan regional dalam rangka perlindungan lingkungan laut (Pasal 197- 201), bantuan teknik (Pasal 202-203), monitoring dan analisa lingkungan (Pasal 204-206), pembuatan peraturan perundang-undang disertai penegakan hukumnya (Pasal 207-234), tanggung jawab dan kewajiban ganti rugi (Pasal 235), hak kekebalan (Pasal 236), kewajiban-kewajiban berdasarkan konvensi lain mengenai perlindungan lingkungan laut (Pasal 237).
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Kristiani Purwendah, Elly. "JUSTICE ECOLOGY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE AS A BASIS OF PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE SEA ENVIRONMENT IN INDONESIA'S LEGAL SYSTEM." Ganesha Civic Education Journal 1, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/gancej.v1i1.59.
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Correlation of principles in the legal system through the concept of justice (ecological and social justice) is expected to protect the interests of the marine environment. Theory as a basic means used to express systematic relations in social phenomena and nature that will be examined and also a tool of science (tool of science). Principles are fundamental statements or general or individual truths that are used by a person or group as a guide for thinking or acting. The theory of ecological justice and social justice is used to express systematic relationships and scientific tools to explain the importance of the protection and management of the marine environment for the marine environment and its usefulness for humans. This theory is important to discuss in discussing the principle of appropriateness of international
law principles into the national legal system. Justice theory will explain the relationship between state responsibility and obligations towards environmental protection and management through the application of legal principles to the marine environment. The principle of protecting the marine environment is considered as the truth that is the basis of thinking and acting in order to protect and manage the marine environment. The theory of ecological justice and social justice is used as a frame of environmental protection and management as expected to be realized through the responsibility of the state which is obliged to protect the interests of the environment and society. The theory of ecological and social justice places the environment as a natural resource aimed at the welfare of society through state responsibility through the concept of fair and proportion. The construction of justice as a basic idea of law in protecting and utilizing the environment and how the designation of the environment for the welfare of citizens in accessing the marine environment.
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Łukaszuk, Leonard. "Międzynarodowa ochrona środowiska morskiego - główne problemy, system regulacji oraz zasady i formy współpracy (zarys ogólny)." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2003): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2003.1.1.17.
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The author discusses the main sources of marine environment pollution and measures to prevent, reduce, and control to ensure effective protection, and co-operation on a global or regional basis. Legal measures have been included for enforcement with respect to the marine environment from harmful effects that may arise by pollution from land-based sources, pollution by dumping, pollution from vessels, and pollution from activities in the Area. Enforcement comprises proper measures by flag and port States as well as coastal States. Topical issues have been discussed rules and principles regulated by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). i.e. uses of the seas and oceans, the conservation of their living resources" and the study, protection, and preservation of the marine environment. Also, the same selected matters of the marine environment protection and regional co-operation in Europe as well as in Asia and Pacific rims have been included.
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Oanta, Gabriela A. "Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment as a Goal for Achieving Sustainable Development on the Rio+20 Agenda." International Community Law Review 16, no. 2 (March 20, 2014): 214–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341277.
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Abstract The United Nations Convention on Sustainable Development, held in Rio de Janeiro between 20 and 22 June 2012, represented an excellent opportunity for learning the current state of the international community’s commitment to sustainable development. Undoubtedly, without sustainable seas and oceans it is impossible to talk about sustainability on our planet. Seas and oceans enjoy a privileged position within the global ecosystem as they represent 72% of the Earth’s surface area, accounting for 90% of the habitat of all life, and are a major source of economic, social and environmental resources. Hence the special interest in an effective protection of the global marine ecosystem, which is gravely threatened by a variety of factors, of which illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing is one. The present article will be divided into two parts. The first of these will study the goal of protecting the marine environment as part of the Rio+20 agenda, whilst the second will analyse illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing from a legal point of view, with particular attention being paid to the most significant challenges presented by this global scourge.
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Gutiérrez Castillo, Víctor L., and Juan J. García Blesa. "The Environmental Protection Regimes Governing Maritime Renewable Energies in the EU and Their Implementation in the Marine and Coastal Areas of the South of Spain." Spanish Yearbook of International Law Online 17, no. 1 (2013): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116125-01701003.
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The purpose of this paper is to review the configuration and point out the weaknesses of the main legal regimes of environmental protection of the Mediterranean Sea applicable to the implementation of marine renewable energies in the maritime and coastal areas of the EU, focusing on some parts of the south coast of Spain. Renewable energy sources have become a strategic industry for Europe over the last years due, among other things, to the need for finding cheap and clean energy sources. Within this context, marine renewable energies attract a lot of attention from the EU and several Member States. However, the development of this industry without a sound environmental protection and preservation policy and regulation, might well result in a rather negative impact on the affected marine ecosystems. On the other hand, the legal framework established by the EU and other international legal regimes for the protection of the marine environment seems to give much room for Member States putting economic objectives before environmental considerations.
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Vinata, Ria Tri. "POWER OF SHARING SUMBER DAYA KELAUTAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA." Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum LEGALITY 24, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jihl.v24i2.4272.
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Maritime and marine development targets are very realistic considering the position of Indonesia is geographically located and has a comparative advantage because it is very close to the world market. On the other hand, Indonesia is located in the tropics with thousands of islands have a wealth and maritime and marine resource potential is very large. Awareness of the protection and preservation of the marine environment began to grow among the countries participating in the Convention; especially regarding the exploitation of natural resources is carried out on a large scale in the marine environment. Especially for marine areas that are still in dispute, the power of sharing activity is the distribution of marine resources with the agreement Joint exploitation the original problem as a potential source of conflict, transformed and directed into a source of cooperation. Such cooperation generally includes the exploration, exploitation, and sharing of benefits derived from the exploitation of natural resources in the region for the parties.
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McGill, Galen, and Terry Shike. "Rehabilitation and Preservation of Oregon’s Historic Concrete Coastal Bridges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1601, no. 1 (January 1997): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1601-02.
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Oregon’s Coastal Bridge Program was designed to preserve the economic and cultural resources invested in Oregon’s coastal bridges. The Oregon Coast Highway contains a significant concentration of bridges listed on or eligible for the National Historic Register. Many of these reinforced concrete structures are suffering extensive corrosion damage resulting from years of exposure to the marine environment. Oregon has developed this program to evaluate, prioritize, and preserve these magnificent bridges. Preservation of these bridges has relied on the innovative application of cathodic protection technology. This new technology has been applied successfully through a project design and construction process that includes ongoing interaction among design engineers, researchers, construction project management personnel, and contractors.
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Mensah, Thomas A. "The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment." Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 8, no. 1 (April 1999): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9388.00170.
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Kidd, Aline H., and Robert M. Kidd. "Aquarium Visitors' Perceptions and Attitudes toward the Importance of Marine Biodiversity." Psychological Reports 81, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3f.1083.
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To study people's perceptions and attitudes toward the importance of marine biodiversity, 102 visitors to San Francisco's UnderWater World aquarium were interviewed about their perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge about marine life and the environment needed for survival. They were asked about any changes in perceptions and attitudes after their visit. The data indicate that most visitors had very Little education in marine biology, that 84% had previously visited other aquariums, that 98% had maintained or increased their positive attitudes toward marine life, and that only 20% financially or emotionally supported marine animal protection or preservation societies. These data, especially from people who had previously visited aquariums, indicated a need for school and college classes and texts to include more substantial and interest-stimulating information about the encompassing importance of the oceans for the survival of all terrestrial and oceanic species.
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DE HERDT, SANDRINE W., and TAFSIR MALICK NDIAYE. "The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment: Taking Stock and Prospects." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 57 (November 2020): 353–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cyl.2020.23.
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AbstractThis article takes stock of the contribution of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) to the development of international environmental law. It examines in this regard the jurisdiction of the tribunal and provides an overview of its environmental jurisprudence. It then assesses the potential role of ITLOS in relation to some marine environmental challenges ahead. In particular, it considers the possibility of a request for an advisory opinion on climate change, the settlement of disputes regarding deep seabed mining, and the potential role of the tribunal under a new legal instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.
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Hakapää, Kari. "Foreign Ships in Vulnerable Waters: Coastal Jurisdiction over Vessel-Source Pollution with Special Reference to the Baltic Sea." International Journal of Legal Information 33, no. 2 (2005): 256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500004960.
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Protection and preservation of the marine environment is a topical issue around the Baltic Sea. Not least does it refer to vessel-source pollution. The Baltic Sea is a particularly vulnerable sea area with its narrow waters, often severe climatic conditions, and growing tanker traffic, especially to and from Russian ports at the far end of the Gulf of Finland. By way of example, oil transports in the Gulf of Finland tripled in 1995 to 2003, recently reaching to some 78 million tons a year.
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Oanta, Gabriela A. "In the Search of an Appropriate Legal Framework to Prevent Environmental Risks Caused by Navigation in the Black Sea." International Community Law Review 19, no. 2-3 (June 13, 2017): 194–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341354.
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This article addresses the legal framework pertaining to navigation in the Black Sea (including the Turkish Straits System) – which is currently one of the busiest trade routes globally – and its implications for the protection and preservation of the marine environment in this region. This framework is a comprehensive and complex system that is based, on the one hand, upon norms established by different global diplomatic conferences and international organizations that are therefore also applicable to the Black Sea and its coastal States; on the other hand, the regional cooperation fora for the Black Sea have also created specific standards for the region. In addition, the implications of the delimitation of maritime areas in the Black Sea and the international responsibility of States in the field of marine pollution caused by navigation will also be examined.
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Krymskaya, Renata S., Ekaterina I. Plaskeeva, and Svetlana E. Bogdanova. "Biological testing of aqueous-based metal preservation technologies." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-70.
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This paper deals with an essential issue of safe methods for temporary metal products protection against corrosion. Nowadays, there are a lot of corrosion inhibitors available; however, most of them are based on chemically hazardous derivatives of amines, nitrites, and chromates contained therein. The listed substances negatively affect both people and the environment. In Arctic weather conditions it is especially important to have reliable and safe anti-corrosion systems that can be applied in marine equipment preservation technologies. It is extremely undesirable to make any repairs and painting works under Arctic conditions, any restoration paintwork of metal items, as well as number of unpainted metal items to be protected must be minimized. The safest preservation methods are aqueous solutions; with such solutions, metal structures to be protected in Arctic conditions either do not need any preparatory preserving agent washing off, or washing off is ultimately simplified. This paper presents wide-spread inhibitors and inhibitors synthesized from safe natural fatty acids of vegetable oils. The article considers their characteristics and applicability. Also, the paper determines environmental hazard classes of aqueous preservation solutions by using biological testing objects. It allows us to assess a hazard level of the applied preservation method, regardless of how substances or combination thereof cause changes in vital functions of the testing objects. Based on the experiments conducted, the article discusses a possibility of using low-hazard preservation methods.
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B. Valiullina, Ksenia. "Implementation of International Legal Norms by the Russian Federation in the Field of Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment from Pollution." HELIX 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 2964–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29042/2018-2964-2968.
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Zulkhanadya, Zulkhanadya, and Sophia Listriani. "The Implementation Of State Responsibility Principle in Indonesia Concerning Plastic Waste of Pacific Ocean." Syiah Kuala Law Journal 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 218–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v4i2.17871.
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Today, plastic waste is the most widely found in the Pacific Ocean, around 99% of garbage in the Pacific Ocean is plastic waste. Indonesia as the second-largest contributor plastic waste to sea, it needs to implement the state responsibility principle to fulfill the international obligations as referred to article 235 (1) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, stated that states are responsible for the fulfillment of their international obligations concerning the protection and preservation the marine environment. The state responsibility principle is also discussed at the national level, in Indonesia itself, there is a national regulation that discusses the state responsibility principle such as Law No. 32 of 2009 on environmental protection and management. Therefore, this paper will discuss the implementation of state responsibility principle in Indonesia and the challenges faced by Indonesia in implementing the state responsibility principle.
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Zhao, Xiao Dong, Xi Qiu Fan, and Mei Ling Tian. "Application of Repair and Anti-Corrosion Technology on Reinforced Concrete Structures of a Domestic Wharf." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.165.
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According to the status and service environment of a domestic wharf, the corrosion of reinforced concrete structure was evaluated by multiple detection methods, on the base of which the corresponding repair and anti-corrosion program were adopted, thus good preservative effect was achieved. The research work and demonstration project are expected to provide technical discussion and reference for peer experts, as well as technical basis for the corrosion protection of reinforced concrete structures in similar marine environment.
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Townsend-Gault, Ian. "Sustainable and Sound: First Principles for Addressing Maritime Jurisdictional Issues and Disputes." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 1, no. 1 (June 3, 2016): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00101003.
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This paper explores a number of diverse but closely inter-related topics relating to maritime jurisdiction. Assuming that two or more states which are party to such a dispute, certain inflexible principles apply. The point is made that the law of the sea is a part of international law, not an autonomous subject. Its cornerstone, the un Convention of 1982, must therefore be read, interpreted and applied like any other international agreement. Parties to the Convention are bound by its provisions, and, in general, it is not up to them to insert words or meanings to suit themselves. Similarly, international law has rules on treaty interpretation, which should guide states in designing their marine policies. The paper considers reliance on history in the context of international law, and associated issues. It concludes with a number of propositions based on principle, general and specific. Throughout, maintaining law and order at sea as the optimum means of advancing the sustainable development of the oceans and all their resources, as well as the preservation and protection of the marine environment is a constant theme.
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Prat, J. L. "Chapter 9 The Role and Activities of the European Communities in the Protection and the Preservation of the Marine Environment of the North Sea." International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 5, no. 1-4 (1990): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180890x00137.
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Prat, J. L. "Chapter 9 The Role and Activities of the European Communities in the Protection and the Preservation of the Marine Environment of the North Sea." International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 5, no. 1-4 (1990): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180890x00588.
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Lugo-Villalba, Ricardo A., Mario Álvarez Guerra, and Bienvenido Sarria López. "Calculation of marine air conditioning systems based on energy savings." Ciencia y tecnología de buques 11, no. 21 (September 15, 2017): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.156.
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The development of ship propulsion in the areas of Economic Operation, Environmental Protection and Ship Efficiency (Triple E - Economy, Environment, Efficiency) is the comparison standard of the manufacturers of contemporary ships. The standard is based on the application of a more modern design of the diesel engines, the wide use of waste heat and the efficient operation of the ship.In accordance with the Economic Operation, the need to evaluate the design of air conditioning systems has been identified in order to determine the possible savings, which are represented by a decrease in fuel consumption, as a result of: the significant impact of this consumption in the operation of the ship, the current high costs of this energy, the periodic increase in the price of the same, and the international policies for the reduction of emissions to the atmosphere and preservation of the environment.By means of the energy diagnosis of the air conditioning system it is possible to determine the possible opportunities of energy saving during the operation of the ship.The results indicate that the thermal load and the cooling capacity required by the air conditioned spaces have a difference between their maximum and average value of 14%. This justifies the need to use a conditioning system with a variable volume of air supplied to the air conditioned space.
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Lee, Seok-Woo, and Eon-Kyung Park. "The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment and the South China Sea Arbitration." Cultural Interaction Studies of Sea Port Cities 18 (April 30, 2018): 271–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35158/cisspc.2018.04.18.271.
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Ibragimova, Olga, and Rolf Kleiv. "Application of a Rapid and Simple UV-Spectrophotometric Method for the Study of Desorption of Esterquat Collectors in Tailings–Seawater Systems." Water 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111544.
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The growing demand for mineral resources followed by the steady increase in mining activity result in the need for the disposal of large amount of tailings. Submarine tailings placements (STPs) is a viable option to land-based waste disposal. However, disposal of tailings with accumulated chemicals continues to contribute to the degradation of the marine environment. Replacement of chemicals towards more environmentally friendly alternatives is a good initiative aimed at preservation and protection of the marine ecosystem. Among the cationic surfactants esterquats-containing reagents have attracted particular attention due to their specific ability to degrade rapidly into non-surface-active and environmentally friendly fragments followed by inorganic end products. The important decomposition reaction is the hydrolysis in the presence of water. In this study the rate of esterquats-containing reagent FLOT 2015 desorption by seawater and the probable mechanism of its chemical degradation in aqueous mediums were investigated with the aid of a simple and adequate UV-spectrophotometric technique. By investigating the desorption characteristics of the adsorbed collector FLOT 2015 on mineral samples, important information regarding its mobility and stability was obtained that would be valuable for environmental impact assessment.
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Wang, Zhiqi, Jian Zhao, Lihua Fei, Yanglei Jin, and Dong Zhao. "Deformation Monitoring System Based on 2D-DIC for Cultural Relics Protection in Museum Environment with Low and Varying Illumination." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (August 29, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5240219.
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Quantifying the condition of large cultural relics, such as marine archaeological shipwreck, is important to verify stability and reliability. Deformation monitoring system plays a key role in the preservation and long-term conservation of cultural relics. Two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC) method has proven its efficiency in being able to provide accurate quantitative information of structural deformations. In this study, a deformation monitoring system with four cameras based on 2D-DIC is developed to perform noncontact, optically based measurement to monitor the deformation of shipwreck in museum environment with low and varying illumination. Because the consistency of the accuracy of 2D-DIC measurements for different locations is the most basic requirement in the application of structural deformation monitoring, selecting the appropriate exposure time and quantifying the bias errors on 2D-DIC measurements should be helpful to the optimal use of this optical nondestructive testing technique. A theoretical criterion is deduced to quantitatively characterize the dependence of interpolation bias upon natural patterns and illuminations. Then, an exposure adjustment scheme is built based on the aforementioned criterion. Numerical experiments reveal that the exposure adjustment scheme is able to provide consistency interpolation error for different natural patterns even though the environmental illumination is different as well. The deformation monitoring system with the proposed exposure adjustment scheme is promising for developing flexible and robust in situ structural health monitoring for use in museum environment with low and varying illumination, making 2D-DIC technique a really useful tool for in situ long-term monitoring of large cultural relics.
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Petrinović, Ranka, Vesna Skorupan Wolff, Nikola Mandić, and Bisera Plančić. "International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks, 2007. – a New Contribution to the Safety of Navigation and Marine Environment Protection." Transactions on Maritime Science 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2013): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v02.n01.007.
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The text of the International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks was finally adopted at the International Conference held from 14 to 18 May, 2007 in the United Nations Office at Nairobi in Kenya (UNON). The Convention shall enter into force twelve months after having been signed and approved by ten States. The new Convention will provide a legal frame for the States Parties in removing existing and future wrecks located beyond the territorial sea (within their sovereign rights). First of all it is the exclusive economic zone which we discuss in the paper, or if a state has not established the Zone, it is the territory just beyond the territorial seas which extends not more than 200 NM from the starting lines for determining the size of territorial seas. Although the number of maritime accidents has been reduced recently, it has been estimated that there are more than 1 300 abandoned wrecks around the world today that pose potential hazards to safe navigation, utilization of the living resources, as well as to the marine environment. In accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Republic of Croatia established Protected Ecological and Fishing Zone comprising sovereign rights characteristic for exclusive economic zones such as sovereign right of researching, utilization and conservation of the living resources beyond the outer borders of the territorial sea, as well as their management, and the jurisdiction with regard to the scientific research of the sea and protection and preservation of the marine environment. The Adriatic Sea falls into the category of closed or semi-closed seas by the definition of the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea, and therefore if compared with larger seas, the consequences of pollution would be much greater due to its small size. That is why the adoption of the Convention on the Removal of Wrecks is of great importance to Croatia. The provisions of the Convention oblige the master and the operator of a ship to notify the endangered state party immediately about the accident which may cause a shipwreck, and the state must inform the mariners and other coastal states about the hazard posed by wrecks. The most important fact is that the Convention requires compulsory security for vessels of 300BT. The vessels of 300 BT are obliged to have the certificate of insurance, or some other financial security as a cover for owner’s liability for the damage caused by the removal of the wreck.
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KHUMAROVA, N. I., H. O. TIUTIUNNYK, and N. V. VERNIHOROVA. "DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIVITY IN THE FIELD OF RECREATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF BEACH TERRITORIES." Economic innovations 22, no. 2(75) (June 20, 2020): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2020.22.2(75).122-134.
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Topicality. Ensuring inclusiveness in the field of recreational nature management plays a special role in the system of economic development of the country and further integration into the European Union.The modern institutional base is rather fragmentary in terms of administrative regulation of beach areas - the environment of a set of valuable natural resources that are attractive for business development.This leads to the impossibility of effective economic assessment of territories, preservation of their ecological status, and as a consequence prevents the pursuit of global economic trends.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to reveal the characteristics of an inclusive approach and outline the components of the organization and development of beach areas. Formulation of criteria for creating an inclusive beach. Substantiation of introduction of principles of the organization of inclusiveness of recreational natural resources on an example of the beaches which have received the Blue Flag status.Research results. The authors consider the legislative basis, strategies and action plans for the protection of the marine environment of Ukraine and its use. The rules of use of shore protection structures, which are places of mass recreation, are presented and contradictions are revealed in them. The principles of inclusive use of beach areas are declared. The state of pollution of beach areas, methods of assessing the impact of economic activities on marine ecosystems, the state of tourist flows and proposals are analyzed.Conclusion. It is substantiated that there is no scientific theoretical basis, and in the legislative field there is no single legal act that regulates the issues of beach areas, their pollution, the relevant economic relations. It is substantiated that there is no zoning of beach areas and their ecological condition is not taken into account when calculating the cost of rent. At an insufficient level - compliance with the social needs of different segments of the population and ensuring the care, use and protection of the contact area as a whole. The necessity of using tax policy, rent payments based on economic assessment of natural recreational resources taking into account the ecological component is substantiated.
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Pastorek, Filip, Milan Štrbák, Daniel Kajánek, Martina Jacková, Jana Pastorková, and Zuzana Florková. "Corrosion Behaviour of Preserved PEO Coating on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 23, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): B76—B88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2021.2.b76-b88.
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A surface treatment process, composed of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and sealing by temporary oil preservation system containing corrosion inhibitors, was performed on AZ31 magnesium alloy in order to improve its corrosion resistance in environments containing chlorides. Both atmospheric and immersion conditions were evaluated by electrochemical tests in 0.1M NaCl solution together with salt spray test according to STN EN ISO 9227 standard. The obtained results confirmed significant improvement of corrosion resistance reached by the PEO sealing in aggressive environments compared to the pure PEO coating on AZ31 surface. Hence, such a duplex coating is a very perspective alternative for magnesium alloy applications in severe conditions or for temporary protection of magnesium products coated by the PEO during marine transport.
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Lim, Darwinah Darwin, and Nor Hasni Osman. "MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN MALAYSIA: TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT." Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management 5, no. 19 (June 10, 2020): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jthem.519005.
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Nowadays, sustainable development brings a different kind of meaning especially among scholars who have their own purposes. This principle is not only limited to the preservation of the environment and its resources, but it also included human resources and financial management as well as physical development. The awareness towards sustainable development had been started in 1987 which was pioneered by the report of Brundtland (UNWCED), then it was recognized by Rio de Jeneiro Summit in 1992. Next, the concept of this agenda is also has been reinforced during the World Conference in 2002 on sustainable development in Johannesburg, South Africa by bringing the world's attention to the challenges and importance of sustainable development. In Malaysia, there are not all of the activities on Marine Protected Area (MPA) that are carried out in line with the concept of sustainable development, although there are various efforts and policies that have been introduced to preserve the natural environment and ecosystems for the sake of future generations. Therefore, this article highlights the key aspects that stakeholders should consider in order to introduce a philosophy of sustainable development in the Marine Protected Areas management sector. The initiative proposed in this article provides a strategic focus on maintaining harmony between those involved in the management of the Marine Park and the industry of maritime tourism. It also takes into account the legal framework and economic interests of stakeholders in this sector to focus on exploiting the national resources of the National Park and protecting the integrity of the Marine Park environment in line with the concept of sustainable development.
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Artanto, Yohanes Kristiawan. "BAPONGKA, SISTEM BUDAYA SUKU BAJO DALAM MENJAGA KELESTARIAN SUMBER DAYA PESISIR." Sabda : Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan 12, no. 1 (July 19, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/sabda.v12i1.15253.
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Bajo communities have local knowledge which contains the value of the preservation of marine and coastal ecosystems in the form of traditions, rules or restrictions hereditarily practiced, maintained and adhered Bajo community in protecting and utilizing coastal areas sustainably. One is the activity called Bapongka (babangi), that is, the Bajo fishing activities conducted in groups for several weeks or even months using large sized boats called leppa or sopek. Bapongka has common values that can be interpreted as an attempt to tighten silaturrahmi (brotherhood relationship) among family members, as the activities are generally carried out by involving the family (wife and children) and also fellow fishermen, implemented by way of a group to use 3 to 4 boats set off hand in hand. The Bajo tribe's tradition is an activity that serves to safeguard the environment, preserve the resources, and prevent damage to marine and coastal ecosystems
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Zhavoronkova, N. G., and V. B. Agafonov. "Legal Problems of Spatial Development of the Arctic Ecological Zone of the Russian Federation." Lex Russica 73, no. 3 (March 28, 2020): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.160.3.105-113.
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The paper considers the strategic directions of legal support for the spatial development of the Arctic ecological zone of the Russian Federation. It is proved that a key principle of the development of the Arctic is the principle of preservation and the balance between economic activity, human presence and conservation of the environment. Therefore, the existing strategic planning documents defining strategic guidelines for spatial development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation shall be brought into compliance with the basic documents of state strategic planning in the field of environmental protection and ecological safety, as well as in national, economic, and other types of security. The authors substantiate the conclusion that it is necessary to develop and adopt a separate strategy for marine (aquatic) spatial development, which contains key types of economic specialization in relation to individual water areas, promising marine reference zones of economic growth, as well as the main directions for environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety. According to the authors, the implementation of the tasks specified in the strategy of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to determine the status of the whole Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (strategic, environmental, economic, social, etc.), and, given the special international and national status of the Arctic, its special position as a testing ground for ideas and environmental-economic investments, to develop and adopt the basic law "On environmental Arctic zone of the Russian Federation" or to integrate environmental requirements into the project of the Federal law "On the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation".
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de Serpa Soares, Miguel. "75 Years of International Law-Making at the United Nations." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 23, no. 1 (December 3, 2020): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413_023001002.
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For the last 75 years, the UN has been placed at the centre of international law-making. The Organization can be considered both as a place where international law is discussed, made and interpreted by its Member States and as a proper actor, with its own international legal personality, voice and practice, engaged in the creation and implementation of international law. This article considers the extraordinary position of the UN in providing a unique contribution to the development, codification and implementation of international law in branches ranging from the law of treaties to the legal principles governing the protection and preservation of the marine environment or the criminal accountability for graves violations of international humanitarian law. On its 75th anniversary, the Organization has demonstrated its flexibility and adaptability to the changing priorities and concerns of the international community and facilitated the commitment of its Member States to multilateralism and the principles enshrined in the Charter signed on 26 June 1945 in San Francisco. Indeed, the outlook for the next 25 years of international law-making at the UN looks brighter than it may at first appear.
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Dwi Ramasari, Risti, Aprinisa Aprinisa, and Okta Ainita. "SOVEREIGN RIGHTS, JURISDICTIONAL OBLIGATIONS AND OTHER RIGHTS IN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE." Progressive Law Review 2, no. 02 (November 18, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36448/plr.v2i02.31.
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The international community has succeeded in compiling a law of the sea to regulate all forms of use of the sea as well as the benefits of the natural resources contained therein as outlined in the form of an agreement between States as known as United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. The sea is divided into several parts / zones, namely the territorial sea, internal waters, contiguous zones, archipelagic waters, the exclusive economic zone and the high seas. The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, subject to the specific legal regime established in this Part, under which the rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State and the rights and freedoms of other States are governed by the relevant provisions of this Convention. In the exclusive economic zone, coastal countries have sovereign rights for exploration and exploitation purposes, conservation and management of natural resources, both living and non-living, from the waters above the seabed and from the seabed and the land below and with respect to other activities for the purposes of exploration and economic exploitation of the zone, such as energy production from water, currents and wind; jurisdiction as defined in the relevant provisions of this Convention with respect to the creation and use of artificial islands, installations and structures, marine scientific research and the protection and preservation of the marine environment. Other rights and obligations as defined in this Convention
Key words: Exclusive Economic Zone, Sovereign Rights, Jurisdictional Obligations
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Brooks, Jefferson, Miguel Chen Austin, Dafni Mora, and Nathalia Tejedor-Flores. "A Critical Review on Mathematical Descriptions to Study Flux Processes and Environmental-Related Interactions of Mangroves." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 6970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126970.
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Trees are resources that provide multiple benefits, such as the conservation of fauna, both terrestrial and marine, a source of food and raw material, and offering protection in storms, which makes it practical to understand their behavior against different phenomena. Such understanding may be possible through process modeling. Studies confirm that mangrove forests can store more carbon than other forests, influencing the fight against global warming. Thus, a critical and systematic review was carried out regarding studies focusing on mangroves to collect information on the models that have been applied and the most influential variables highlighted by other authors. Applying a systematic search for the most relevant topics related to mangroves (basic as well as recent information), it is possible to group models and methods carried out by other authors to respond to certain behaviors presented by mangroves. Moreover, possible structuring of a mathematical model applied to a species of interest thanks to the analyzed references could provide justified information to the authorities on the importance of these forests and the benefits of their preservation and regeneration-recovery.
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Sahatjian, Laurie Crick. "Uniformity: The Role of States (U.S. and Foreign) in Environmental Protection Post-Intertanko and Erika." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-149.
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ABSTRACT On March 2, 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rejected certain Washington State regulations of oil tankers, clarified the federal interest in regulating interstate navigation, and remanded to lower courts certain other state regulations for a determination of their validity in light of the “considerable federal interest at stake.” On December 12, 1999, the oil tanker Erika broke up and caused over 10,000 tons of oil to wash up on France's coast. The ultimate impact of this incident, and the extent of the reaction of the European Community (EU), remains to be seen. These two events epitomize the ongoing international struggle between the benefits of uniformity and the political imperatives brought on by maritime casualties. This paper will discuss the impact of both. The Intertanko decision clarified that the United States is to speak with one voice on matters of foreign affairs and foreign policy, including international maritime affairs. The international implications of the case were of such great importance that fourteen foreign governments, including the United Kingdom, Norway, Greece, and Japan, filed an amicus brief urging the Supreme Court to overturn Washington State regulations on the grounds that the regulations at issue were incompatible with the principles of uniformity and reciprocity that have long been agreed by the United States and other maritime nations as key to adopting, implementing, and enforcing effective international standards and regulations for ships, including shipboard measures for protecting the marine environment. This paper will first discuss the impact of the Intertanko decision on the role of individual states. It will then address the participation of foreign governments in the legal system of the United States to further international goals, including issues considered significant enough to compel fourteen governments to participate as amici in the Supreme Court's consideration of the case. It will also address the continuing threat to uniformity resulting from notorious spills, including the Erika disaster and the EU reaction thereto. Finally, the paper will suggest steps that must be taken at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other international bodies to ensure continuing preservation of uniform international regulation of shipping.
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Arman, Zuhdi, and Tomi Arianto. "PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN DAN ENGLISH CONVERSATION PENJAGA PANTAI MENDUKUNG PROGRAM WISATA BAHARI BATAM." PUAN INDONESIA 1, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37296/about.v1i2.11.
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The development of a tourist area must be supported by the facilities and quality of existing Human Resources knowledge in the local area; Namely knowledge of tourism activities, the ability and communication skills and understanding of the rules of the game with foreign tourists. Setokok Beach is one of the destinations taken into account in supporting the marine tourism area in Batam. For this reason, legal guidance is needed specifically relating to the environment and the legal rules governing environmental preservation to the community so that they can live a life of society, nation and state without doing any damage to the environment that is now rife in Batam for it as one of the areas around Batam island in order to be prevented about the dangers of environmental damage in accordance with the current of globalization and the development of the times so that inevitably the community is demanded to be able to know the ins and outs of legal issues related to preserving and protecting the environment especially to the people at Setokok beach. The method taught is in the form of fostering Understanding of Environmental Law and English conversation practice according to the needs and conditions of training participants. The results obtained through community service in Setokok Beach can be seen from the mastery of the ability to practice law and speaking conversation.
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Amorós, I., R. Connon, H. Garelick, J. L. Alonso, and J. M. Carrasco. "An assessment of the toxicity of some pesticides and their metabolites affecting a natural aquatic environment using the Microtox™ system." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2000): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0285.
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The conservation and preservation of aquatic ecosystems is of utmost importance due to the high diversity and density of species and their complex food network. The evaluation of the potential adverse environmental impact caused by pesticides entering water bodies is an important parameter in aquatic toxicity. The toxicity of the insecticide, Fenitrothion and two of its metabolites, 3-methyl-4 nitrophenol and 3-methyl-4-nitroanisole, and of the herbicides Thiobencarb and Molinate, commonly used in rice fields in Valencia near the protected area of lake Albufera, has been tested by using the Microtox™ system. The 15 min EC50 values obtained with the marine luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri showed that the Thiobencarb was the most toxic of the three tested pesticides with an EC50 value of 0.03 mg/l. The EC50 values of the first two steps of the Fenitrothion hydrolysis indicated that while the first metabolite, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, was as toxic as its parent compound, a decreased toxicity was observed for the second metabolite, 3-methyl-4-nitroanisole. In order to analyze the toxic effects of pesticides in complex mixtures the EC50 values of Fenitrothion, Molinate and Thiobencarb as pure substances and their mixtures were compared. The impact of the pesticides in the natural ecosystem was also studied and a protective effect of lake water was observed.
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Ferreira, José C., Renato Monteiro, and Vasco R. Silva. "Planning a Green Infrastructure Network from Theory to Practice: The Case Study of Setúbal, Portugal." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 8432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158432.
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Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas that are designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services. It incorporates green and blue spaces and other physical features in terrestrial and marine areas. Despite the increase of green infrastructure planning in several regions of the world, such as Europe and North America, there is still a complexity and diversity associated with the concept of green infrastructure that influences the variance in approaches of green infrastructure planning. This research proposed a multi-criteria method that was organized in four steps for designing a green infrastructure for the municipality of Setúbal (Portugal) that efficiently integrated the ecological and social components in the planning and policymaking processes, as well as green infrastructure planning principles. The results show a green infrastructure that comprised around 91% of the territory of the case study, organized into two systems: the fundamental green infrastructure, which was related to the areas whose ecological interests were more favorable, and the urban green infrastructure, which aimed to enhance and intensify ecological processes in built-up areas. This approach focused on the protection of ecological functions, the preservation of the cultural and natural heritage, and the prevention of risks at a local level; it also followed several green infrastructure planning principles, namely, connectivity, multifunctionality, diversity, integration, and applicability.
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Gudev, P. "Non-Military Treats to the Arctic Security." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 2 (2016): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-72-82.
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The supposed ice melting process leads to a fundamental change in the geopolitical status of the Arctic region: it is becoming more open to different kinds of maritime activities implementation, including navigation, commercial fishing, mineral and energy resources extraction. Not only the Arctic Five (A5) countries, whose coasts are directly washed by the Arctic Ocean, are interested in their realization, but non-regional states also. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) gives them such opportunities. According to UNCLOS, the central part of the Arctic Ocean beyond the 200-mile exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of the Arctic countries can be considered as a high seas enclave, with all freedoms of the high seas: of navigation; of overflight; of fishing; of scientific research; freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines; to construct artificial islands and other installations. The high seas are open to all states, whether coastal or land-locked, which have equal rights here. In addition, it should be noted that other countries have a right to carry out certain practical activities associated with three (out of six) freedoms named above: of navigation (with some restrictions under Article 234 of UNCLOS); of overflight; freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines – within the Arctic states EEZ. The appearance of new Arctic players interested in its spaces and resources is connected with significant increase in risks and threats, primarily non-military. This is largely due to fundamental differences between the Arctic Ocean and other sea areas, such as the Indian or Atlantic Ocean. Among these differences: only five Arctic states are washed by the Arctic Ocean’s waters; shallow depth; small total area; a significant length of the shelf zone; special climate conditions, including ice cap; finally – ecological vulnerability. In this regard, the process of the Arctic region’s opening for different kinds of maritime activities implementation poses a problem of the environmental security, protection and preservation of the marine environment and its biological diversity. Despite the fact that security issues in their traditional interpretation are not under the jurisdiction of the Arctic Council, its primary environmental focus indicates that these issues are directly correlated with the main area of its activities. Anyway, the modern interpretation of the "security" concept includes not only a "military", but also an “environmental” component. For the Arctic states, whose geographical position makes them the first victims of any environmental disaster in the region, the provision of environmental security should be the main priority in their mutual policies. The most effective model for the non-military security threats response in the Arctic is cooperation and coordination between all Arctic states at the regional level. One of the problems in the way is that the Arctic Ocean could not be compared with the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, to which the Article 123 of the UNCLOS "Cooperation of States Bordering Enclosed or Semi-Enclosed Seas" provides the states' right to “coordinate the management, conservation, exploration and exploitation of the living resources of the sea”, and to “coordinate the implementation of their rights and duties with respect to the protection and preservation of the marine environment”. However, the recent transformation of the international maritime law gives Arctic countries some opportunities in this area. First, the regime of the high seas is becoming less conducive for implementation of specific types of maritime activities. In the future, we can expect that the extent of regulation in this area of the World ocean will be significantly increased. The implementation of the high seas freedoms is largely conditioned by the realization of the tasks to protect and preserve the marine environment and its biodiversity. Second, there is a continuing practice of expanding the authority of coastal states in their jurisdiction zones, especially in the EEZ. Despite the fact that the coastal state is not granted any competence in the field of the EEZ security, the practice of a broad interpretation of the “security” concept includes food, resource and environment security. The enforcement of such security regimes is becoming an increasingly common practice, even though it imposes certain restrictions for third countries’ rights in these sea areas. Finally, the adoption of security measures in the EEZ, on one hand, and at the high sea, on the other, should be recognized interdependent and considered all together. In the near future, the number of potential security threats can be significantly expanded due to the increase in the number of maritime activities participants. In addition to the already existing non-military threats (pollution of the marine environment; illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing), new threats may appear: armed robbery of ships (piracy); acts of terrorism affecting both the shipping and offshore installations (oil and gas platforms); illegal transportation of weapons, including weapons of mass destruction (WMD); illegal transportation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances; illegal movement of people by sea, including illegal migration. An effective response to these types of threats requires not only individual efforts of the Arctic Five countries, but also collective security measures. In this regard, in order to create a regional security model, the development of collaboration and cooperation between the Arctic countries is essential. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the Russian Humanitarian Scientifi c Foundation Project No. 14-07-00050 “Institutions and Principles of Supranational Governance Formation in World Politics: Concepts and Activities”.
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Teymurov, E. S. "Marine Protected Areas and Other Zonally Linked Management Tools: International Legal Issues." Lex Russica, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.176.7.095-110.
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The development of the legal framework for the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) and other zonal management tools is due to the need to establish their nature (environmental or socio-economically oriented); to determine the interaction of the norms of international environmental law and maritime law; to ensure the harmonization of the rules for the establishment of MPAs and their regimes in national and international law in order to take into account the characteristics of ecosystems. The research is aimed at improving the efficiency of establishing MPAs and other zonal management tools by harmonizing the conceptual apparatus, identifying key features of marine protected areas and separating them from related international legal instruments.International legal acts define the MPA as a zoning tool aimed exclusively at preserving the natural environment and biodiversity, in which, depending on the category of protected areas, the International Union for Conservation of Nature prohibit the withdrawal of resources except for traditional fishing. The indicated approach causes a conflict of types of use of biodiversity, non-perception by users of significant restrictions on activities, and contains the risk of becoming a political tool for restricting the activities of states.MPAs are a type of zonally linked management tools. They consist of a clearly defined geographical area and applicable measures that entail the preservation of the environment.It is necessary to move to a more flexible management model of MPAs, allowing for the sustainable use of the biological resources of the area. MPAs and other zonal tools should have a multi-purpose character. In most cases, in addition to environmental characteristics, socio-economic, scientific, educational and cultural characteristics of the space are taken into account to establish them.It is erroneous to identify the management tool with the space and exclude response measures from it. Most of the acts justifiably do not contain a list of protective measures, leaving room for the most effective definition of measures, taking into account the goals set and the factors of establishing MPAs. However, it seems reasonable to define in regulatory legal acts the procedure for resolving conflicts of types of use within the same and between different instruments.
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Symons, Lisa C., Joseph Paulin, and Atuatasi Lelei Peau. "Challenges of OPA and NMSA Related Responses in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa: NO.1 JI HYUN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2389.
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ABSTRACT: 2017-226 Fa’a-Samoa (the Samoan way) is a living tradition and continues to define the Samoan way of life. It is the foundation of Polynesia’s oldest culture - dating back some 3,000 years. Fa’a-Samoa is interconnected with Samoan lands and waters and by sharing the intact and vibrant traditions, values, and legends that connect the Samoan people to the land and sea, the local community plays an INTEGRAL role in the protection and preservation of natural and cultural resources of the area. Fa’a-Samoa places great importance on the dignity and achievements of the group rather than individuals. On April 14, 2016, the 62 ft. FV NO1 JI HYUN lost the main engines and grounded off the west side of Aunu’u Island in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa (NMSAS). This area is of ecological and cultural significance for the local residents using hook-and-line, casting nets, spearfishing (non-scuba assisted) and other non-destructive fishing methods including those traditionally used for sustenance and cultural purposes such as gleaning, ‘enu and ola. The village on Aunu’u was extremely wary of inclusion of the waters of Aunu’u in the expansion of the sanctuary being concerned about loss of control of their traditional uses of the nearshore environment. In what became an extension of Fa’a-Samoa, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the American Samoa Territorial government worked, together to address both the pollution hazards from the incident and the impact to the coral reef ecosystem even after the fuel was removed. While a relatively straight forward response were it to happen in the continental U.S., severe weather (Tropical Cyclone Amos), high winds and swells, limitations on site access, daylight high tides, and availability of resources to include tugs, tow lines and trained personnel made this quite challenging. Three removal attempts occurred under Oil Pollution Act (OPA) authorization and three efforts occurred under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA), with guidance from a professional salvage master. This prolonged 4-month response has prompted some new dialogue and hopefully new commitment to increase preparedness and spill response capabilities within the territory. The designation of the NMSAS allowed for the use of the combined authorities of OPA and the NMSA, forging new path that protects and preserves both the natural and cultural resources of the region from the impacts of pollution and from future groundings whether large or small.
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Saito, Hideaki. "International Trends on Marine Environment Protection." Marine Engineering 53, no. 2 (2018): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.53.167.
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SALIBA, L. J. "Protection of the Mediterranean Marine Environment." Water and Environment Journal 6, no. 2 (March 1992): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00709.x.
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Paterson, Denis. "Marine environment protection committee recommendation: Australia's response." Marine Pollution Bulletin 24, no. 2 (February 1992): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(92)90741-n.
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Linley-Adams, Guy. "Pollution and protection of the marine environment." European Environment 3, no. 1 (July 6, 2007): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.3320030107.
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Mironov, O. G., and O. A. Mironov. "Biological protection of marine environment from oil pollution." Environmental Protection in Oil and Gas Complex, no. 4 (2018): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30713/2411-7013-2018-4-5-9.
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Mahmoudi, Said. "Legal protection of the Persian Gulf's marine environment." Marine Policy 21, no. 1 (January 1997): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-597x(96)00047-4.
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Botros Tadros, Aida. "Protection of Marine Environment against Toxic Anticorrosive Coatings." Pigment & Resin Technology 23, no. 1 (January 1994): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb043096.
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Abdul-Wahab, Sabah A., Khamis H. Al-Mammari, Nasser K. Al-Kindi, and Abdullah R. Al-Sawafi. "Smart Ship System: Protection of the Marine Environment." Environmental Engineering Science 26, no. 3 (March 2009): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2008.0017.
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Donoghue, Joan E. "EC participation in protection of the marine environment." Marine Policy 17, no. 6 (November 1993): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(93)90014-t.
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