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Journal articles on the topic 'The quenching effect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 April 2022

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1

Hasan, Hala S., Reham H. Khaleefah, Nasser A. Al haboubi, and Raad D. Salman. "Effect of Agitation, Temperature, and Quenching Medium on Cooling Curve and cooling rate for Steels." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 21, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.21040473.

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The control of quenching process has been investigated in this study by developing a quench system design to simulate the quenching process and measure the time – temperature history inside the sample during the cooling stage. The main purpose of this quench system is to evaluate the quench power of different quenchant at different conditions (type, temperature and agitation).A stainless steel sample was used with a suitable measurement as a probe in designing this quench system.The performance of two of quenchants (water and brine) with different conditions was investigated, and the designed probe was used to illustrate the effect of quenching parameters (quenchant type, temperature and its agitation) on cooling curves and cooling rate.The quenching system has proven its ability to work effectively and the results showed that heat transfer properties were significantly affected by quenchant parameters.

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2

Penza, V. N., N. N. Kostyuk, and T. A. Dik. "Effect of quenching process on chemical composition of quenching medium." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 29, no. 2 (February 1993): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00726058.

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3

Kobasko, Nikolai, Anatolii Moskalenko, Petro Lohvynenko, Larisa Karsim, and Sergii Riabov. "AN EFFECT OF PIB ADDITIVES TO MINERAL OIL RESULTING IN ELIMINATION OF FILM BOILING DURING STEEL PARTS QUENCHING." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 3 (May 31, 2016): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.00076.

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To control the process of film boiling during quenching in oils, quench oil makers as a rule manipulate physical properties such as a surface tension and viscosity. However, there is much experimental data showing that special additives can eliminate film boiling in oils without changing their physical properties and which is counterintuitive. Authors explain such phenomenon by showing that the addition of a special additive, for example PIB (polyisobutylene polymer), will create an insulating layer on the surface of steel parts during quenching in oils that will eliminate film boiling without affecting physical properties of the oil. Insulating layer decreases initial heat flux density which becomes less than critical one and of the oil will not begin film boiling during quenching with the PIB additive. Authors believe that such approach will allow engineers to solve effectively the problem of part distortion after quenching. The new oil quenchant containing special additive PIB is patented in Ukraine and is manufactured by Barkor Ltd for needs of the heat treating industry.

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4

Chatterjee, Suchandra, Samita Basu, Nandita Ghosh, and Manas Chakrabarty. "Steric effect on fluorescence quenching." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 61, no. 9 (July 2005): 2199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2004.08.018.

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5

Beenakker, C. W. J., and H. van Houten. "Quenching of the Hall Effect." Physical Review Letters 60, no. 23 (June 6, 1988): 2406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.60.2406.

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6

Lilly, Simon J., and C. Marcella Carollo. "SURFACE DENSITY EFFECTS IN QUENCHING: CAUSE OR EFFECT?" Astrophysical Journal 833, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/0004-637x/833/1/1.

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7

Lee, Sang Sik, Choong Ho Lee, and Young Tae Cho. "Effect on Aqua Quenching of Spring Steel (JIS SUP 9)." Materials Science Forum 566 (November 2007): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.566.249.

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Si-Mn spring steel (JIS SUP 9) is primarily employed in the construction of coil springs, particularly those used in soil cultivators deployed in harsh environments. This is due to its specific properties, which allow it to resist permanent deformation, and also provide rapid and effective vibration relief. Si-Mn spring steel (JIS SUP 9) for use in such projects is normally subjected to oil quenching and heat treatment, in order to strengthen its resistance to both impact and fatigue. Unfortunately, oil quenching is associated with environmental issues, most notably pollution and the contamination of wastewater with oil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe an alternative aqua quenching for use with this heat treatment. However, aqua quenching has traditionally conferred a lower tensile laod than does oil quenching. This problem of lesser tensile load was solved by properly controlling the density and temperature of the aqua quenching liquid, as well as careful mixing. As a result, it has proven possible to achieve results with aqua similar to those conferred by oil quenching, with regard to chemical components, tensile load, and surface hardness. The tensile load results achieved by oil quenching were 13,145 Pa and 17,177 Pa, and the tensile loads achieved with aqua quenching were 15,392 Pa, 16,804 Pa, 17,923 Pa, and 18,668 Pa. Therefore, the results of our experiments demonstrated the appropriacy and efficacy of this aqua quenching technique as a component of heat treatment for Si-Mn spring steel (JIS SUP 9).

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8

Li, An Ming, and Meng Juan Hu. "Effect of Sub-Temperature Quenching Temperature on Microstructure and Property of 35CrMo Steel." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3257.

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Influence of sub-temperature quenching temperature on the tensile strength, hardness and toughness of 35CrMo steel was studied. The microstructure characteristics of this steel after sub-temperature quenching were analyzed. The results showed in the range of 780~810°C the strength and hardness of the 35CrMo steel sub-temperature quenched increased with quenching temperature increasing, reached the highest strength and hardness at 800°C quenching and then began to decrease, while its elongation decreased with the quenching temperature increasing. The duplex microstructure of martensite and ferrite was obtained by sub-temperature quenching of 35CrMo steel. With the quenching temperature increasing, the ferrite content decreased and the distribution of ferrite morphology was changed. A small amount of strip ferrite existed in lath martensite lamellar when quenching temperature was 800°C and the impact toughness of 35CrMo steel was better than that of conventional samples 850°C completely quenched.

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9

Patil, N. R., and R. M. Melavanki. "Effect of fluorescence quenching on 6BAAC in different solvents." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 1 (January 2014): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0177.

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The fluorescence quenching studies of 6-bromo-3-azidoacetyl coumarin (6BAAC) by aniline in four different solvents, namely acetonitrile, benzene, dioxane, and toluene, were carried out at room temperature to understand quenching mechanisms. The Stern–Volmer plots have been found to be nonlinear with a positive deviation for all the solvents studied. To interpret these results we have invoked the ground state complex formation and sphere of action static quenching models. Using these models various quenching rate parameters have been determined. The magnitudes of these parameters suggest that the sphere of action static quenching model agrees well with the experimental results. Hence the positive deviation is attributed to the static and dynamic quenching. Further, with the use of the finite sink approximation model, it was possible to check these bimolecular reactions as diffusion-limited and to estimate independently distance parameter R′ and mutual diffusion coefficient D. Finally an effort has been made to correlate the values of R′ and D with the values of the encounter distance R and the mutual coefficient D determined using Edward’s empirical relation and the Stokes–Einstein relation.

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10

Kilcup, Gregory. "Effect of quenching on the kaonBparameter." Physical Review Letters 71, no. 11 (September 13, 1993): 1677–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.71.1677.

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11

Fang, Shi Jie, Qiao Han, Yu Qian Zhao, and Chun He Zang. "Effect of Heating Temperature of Quenching on the Properties of TiCp/Fe Composite." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.330.

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In-situ TiC particle reinforced iron based composite was further processed using quenching, and the effect of heating temperature of quenching for the properties of TiCp/Fe composite was investigated. The quenching phases of the composite are as same as that of the as-cast composite. Quenching can further improve wear resistance of TiCp/Fe, and the composite via quenching route is more suitable for the application of light load. When the optimum heating temperature of quenching of TiCp/Fe is equal to 780 °C, the microstructure of the steel matrix is fine martensite (M), as well as the composite has the highest hardness and wear resistance. The lower or higher heating temperatures of quenching process all result in the decrease of hardness of the steel matrix, which leads to the wear resistance being lower than the as-cast composite.

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12

Ilham Akbar, Hammar, Eko Surojo, and Dody Ariawan. "Effect of quenching agent on dimension stability of Al 6061-Al2O3 composite." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 02047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902047.

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Al 6061-Al2O3 composite is a lightweight materials that can be used as an alternative material in automotive parts. T6 heat treatment is generally used on aluminium alloy series 6xxx . On T6 heat treatment process, material heated to temperature for obtaining a single phase of α, quenched and then continued by artificial ageing. Quenching is critical step because distortion can be occur in material. The aim of this research is to investigated effect of quenching agent and electroless coating treatment of Al2O3 in distortion at Al 6061-Al2O3 composite . The distortion was measured by dimensional change in the specimen. Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) was used to measured distortion based on coordinate change. Lower distortion are occur on 10E and 10N specimens. Electroless coating process on the reinforcement is more effective to obtain lower distortion on Al 6061-Al2O3 composite. The severity (H) of quenchant influenced distortion on specimen. Higher H value produce higher distortion on Al 6061-Al2O3 composite.

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13

Chen, Xuan Lin, Yu Qiu Qu, Gui Fan Li, Hong Wei, Liu Yang Zhang, and Li Min An. "Effect of Charge Transferring Materials on Photoluminescence Properties of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.879.

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The CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized and characterized with absorption spectrometry, photoluminescence (PL) spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. PL quenching of colloidal CdSe/ZnS QDs in the presence of charge transferring material was studied by means of steady-state and time-resolved PL spectroscopy. With increasing charge transferring materials concentration in the CdSe/ZnS QDs solution, the PL intensity and lifetime of CdSe/ZnS QDs decrease gradually. The quenching efficiency of CdSe/ZnS QDs decrease with increasing the oxidation potential of charge transferring materials. Based on the analysis, there are two pathways in the PL quenching process: static quenching and dynamic quenching. The dynamic quenching is correlated with hole transfer from QDs to the charge transferring materials.

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14

Wang, Yan Feng. "The Effect of Related Parameters on the Gear Deformation in Oil Quenching." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.195.

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This paper introduces the effect of quenching parameters on deformation of gear by oil quenching gear. These influences have relationship with many factors. By comparing and evaluating the main influence factors, provide basis for choosing the best carburizing and quenching process.

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15

Gao, Zhi Ting, Yan Fu Yan, Miao Hui Wang, and Yong Song Zhou. "Effect of Preheating Temperature on the Cooling Curves of BW Quenching Media." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1228.

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Using KD-CB177 quenching media cooling tester, the cooling curves of 32 oil and 8%BW quenching media was tested and the effect of preheating temperature on the cooling curves of the quenching medias and the hardness of 45 steel was investigated. Results showed that the characteristic temperature, the temperature on the maximum cooling rate and the maximum cooling rate of the 8%BW quenching media decreased with the increasing of the preheating temperature Using 8% BW under the preheating temperature of 50°Cand 32 oil under the preheating temperature of 40°C to [quench the 45 steel, the properties of 45 steel are considerable. So the 8% BW quenching media maybe can be used to substitute the 32 oil under the certain condition.

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16

Noda, Nao-Aki, Mohd Radzi Aridi, and Yoshikazu Sano. "Tempering effect on residual stress in bimetallic roll." International Journal of Modern Physics B 35, no. 14n16 (June 30, 2021): 2140044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979221400440.

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In this study, tempering effect on the residual stress is studied after uniform heating–quenching and nonuniform heating–quenching for bimetallic work roll. Results for uniform heating treatment showed that the maximum stress at the center decreases by 68% from 396 MPa to 126 MPa after the first and second tempering. Results for nonuniform heating treatment showed that the maximum stress at the center decreases by 47% from 309 MPa to 165 MPa after the first and second tempering. It may be concluded that nonuniform heating–quenching and tempering are useful for reducing the central tensile stress preventing cracks at the roll surface.

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17

Sun, Yu Jie, Qing Chun Cui, Chun Ming Shi, and Suo Huai Zhang. "Finite Element Modeling of Quenching Process Coupled with Phase Transformation Effect." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.522.

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This paper presents a sequential coupled thermo-metallurgical-mechanical finite element model for low alloy steel quenching which can be used to predict temperature history, evolution of microstructure, internal stress and distortion. The main efforts are to develop a series of subroutines which consider the latent heat released due to phase transformation and numerical implementation of a thermo-metallurgical-mechanical constitute equation. The effectiveness of developed computational method is confirmed by a immersion quenching. Simulations of immersion quenching demonstrate that transformation induce plasticity has significant effect of the evolution of residual stress, distortion and can not be neglected for low alloy steel during immersion quenching.

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18

Liu, Jiaqi, and Xiangru Zhang. "Effect of quenching time and quenching agent dose on total organic halogen measurement." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 93, no. 11 (September 2013): 1146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2012.727807.

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19

Po Cheng, Wen, Yi Tsang Lu, Ruey Fang Yu, Xin Ru Lin, and Han Xin Li. "Finding the Reaction Constant Between Humic Acid and Metal Ions by Fluorescence Quenching Effect." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.32 (August 26, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.32.18379.

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Humic acid was used as the removal target for evaluating the coagulation efficiency in this study. When the metal ions mix with humic acid solution, a Fluorescence quenching effect may be observed conditionally. This effect can be described by Stern-Volmer linear equation which can be used for quantifying the quenching constant (KQ) of the Fluorescence quenching effect. In addition, the result of the quenching constant (KQ) was used to explain the electron-neutralization capability of the metal ions at different pH. The results indicated that there is no significant Fluorescence quenching effect between the additions of monovalent Na+ ion, divalent Ca2+ and humic acid. Otherwise, when pH of the FeCl3 solution was between 4.5 and 5.5, fluorescence quenching effect obviously occurred. The maximum KQ value was found to be 305,990 at pH 5. It means that the higher KQ value is, the better complex reaction between humic acid and aluminum salts will be. Through the KQ value study, the optimum pH can be quantified when humic acid solution is reacted with ferric ion.

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20

Marthini, V., I. A. A. Alhelali, Mohd Afendi, Mariam Majid, and W. M. Syafiq. "Effect of Quenching on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel for Hammer Mill." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2051, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2051/1/012057.

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Abstract This paper covers the effect of quenching on the mechanical properties of high carbon steel for hammer mill. The main objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties and microstructure of high carbon steel before and after heat treatment (i.e., quenching). In this study, the specimens were heated at different level temperature which are 750 °C,800 °C and 900 °C prior to quenching process in water with soaking time of 5 minutes. After the heat treatment of quenching process completed, Rockwell hardness test and tensile test were performed, and the results were collected for both untreated and heat-treated specimens. The fractured surfaces of the specimens were also examined by using metallurgical microscope. It was observed that different level of quenching temperature and untreated specimens gave different mechanical properties. The specimen undergone water quenching recorded the highest hardness and tensile strength as 67.9 HRA and 426.11 MPa, respectively. Besides, the microstructure obtained from untreated specimen provided a good combination of ferrite and pearlite, meanwhile in quenched specimens formation of martensite was observed.

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21

Wang, Li Hua. "Research on the Effect of Mg (II) Ion Concentration on the Luminescent Intensity of Tb Complex." Advanced Materials Research 321 (August 2011): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.321.100.

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The effect of different concentrations of Mg (II) ion on luminescent intensity of Tb (III) complex material in ethanol, methanol and DMSO solutions has been studied. The results show that the quenching effect of organic solvents for the luminescence of Tb (III) complex material was in the order DMSO>methanol>ethanol. The Mg (II) ion of different concentrations has obvious quenching effect to luminescent emission of Tb (III) complex material in organic solvent. And the quenching effect of 0.2 mol/L Mg (II) ion is weakest. And the quenching effect of 0.8 mol/L Mg (II) ions is strongest.

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22

Lu, Xin Yu, Zhi Hui Li, Guo Jun Wang, Yon Gan Zhang, and Bai Qing Xiong. "Investigation on Quench Sensitivity of a Heat-Resistant Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.346.

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The quench sensitivity of 2D70 aluminum alloy was investigated by end-quenching. The effect of water temperature on quench sensitivity was studied by measuring the hardness and conductivity. The end-quenching characteristics of hardness and conductivity of 2D70 aluminum alloy under different water temperatures has been described. The end-quenching characteristics of 2D70 and 2124 alloy under the same condition have been compared and analyzed. The results show that the susceptibility of 2D70 alloy to quenching is slow and the differential effects of the water temperatures of 16°C and 30°C on end-quenching of this alloy are not obvious. The quench depth of the alloy is more than 150mm.

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23

Wan, De Cheng, Qing Wu Cai, Wei Yu, Xiao Lin Li, and Chang Zheng Dong. "Effect of Heat Treatment Process on Microstructure and Properties of High Strength Heavy Plate for Ship Hull." Advanced Materials Research 630 (December 2012): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.630.59.

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The variation of microstructure and their effect on the mechanical properties of heavy plate for ship hull treated by quenching in full austenite region at 910°C once or twice and tempering, or quenching in full austenite region and quenching in intercritical austenite region at 840°C again and tempering were studied with SEM and TEM. It was found that the strength and low temperature toughness of the steel were higher after double quenching in full austenite region and tempering than the steel which was quenched once and tempering, because smaller bainite inter-lath spacing, finer grains were obtained. The steel treated by intercritical quenching at 840°C after quenching in full austenite region and tempering showed the best combination of mechanical properties. This can be attributed to comprehensive effect of the uniform distribution of ferrite and bainite, stronger grain refining effect caused by formation of ferrite.

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24

Fletcher, A. J., and M. Nasseri. "Effect of plate orientation on quenching characteristics." Materials Science and Technology 11, no. 4 (April 1995): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1995.11.4.375.

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25

Chen, Congxiang, Fei Wang, Yixin Chen, and Xingxiao Ma. "Temperature effect on quenching of CH(A2Δ)." Chemical Physics 230, no. 2-3 (May 1998): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0104(98)00030-5.

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26

Karwa, Nitin, and Peter Stephan. "Jet Impingement Quenching: Effect of Coolant Accumulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 395 (November 26, 2012): 012131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/395/1/012131.

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27

Brandenburg, A., and K. H. Rädler. "Yoshizawa's cross-helicity effect and its quenching." Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 107, no. 1-2 (May 16, 2012): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091929.2012.681307.

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28

Egorov, V. M., R. K. Nikolaev, B. I. Smirnov, and V. V. Shpeizman. "Kinetics of “quenching” effect in C60 crystals." Physics of the Solid State 42, no. 9 (September 2000): 1766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1309466.

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29

TAKESHIMA, Shigeo, and Takehisa INOUE. "The Strong Fluorescence-Quenching Effect of Ergothioneine." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 44, no. 1 (1996): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.44.201.

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30

Polemi, Alessia, and Kevin L. Shuford. "Distance dependent quenching effect in nanoparticle dimers." Journal of Chemical Physics 136, no. 18 (May 14, 2012): 184703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4711759.

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31

Eckert, Carl E., Jagdeep Kaur, Clemens Glaubitz, and Josef Wachtveitl. "The Blue-Light Quenching Effect of Proteorhodopsin." Biophysical Journal 112, no. 3 (February 2017): 507a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.2743.

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32

Sidarai, Ashok H., Vani R. Desai, Shirajahammad M. Hunagund, Mahantesha Basanagouda, and Jagadish S. Kadadevarmath. "Effect of solvent polarity on the fluorescence quenching of TMC molecule by aniline in benzene–acetonitrile mixtures." Canadian Journal of Physics 94, no. 11 (November 2016): 1125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2016-0213.

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The fluorescence quenching of coumarin derivative, 6-methoxy-4-p-tolyloxymethyl-chromen-2-one by aniline is carried out in different solvent mixtures of benzene and acetonitrile at room temperature. The quenching is found to be appreciable and a positive deviation from linearity is observed in the Stern–Volmer plot in all the solvent mixtures. Various rate constants for fluorescence quenching processes have been estimated using a sphere of action static quenching model and a finite sink approximation model. From the positive deviation of linear Stern–Volmer plots and dependence of rate constants on the polarity of the solvents, it has been inferred that the quenching process is diffusion-limited, and static as well as dynamic quenching processes are responsible for the observed positive deviation in the Stern–Volmer plot. Further, both models have been found to agree well with transient state also in pure acetonitrile and benzene solvents.

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33

Dybowski, K., J. Sawicki, P. Kula, B. Januszewicz, R. Atraszkiewicz, and S. Lipa. "The Effect of the Quenching Method on the Deformations Size of Gear Wheels after Vacuum Carburizing." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 1057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0178.

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Abstract This paper presents a comparison of the deformations and residual stresses in gear wheels after vacuum carburizing process with quenching in high-pressure nitrogen and oil. The comparison was made on a medium-sized gear wheels, made of AMS6265 (AISI 9310) steel. This steel is applied in the aerospace industry for gears. The study has provided grounds for an assessment of the effect of the method of quenching on the size of deformations. Compared to oil quenching, high-pressure gas quenching following vacuum carburizing resulted in more uniform and smaller deformations.

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34

Mohanty, N., AM Gilmore, and HY Yamamoto. "Mechanism of Non-Photochemical Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching. II. Resolution of Rapidly Reversible Absorbance Changes at 530 Nm and Fluorescence Quenching by the Effects of Antimycin, Dibucaine and Cation Exchanger, A23187." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 2 (1995): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950239.

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The putative relationship between the light-induced absorbance increase at 530 nm (ΔA530), the so-called light-scattering change, and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) was examined by the effect of inhibitors. Antimycin at a low concentration (350 nM) completely inhibited fluorescence quenching while only partially inhibiting A530. This effect was independent of the mode of thylakoid energisation and preinduction of violaxanthin de-epoxidation. Dibucaine at 20 FM abolished NPQ but had little effect on ΔA530. Moreover, the light-induced ΔA530 signal was present even in the absence of de-epoxidised xanthophylls. The cation exchanger A23187 blocked the development of NPQ as well as relaxed fluorescence quenching at steady state without involving a major portion of ΔA530. Thus, the relationship between energy-dependent A530 changes and fluorescence quenching was non-linear under all conditions tested. The light-induced absorbance increase at 530 nm, therefore, is insufficient for NPQ. The differential effects of inhibitors are explained schematically, depicting three phases for NPQ: (a) formation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin by the xanthophyll cycle; (b) formation of a state reflected by A530 that is induced by the transthylakoid ApH, possibly involving aggregation of LHCII; and (c) fluorescence quenching by the combined effect of both steps and by the H+-cation exchange properties of thylakoid membranes.

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35

Melavanki, R. M., N. R. Patil, D. Nagaraja, H. D. Patil, J. S. Kadadevarmath, and R. A. Kusanur. "Solvent Effect on Fluorescence Quenching of 7, 8 Benzo‑4‑azido Methyl Coumarin by Aniline." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 7, 2013): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.24.7.

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Fluorescence quenching of biologically active studies of 7, 8 benzo-4-azidomethyl coumarin (7BAMC) by aniline in four different organic solvents namely benzene, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile has been carried out at room temperature with a view to understand the quenching mechanisms. The Stern–Volmer (S-V) plot has been found to be non-linear with a positive deviation for all the solvents studied. In order to interpret these results we have invoked the ground state complex formation and sphere of action static quenching models. Using these models various quenching rate parameters have been determined. The magnitudes of these parameters suggest that sphere of action static quenching model agrees well with the experimental results. Hence the positive deviation is attributed to the static and dynamic quenching. Further, with the use of Finite Sink approximation model, it was possible to check these bimolecular reactions as diffusion-limited and to estimate independently distance parameter R’ and mutual diffusion coefficient D. Finally an effort has been made to correlate the values of R’ and D with the values of the encounter distance R and the mutual coefficient D determined using the Edward’s empirical relation and Stokes – Einstein relation.

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36

Tai, Xi Shi. "Study on Ca (II) Ion Quenching Luminescent Emission of Tb Complex Material." Advanced Materials Research 322 (August 2011): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.322.306.

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The quenching effect of different concentrations of Ca (II) ion on luminescent intensity of Tb (III) complex material in ethanol, methanol and DMSO solutions has been studied. The results show that different concentrations of Ca (II) ion have obvious quenching effect to luminescent emission of Tb (III) complex material in organic solvent. And the quenching effect of 0.4 mol/L Ca (II) ion solution is strongest.

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37

Zheng, Yaxu, Fuming Wang, Changrong Li, Yu Lin, and Ruifang Cao. "Effect of Martensite Structure and Carbide Precipitates on Mechanical Properties of Cr-Mo Alloy Steel with Different Cooling Rate." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (February 25, 2019): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2018-0018.

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AbstractThe effect of cooling rate on martensitic structure and carbides precipitation behavior was investigated based on Cr-Mo alloy steel with different quenching media of oil, water and 10% NaCl-water, respectively. The influence mechanism of martensite structure and carbide precipitates on mechanical properties was also studied. The results showed that martensite packets and blocks were refined with water quenching, however, they were coarse with oil or 10% NaCl-water quenching. Martensite laths were refined and dislocation density increased with increasing cooling rate. The carbides in tempered steel were coarse obviously with 10% NaCl-water quenching. The impact toughness deteriorated significantly with 10% NaCl-water quenching due to coarsening of martensite structure and carbides.

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38

Zhang, Hongjian, Xufeng Yang, Haitao Cui, and Weidong Wen. "Study on the Effect of Laser Quenching on Fretting Fatigue Life." Metals 9, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050566.

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Laser quenching hardening is one of the most used surface treated technologies. In order to study the effect of laser quenching on the fretting fatigue life, fretting fatigue experiments of TC11 (Ti-6.5Al-1.5Zr-3.5Mo-0.3Si) titanium alloy specimens with different surface conditions were carried out on a special hydraulic servo fatigue test system. The experimental results showed that laser quenching hardening has a good performance in increasing the fretting fatigue lives of the TC11 alloy. However, the effects of laser quenching on fretting fatigue are more obviously at low stress level than at high stress level, the fretting fatigue life was increased by 110.78% at low stress level and 17.56% at high stress level, respectively. Based on the critical plane approach, the traditional SWT (Smith–Watson–Topper) parameter was modified and used to describe the fretting fatigue life of the TC11 alloy after hardening by the consideration of the variations of the hardening layer’s elastic modulus. Compared with the experimental results, all the errors of the predicted results lied in the error band of two.

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39

Käpylä, P. J. "Magnetic and rotational quenching of the Λ effect." Astronomy & Astrophysics 622 (February 2019): A195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732519.

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Context. Differential rotation in stars is driven by the turbulent transport of angular momentum.Aims. Our aim is to measure and parameterize the non-diffusive contribution to the total (Reynolds plus Maxwell) turbulent stress, known as the Λ effect, and its quenching as a function of rotation and magnetic field.Methods. Simulations of homogeneous, anisotropically forced turbulence in fully periodic cubes are used to extract their associated turbulent Reynolds and Maxwell stresses. The forcing is set up such that the vertical velocity component dominates over the horizontal ones, as in turbulent stellar convection. This choice of the forcing defines the vertical direction. Additional preferred directions are introduced by the imposed rotation and magnetic field vectors. The angle between the rotation vector and the vertical direction is varied such that the latitude range from the north pole to the equator is covered. Magnetic fields are introduced by imposing a uniform large-scale field on the system. Turbulent transport coefficients pertaining to the Λ effect are obtained by fitting. The results are compared with analytic studies.Results. The numerical and analytic results agree qualitatively at slow rotation and low Reynolds numbers. This means that vertical (horizontal) transport is downward (equatorward). At rapid rotation the latitude dependence of the stress is more complex than predicted by theory. The existence of a significant meridional Λ effect is confirmed. Large-scale vorticity generation is found at rapid rotation when the Reynolds number exceeds a threshold value. The Λ effect is severely quenched by large-scale magnetic fields due to the tendency of the Reynolds and Maxwell stresses to cancel each other. Rotational (magnetic) quenching of Λ occurs at more rapid rotation (at lower field strength) in the simulations than in the analytic studies.Conclusions. The current results largely confirm the earlier theoretical results, and also offer new insights: the non-negligible meridional Λ effect possibly plays a role in the maintenance of meridional circulation in stars, and the appearance of large-scale vortices raises the question of their effect on the angular momentum transport in rapidly rotating stellar convective envelopes. The results regarding magnetic quenching are consistent with the strong decrease in differential rotation in recent semi-global simulations and highlight the importance of including magnetic effects in differential rotation models.

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Yang, Chun Lin, Qun Liu, Mei Gui Ou, Jia Ze Xiong, and Qian Long. "Influence of Subcritical Quenching on Microstructure and Properties of Steel 22SiMnCrNi2Mo." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.95.

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Effect of subcritical quenching temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of 22SiMnCrNi2Mo steel was studied. Conventional quenching was performed for tested steel to compare with subcritical quenching. The results show that morphology and number of ferrite change with the increase of subcritical quenching temperature. The shape of ferrite evolved from block to thin strip, and the number decreased. Ferrite and martensite formed strips spaced parallelly at subcritical quenching temperature 800°C.Steel presented good strength and ductility, while hardness is lower than conventional quenching.

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41

Xu, Wen Tao, Yang Guo, and Yan Kang Du. "Impact of Pulse Quenching Effect on Sensitive Area at Advanced Technologies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (September 2013): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.693.

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The impact of pulse quenching effect on the sensitive area is evaluated by using three-dimensional technology computer-aided design (TCAD) numerical simulation. Simulation results present that the pulse quenching effect could effectively reduce the sensitive area of PMOS transistors. By adopting the off-state gate isolation technique, the sensitive area is further reduced.

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Luo, Xiao Dong, Yong Xiang Zhu, and Hao Liu. "Effect of Subcritical Quenching on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of EH36 Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.59.

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Subcritical quenching is a kind of heat treatments, which have good strength and higher Plastic toughness. Through this process, the ship plate steels microstructure and performance can be promoted evidently. This article studies the effect of subcritical quenching temperature on the microstructure and performance of controlled rolling and controlled cooling (TMCP) EH36 ship plate steel with the thickness of 15mm,by mechanical properties text and optical microscopy. The results show that the comprehensive property of TMCP ship plate steel can be enhanced remarkably, its hardness and plasticity could be improved obviously,especially the low temperature impact property. With the increasing of quenching temperature,the grain grows,the impact property is decreased.

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43

Li, Xusheng, Dongying Ju, Jianting Cao, Sirui Wang, Yong Chen, Fangbo He, and Hui Li. "Effect of Transformation Plasticity on Gear Distortion and Residual Stresses in Carburizing Quenching Simulation." Coatings 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101224.

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This paper addresses the effect of gear steel on distortion and residual stresses due to phase transformation in carburizing and quenching. In particular, the martensitic and bainitic phase transformation expansion and transformation plasticity properties of two automotive gearbox steels (20CrMnTiH and 20MnCr5) and their physical parameters are measured by experiments of transformation plasticity properties. Numerical simulations of the actual carburizing and quenching process of the gearbox spline helical gears were carried out in combination with the thermal and mechanical properties with temperature variations calculated by the material design software JMAT-Pro. In particular, the phase transformation properties of the two materials and their influence on the distortion and residual stresses after carburizing and quenching were verified by experiments of transformation plasticity and numerical simulations. A reliable basis is provided for predicting the distortion mechanism of gear steels in carburizing and quenching.

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44

Chuaiphan, Wichan, Loeshpahn Srijaroenpramong, and Dumrongrit Pinpradub. "The Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI 4140 for Base Cutter Cane Harvester." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 1059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.1059.

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The effects of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 4140 for base cutter cane harvester were studied. The effect of heat treatment - i.e. the different quenching medium (water, oil and air mediums) and the different heat treatment condition (quenching, quenching+tempering, cover scrap cast iron+ quenching and cover scrap cast iron+ quenching+tempering) on the on microstructure and mechanical properties (hardness, impact toughness and bend test). The material AISI 4140 was purchased from local market in Thailand and an emission spectroscopy was applied to quantify the amount of elements in steel. The specimens were heat treated in an induction furnace. The resultant microstructure of materials AISI 4140 consists of martensite and retained austenite after quenching all mediums, which quenching in water it have more than in oil and air medium respectively. The microstructure of materials AISI 4140 after tempering process consists of bainitic structure (ferrite and epsilon carbide) and retained austenite, which tempering in water quenching condition it have more than in oil and air quenching condition respectively. The hardness, impact toughness and bended test are according to behavior heat transfer of quenching mediums. The material alloy steel grade AISI 4140 is the good candidates to promote the quenching in water ,oil and air medium and must be continuous to tempering process. The technique heating by cover scrape cast iron it was good for protected surface and decreased decarburization on surface of steels. But it is not necessary for control microstructure and mechanical properties.

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Kamiya, Takayuki, Yuuki Hashizume, Koshiro Mizobe, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Effect of Repeated Quenching on Rolling Contact Fatigue Properties of JIS SUJ2 Bearing Steel." Materials Science Forum 867 (August 2016): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.867.60.

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One important method to improve the material properties is refinement of the prior austenite grain size. Repeated quenching is used as a grain refinement method. In the present work, samples of SUJ2 steel were furnace quenched once and thrice in order to investigate the effect of repeated quenching on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) strength. After the RCF tests, maicrostructure observations, Vickers hardness and retained austenite measurements, RCF life evaluation using the Weibull distribution were carried out. It was found that the dispersion of the life population was reduced by repeatedly quenching.

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46

Rouabah, F., D. Dadache, and N. Haddaoui. "Thermophysical and Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene: Influence of Free Quenching." ISRN Polymer Science 2012 (February 19, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/161364.

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The effect of free quenching on the mechanical, thermal, and thermophysical properties of polystyrene has been investigated. Three different thermal treatments were investigated: a first quenching from the melt state to different temperatures, a second quenching from °C, and finally an annealing. The results have shown that a slight improvement of the impact strength can be obtained after a second quenching at 40°C, and a correlation between the mechanical and thermal properties is observed. The improvement of this property was obtained at the expense of other properties such as the elastic modulus, density, hardness, and the heat distortion temperature (HDT). The little improvement of the impact strength after the second quenching is probably linked to the existence of a relaxation mode located around 40°C. However, no effects have been shown on the thermophysical properties.

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47

Sung, Jaeyoung, Kook Joe Shin, and Sangyoub Lee. "Theory of diffusion-influenced fluorescence quenching. Effect of static quenching on the stern-volmer curve." Chemical Physics 185, no. 3 (August 1994): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(94)85005-4.

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48

Nogueira, Rejane A., Odília C. S. Ribeiro, Maurício David Martins das Neves, Lucio Salgado, and Francisco Ambrozio Filho. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure of Commercial and Vacuum Sintered High Speed Steels AISI M2 and T15." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.186.

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The effect of quenching heat treatments on the microstructure of cast and worked commercial steel AISI M2 and hot isostatically pressed as well as IPEN vacuum sintered AISI T15 have been studied. The quenching treatments were carried out from 1160, 1185, 1210 and 1235°C. The average grain size, volume fraction and average size of the primary carbides M6C and MC were determined by scanning electron microscopy and by using the digital image analysis method "Quantikov". An increase in average austenite grain size with increase in quenching temperature was observed for the AISI M2 commercial steel and vacuum sintered specimens. In the case of the AISI T15 steel specimens, increase in quenching temperature did not result in an increase in average grain size, both for the commercial and the vacuum sintered steels. The average size and volume fraction of M6C and MC carbides remained unaltered with increase in quenching temperature.

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Babu, K. "Effect of Part Size on Surface Heat Flux during Immersion Quenching." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.353.

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In this paper, the effect of quench probe diameter on the heat transfer rate during immersion quenching of stainless steel (SS) probes in still water has bee studied. Quench probes of different diameters with an aspect ratio of 2.5 were prepared from SS. These probes were heated to 850 °C and then quenched in water. Time-temperature data were recorded during quenching. The surface heat flux and temperature were estimated based on the inverse heat conduction (IHC) method. The results of the computation showed that the different cooling regimes during quenching in water were significantly affected by the diameter of the quench probes. The peak heat flux was higher for the probe having larger diameter followed by the next larger diameter probes.

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Cao, Pengjun, Yilong Zhang, Kejian Li, Jiling Dong, and Wei Wu. "Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of 25Cr2MoVA petroleum casing steel." International Journal of Materials Research 112, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2020-7740.

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Abstract The 25Cr2MoVA steel was subjected to various heat treatments. We found that the hardness increased when the quenching temperature was in the range of 870 – 910 °C, and then it decreased for the temperature of 910 – 990 °C. The maximum hardness was 553 HV after quenching from 910 °C. Following quenching from 910°C, the 25Cr2Mo-VA steel was tempered in the temperature range of 560 to 750 °C. With an increase in the tempering temperature, the hardness and tensile strength of the material decreased, while the impact toughness increased; the corrosion resistance increased initially and then decreased. The best heat treatment process for the 25Cr2MoVA steel involved quenching form 910 °C and tempering at 650°C for 1 h, the hardness was 362 HV, the tensile strength reached 1 310 MPa, the impact energy reached 149 J, and the material exhibited the best corrosion resistance.

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