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1
Ferraz, Patricia Sá Moreira de Figueiredo. "A onerosidade excessiva na revisão e extinção dos contratos: a concorrência na aplicação da regra dos arts. 317 e 478 do código civil vigente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-16052016-163448/.
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A presente dissertação tem como tema central a onerosidade excessiva na revisão e extinção dos contratos no direito civil brasileiro. Ela aborda as hipóteses de rompimento do princípio do equilíbrio econômico contratual na fase de execução dos contratos em virtude da superveniência de fatos extraordinários e imprevisíveis que interrompem sua originária relação de equivalência. O presente estudo divide-se em seis grandes partes. Em primeiro lugar, fazem-se necessárias uma introdução e uma descrição da problemática relacionada ao tema. Em seguida, apresenta-se a origem histórica da revisão e da extinção contratual a partir do exame da cláusula rebus sic stantibus. Feito isso, são relatadas as teorias que as fundamentam pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência antes do advento do texto legal expresso que trata da matéria. Concluída essa fase histórica, analisa-se o direito positivo brasileiro vigente, primeiramente, por questões cronológicas, a revisão por onerosidade excessiva no Código de Defesa do Consumidor. Posteriormente, as disposições legais inseridas no Código Civil que possibilitam a revisão e resolução dos contratos por onerosidade excessiva, com uma análise dogmática dos pressupostos positivos e negativos necessários à aplicação dos arts. 317 e 478 do Código Civil. Em seguida, o estudo procura analisar algumas questões pontuais relacionadas à aplicação dos dois artigos, tais como: (i) quem tem legitimidade e interesse para requerer a revisão e resolução dos contratos, de acordo com os arts. 317 e 478 do Código Civil, respectivamente; (ii) qual é o papel do juiz na revisão e resolução dos contratos, de acordo com os arts. 317 e 478 do Código Civil, respectivamente; e (iii) se há concorrência na aplicação desses artigos ou deve ser observado um procedimento sequencial em atenção ao princípio da preservação dos contratos. Finalmente, o trabalho apresenta breve síntese e conclusões.This dissertation brings at its core the topic of excessive burden on the revision and termination of contracts pursuant to Brazilian Civil Law. Accordingly, this study discusses the hypothesis of breaking the principle of contractual economic balance in the execution phase of contracts, due to the supervenience of extraordinary and unpredictable facts, which interrupts its original equivalence relation. The current study is divided into six major parts. It is necessary at first to consider the introduction and delimitation of the core subject. Ensuingly, the historical origin regarding the revision and termination of contracts is presented, pursuant to the contemplation of the rebus sic stantibus clause. Subsequently, the theories used as grounds are laid down, through Brazilian doctrine and case law, prior to the upcoming of the express legal text dealing with the subject. Upon the conclusion of the historical phase, the Civil Code the current ruling positive law is analyzed, as to explain the concept of excessive burden present in the Consumer Code. Sequentially, the legal dispositions inserted in the Civil Code, which enable the revision and resolution of contracts through excessive burden, bearing a dogmatic analysis of the positive and negative assumptions necessary to the application of articles 317 and 478 of the Civil Code. Certain correlated topics are then also dealt with, complementing the understanding and analysis of the aforementioned articles of the Civil Code, such as: (i) who possesses the legitimacy and interest in requesting the revision and resolution of contracts, pursuant to articles 317 and 478 of the Civil Code, respectively; (ii) what exactly is the role of the judge in the revision and resolution of contracts, according to articles 317 and 478 of the Civil Code, respectively; and (iii) whether said articles in anyway clash in their application or if a sequential procedure directed at the preservation of contracts must be observed. Finally, the study presents a brief summary and conclusions.
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Cholaky, Rojas Isabel Magdalena, and Cordero Javier Vicente Vergara. "La doctrina rebus sic stantibus en el derecho internacional de los tratados." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/150847.
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Wyser, Christian. "Abänderbarkeit und Aufhebung des Ehevertrages." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/00635573004/$FILE/00635573004.pdf.
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Besiekierska, Agnieszka. "Leistungserschwerungen infolge veränderter Umstände eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung des deutschen, polnischen und englischen Rechts als Grundlage eines europäischen Vertragsrechts." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2007. http://d-nb.info/986247847/04.
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Liu, Ping. "Die Veränderung der Umstände im chinesischen Zivilrecht /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2008. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-3376-9.htm.
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Nauen, Bernd. "Leistungserschwerung und Zweckvereitelung im Schuldverhältnis : zur Funktion und Gestalt der Lehre von der Geschäftsgrundlage im BGB und im System des Reformentwurfs der Schuldrechtskommission /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/333325583.pdf.
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Quass, Guido. "Die Nutzungsstörung : zur Problematik der Störung des Verwendungszwecks und des Wegfalls der Geschäftsgrundlage /." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/371120888.pdf.
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Martins, César Barbosa. "Técnica de intervenção judicial nos contratos: pressupostos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8186.
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-24The dissertation focuses on the analysis of conditions which allow judicial review and intervention of contracts when supervening facts that cause substantial variation to the terms and conditions occur. Thus, the objective was to make an approach towards the legal requisites for contractual review and dissolution, based on principles of Brazilian Law, once the contract is distorted due to a subsequent fact. Such work required a historical study, in order to obtain the elementary premises that authorize judicial review and intervention of contracts. In this manner, among other topics, the study of the classic and origin-debated rebus sic stantibus clause was the main theoretical reference for research of the topic. Furthermore, judicial contractual review and dissolution requisites in both Brazilian and foreign legal systems were likewise studied. Without doubt, the approach towards international legal investigation was the primary source of progressive research of the possibilities of relativization of the pacta sunt servanda dogma
A presente dissertação possui o escopo central de analisar os pressupostos que possibilitam a intervenção judicial nos contratos quando este é atingido por um fato superveniente que altere, significativamente, as bases que existiam no momento da contratação. Ou seja, buscou-se pesquisar, segundo o sistema jurídico moderno, baseando-se em princípios do Direito, os requisitos necessários para a revisão ou resolução contratual quando lhe sobrevêm modificações posteriores à sua formação. Para tanto, foi necessária uma regressão histórica que serviu de fundamento para a possibilidade de intervenção judicial nos contratos. Neste ponto, foi analisada, entre outros tópicos, a velha cláusula rebus sic stantibus, de origem controversa, que, sem dúvida alguma, foi a construção teórica que mais estimulou as pesquisas acerca do tema. Foram estudados os requisitos para a aplicação da revisão ou resolução contratual decorrente de fato superveniente no nosso Direito pátrio e no estrangeiro. Este último, sem dúvida alguma, foi a grande fonte que indicou os caminhos para a concretização, entre nós, da possibilidade de relativização do dogma pacta sunt servanda
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Cardoso, Luiz Philipe Tavares de Azevedo. "A onerosidade excessiva no Direito Civil brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-19112010-082708/.
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Esta dissertação tem como tema a onerosidade excessiva no direito civil brasileiro. Primeiramente, fazem-se necessários uma noção inicial da figura, uma delimitação conceitual do problema e uma síntese de seu desenvolvimento histórico no direito civil brasileiro. Feito isso, são apresentadas as teorias utilizadas para sua fundamentação pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência brasileiras antes do advento de texto legal expresso sobre a matéria. Concluída essa fase preparatória, adentra-se no direito positivo vigente, precisamente no Código Civil, para explicar o conteúdo da onerosidade excessiva, de seus pressupostos e de suas conseqüências. São diretamente estudados os artigos 478, 479, 480, 317 e ainda outros específicos de alguns tipos contratuais. São abordados ainda alguns tópicos correlatos que finalizam o entendimento da matéria, como os pressupostos negativos da figura, sua incidência em contratos de sinalagma indireto e nos contratos aleatórios e as diferenças nos pressupostos para sua configuração no Código de Defesa do Consumidor.The theme of this dissertation is known in english as hardship, which means the fundamental alteration of the equilibrium of the contract. Firstly, it is necessary to make an introductional notion of the figure, a conceptual delineation of the problem and a summary of its historical evolution in the brazilian civil law. After that, it is presented the theories used by authors and courts to reason the solution of the problem before the existence of legal text about the issue. Then, we study the related articles of the Brazilian Civil Code to explain the content of hardship, the content of its requirements, and the content of its consequences. The articles 478, 479, 480, 317 are directly studied, and also other articles from particular named contracts. Some related issues finalize the understanding of the theme, as the negative requirements of the figure, its incidence in some particular categories of contracts, and the difference of its requirements in the Consumer Defense Code.
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Picolo, Angelo Antonio. "Natureza e limites do plano de recuperação de empresas: aspectos jurídicos e econômicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-18032013-091853/.
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O trabalho tem por objetivo à análise jurídica do plano de recuperação e suas consequências práticas, questionando até que ponto o objetivo de um acordo imposto será alcançado, tendo em vista os diferentes interesses em jogo. A primeira parte é dedicada ao exame das disciplinas da recuperação, traçando um histórico evolutivo deste instrumento a partir da concordata. Neste ponto, são apresentadas as teorias quanto a sua natureza jurídica. A segunda parte, por sua vez, aponta breves considerações de como o direito alienígena disciplina a recuperação. Na terceira parte, o trabalho analisa a recuperação como jogo estratégico, pois existem riscos inerentes a sua execução. Isso porque, do ponto de vista econômico, o plano de recuperação, por ser contrato incompleto, impõe riscos, por portar variáveis não previstas, como por exemplo, a mudança de política econômica ou a crise financeira mundial. Assim sendo, o trabalho analisa as possibilidades de renegociação dos termos do plano, bem como as soluções que podem ser usadas quando da incompletude. Neste sentido, analisa os mecanismos da arbitragem, da governança coorporativa e da cláusula hardship, além dos princípios da boa-fé objetiva, função social do contrato, função social da empresa e teoria da imprevisão. Como a recuperação judicial e extrajudicial representam meios de reestruturação que beneficiam a coletividade de interessados: estando de um lado o devedor que pretende obter prazos para o cumprimento de suas obrigações; de outro lado os credores que visualizam uma forma de obter seus créditos, ainda existem outros (credores) que poderão discordar da proposta. Para sanar esta possibilidade (do credor buscar a solução individual de seus interesses em contraposição àqueles coletivos dos credores) a Lei 11.101/05 criou a modalidade impositiva, na qual se impõe aos dissidentes o acordo dos que aderiram voluntariamente. Por este motivo, há divergências quanto a natureza jurídica do plano de recuperação. Neste sentido, a quarta parte do trabalho traz considerações quanto a natureza jurídica dos planos de recuperação judicial e extrajudicial.The aim of this work is assess the legal analysis of a judicial recovery plan and its practical consequences, questioning to what extent the objective of an agreement will be reached if come into force, given the different interests at stake. The first part deals with the consideration of the disciplines of recovery, tracing the evolutionary history of this instrument from a point of concordata. At this point, theories as to their legal nature are presented. The second part, in turn, brings brief considerations of how the foreign laws discipline the recovery. In the third part, the paper examines the recovery as a strategic game, since there are risks inherent in its execution. From an economic point of view, these risks arise from an incomplete contract carrying unforeseen variables, for instance, the change in the economic policy as well as the world wide financial crisis. So, the paper analyzes the possibilities of renegotiating the terms of the plan, as well as solutions that can be used when the incompleteness. In this sense, analyzing the mechanisms of arbitration, corporate governance and the hardship clause, in addition to the principles of objective good faith, the contract´s social function, the company\'s social function and theory of unpredictability. As the judicial and extrajudicial´s recovery represents means of restructuring, which benefits the collective of the people involved: on one side the debtor who wishes to obtain deadlines for compliance with its obligations, on the other side creditors who see a way to get their credits back, and also there are others (creditors) who may disagree with the proposal. To address this possibility (the creditor seeking the solution of his individual interests as opposed to those collective interests of creditors) Law 11.101/05 created the imposing form, which is imposed on dissidents, the agreement of those who joined voluntarily. For this reason, there are differences of opinion about the legal nature of the recovery plan. In this sense, the fourth part of the work brings the legal considerations in plans and extra-judicial recovery.
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Ehrhardt, Júnior Marcos Augusto de Albuquerque. "O contrato na dimensão dos princípios constitucionais da dignidade humana e da solidariedade : perspectivas jurídico-constitucionais da lesão e da mudança de circunstâncias." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2006. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/744.
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This work approaches the problem of the applicability of the fundamental human rights in the private relationships, in more several forms, especially treating of the contract in the dimension of the constitutional principles of the human dignity and of the solidarity. It begins with a historical digression concerning the reconquest of the value dignity in the private relationships, with the passage of the liberal state for the social state, demonstrating the problems of the new constitutional interpretation starting from the general duties of conduct in the civil obligations, braiding a parallel between these and the social principles of the contract consecrated with the constitutional text. It stands out here to the references to the primacy of the good-faith aims at, social function of the contract and the notion of material equivalence, starting point for the analysis of the possibility of contractual revision through the judiciary power, as well as of the limitations to the control jurisdicional of the fundamental rights, in opposition with the current that defends the judicial activism in those situations. It is an attempt of giving a wide vision of the subject by the analysis of their consequences in the plan infraconstitucional, especially in relation to the institutes of the lesion and the theory of the alteration of the circumstances, term that it holds the analysis of the clause rebus sic stantibus, welcomed notion, in the brazilian juridical system so much in the consumer law as effective civil code. Finally, the work search to establish the outlines of a social sense of the contract consecrated in the current code that comes as an open system that allows the construction of bridges that tie it to other laws looking for to explain such phenomenon and which the consequences of we hug that orientation in a close future.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho aborda a problemática da aplicabilidade dos direitos humanos fundamentais nas relações entre particulares, em suas mais diversas formas, tratando especialmente do contrato na dimensão dos princípios constitucionais da dignidade humana e da solidariedade. Inicia-se com uma digressão histórica acerca da reconquista do valor dignidade nas relações privadas, com a passagem do Estado Liberal para o Estado Social, demonstrando os problemas da nova hermenêutica constitucional a partir da elaboração da introdução de deveres gerais de conduta nas obrigações civis, traçando um paralelo entre estes e os princípios sociais do contrato consagrados com o advento do texto constitucional vigente. Destacam-se aqui as referências ao primado da boa-fé objetiva, à função social do contrato e à noção de equivalência material, pontos de partida para a análise da possibilidade de revisão contratual por intermédio do Poder Judiciário, como também das limitações ao controle jurisdicional dos direitos fundamentais, em contraposição com a corrente que defende o ativismo judicial nessas situações. É uma tentativa de dar uma ampla visão do assunto mediante a análise de suas conseqüências no plano infraconstitucional, mormente em relação aos institutos da lesão e à teoria da alteração das circunstâncias, termo que comporta a análise da cláusula rebus sic stantibus e da teoria da imprevisão, noções acolhidas, respectivamente, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro tanto no Código de Defesa do Consumidor como no Código Civil vigente, nos quais se encontra consagrada a idéia de resolução por onerosidade excessiva. Enfim, o trabalho busca estabelecer os contornos de um sentido social do contrato consagrado na atual codificação, apresentando-a como um sistema aberto que permite a construção de pontes que a ligam a outros corpos normativos, buscando explicar tal fenômeno e quais as conseqüências de abraçarmos essa orientação num futuro próximo.
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Castiñeira, Jerez Jorge. "La inexigibilidad de la prestación contractual ante la alteración sobrevenida de las circunstancias." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/298721.
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Cada vegada són més comunes les veus entre la doctrina i la jurisprudència que advoquen per proporcionar una solució al problema del canvi de circumstàncies sobre les obligacions contractuals en el dret civil espanyol. L'alteració sobrevinguda de les circumstàncies està de plena actualitat i així ho demostra el fet que en les més modernes propostes per a la regulació del dret de contractes, tant nacionals com internacionals, es reguli i proporcioni solució específica a aquest problema. Així i tot, l'actualitat del problema no ha de portar a equívocs. La problemàtica relacionada amb l'alteració sobrevinguda de les circumstàncies no és nova en la ciència del Dret. La problemàtica és clàssica i així ho demostren sens dubte els estudis de la clàusula rebus sic stantibus duts a terme ja durant els segles XVII i XVIII.
L'antiguitat del problema no ha suposat, però, una normalització de la institució del canvi de circumstàncies. No almenys en el nostre país ni en molts dels països del nostre entorn cultural. L'alteració sobrevinguda de les circumstàncies no es pot considerar una institució normalitzada en l'àmbit del nostre sistema jurídic des del moment en què les diferents doctrines que es porten a col·lació per al seu estudi i resolució es caracteritzen (almenys en el dret espanyol) per la seva excepcionalitat. Excepcionalitat en la seva aplicació i establiment de requisits però també en la seva fonamentació, basada principalment en una suposada excepció al principi pacta sunt servanda.
El respecte del principi pacta sunt servanda és fonamental per al bon funcionament del nostre sistema contractual. Tan fonamental és aquest principi que el seu respecte exigeix que (i) o bé no s'admeti la institució de l'alteració sobrevinguda en el nostre dret, (ii) o bé es descobreixi que el fonament i reconeixement d'aquesta última figura no suposa cap excepció al principi de vinculació contractual.
Si això últim és possible, el següent pas consisteix en l'establiment d'uns requisits d'aplicació que normalitzin la institució. Aquest és precisament l'objecte del present treball.Cada vez son más comunes las voces entre la doctrina y la jurisprudencia que abogan por proporcionar una solución al problema del cambio de circunstancias sobre las obligaciones contractuales en el derecho civil español. La alteración sobrevenida de las circunstancias está de plena actualidad y así lo demuestra el hecho de que en las más modernas propuestas para la regulación del derecho de contratos, tanto nacionales como internacionales, se regule y proporcione solución específica a este problema. Aun así, la actualidad del problema no debe llevar a equívocos. La problemática relacionada con la alteración sobrevenida de las circunstancias no es nueva en la ciencia del Derecho. La problemática es clásica y así lo demuestran sin duda los estudios de la cláusula rebus sic stantibus llevados a cabo ya durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. La antigüedad del problema no ha supuesto, sin embargo, una normalización de la institución del cambio de circunstancias. No al menos en nuestro país ni en muchos de los países de nuestro entorno cultural. La alteración sobrevenida de las circunstancias no puede considerarse una institución normalizada en el ámbito de nuestro sistema jurídico desde el momento en que las distintas doctrinas que se traen a colación para su estudio y resolución se caracterizan (al menos en el derecho español) por su excepcionalidad. Excepcionalidad en su aplicación y establecimiento de requisitos pero también en su fundamentación, basada principalmente en una supuesta excepción al principio pacta sunt servanda. El respeto del principio pacta sunt servanda resulta fundamental para el buen funcionamiento de nuestro sistema contractual. Tan fundamental es este principio que su respeto exige que (i) o bien no se admita la institución de la alteración sobrevenida en nuestro derecho, (ii) o bien se descubra que el fundamento y reconocimiento de esta última figura no supone excepción alguna al principio de vinculación contractual. Si esto último es posible, el siguiente paso consiste en el establecimiento de unos requisitos de aplicación que normalicen la institución. Este es precisamente el objeto del presente trabajo.
In recent times, most scholars and courts in their decisions have argued that problems related to an unexpected change of circumstances deserve a specific solution under Spanish contract law. Additionally, most national and international proposals on contract law include and resolve the problems related to an unexpected change of circumstances. Nevertheless, this topic is not new. Indeed, as may be proved through the clause rebus sic stantibus studies carried out during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, this is a classical topic. The age of the problem, however, has not led the doctrines related to an unexpected change of circumstances being considered as normalized, at least not in our legal system or in the legal systems culturally close to that of Spain. Unexpected change of circumstances cannot be considered a normal institution or rule in our legal system since the several doctrines that are used to solve the problem are all configured as exceptional. That is, exceptional both at the time of their application and also when establishing the legal grounds of the doctrines, since most of these doctrines are based on an exception to the pacta sunt servanda principle. Respecting the principle pacta sunt servanda is extremely important in order to ensure that the contractual legal system achieves its goals and functions properly. So important is this principle that respecting it requires fulfillment of either one of these conditions: i) not accepting any doctrine related to the problem of an unexpected change of circumstances; or ii) finding out that the legal foundation and solution of this problem does not imply an exception to the pacta sunt servanda principle. If compatibility between the pacta sunt servanda principle and the doctrines related to the change of circumstances is possible, then the requirements to apply the doctrines must be established. This is precisely what is studied next in this paper.
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Mendoza, Cardenas Héctor Augusto. "La théorie de l'imprévision en droit civil et international comparé /." 2002. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=766560351&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Lee, Yi-Chin, and 李懿芩. "A Study on Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/tts7j9.
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碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
106
The “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus” on the contribution of civil law is to enable the judge to be based on the equitable adjustment, the involvement of private law relationship between the parties, in order to adjust their rights and obligations. However the “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus” is an uncertain legal concept. How the abstract law principle apply to specific cases is an important section of the law practice and researches. As a result,this thesis will through the way of judgment comment,in order to discuss the effect of the “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus” and the manner of litigation. This will involve the most controversial of the "Prescription" on practice. That is to say, because of changed circumstances, party can claim right. What is the nature of the right and the starting point of the prescription. And this thesis collects relevant judgments and researches. Try to put an appropriate practice forward.
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Kae, Tseng Jau, and 曾昭愷. "clausula rebus sic stantibus in Germany administrative law." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54343721174000799110.
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Cheng, Chiao-ya, and 程巧亞. "Research on Civil Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus in Mainland China." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10601976002421089334.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
100
As a result of the enhancement of the trade relations between China and Taiwan, mainland China has become a major investment territory for Taiwan businessmen. It is, therefore, very important to understand the use of the uncertain legal concept - Clausula rebus sic stantibus (the principle of changed circumstance), and the operation of judicial practice in Mainland China. It is also important to know how to safeguard the compliance of contracts and maintain the fairness of performing contracts, and to prevent Clausula rebus sic stantibus being abused in judicial practice in the future. In addition, it is uncertain whether the cases of the application of the Clausula rebus sic stantibus can be legally recognized in the mutual judicial aid judgment framework, and this will affect enormously the parties’ rights and interests. Therefore, the thesis aims to analyze and explore the development and the practice of the Clausula rebus sic stantibus in China, in order to meet the needs of the trade between Taiwan and China in the future, and to prevent the unnecessary risks. First of all, the keynote of the Chapter II is an in-depth introduction to and a comparative analysis of the concepts of Clausula rebus sic stantibus, including its meaning, its origin, its development, the theoretical basis, its constituent elements and its legal effect, and the foundational principles in relation to the similar legal concepts. In Chapter III –the evolution of Clausula rebus sic stantibus discusses the development, the legislation, and the legal basis of the principle in Mainland China, particularly focusing on the comparative analysis of the legislation of this principle in relation to the two nations. In addition, Chapter IV - the latest requirements of Clausula rebus sic stantibus in Mainland China “the Contract Law explanation II, the 26th article” – analyzes and discusses the announcement background, the article analysis, and the other operational requirements relevant to “the Contract Law explanation II, the 26th article”. In chapter V - the judicial practice of Clausula rebus sic stantibus in Mainland China, the judicial practice cases are reviewed in order to understand their attitudes towards the application of this principle. The review shows that in China, the causes of Clausula rebus sic stantibus were widely recognized in practice. It is also clearly seen that in the judicial practice of China, the contents of contracts could be changed or rescinded after changed circumstance, and the caused damage would be compensated. Finally, in Chapter V, the conclusions and recommendations, this study suggests that the principle of changed circumstances should be legislated in Mainland China as soon as possible, and proposes four recommendations in relation to legislation.
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Chiou, Yuh-Chin, and 邱裕欽. "A Study on Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus Applied to Employment Contract." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41219057106851827214.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
101
Labors have always been the disadvantaged party in the labor contract. Therefore, the government specifies the employer duty, namely setting a minimum wage and intervention of the executive authorities in order to ensure the fairness of the employment contract. Although the employment contract also falls under the jurisdiction of civil law, when there is no express provision in the Labor Standards Act. Under this circumstance, conflicts exist, especially there is force majeure such is when both party’s performance is made impracticable. Whether the employer should or should not pay or even terminate the contract, the issue would still remain unsolved. Meanwhile, the unforeseen condition such as a financial crisis will be discussed. Our study will offer a possible solution and reasonable settlement to level parties’ duty by Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus (Change of Circumstances) rule and put restrictions on the contract freedom such that it cannot circumvent the civil law with in employment contract.
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Lai, Ya-Shin, and 賴雅馨. "A Study on Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in Construction Contracts Practice." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90315393960106056296.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
財經法律研究所
104
The Construction contracts legal relationship is highly complex. It involved many of issue, such as huge financial problem, the long period to perform the contract, many participates, the content of contract are complex and it containing potential high risk . The public construction are also demanded for public interest. Construction industry are highly technical and highly professional. Due to the characteristics describe above, construction is a kind of industry easily to have dispute. In Taiwan , Construction stage is prone to have disputes, especially for price and period . The claims based that the parties often used is Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus. But the judgment always have different opinions in similar cases. It is the motivation that I write this thesis. First, this thesis discuss「Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus」 of Taiwan, and then , introduce「Die Lehre von der Störung der Geschäftsgrundlage」(German)of Germany, expect to be able to have complete understanding of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in Taiwan. Furthermore,this thesis introduce the construction contracts, and probe three kinds of disputes that often occur in construction contracts. After that, we can understanding the core research of this thesis ─the Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus applied to construction contracts judgment practice in Taiwan. The research objectives of this thesis is the Supreme Court of judgements from A.D.2010 to 2015. Discussion of the main facts are payment adjustment on the price of materials, extension of time and design changes. We discussioning on each type of opinions whcih the Surpreme Court applies the principle of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus. And we analyze the trends of current prcatice of the principles of the Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in Taiwan.
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YANG, WEI, and 楊偉. "A Study on the Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in the Performance of Administrative Contracts." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26671431430085123242.
Full textAbstract:
碩士銘傳大學
法律學系碩士班
104
This thesis focuses on the Change of Circumstances in the fulfillment of administrative contracts, analyzing the relevant legal regulations in the main countries of Common Law and Civil Law Systems by comparison, combining with the current theoretical study and judicial practice, and constructing the Doctrine of Circumstances Change in the Chinese Mainland’s administrative contracts performance, aiming at offering a reference to the discretion of judicial practices of the Chinese Mainland. The first chapter is the introduction to the definition and development of “clausula rebus sic stantibus”, and the types and judgment standards of “Change of Circumstances” in generalized sense. Based on the common law system, the impracticability of contract is discussed mainly in this work, while the impossibility is involved. It should be noted that the administrative contract here is restricted to the unequal contract between the administration and the private. As the civil legal norms are applicable to the disputes in the administrative contract conditionally, so the identification of Circumstances Change in private contracts is also investigated. The second chapter discusses the Doctrine of Circumstances Change of the two legal systems’ main countries in detail. In England, the Doctrine of Frustration is presented with two situations of impossibility and frustration of purpose，the theories of the system are introduced and then rules of special laws fitted to the contracts of British government and prerogative sources of administrations are discussed. For the Civil Law, including the legal norms of France, Germany and Taiwan, the concept and judgement of the administrative contracts are brought in to make comparison between the public and private laws. Then the related systems and rules of public and private laws are detailed. In Germany, for example, the System of Foundation of Legal Transaction and the traditional Change of Circumstance in the administrative contracts. And Germany contracting authorities hold only limited prerogatives, even though the administrative contracts pay attention to the public interests. As for private law of France, the concept of “force majeure” is introduced and the conservative attitude towards impracticability is maintained; “la théorie de l’imprévision”, “la théorie du fait du prince ou fait de l’administration” and the right of unilateral adjustment are focuses, granting the administrations universal prerogatives including the right of unilateral modification and unilateral cancellation and continuity of service, meanwhile the compensation corresponding to the loss due to the exercise of this prerogative is rendered to the personal by adopting the Principle of Financial Equilibrium. In Taiwan the fulfillment obstacles of the administrative contract in the Administrative Procedure Act is referred to the relevant rules of French law, articles 145 to 147 correspond to the aforementioned three theories of French law respectively. The third one is the current status of Change of Circumstance in the Chinese Mainland, and the system design according the comparative method. Although direct regulations in the civil and administrative laws are insufficiency for the change of circumstance in the Mainland, it does not imply that there are no any statements in judicial interpretations or local-legislation rules. From the theories and experiences in justice and legislation, it is revealed that the Mainland’s law refers to the prerogatives of the administrative law in France, which privilege the administration. However, making the French law as a reference, the Mainland also need to turn to advantages containing strict rules for fulfillment obstacles in England, system of equal consultation in Germany, and imitating experiences of law transplantation in Taiwan. Article 12, section 1(11) in the Administrative Procedure Law which implemented on May 1, 2015 in the Mainland absorbs the administrative contract into the case-accepting range of police administrative litigation. This law promotes effectively the solving of disputes in the fulfillment of the administrative contract. The government licensed management contract is listed and expounded in the thesis. Finally, there is a conclusion to demonstrate main contents and viewpoints concisely.
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Hung, Kuo-Chin, and 洪國欽. "A Study On clausula rebus sic stantibus applied to Judgement in practice in Taiwan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02590233056402547677.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
法律學系碩士班
96
Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus is often quoted as the object of action or defense proposition in civil action practice in Taiwan. The parties advocate the claim or defense of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus easily. Therefore, there are many disputes concerning the application of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in practice cases, in particular with respect to procrastination or change of the engineering project ,the price increase and the rent change..However, there seems to be a lack of consistency identifying the requirements for Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in practice, As a result, judgement in the same or similar case may lead to different results by different judges .The motive of this thesis was hence established. This thesis will first search for the theoretical origin of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus from Continental Law system and Anglo-American Law system, and then discuss its meaning and the evolution history . After that, it will introduce and analyze Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in theory in details by discussing the basic theory and its character of this principle to distinguish what types of problems this principle would deal with in the beginning. Moreover, in order to differentiate and analyze the legal concept similar to Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus, such as condition, expressed intention mistake, impossibility of performance, risk acceptance, force majeure, escape clause, even commercial risks ,etc., this thesis will also make a comparison of differences and distinguish from essence, applicability, requirements and availability etc.Hard upon, in order to explore the main theme, this thesis will focus on the legislative history of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in the civil law of Taiwan, and discuss about Taiwan’s society , instance of legislation, form requirements, practice opinion and fructus legis from before and after Civil Law was announced, the implementation period of Civil Procedure Supplementary Regulation in Emergency, the implementation period of Civil Procedure Code supplementary regulation after demobilization, the implementation period of article 397 of Civil procedure code, and even after Article 227-2 of Civil laws was announced. Finally, in order to probe into the practice opinion and application of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in practice judgments at present, this thesis uses civil judgements from district courts in the first three largest cities in Taiwan, including Kaohsiung District Court, Taichung District Court and Taipei District Court, in terms of population, caseload, and a variety of case types, as sampling sources. This thesis selected 273 judgments made by the three above-mentioned courts from January 1990 until November 2007, in which Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus was labeled as object of action or issue in action by the two parties., to analyze the status and application of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus on judgement in practice. After analyzing, screening and classifying the 273 cases, eight types of applications were established, and only 59 of 273 cases meet the requirements of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus. The overall application rates were 21.6 percent, which were relatively low.. Based on this, it is rational to assume that most arguments over application of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus are vague and obscure in practice operation
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Chin, Hua Sheng, and 金驊生. "Study on “Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus” Applied to Construct Contract Judgment Practice Between Cross-Strait." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74895883768850708416.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
法律學系
100
The clause of "Change of Circumstances" in Civil Law is often exercised for purpose of entering a Plea or request of Objection when the circumstances of either party are changed to a situation that could not have been anticipated by either party. Therefore, whether or not it is applicable to exercise the clause of "Change of Circumstances" has always been a controversy in the case of individual lawsuits, especially in disputes regarding the honoring of Infrastructure Project Agreements, such as schedule deferral, material pricing raise, design changes, and so forth. However, the rulings by district or appellate courts in applying the Principal of change of circumstances to civil cases show that the opinions of judges have not been consistent in setting rules for the adoption of this Principal. Under such situation, the proceedings reveal an interesting phenomenon that the judicial decisions may be quite different from, or even contrary to, the decisions taken in the same or similar cases. This research investigates the origin of the ‘Principle of Change of Circumstances’ and explores its origins in the development in the Common Law system and the Japanese legal system. Additional to understanding the evolution of the theory of the “changes of circumstances”, the applicability of the Principle in laws and disputes across the Taiwan Strait is also investigated to see how the honoring of agreements and resolution of disputes may be processed between Taiwan and mainland China. This research also collects examples of Cross-Strait judicial lawsuits from recent years, and the resulting court decisions which have considered the suitable application, or not, of the ‘Principle of Change of Circumstances’. The Quantitative Method was used to collect the data, and statistical techniques are employed to Analise the variance. Different situations are investigated based on the data analysis and a comparison is made for how the Principle has been applied in the resolution of Cross-Strait project disputes.
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WENG, SHENG-FENG, and 翁昇鋒. "A Study on "clausula rebus sic stantibus" applied to Geological Conditions Change in Construction Projects." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60967775627842778148.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
97
During the construction period, it is normal to experience the discordant situation in actual geological structure and the design presentation, which is usually called geological variability, and it becomes a very important question that which party shall be responsible for the losses. As for the construction dispute resulting from geological variability, the party concerned often introduces the change of circumstances principle in Civil Law; it comes out different judgment results because the resolutions of similar cases are not so equivalent and different parties have not such alike opinions of application of the change of circumstances principle (called clausula rebus sic stantibus). Thus, the top priority in choosing the resolutions to contractors is to understand the following process, noticeable issue and possible result before applying the change of circumstances principle. This research studies the origin of the change of circumstances principle theory and further discusses its meaning and development. Moreover, this research discusses the basic theory of the change of circumstances principle and its characters, and concludes related regulations and efficacy of the change of circumstances principle. In addition to above subjects, this research generalizes some key points from arrangement and analysis of controversial cases in geological variability with application of the change of circumstances principle which are adjudicated or arbitrated by the court and mediated by Public Construction Commission. At last, comparing the above-mentioned cases in procedure and practice in order to survey the similarities and differences of application of the change of circumstances principle, and analyze the divergences and merits and demerits of adopting different resolutions in similar cases for industry reference.
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Chen, Tsung-Kun, and 陳宗坤. "Study on the Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus applied to Arbitral Award of Public Construction in Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fsm9b5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
法律學系碩士班
97
This thesis explored the origin, history and meaning of the Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus. First, the theory and character of the Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus was been discussed by comparing Continental Law System and Anglo-American Law System and then in order to understand the suitability of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in Taiwan, the comparison between the Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus with the similar concept ones has been carried out as well. It also introduced the development process about Arbitration System in Taiwan, and analyzed the management model of the Disputer Arisen of Public Construction and Arbitration of Construction. Secondly, It discussed the suitability of Arbitral Award according to the Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus and Amiable Composition without Express Binding Agreement. The relationship between Amiable Composition and Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus was also studied. Last, It explored the suitable cases and types in Arbitration offprints and relative books about Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus, and analyzed the suitability of various types of the Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus in Civil Action Practice Judgment . The goal of this thesis is to give all walks of life for reference and to form a viewpoint met justice, and provides the direction with fairer, more justice and more objective for the design of Public Construction Contract Clause or the solving dispute method of Conciliation, Arbitration and Adjudication. It aims that the contractors do not need to take unreasonable risks and could reduce litigation and construction controversies. In the other hand, the government could also lower unnecessary cost and save treasury, then upgrades the welfare of the nationals.
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Kao, Tzu Chieh, and 高子絜. "Exploration on the Development and Practice of Ex Aequo Et Bono-Based on "Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus"." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vwh4kb.
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Tseng, Chun-chih, and 曾俊智. "A study on clausula rebus sic stantibus applied to disputes settlement for contract execution of public construction." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/385gp6.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
法律學系碩士班
97
Before the implementation of Government Procurement Act, the building & renovation constructions as well as properties being purchased, customized, and sold in all institutions were dealt with according to the auditing rules and the stipulated procedures of “Institution Building & Renovation Construction and Procurement, customization,& Selling Property Examining Clauses”.However, as “Institution Building & Renovation Construction and Procurement, customization,& Selling Property Examining Clauses” had been in effect for over 20 some years since their publication, the characteristics and scales of procurements were getting more and more complicated, and they were no longer applicable to the actual needs, moreover, at the same time, our government was filing application to become a member of World Trade Organization, for which there was a requirement for signing Agreement on Government Procurement（GPA） ,as a result, the Government Procurement Act was announced on May 27, 1998, and to be implemented on May 27, 1999, with a total of 114 articles, including 8 chapters-General Principles, Invitation to Tender, Administration of Contract Performance, Inspection and Acceptance, Dispute Settlement Protest and Complaint, Penal Provisions, and Supplementary Provisions, as the standards and basis of working on procurement procedures in the government agencies. According to the requirements of Article 2 in the Government Procurement Act, the procurement categories are divided into 3 types-Construction Work, Property, and Labor, however, there are needs to work on the contract changes, and to ask for budget additions/cuts during the process of contract fulfillment due of factors such as considerations on policies, problems of actual implementations, amendments on decrees, feedbacks from public opinions, and needs of working units; moreover, for some situations with requirements on the contract changes, in order to avoid any impressions of benefiting contractors to the outsiders, the public personnel in the government agencies often adopt strict and nearly harsh standards for dealing with the changes on contracts, in turn, there are numerous incidents of disputes between the government agencies and the contractors; furthermore, as there are many reasons for the changes on contracts, and contract articles are set up in either simplified or complicated formats on the contract changes in the government procurement contracts, thus, on the basis of Clausula Rebus sic Stantibus, our study is aimed to make research and investigation in the government construction procurement contract change practices and the disputes incurred there of on the execution of contracts.
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Chvátalová, Daniela. "Kupní smlouva v soukromém právu." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-351043.
Full textAbstract:
1 ABSTRACT CHVÁTALOVÁ, Daniela: Contract of Sale in Private Law. [Dissertation thesis]. Charles University. Faculty of Law; Department of Civil Law. Tutor: prof. JUDr. Jan Dvořák, CSc., Head of Department of Civil Law, Vice-Dean for the Doctoral Study Programme and Rigorosum Procedure. Level of professional qualification: Ph.D., Praha: PF UK, 2015. Key words: Civil Code No. 40/1964 Sb. Commercial Code No. 53/1991 Sb. Civil Code No. 89/2012 Sb. Principles of civil law. Purchase. Dual regulation. Precontracting negotiations. Offer and acceptance of the offer. Contract of sale. Purchase of personal property. Purchase of real property. Subject of the contract. Superficies solo cedit. Construction is a part of the land. Hardship clause. Purchase price and manner for determining the purchase price. Commercial terms and conditions. Decrease in a purchase price. Unreasonable decrease in the purchase price Laesio enormis. Price clause. Delivery of goods. Seller's delay in delivery of goods. Transfer of title. Rights in case of defective performance. Quality, quantity, type, and package. Rebus sic stantibus clause. Contractual penalty. Cancellation of a contract of sale. Sale of a plant. Advance payment and retainer. Supranational projects. Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). Principles of European Contract Law...
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NI, ZIH-LAN, and 倪子嵐. "The Connections between “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus” and “Constructive Change Theory”－Based on the Public Construction Contract Disputes in Taiwan." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52946084349047005822.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
101
Construction changes for many reasons. Where the occurrence of construction variation is not accountable to both parties, contractor often assert “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus”. Whereas, due to principle of prudence, the burden of proof in estab-lishing “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus” indeed has essential difficulty. Court usually dismissed contractor's claim for the fact did not comply with the elements. In order to manage this kind of change controversies, some studies hold that the “Constructive Change Theory” under the law of the U.S. may be the proper way for contractor to equitably adjust the rights and obligations between both parties based on the princi-ples of fairness and justice. However, there is no similar regulation in Taiwan to in-troduce this theory. Thus, how to solve this problem is still waiting for the interpre-tation and application under the law in our country. Nevertheless, there are questions about whether the “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus” and “Constructive Change Theory” belong to the same concept or not, what is the connection between these principles, and why should someone mention these principles in the same breath, all of the above-mentioned questions shall be the primary emphasis of this thesis. As a result, this study aims to investigate the development and content of the “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus” and “Constructive Change Theory”. Then, discusses what is the basis of claim right to apply the “Constructive Change Theory” in our country and the connection with “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus”. Finally, analyzes the differences between the “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus” and “Constructive Change Theory” and research what circumstances and standards should apply to “Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus” or “Constructive Change Theory” under the public construction contracts in Taiwan, therefore, providing a directive opinion to the law practice.
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Huang, Chia-Ling, and 黃嘉苓. "A Study on "Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus" in Civil Procedure -Based on the Changes of the Effects of the Civil Judgment." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d326gt.
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CHIEN, SHIH-CHANG, and 簡世昌. "A Study on the Fairness of Public Construction Contracts in Taiwan from the Applicability of Freedom of Contract and the Clausula rebus Sic Stantibus－Cases Involving Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w3d4qb.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
103
Public work construction is the fundament of national economic development. Government invest hundreds of billions of dollars on public construction projects, causing controversies of contract fulfillments. Not only does it reduce government agencies’ procurement effectiveness, but also consequently produce significant amount of waste on social resources. The public work authorities Public Construction Commission, Executive Yuan ( hereinafter referred to as the PCC ) is being, authorized by the Government Procurement Act, with reference to international and domestic engineering practices, set a more equitable and reasonable "Engineering Procurement Contract Template " for government agencies in the process of public work procurement to adopt. Parts of the government agencies, however, in the process of engineering procurement, does not completely comply with PCC’s template. And even more use of the advantages of standard contracts, apparently prepared beforehand and in favor of contractual terms of government agencies. Its contents clearly contradicts with the principle of fairness and reasonableness under the Government Procurement Law. In the case of the principle of freedom of contract is over abused, more often government agencies agreed to waive or reduce the contract responsibility of their own. And to increase the responsibility of contractors, even to make them prior to abandon their rights or limit them to exercise their rights, or other significant situation to the contractors. Among them, contractor exemption is the most obvious example. By using contractual liberty, through the article of contractor exemption, government agencies take the advantages of standard contracts, pass their own responsibilities and risks under no legitimacy completely to the contractors. This causes continual occurrences of public work disputes. It not only shows the public work contract unfairness, but also cause gigantic waste of resources of the society. In this paper, starting from principles of Freedom of Contract and the Clausula rebus Sic Stantibus, exploration of rationality and legitimacy of the business owner exemption is discussed, as well as to propose practical judgment on whether there are apparent unfair contract terms, by specific, clear and objective criterion, using the PCC’s template. It is expected that the government agencies can therefore correct their unconscionable contractual provisions, and to safeguard the fairness and justice of public work contracts. It is also expected to reduce the disputes of public work. It is believed that by doing so, it will effectively upgrade the efficiency of public work procurement, and the distribution of social resources may bring of greater benefits.
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Nasri-Roudsari, Reza. "Le Régime Juridique de la mer Caspienne." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3233.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis la création de l'Union soviétique jusqu'à sa dissolution, la mer Caspienne appartenait à l'Iran et à l'URSS, qui constituaient ses deux seuls États riverains. Ces derniers avaient convenu de gérer la Caspienne «en commun », selon un régime de condominium, dans deux accords bilatéraux signés en 1921 et 1940. Cependant, après le démembrement de l'Union soviétique en 1991, trois nouveaux États indépendants et riverains de la Caspienne (1'Azerbaïdjan, le Kazakhstan et le Turkménistan) se sont ajoutés à l'équation, et ont exigé une révision du régime juridique conventionnel en vigueur. Ainsi, des négociations multilatérales ont été entamées, lesquelles ont mis en relief plusieurs questions juridiques faisant l'objet d'interprétation divergente: Le régime juridique conventionnel de 1921 et de 1940 (établissant une gestion en commun) est-il toujours valable dans la nouvelle conjoncture? Les nouveaux États riverains successeurs de l'Union soviétique sont-ils tenus de respecter les engagements de l'ex-URSS envers l'Iran quant à la Caspienne? Quel est l'ordre juridique applicable à la mer Caspienne? Serait-ce le droit de la mer (UNCLOS) ou le droit des traités? La notion de rebus sic stantibus - soit le « changement fondamental de circonstances» - aurait-elle pour effet l'annulation des traités de 1921 et de 1940? Les divisions administratives internes effectuées en 1970 par l'URSS pour délimiter la mer sont-elles valides aujourd'hui, en tant que frontières maritimes? Dans la présente recherche, nous prendrons position en faveur de la validité du régime juridique établi par les traités de 1921 et de 1940 et nous soutiendrons la position des États qui revendiquent la transmission des engagements de l'ex-URSS envers l'Iran aux nouveaux États riverains. Pour cela nous effectuerons une étude complète de la situation juridique de la mer Caspienne en droit international et traiterons chacune des questions mentionnées ci-dessus. Le droit des traités, le droit de la succession d'États, la Convention des Nations Unies du droit de la mer de 1982, la doctrine, la jurisprudence de la C.I.J et les positions des États riverains de la Caspienne à l'ONU constituent nos sources pour l'analyse détaillée de cette situation.From the creation of the Soviet Union to its dissolution, the Caspian Sea belonged to Iran and the USSR, which were its only two littoral States. The Caspian was, during this period, governed by two bilateral agreements signed in 1921 and 1940, in which the two States had agreed to “jointly” manage the Sea. However, after the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 gave birth to three newly independent States (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) with coast lines along the Caspian Sea, these three new actors demanded with insistence that the existing treaty-based regime be revised. During the course of the ensuing negotiations, several legal questions have been raised: Is the treaty-based legal regime established by the 1921 and 1940 treaties still valid in the new regional configuration? Are the newly independent States, successors to the USSR, obliged to respect the former Union's legal obligations towards Iran? If not, what is the appropriate legal regime applicable to the Caspian? Is it the law of the Sea (as defined mostly in the UNCLOS) or the law of treaties? Considering the new regional configuration, does the concept of rebus sic stantibus - or the fundamental change of circumstances - invalidate the 1921 and 1940 treaties? Will the internal administrative divisions established in 1970 by the former Soviet Union with regards to the Caspian become - de jure - the new international maritime frontiers? In this thesis, we argue in favour of the validity of the legal regime established by the 1921 and 1940 treaties and we support the position of those States which assert the transmissibility of the obligations of the former Union to the newly independent littoral States. In doing so, we will provide a complete analysis of the legal dilemma at hand and suggest appropriate analytical answers to the aforementioned questions. The law of treaties, the law of the succession of States, the 1982 United Nations' Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), doctrinal commentaries, case law of the I.C.J, and official U.N documents revealing the positions of each littoral States will be thoroughly conversed in this regard.
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Bříza, Marek. "Podstatná změna okolností a nemožnost plnění v českém a anglickém právním řádu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-339873.
Full textAbstract:
English abstract Material change of circumstances and the impossibility of performance within the Czech and English legal system Civil law in the Czech Republic is based on a so-called principle pacta sunt servanda which means that parties are bound by the contract and should perform in accordance with it. It may happen, however, that unexpected supervening event substantially change the circumstances after the formation of a contract to the extent that it become impossible to perform the contract or it makes performance for affected party so burdensome that it will lead the party to the economical destruction. Such a change may lead to situations that to hold the affected party to fulfil its promise would be unjust and contrary to morality. Therefore, Czech Civil Code contains few provisions based on which court may terminate the contract or adjust the contract to restore equilibrium of the performance. Thesis focuses on two of those provisions, namely impossibility of performance and impracticability of performance. Thesis describes relevant legal institutes and doctrines, development of case law, analyze past and current Czech Civil Code and compare it with English case law and international and European soft law. After introductory chapter, chapter two describes relevant principles of civil law and...
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Ringuette, Josée. "Le hardship : vers une reconnaissance du principe par les tribunaux arbitraux du commerce international." Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2368.
Full textAbstract:
L'arbitre du commerce international peut-il, en l'absence de clause
contractuelle expresse, procéder à l'adaptation du contrat lorsque survient un
changement de circonstances qui modifie de façon substantielle l'équilibre
contractuel initial? La complexification des schémas contractuels et l'émergence
correspondante de nouvelles valeurs contractuelles favorisent la réception du
principe rebus sic stantibus dans le droit commercial international. Les deux
phénomènes permettent également d'envisager dans une nouvelle perspective les
objections traditionnelles à la révision pour imprévision. Les arbitres du commerce
international sont appelés à jouer un rôle, bien que modeste, dans le mouvement
d'harmonisation privé du droit commercial international. Le contexte international de
l'arbitrage et de la relation contractuelle, la volonté d'apaisement inhérente à ce
mode de résolution des différends et le rapport particulier qu'entretient l'arbitre du
commerce international avec le droit national permettront à ce dernier de privilégier,
dans certaines circonstances, une option comme l'adaptation du contrat pour cause
de hardship. Plusieurs facteurs devront cependant être examinés attentivement par
le tribunal arbitral avant que ne soit prise la décision de procéder à l'adaptation du
contrat. D'autres remèdes pourront être envisagés si une telle solution ne convient
pas.Is the arbitrator of international commerce entitled to adapt the contract when the parties did not provide so expressly and a supervening event provokes a substantiel change in the initial contractual equilibrum? The complexification of contractual schemes and the corresponding emergence of new values in contract theory made the reception of the rebus sic stantibus principle highly probable in international commercial law. These two phenomenas supplied keys for a revised perspective of the traditional objections to the application of the rebus sic stantibus principle. Arbitrators have a role to play in the movement of private harmonization of international commercial law. The international context in which they proceed, the inherent quality of appeasement in arbitration and the particularity of the relation between arbitrator and national law are making it possible for international arbitrators to give priority to adaptation of the contract when the circumstances are right. Many factors will have to be analysed by the arbitrator before he chooses to adapt the contract because adaptation is not always the best solution. Other remedies will have to be devised if it is the case.
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