Relevant bibliographies by topics / The Reserve Bank of Malawi

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'The Reserve Bank of Malawi'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "The Reserve Bank of Malawi"

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Engel, Joshua I., John M. Bates, Jason D. Weckstein, Thomas P. Gnoske, and Potiphar M. Kaliba. "Avifauna of Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, Malawi." Journal of East African Natural History 101, no. 2 (May 2013): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2982/028.101.0202.

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Staub, Caroline G., Michael W. Binford, and Forrest R. Stevens. "Elephant herbivory in Majete Wildlife Reserve, Malawi." African Journal of Ecology 51, no. 4 (January 8, 2013): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.12064.

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Hubbard, Stephen M. "The National Infrastructure Reserve Bank." Public Works Management & Policy 22, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x16670644.

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This article examines the implementation of a novel national infrastructure bank (NIB) which coins or “makes” U.S. currency to provide capital for infrastructure loans. This approach eliminates bond expense while reducing long-term life cycle costs caused by deferred maintenance and construction inflation. It also addresses the three main issues that have blocked prior NIB proposals by providing a near zero-cost source of capital, reducing the total size of government employment, and isolating funding from national politics while reducing costs by US$75 to US$220 billion and creating up to three million or more jobs annually.
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Gopinath, Gita, and Jeremy C. Stein. "Trade Invoicing, Bank Funding, and Central Bank Reserve Holdings." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 1, 2018): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181065.

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We develop a model that shows how the currency denomination of a country's imports influences the funding structure of its banking system, and in turn, the currency composition of its central bank's reserve holdings. The link between the dollar's role in bank funding and its role as a central bank reserve currency is stronger when the country's fiscal capacity is limited, and when exchange rates are volatile. In the data, there is a pronounced cross-country relationship between the fraction of imports that are dollar invoiced, and the fraction of central-bank foreign-exchange reserves that are held in dollars.
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GANGOPADHYAY, PARTHA. "RESERVE BANK INDEPENDENCE: SOME CRITICAL INSIGHTS." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 15, no. 1 (March 1996): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1996.tb00921.x.

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Gray, Simon. "Central Bank Balances and Reserve Requirements." IMF Working Papers 11, no. 36 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455217908.001.

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Ferguson, Anne E., Bill Derman, and Richard M. Mkandawire. "The new development rhetoric and Lake Malawi." Africa 63, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161295.

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AbstractDespite the new development rhetoric emphasising sustainability, preservationof biodiversity, natural resource management, income generation and participatory research, the new World Bank Malawi Fisheries Development Project represents a continuation of past practices. This article examines the underlying conceptual framework and implications of this World Bank project in the light of research among fishing communities on Lake Malawi. The Bank, it is argued, is mistakenly promoting assistance to the large-scale commercial fishing sector rather than attempting to implement more innovative and collaborative project initiatives with small-scale fishers, processors and traders who comprise the vast majority of lake users.
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Sircar, Subhalakshmi, and Sandeep Goel. "Monetary Policy of Reserve Bank of India: Role of Bank Lending." Arthshastra : Indian Journal of Economics & Research 4, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17010/aijer/2015/v4i3/71378.

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Osborne, Dale K., and Tarek S. Zaher. "Reserve requirements, bank share prices, and the uniqueeness of bank loans." Journal of Banking & Finance 16, no. 4 (August 1992): 799–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(92)90009-o.

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Vogt, Michael G. "Bank reserve adjustment process and the use of reserve carryover as a reserve management tool." Journal of Banking & Finance 13, no. 1 (March 1989): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(89)90017-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The Reserve Bank of Malawi"

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Ntsiful, Samuel, and Makiwa Mwenechanya. "The Independence and Objectivity of the Internal Auditor in the Discharge of his/her Professional Responsibilities : Evidence from the Reserve Bank of Malawi." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för ekonomi, kommunikation och IT, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-7849.

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Independence and objectivity are the cornerstones of the auditing profession. Even though internal auditing is generally not mandatory for companies to set up, its importance these days has increased phenomenally due to the fact that it assists companies to systematically evaluate and improve their risk management, internal controls and governance processes. Internal auditors are therefore expected to be independent and objective in order to provide unbiased and reliable reports, and to win the trust and confidence of people though admittedly, independence and objectivity are not easy to achieve in reality since the internal auditors are employees of the company they audit and report on.  The purpose of this study was thus, to critically investigate if independence and objectivity can truly be achieved in practice by employing a case study of the Reserve Bank of Malawi (RBM). Accordingly, empirical data was gathered from the above-mentioned bank via the administration of questionnaire to seven internal auditors.  The study revealed through a qualitative content analysis of the data collected that, the internal auditors of RBM are indeed independent and objective in their profession because the bank has instituted the right organizational structures and the Internal Audit Department has made tremendous effort in complying with best practices in the internal audit profession. This has created a proper work environment as well as developed an appropriate attitude within staff that has allowed a high level of independence and objectivity to be achieved. Based on the evidence of RBM, we can therefore say that the independence and objectivity of an internal auditor can truly be achieved in practice.
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Sunduzwayo, Madise. "Developing an independent regulatory framework for the financial sector in Malaŵi." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1422.

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Madise, Sunduzwayo. "Developing an independent regulatory framework for the financial sector in Malaŵi." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2902.

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Chaney, Shea Turman. "Automation of Dominion Bank's federal reserve bank account." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020230/.

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Schnidman, Evan A. "Essays on Federal Reserve Bank Evolution, Transparency and Market Interaction." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11107.

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This three part dissertation begins by "Examining the Origin of Federal Reserve Independence." This paper explores early Fed history with a particular emphasis on the period between 1947 and 1953 in order to provide a complete political account of Fed Independence.
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Unkovski, Goran. "Purchasing power parity and Reserve Bank intervention in the foreign exchange market." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5681.

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This paper tests the behaviour of the PPP relationship in South Africa between 1993 and 2003 using cointegration techniques. The period under review is divided into two sub-phases. The first, from January 1993 to May 1998, encompasses the changing political situation and the initial effects of global integration for South Africa. It is found that the PPP relationship holds during this time frame.
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Green, Isaac. "The Effects of Federal Reserve Liquidity Facilities On Inter-Bank Borrowing Rates." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1370595991.

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Hauptfleisch, David C. L. "The impact of nationalising the private shareholding of the South African Reserve Bank." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29871.

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This paper investigates, as its main question, the probable impact of nationalising the private shareholding of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB). A sub-question is first posed in order to answer the main question. The sub-question is: are the shareholders of the SARB the owners of the Bank and what are their rights and obligations? In a nationalisation scenario the rights and obligations of the shareholders will cease to exist. Therefore, it is essential first to determine all the rights and obligations of the shareholders when measuring the impact of nationalising the SARB private shareholding. The paper uses the A.M. Honoré legal test of ownership to determine whether the shareholders of a South African listed company and the SARB shareholders, can be viewed as the owners of the respective entities. That legal test indicated that the shareholders of a JSE- listed corporation satisfy very few of the legal incidents of ownership and the SARB shareholders satisfied none. Consequently, from a legal point of view, shareholders of the SARB are not its owners. By analysing, critically, the historic data concerning share price growth and share liquidity for the SARB, and what the possible expropriation compensation might be, this paper seeks to determine if profit is a ii motive for owning SARB shares. Profit was not found to be a motive for owning those shares. The motive of shareholders in owning SARB shares can potentially reveal undisclosed shareholder rights and obligations. The AGM of the SARB is also observed to determine if any undisclosed shareholder rights and obligations exist. No unusual rights and obligations were determined except a close relationship between the commercial bank shareholders and the SARB. The SARB shareholder rights and obligations are in accordance with the South African Reserve Bank Act and Regulations. After the sub-question is answered and a complete set of shareholder rights and obligations are determined, the operational, financial and corporate governance effect of nationalising the South African Reserve Bank is discussed. If it is assumed that the directors and Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) can continue with the same degree of autonomy, then nationalising the private shareholding of the SARB will have no significant financial, operational and corporate governance effect on the Bank. This paper suggests that the true motive for requesting the nationalisation of the SARB private shareholding, is the desire to nationalise the ability of commercial banks to create the nation’s money supply.
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Byrne, Joseph Paul. "International reserves revisited : long-run determinants and short-run dynamics after Bretton Woods." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21146.

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This thesis examines a number of issues related to central bank international reserves holdings and foreign exchange intervention. We study the long run determinants of reserves within the context of the post Bretton Woods dirty float period. It is argued that traditional approaches fail to take account of central bank attempts to influence the real exchange rate by foreign exchange intervention. Additionally, we update previous research by employing recent developments in the non-stationary timeseries and panel data literature. In particular, we utilise the Johansen VAR technology and recent innovations in panel cointegration, to assess the long-run determinants of reserves and short-run dynamics. By jointly modelling the UK reserve holdings and the monetary sector we consider the domestic economy impact of reserve changes, the stability of narrow money demand and whether monetary disequilibria effect reserves as suggested by the Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments. The effects of daily US and German foreign exchange intervention on exchange rate volatility are also studied. We find evidence consistent with other research that US intervention reduces volatility and extend these results to bilateral rates not previously considered. Moreover, we find evidence in favour of the distinction between unilateral and concerted intervention and of the existence of policy externalities, underlining the importance of international policy coordination.
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Arnpoful, Johnson. "'How Successful was the South African Reserve Bank in Making Monetary Policy Predictable and Transparent?'." University of Western Cape, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7461.

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Masters of Commerce
This paper uses 3 - month and 12 - month market Negotiable Certificates of ( I . Deposit (NCO) rates to test whether greater transparency by the South African Reserve Bank has reduced expectational errors in the money markets. It does so by comparing the relative differences (between the implied forward rates-as indicators of expected future spot rates-and the actual 'future'spot rates) between the period before greater transparency and the period after greater transparency. Empirical evidence for the sample period indicates that greater ransparency by the South African Reserve Bank co-incided with reduced expectational errors in the money markets. Thus, the implied forward rates after greater transparency may well have been better predictors of future spot rates than before greater transparency, although causality has not been proved.
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Books on the topic "The Reserve Bank of Malawi"

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G, Caglisesi, and NetLibrary Inc, eds. Reserve management. London: Risk Books, 2000.

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United States. General Accounting Office. Accounting and Information Management Division. Reserve ratio. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.

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India, Reserve Bank of, ed. The Reserve Bank of India, 1951-1967. Mumbai: Reserve Bank of India, 1998.

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E. P. W. Da Costa. Reserve Bank of India: Fifty years, 1935-85. Bombay: Reserve Bank of India, 1985.

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Reserve Bank of India. High Level Committee on Credit to SSI. Report of the High Level Committee on Credit to SSI. Mumbai: Reserve Bank of India, Rural Planning and Credit Dept., 1998.

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Webber, Alan. Reserves and reserve ratios in British banking, 1870-1960. London: Centre for Banking and International Finance, Centre for the Study of Monetary History, 1985.

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Reserve Bank of India's instructions for banks & banking operations. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Taxmann Allied Services, 2001.

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Grenville, Stephen. The reserve bank of Australia's foreign exchange market operations. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: South East Asian Central Banks, Research and Training Centre, 1994.

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Vanuatu, Reserve Bank of. Task and functions of the Reserve Bank of Vanuatu. [Port Vila, Vanuatu]: [Reserve Bank of Vanuatu], Dept. of Research and Statistics, 2010.

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Vanuatu, Reserve Bank of. Tasks and functions of the Reserve Bank of Vanuatu. Vanuatu: The Bank, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "The Reserve Bank of Malawi"

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Lessambo, Felix. "The Reserve Bank of India." In The International Banking System, 51–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-27513-4_6.

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Meltzer, Allan H. "The Federal Reserve at Seventy Five." In Aspects of Central Bank Policy Making, 1–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76774-6_1.

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Heckelman, Jac C., and John H. Wood. "Political Selection of Federal Reserve Bank Cities." In Public Choice Analyses of American Economic History, 135–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77592-0_6.

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Rossouw, Jannie, and Vishnu Padayachee. "The independence of the South African Reserve Bank." In The Political Economy of Central Banking in Emerging Economies, 134–48. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge critical studies in finance and stability: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367823054-11.

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Han, Miao. "US Federal Reserve System and the Global Financial Crisis." In Central Bank Regulation and the Financial Crisis, 53–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-56308-8_4.

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Drazen, Allan. "Can Restrictions on Banking Replace Fiscal Adjustment? Seigniorage, Reserve Requirements, and Mandatory Investment." In Aspects of Central Bank Policy Making, 117–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76774-6_3.

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Goedhuys, D. W. "The South African Reserve Bank and the Course of the Economy." In Banking and Business in South Africa, 105–12. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09632-9_6.

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Chikuni, A. C. "Conservation status of mopane woodlands in Malawi: a case study of Mua-Tsanya Forest Reserve." In The Biodiversity of African Plants, 250–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0285-5_33.

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Bindseil, Ulrich, and Alessio Fotia. "Central Banks." In Introduction to Central Banking, 11–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70884-9_2.

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AbstractThis chapter develops further the role of a central bank and its interplay with commercial banks. Together, the two ensure the provision of liquidity to the economy, such that the real sectors are shielded from flows of funds originating from household and investors. We also disaggregate the banking system into two banks to represent deposit flows between banks and their impact on the central bank’s balance sheet, and to distinguish between what we call “relative” and “absolute” central bank intermediation. We then integrate deposit money creation by commercial banks into our system of financial accounts, and revisit some old debates, such as the limits of bank money creation and the role of related parameters that the central bank can set (not only the reserve requirement ratio, but also the collateral framework). Finally, we explain the concepts of “plain money” and “full reserve banking” within the financial accounts, and also discuss in this framework the recent proposals regarding central bank digital currency (CBDC).
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Gilbert, R. Alton. "Federal Reserve Lending to Banks that Failed: Implications for the Bank Insurance Fund." In The Causes and Costs of Depository Institution Failures, 93–117. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0663-4_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "The Reserve Bank of Malawi"

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Yilmaz, Muhittin, Selahattin Ozcelik, and Nuri Yilmazer. "Implied historical federal reserve bank behavior under uncertainty." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - SMC. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346909.

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Mtambalika, Augustine, Tiwonge Davis Manda, Harry Gombachika, and Gregory Kunyenje. "Branchless banking in rural Malawi: Potential customers' perspective on bank-led mobile banking." In 2016 IST-Africa Week Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2016.7530701.

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"The Impact of Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) Monetary Policy on NIEs." In 2018 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/ssah.2018.031.

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Lougee, BJ, Michael Robinson, Chris Stackpole, Mark Watson, and Greg Woodward. "Bear: Cyberinfrastructure for Long-Tail Researchers at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City." In PEARC '20: Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3311790.3396623.

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Syarifuddin, Ferry. "Monetary Response to Exchange Rate Dynamics: Regime Switching – Chartists and Fundamentalists Application to Australia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00595.

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In this paper we study the effect of central bank intervention within a heterogeneous expectations exchange rate model. The empirical evidence is conducted by applying a Markov switching approach to daily AUD/USD exchange rate, intervention data of the Reserve Bank of Australia from 2006 to 2012. Our results are supporting both chartists and fundamentalist regimes. It is shown that the two regimes are persistent. However, Reserve Bank of Australia efforts to exert a stabilizing effect of foreign exhange interventions, the result is inconclusive.
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Kumar Ch.S.N., Chandra Sunil, and T. T. Narendran. "A decision support system for the reserve bank of India to forecast currency requirements at currency chests." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2007.4419312.

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Serin, Zehra Vildan, Erişah Arıcan, and Başak Tanınmış Yücememiş. "Gold Reserve Policies of Selected Central Banks After the Global Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02118.

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After the global financial crisis, central banks have changed attitudes towards gold and have unconventional policy measures, in addition to conventional interest rate cuts. With these measures central banks aimed to support financial stability, and to reduce to potential adverse effects from international capital flows. From the perspective of investors and central banks gold positions and gold reserves are still significant and debatable issues. The purpose of this study is to investigate the composition of central bank reserves the period of 2008 and 2018. In this paper, generally we compared gold reserve holdings of major central banks with Turkey. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) has increased gold reserves especially since 2002. With implementing effective policies, CBRT has increased gold holdings in international reserves. CBRT is one of the countries with the highest share of gold reserves in the world.
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Adak, Naba Kumar. "BANKS CANNOT EITHER MULTIPLY OR INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF MONEY OR CREATE DEPOSITS WITHOUT BACKING OF MATCHING RESERVE; ONLY CENTRAL BANK CREATES MONEY." In 33rd International Academic Conference, Vienna. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2017.33.001.

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Cseh, Balazs, and Jozsef Varga. "The Comparative Analysis of the Alternative Crisis Management Models of the Islamic- and Christian-Based Bank System." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01788.

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There is an increasing demand for investments based on religious basics since these ethical investments mean much more stable financial chances. The economic and financial risk of a fragmented reserve banking system has become obvious by the failure of the neoliberal market economy. Therefore, world economy has to reform the entire credit and bank system that could only be achieved by alternative methods. The Islamic bank is a particularly young alternative opportunity that is based on more equitable and moral principles. However, bringing back the Christian-based banking system that looks back on old traditions and that became extinct could also be an alternative. One of the major principles of the Christian-based banking system is that it is not allowed to borrow and invest in worthless bonds without provision. For the Islamic bank, for instance, speculative affairs that are of high risk and monetary derivates are forbidden, there is voluntary risk management. Risk management and risk-sharing practices based on alternative religious principles will also be analyzed. Due to its procyclic-anticyclic characteristics, the traditional bank system deepens the crisis while the religious bank systems are against the crisis by alleviating the burdens of the debtor. The authors describe and analyze crisis management solutions with a sort of comparative method.
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Bal, Harun, Shahanara Basher, and Abdulla Hil Mamun. "The Aftermath of Quantitative Easing in Advanced Economies: The Empirical Evidences." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02279.

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Quantitative easing (QE), as a measure of unconventional monetary policy (UMP), has been followed by many of the central banks of advanced economies to boost the economy by stimulating investment and consumption. The study identifies the most recent QE programs undertaken by central banks of four major advanced economies, namely, Federal Reserve (Fed), Bank of England (BOE), Bank of Japan (BOJ) and European Central Bank (ECB), and examines its impact on major macroeconomic indicators, namely output growth, inflation, exchange rate indices and stock market indices, employing vector autoregressive (VAR) models. Findings of the study suggest that QE was only favorable for real GDP growth of USA and the development of stock market of euro area. However, such an UMP failed to bring about changes in appropriate directions among the other economic indicators of these advanced economies. QE at an adequate scale to offset the recessionary forces could help achieve the expected results of the policy action. At the same time, policy makers should think over other supplementary measures that can support and expedite the impact of QE in favourable directions to achieve the desired goals of such UMP.
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Reports on the topic "The Reserve Bank of Malawi"

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Calomiris, Charles, Matthew Jaremski, Haelim Park, and Gary Richardson. Liquidity Risk, Bank Networks, and the Value of Joining the Federal Reserve System. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21684.

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White, Eugene. Protecting Financial Stability in the Aftermath of World War I: The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta's Dissenting Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21341.

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Eichengreen, Barry. Designing a Central Bank for Europe: A Cautionary Tale From the Early Years of the Federal Reserve System. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3840.

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Fabiani, Andrea, Martha López, José-Luis Peydró, Paul E. Soto, and Margaret Guerrero. Capital Controls, Domestic Macroprudential Policy and the Bank Lending Channel of Monetary Policy. Banco de la República, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1162.

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We study how capital controls and domestic macroprudential policy tame credit supply booms, respectively targeting foreign and domestic bank debt. For identification, we exploit the simultaneous introduction of capital controls on foreign exchange (FX) debt inflows and an increase of reserve requirements on domestic bank deposits in Colombia during a strong credit boom, as well as credit registry and bank balance sheet data. Our results suggest that first, an increase in the local monetary policy rate, raising the interest rate spread with the United States, allows more FX-indebted banks to carry trade cheap FX funds with more expensive peso lending, especially toward riskier, opaque firms. Capital controls tax FX debt and break the carry trade. Second, the increase in reserve requirements on domestic deposits directly reduces credit supply, and more so for riskier, opaque firms, rather than enhances the transmission of monetary rates on credit supply. Importantly, different banks finance credit in the boom with either domestic or foreign (FX) financing. Hence, capital controls and domestic macroprudential policy complementarily mitigate the boom and the associated risk-taking through two distinct channels
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Andreasen, Eugenia, and Victoria Nuguer. Capital Flow Management Measures and Dollarization. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002905.

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This paper studies from an empirical and theoretical perspective the systemic and bank-level effects of imposing reserve requirements (RR) in foreign currency in an economy with a heavily dollarized financial system. The paper empirically characterizes banks responses to the RR carried out by the Peruvian Central Bank since 2008 with the objective of stabilizing the financial market and meeting its policy targets. The results suggest that the RR is effective in reducing the overall level of credit in the economy and that banks response in terms of credit and deposits is very heterogeneous depending on their ex ante preference for foreign funding ratio, i.e., the ratio of deposits in dollars to total loans. Motivated by the empirical insights, the paper builds a DSGE small-open-economy model with financial frictions à la Gertler-Karadi-Kiyotaki, where bank heterogeneity and financial dollarization are introduced to evaluate the effectiveness of the differential RR in reducing financial dollarization and improving financial resilience.
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O’Brien, Tom, Deanna Matsumoto, Diana Sanchez, Caitlin Mace, Elizabeth Warren, Eleni Hala, and Tyler Reeb. Southern California Regional Workforce Development Needs Assessment for the Transportation and Supply Chain Industry Sectors. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1921.

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COVID-19 brought the public’s attention to the critical value of transportation and supply chain workers as lifelines to access food and other supplies. This report examines essential job skills required of the middle-skill workforce (workers with more than a high school degree, but less than a four-year college degree). Many of these middle-skill transportation and supply chain jobs are what the Federal Reserve Bank defines as “opportunity occupations” -- jobs that pay above median wages and can be accessible to those without a four-year college degree. This report lays out the complex landscape of selected technological disruptions of the supply chain to understand the new workforce needs of these middle-skill workers, followed by competencies identified by industry. With workplace social distancing policies, logistics organizations now rely heavily on data management and analysis for their operations. All rungs of employees, including warehouse workers and truck drivers, require digital skills to use mobile devices, sensors, and dashboards, among other applications. Workforce training requires a focus on data, problem solving, connectivity, and collaboration. Industry partners identified key workforce competencies required in digital literacy, data management, front/back office jobs, and in operations and maintenance. Education and training providers identified strategies to effectively develop workforce development programs. This report concludes with an exploration of the role of Institutes of Higher Education in delivering effective workforce education and training programs that reimagine how to frame programs to be customizable, easily accessible, and relevant.
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Reserve Bank, Musgrave Street, Port Moresby. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-004897.

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Papua New Guinea - Banks - P.N.G. Development Bank - Reserve Bank Finance. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/04111.

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Research Department - Central Bank - General - Miscellaneous - Reserve Bank Organisation - 1953 - 1965. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/16615.

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Papua New Guinea - Banks - Reserve Bank - "Shadow" Accounts. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/04118.

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