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1
Jones, Yakama Manty. "Debt overhang and natural resources : revisiting the resource curse hypothesis." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2014. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/95/.
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Growth literature presents evidence that resource abundant economies comparatively grow less than other economies, giving rise to the ‘Resource Curse Hypothesis’. Many researchers have developed several theories to explain the ‘Resource Curse’ but there are very few explicit considerations of ‘Debt Overhang’ in these explanations. This study concentrates on the ‘Debt Overhang –Resource Curse’ link given the significant relationships between debt sustainability and other resource spending. It also implicitly seeks to test key competing theories. The key contribution is the evaluation of the ‘Resource Curse’ and ‘Debt Overhang’ phenomena simultaneously using mixed methods analysis. This thesis consist of three complementary empirical studies organised in chapters under the ‘Debt Overhang-Resource Curse’ theme: A Panel Data Analysis of Debt Overhang, Natural Resources and Growth in 153 countries from 1970 to 2011; A Time Series Analysis of Sierra Leone’s Debt Overhang, Natural Resource and Growth Experience from 1970 to 2011 and A Perceptions and Documentary Analysis of Debt Overhang, Natural Resources and Growth in Sierra Leone. In Chapter Three, the ‘Debt Overhang –Resource Curse’ hypothesis was tested by estimating a system of simultaneous equations using the Generalised Method of Moments Three - Staged Least Squares estimator for the whole panel and carefully defined subsets. The results confirmed the ‘Debt Overhang –Resource Curse’ hypothesis in the case of least developed countries, mineral rich countries and petroleum rich countries although it failed to excel when the whole panel was examined. The ‘Debt Overhang –Resource Curse’ hypothesis was also confirmed in Chapter Four, when a Structural Vector Autoregressive Model was estimated for Sierra Leone : a resource rich, heavily indebted poor country at the bottom of the Human Development Index, has recently received large economic growth projections. The results for Sierra Leone were further confirmed using cointegration and Granger causality tests. The investigation continued with a perceptions and documentary analysis in Chapter Five. It investigated whether perceptions of Sierra Leoneans provide support for the Debt Overhang –Resource Curse hypothesis by estimating a structural equation model using Partial Least Squares, utilising data collected during a survey of mining communities. The results of the estimations were triangulated with findings from interviews, observations and documentary analysis. This analysis provided support for the hypothesis as well as some complementary theories within the Resource Curse debate. This simultaneous assessment of the impact of both debt overhang and natural resources on growth went beyond quantitative investigations to provide proof of the link shared by these elements. It also made a rationale for a ‘case-by-case’ analysis of economic growth and development phenomena, resulting in policy recommendations with a greater degree of alignment.
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Diallo, Thierno Amadou. "Beyond the resource curse : mineral resources and development in Guinea-Conakry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98930.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-76).
Natural resource endowments are no guarantee of socioeconomic development. Many developing countries are rich in natural resources (minerals, oil, gas, hydropower), and yet many of their citizens remain in poverty and their economies have failed to grow; the "paradox of plenty". Despite its natural resources (bauxite, iron ore, diamond, gold and hydropower), Guinea has been unsuccessful in marshaling and leveraging these resources to produce socioeconomic development. The critical challenge for Guinea, just like many resource-rich countries, is governance failures- decades of military rule, corruption and resource mismanagement after centuries of French colonial rule. This thesis uses secondary sources and data to argue that the resource curse as a phenomenon in resource-rich countries has limitations as it does not offer these countries a path for how their resources could be used to propel social and economic development. To overcome the so-called resource curse, this thesis argues that the key to unlocking economic and social development in mineral-rich Guinea, is investing its resource-generated revenue to develop the country's infrastructure services. Infrastructures such as roads, telecommunications, water, power, education and health facilities are the foundation for socioeconomic development. The new hope for Guinea rests in the fact that after more than fifty two years of military and authoritarian rule, the country transitioned to "democracy" for the first time in 2010. This coupled with the emergence of new global players such as China and other emerging countries, with their quests to secure stable natural resources to fuel their industries, comes a new window of opportunity for resource-rich countries such as Guinea to leverage and link its extractive industries to develop key infrastructure services. Guinea could leverage its bauxite and iron ore industries to transition to onsite transformation of these materials, whose transformation is energy-intensive. Guinea could then leverage the demand for power from the onsite transformation to develop its untapped hydropower generation capacity to supply both mines and the rest of the country. However, this will not happen without governance reforms in Guinea's extractive industries and mining code.
by Thierno Amadou Diallo.
M.C.P.
3
Holland, Caroline M. 1986. "An Oil Curse? Resource Conflict Onset and Duration." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10175.
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ix, 107 p. : maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.This study examines the effect oil has on the onset and duration of conflict. In the "resource curse" literature, researchers argue that a state's abundance in natural resources can raise the likelihood of civil war. Such findings are largely based on correlations from large-n statistical studies or are hypotheses from individual case studies. These approaches fail to check the causal validity of key variables in multiple cases. Using a data-set comprised of sixteen countries that have experienced both oil extraction and civil war, this study conducts a qualitative causal variable analysis within these cases, while also checking the causal significance of key variables across cases. This study of oil-related civil wars analyzes the cross-case validity and overall relevance of: rebel greed, citizen grievances, unemployment in oil-rich regions, state military spending, clientelistic patterns of oil rent distribution, and oil-sector nationalization schemes.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Jane K. Cramer, Chair; Dr. Shaul E. Cohen; Dr. Anita M. Weiss
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Mwansa, Mumamba Chitumwa. "Reviewing the definition of the natural resource curse and analysing its occurence post-1990." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013243.
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That countries with high natural resource abundance should experience slower economic growth than those with low resource abundance seems contrary to what would be expected, considering the developmental head-start such resources afford. Yet Sachs and Warner (1997) found that economies with a high share of natural resource exports in national income in 1970 tended to experience slower economic growth in the two decades that followed. This finding, that natural resources are a “curse” rather than a blessing, has become generally accepted. This thesis sought to test whether the conclusion drawn from their data – that higher natural resource abundance leads to slower economic growth – is still correct. It sought to test their findings first by correcting for their use of resource intensity (natural resources share of exports) as a proxy for abundance. Using measures of resource abundance for 1995 as a proxy for abundance in previous decades, it was found that higher resource abundance was not associated with lower economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s. This finding is contrary to that of Sachs and Warner (1997, 2001). Secondly, this thesis tested whether the natural resource curse effect was still present for the period 1995–2010. This was done by observing the effect of both resource abundance and resource intensity on economic growth during 1995–2010. In both cases no resource curse effect was found, for this more recent period. The resource curse had disappeared regardless of whether one uses Sachs and Warner’s (1997, 2001) measure of resource intensity or a measure of resource abundance. Natural resources should therefore no longer be considered a “curse”. In explaining the difference for the impact of resource intensity between the 1970-90 period measured by Sachs and Warner (1997, 2001) and the more recent period 1995-2010 it was found that the Dutch Disease effect has decreased significantly since the 1970s and 1980s. This could partly explain why the resource curse has disappeared when measured in terms of resource intensity. Thus it was concluded that the natural resource curse existed in the period 1970-90 only when measured in terms of resource intensity but not when measured relative to resource abundance. The negative effects of natural resources on economic growth have disappeared in terms of both resource intensity and resource abundance in the more recent time period.
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Klisáková, Jiřina. "Hospodářskopolitické události Bolívie za vlády Evo Moralese." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4359.
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Natural wealth can either be an advantage for a country's economy or its curse. This thesis applies theories, which explore relationship between natural resources abundance and economic development of the country on a recent situation in Bolivia. The relationship between local natural gas and continuous poverty is analyzed within the resource curse theory and its causes. The analysis concentrates mainly on the Dutch disease theory, government's economic policy, investment and social environment in the country. Finally, the aim of this work is to answer the question whether natural gas means a curse for Bolivia and to identify its main causes. In addition, consequences of the onset of president Morales and the new nationalization policy are analyzed in detail.
6
Dietsche, Evelyn. "'Good governance' of the extractive resources sector : a critical analysis." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/044143c9-8552-490d-a849-207c1df4583c.
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This doctoral thesis presents a critical analysis of the global debate on the ‘good governance’ of the extractive resources sectors. Its starting point is that over the past decade this debate has seen a remarkable elevation, while at the same time the governance concept itself has been subjected to critique. To understand how the sector-focused ‘good governance’ agenda compares against this critique, the thesis uses a conceptual framework that identifies the different uses of this concept. Against this background, it reviews the main scholarly debates on the opportunities and challenges of countries producing extractive resources and identifies four critical questions, which it then sets out to answer. The main argument is that the global debate on the ‘good governance’ of the extractive resources sectors has been built on the widely endorsed conclusion that ‘good institutions’ make for better outcomes and that therefore producer countries need to improve their sector institutions. However, this seemingly obvious conclusion has ignored the complexity and confusion around ‘governance’ and ‘institutions’ that prevails across the broader social science literature. This argument is based on the answers the thesis provides to four critical questions: what are institutions; how do institutions change; how are they enforced; and do existing institutions matter for the design of interventions aimed at improving institutions. The thesis lays open that the policy conclusions of the global debate are premised on the dominance of a particular reference point paired with a particular methodology where the emphasis has been on, first, identifying the types of institutions that have apparently led to desired results, and then to promote these as a means to steer towards these results. It concludes that this focus has premised the global agenda on a false sense of clarity on what producer countries ought to be improving.
7
Romero, Guastavino Diego Alonso. "Development of the Chilean mining industry – its dependence of natural resources." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189232.
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The resource curse, also known as the “paradox of plenty”, basically states that countries that have natural resources in abundance, particularly in terms of non-renewable resources such as oil and gas and minerals, in the long run tend to have less economic growth and prosperity, than countries with relatively lesser endowments of natural resources. This research investigates the case of the Chilean economy; its erstwhile saltpeter mining industry and current copper mining industry. The study attempts to answer the research question of whether Chile is still under the resource curse. Through the facts of the case study, semi-structured formal and informal interviews and extensive literature review, the researcher identified four main outcomes of the resource curse which are true to the Chilean history and current events; plundering of national wealth by political leaders, weak policy enforcements and military challenges to the government and the subsequent threats to the country’s democracy. The results of the case study suggest that, Chile is indeed still under the resource curse. The researcher draws on economic theory by Joseph Schumpeter in his most celebrated publication, “The theory of Economic Development” to gain understanding into the Chilean reality of economic under development and any other possible factors besides the resource curse, mainly lack of entrepreneurial ambitions by the human capital of the economy. The study contrasts, Schumpeter’s economic theory to Marxist economic theory of total control of nation states’ resources by governments and the Keynesian economic theory of government intervention aimed at supporting growth.
8
Petrovsky, Nicolai. "Does Natural Resource Wealth Spoil and Corrupt Governments? A New Test of the Resource Curse Thesis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4582/.
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Countries with rich natural resource endowments suffer from lower economic growth and various other ills. This work tests whether the resource curse also extends to the quality of regulation and the level of corruption. A theoretical framework is developed that informs the specification of interactive random effects models. A cross-national panel data set is used to estimate these models. Due to multicollinearity, only an effect of metals and ores exports on corruption can be discerned. Marginal effects computations show that whether nature corrupts or not crucially depends on a country's institutions. A broad tax base and high levels of education appear to serve as inoculations for countries against the side-effects of mineral wealth.
9
Naser, Ahmed Hussein. "THE CURSE OF NATURAL RESOURCES, QUALITY OF INSTITUTIONS, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE CASE OF MENA COUNTRIES." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2704.
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There is a big debate among economists, why are the resource-rich economies growing slower than resource-poor economies? Which is making this puzzle more difficult, there are two groups of resources-rich abundance countries one group grow more than other ones. For instance, the Arabic Gulf, Nigeria, and Venezuela are growing slower than Botswanan, Norway, and Australia, but both groups are resources-rich countries. Is it the resources curse scenario? Or is it weak institutions? To study this puzzle, I have observed two groups of studies. The first group of old studies claim that the problem of low growth in resources-rich economics comes from the scenario of Dutch disease, but the second group or more recent studies strongly refuse the claim by the first group. They have debated that the problem comes from poor institutional quality. We totally agree with both groups, yet we have another scenario. The resources-rich countries suffer from Dutch diseases problem and from poor quality of institutions. We strongly criticize the most significant a series of studies by Sachs and Warner (1995, 1997a,1997b, 2001). They have debated that the Dutch Disease scenario is a possible mechanism of the resource curse, which is the labor factor and capital factor move from the manufacturing and service sectors to the natural resources sector. Thus, the negative effect of natural resources on economic growth is direct effect. We argue that there is a positive relationship between most types of natural resources (oil) and economic growth. We claim also this a positive relationship holds true even after controlling for significant variables found to be for economic growth. We are not only debating that the main symptoms of the resources curse come from the weakness of institutional quality, but also come from Dutch disease scenario. We see that the indirect effect of natural resources on economic growth. To prove this association, we have used multiple institutions and resources. However, we set up three chapters: The first chapter discusses how natural resources (oil rents) impact institutional quality (control of corruption) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). We discuss that is there any possibility of interaction terms between oil rents and rule of law from one side, and between oil rents and democracy from another side to avoid high corruption in MENA countries? Our findings confirm: First, the oil rents can highly feed corruption. Second, our estimates confirm that the relationship between oil rents and corruption depends on the quality of institutions (rule of law), which oil rents avoid to feed corruption unless the mean of quality of law role is (0.33). Furthermore, our findings suggest that the autocracy is better policy in the region. In the second chapter, to approach to our goal, the main symptoms of the resource curse phenomenon in MENA. The findings confirm that the economic growth in MENA is greatly and positively influence by oil rents, but we have blamed poor institutions leading to the phenomenon of resources curse. When the weakness of institutions reaches to certain limits, oil rents will start to create a negative impact on growth. This result seems to confirm the theory of the natural resource curse and to confirm that resources-rich countries are associated with poor institutions. Moreover, the interaction terms between diversification and oil rent can promote economic growth. In the third chapter, we discuss how the interaction terms between various types of natural resources, petroleum, natural coal, and coal, and political stability influence economic growth? The findings have diagnosed there are dissimilar effects by petroleum, natural gas, and coal on economic growth.
10
Oge, Ibrahim Kerem. "Transparency Promotion in Resource-Rich Countries: External Remedies to Reverse the Curse in the Caspian." Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3711.
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Thesis advisor: David A. DeeseMy research builds upon the resource curse and external democracy promotion literatures to assess the prospects of transparency advocacy in non-democratic resource-rich countries. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan are all rich in hydrocarbons; however, in the last two decades, they have shown significant variation in terms of the transparency of oil revenues and expenditures. While Azerbaijan undertook substantial reforms to make its government revenues from oil almost completely transparent, Turkmenistan refrained from disclosing its revenues from natural gas exports. Finally, Kazakhstan, while undertaking some reforms, lagged behind Azerbaijan in pursuing a fully transparent revenue management policy. In authoritarian countries, transparency-related governance reforms are shaped by an interaction between international and domestic factors. Transparency in natural resource revenues is promoted by global actors including states, international financial institutions, and transnational networks as a measure to prevent or minimize corruption and mismanagement of revenues. In all three of my cases, the lack of public accountability and limited civil society activism prevented domestic agents from carrying out successful institutional reforms. In each case, the preferences of the elites have been important determinants of the degree of economic reform. I argue that transparency promotion from outside is expected to lead to institutional reform when it is matched with strong incentives for compliance. These incentives are created mostly by external actors, including states, international organizations, and international companies; yet they are also conditioned by the domestic economic and political landscape. Three cases from the Caspian region fully demonstrate the potential for different institutional outcomes among resource-dependent countries. A comparison of these countries' experiences will not only shed light on our understanding of the resource dependency and institutions, but also explain the institutional variance among the many non-democratic countries
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science
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Al-Batrani, Munira M. "What has been the impact of petroleum resources in Oman, UAE and Yemen? : a blessing or a curse?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445288.
Full text
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Matheis, Michael Roy. "Mining Booms and Busts: New Evidence on the Consequences of Mining in the U.S." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556593.
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The extraction of natural resources can lead to higher incomes and standards of living for local areas, but resource exploitation, a lack of broad economic development, and an excess amount of environmental pollution can come with this activity. This dissertation analyzes the short and long run economic, public health, and demographic consequences of economic development via natural resources. It expands upon the current non-renewable resource extraction, "resource curse," and local community health literatures by using county data for the entire U.S. spanning over a century, capturing both short and long run impacts over various time periods, on net-migration, mortality, natality, local economic activity, and environmental impacts. What drove coal production in the U.S. during the twentieth century? How effective were the operators at predicting and responding to changes in price? Did coal mining industries provide broad economic benefits to local communities in non-mining sectors? Did the impacts differ over time? Has natural resource extraction activity caused mortality in the area to increase? To answer these questions I collected, compiled, and digitized a long run panel database of county level mining activity, mortality, natality, and pollution spanning the entire U.S. The dissertation identifies the short and long run net effects of natural resource extraction activity with time-varying measures, and an IV approach that isolates changes in local mining activity independent of local conditions and outcomes. The dissertation shows that coal producers responded to variation in prices, and were aware and responded to past price behavior. Chapter 3 shows increased levels of coal production had positive net impacts on county population and manufacturing employment over an initial ten year span, then became negative over the subsequent decade. This provides evidence that the existence of a "resource curse" on local manufacturing is a long run phenomena. Chapter 4 shows that extraction activity increased infant and total mortality, had no impact on contemporaneous total cancer mortality, and may be driven by areas where coal mining was historically prevalent. Past and present mining activity is strongly related to local pollution, supporting the idea that increasing local environmental pollution increases mortality.
13
Veisi, Mohsen. "Essays on the links between natural resources, corruption, taxation and economic growth." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-the-links-between-naturalresources-corruption-taxation-andeconomic-growth(a839015d-f21e-4dad-bb0c-8ea96036512c).html.
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This thesis studies the poor development performance of resource-rich developing economies, known as the resource curse. In the first chapter we provide a comprehensive literature review of the topic and the channels through which resource abundance can result in the resource curse. Issues of corruption and governance have been emphasised to be the main driver of the resource curse. This has been illustrated by a negative relationship between resource abundance and corruption control in the literature. However, there is a gap in how natural resources facilitate corruption. In the second chapter, using empirical analysis, we study the role of taxation in the relationship between natural resources and corruption. Taxation is usually seen as a social contract between citizens and government -- people pay taxes and in return they hold their government accountable for efficient allocation of their taxes. Resource abundance shifts the reliance of government from tax incomes to resource rents. People therefore, have no sustainable mechanism to hold their government responsible for corruption and wrongdoings inside public institutions. Using different econometric methods, Pooled OLS, Fixed Effects and 3SLS, our results show that natural resource revenues crowd out incomes from tax revenues. Meanwhile, taxation has a positive and significant impact on the control of corruption throughout our analysis. The results suggest that resource-rich developing countries should invest in building their tax systems to increase their non-resource tax revenues. This will increase state capacity and demand for accountability in the public sector among citizens and hence decreases corruption. Related to our second chapter, in the third chapter we study a cash transfer programme, known as oil-to-cash, which has gained support as a tool to re-establish taxation and fight corruption. Under such a plan, resource revenues are distributed directly among the public and then each citizen is taxed optimally. Through this, government relies directly and fully on its citizens for its income. Hence, taxation is reinstated and the social contract is revived. Within a general equilibrium model we show how this happens and what the implications are of the oil-to-cash programme for economic growth. Our results clearly show how corruption results in a resource curse. Furthermore, the model explains the variation that is seen in the degree of the resource curse across countries. The study also analyses the practical barriers of the oil-to-cash plan. The study suggests that parallel to (or even prior to) such a plan countries need to invest in building their tax system and increasing their administrative capacities.
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Rizzati, Valentina. "The development stories of equatorial Guinea and Botswana : a game theory model of how public-private partnerships can turn resources from a curse into a blessing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80684.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-116).
The growth acceleration episodes characterizing Botswana and Equatorial Guinea were based on the respective discoveries of diamonds and oil. However, while Botswana, already characterized by inclusive and democratic institutions, succeeded in transferring much of the benefits deriving from the natural resource to society, Equatorial Guinea's corrupt government retained all the oil-generated wealth and prevented the population's standard of living from improving at a pace proportional to the country's growth. The two countries also differ in terms of their vulnerability to the "resource curse" phenomenon, due to their unequal level of economic diversification both within the major natural resource sector and across several industries. This Thesis firstly adopts a deep analytical approach to compare the two countries' development records and to understand the discrepancy in the quality of the two growth acceleration episodes. The second main contribution of this study consists in the analysis of the potential benefits resulting from the implementation of Public-Private Partnerships in the developing world. The methodology applied in the last section derives from Game Theory, a branch of Economics increasingly adopted in applications to real-world circumstances. In this specific case, the results of this coordination exercise between public and private parties will present very different implications for a democratic country as Botswana and for a corrupt one as Equatorial Guinea.
by Valentina Rizzati.
S.M.
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Huber, Maria. "Extractivism and transition in Africa : opportunities and challenges." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86449.
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Thesis (MPhil) Stellenbosch University, 2014ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Existence of natural resources in majority of African countries has been identified to support further development due to continuously increase in commodity revenues. However, the resource curse presents critical aspects of resource intensive economies such as short-term benefits of commodity revenues, limited economic diversification and unstable government. Due to natural resource abundance in Africa, extractive industries are essential in the domestic economic system, although, the disadvantages based on the resource curse theory, question the support of commodity revenues in Africa’s development. South America views the issues of extractive industries from a different perspective by analysing the related developmental approaches namely conventional extractivism, neo-extractivism and post-extractivism. While South American countries are in different transition phases of extractivism, Africa is dominated solely by conventional extractivism. This results in varying degrees of social and environmental impacts on the African continent. However, Africa’s transition towards neo- or post-extractivism will limit the problems of the resource curse and offers a more sustainable resource management of the extractive industries. The Environmental Kuznets’ Curve (EKC) supports the principle of developed and recently industrialised countries by relying on the economic development, which will reduce environmental degradation automatically by achieving a specific turning point. The three phases of EKC can be related to different stages of economic development, as well as to the three extractivism approaches. Therefore, transitions from conventional extractivism to neo-extractivism and finally to post-extractivism have to occur to stabilise economic development and reduce environmental degradation. Within this process of transition towards more sustainable extractivism approaches, the principle of “Sustainable Structural Transformation” (SST) is applicable. SST was described in the UNCTAD report (2012) as a tool to reduce environmental impacts while continuing to provide for the demand of an increasing global population. Neo- and post-extractivism approach supports the concept of SST, which primarily emphasises more efficient technologies, new economic activities, labour productivity and regulations. The foundation of SST is based on resource decoupling in order to separate economic developmental process from natural resource extraction while minimizing environmental impacts. For the application of SST and thus for the transition of extractivism, reinvestment is essential to create a diversified economy. While reinvestment can take place in various forms, the World Bank (2011) identified three types of wealth namely natural, produced and intangible capital contributing to the total wealth of a country. However, developing countries prioritise natural wealth in comparison to other forms of wealth; therefore, reinvestment has to take place in other types of wealth namely intangible and produced wealth in order to achieve sustainable development in Africa. UNCTAD (2012) considers SST as a framework without an attempt of creating a “one-size-fits-all” solution. This understanding is crucial for the transition from one phase of extractivism to another. Depending on the context of a country, tools have to be adapted to support the needed transition. These existing differences are presented in the case studies of Nigeria and Botswana, which are two developing countries in Africa but they present different stages of extractivism and resource management.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is vasgestel dat die beskikbaarheid van natuurlike hulpbronne in ’n meerderheid van Afrikalande verdere ontwikkeling ondersteun deur ’n ononderbroke toename in grondstofinkomstes. Die hulpbronvloek wys egter kritisie aspekte van hulpbron-intensiewe ekonomieë uit. Van hierdie aspekte sluit in korttermynvoordele van grondstofinkomstes, beperkte ekonomiese diversifisering en onstabiele regerings. Weens die oorvloed van natuurlike hulpbronne in Afrika is ontginningsnywerhede onontbeerlik in die binnelandse ekonomiese stelsel, alhoewel die nadele wat deur die hulpbronvloekteorie uitgewys word die ondersteuning van grondstofinkomstes in Afrika se ontwikkeling bevraagteken. Suid-Amerika beskou die kwessie van ontginningsnywerhede vanuit ’n ander perspektief deur die verwante ontwikkelingsbenaderings, naamlik konvensionele ontginning, neo-ontginning en postontginning, te ontleed. Alhoewel Suid-Amerikaanse lande in ander oorgangsperiodes van ontginning verkeer, word Afrika slegs deur konvensionele ontginning oorheers. Dit lei tot wisselende grade van sosiale en omgewingsimpakte op die Afrika-kontinent. Afrika se oorgang na neo- en postontginning sal egter die uitdagings van hulpbronvloek beperk en bied ’n meer onderhoubare hulpbronbestuur van die ontginningsnywerhede. Die Omgewing-Kuznetskurwe (OKK) ondersteun die beginsel van ontwikkelde en onlangs geïndustrialiseerde lande. Hierdie ondersteuning geskied deur staat te maak op die ekonomiese ontwikkeling wat outomaties omgewingsagteruitgang sal verminder deur ’n spesifieke keerpunt te bereik. Die drie fases van die OKK kan met verskillende fases van ekonomiese ontwikkeling asook die drie ontginningsbenaderings verbind word. Om hierdie rede moet oorgange van konvensionele ontginning na neo-ontginning en uiteindelik postonginning plaasvind om die ekonomiese ontwikkeling te stabiliseer en die omgewingsagteruitgang te beperk. Die beginsel van “Onderhoubare Strukturele Transformasie” (OST) is veral toepaslik in die oorgangsproses na meer onderhoubare ontginningsbenaderings. Die OST is in die verslag van die Verenigde Nasies se Kongres van Handel en Ontwikkeling (VNKHEO) (2012) beskryf as ’n middel om omgewingsimpakte te beperk terwyl dit in die behoefte van ’n toenemend groeiende wêreldbevolking voorsien. Neo- en postontginningsbenaderings ondersteun die OST-konsep wat veral meer doeltreffende tegnologieë, nuwe ekonomiese aktiwiteite, arbeidsproduktiwiteit en regulasies benadruk. Vir die toepassing van OST en dus die verandering in ontginning is herbelegging noodsaaklik om ’n gediversifiseerde ekonomie te bewerkstellig. Alhoewel herbelegging op verskillende maniere kan plaasvind, het die Wêreldbank (2011) drie tipes rykdom geïdentifiseer, naamlik natuurlike, vervaardigde en ontasbare kapitaal wat tot die algehele rykdom van ’n land bydra. Ontwikkelende lande gee voorkeur aan natuurlike rykdom teenoor ander vorme van rykdom. Om hierdie rede moet herbelegging binne die ander vorme van rykdom plaasvind om onderhoubare ontwikkeling in Afrika teweeg te bring. Hierdie ander vorme van rykdom sluit ontasbare en vervaardigde rykdom in. VNKHEO (2012) beskou OST as ’n raamwerk wat nie poog om ’n “one-size-fits-all”-oplossing voort te bring nie. ’n Oorkoepelende benadering is kardinaal om die verandering in ontginning teweeg te bring. Afhangende van die konteks van ’n land moet middels aangepas word vir die nodige ondersteuning van die verandering. Hierdie bestaande verskille word in die gevallestudies van Nigerië en Botswana uitgewys. Dié twee lande dui op twee verskillende ontginningstadia en hulpbronbestuur.
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Clootens, Nicolas. "Trois essais sur les Relations de Long Terme entre Croissance et Environnement." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE0505/document.
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Environnement et activités humaines interagissent à travers des relations multiples et complexes. Cette thèse s’interroge sur les limites que l’environnement pourrait imposer à la croissance. Le premier chapitre montre que l’environnement peut constituer un frein au développement en diminuant l’espérance de vie des agents, en freinant leur épargne, et peut causer des situations de trappes à pauvreté environnementales. La mise en place de politiques environnementales publiques peut néanmoins permettre d’éviter ces trappes et d’augmenter le niveau de revenu par tête. Dans le second chapitre,l’existence de ressources non-renouvelables polluantes nécessaires à la production est susceptible de freiner la croissance. Cependant, dans la lignée des travaux néoclassiques des années 70, les difficultés liées au caractère fini des ressources peuvent être dépassées par un progrès technologique exogène et des possibilités de substitution capital-ressources suffisantes. Il est par ailleurs démontré qu’une pollution non-persistante provenant de l’utilisation des ressources ne constituait pas un frein au développement. Enfin, le troisième chapitre démontre qu’une forte dépendance aux ressources naturelles affecte négativement la croissance des pays en développement, tandis que l’abondance en ressources naturelles la favorise. La dépendance étant le résultat de choix économiques, une politique de diversification de l’économie consistant à réinvestir les rentes issues de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles dans les secteurs secondaire et tertiaire pourrait permettre de la réduire. Par ailleurs, nous suggérons que développer l’éducation, les institutions et les marchés financiers pourrait permettre de limiter le risque de malédiction des ressourcesHuman activities and the environment interact through multiple and complex relations. Can the natural environment be viewed as a limit to growth ? This thesis tries to develop answers to this crucial question.The first chapter shows that environmental degradations may constitute a brake on growth diminishing life expectancy, and thus savings. It also shows that environmental poverty traps may exist. However,public environmental policies may help countries to escape from such traps, and to reach a higher level of income per capita. In the second chapter, we suggest that the existence of polluting non-renewable resources necessary for production may hamper growth. However, we show that flow pollutions caused by the use of resources can’t be seen as a development brake. Then, following neoclassical works of the1970s, we confirm that exogenous technological progress and sufficient substitution possibilities mayal low to overcome difficulties linked to the exhaustibility of resources. Finally, the third chapter demonstrates that, in low-income economies, strong resource dependency dampens growth while abundanceis growth promoting. Dependence is the outcome of economic choices. Thus a diversification policy that consists on investing the rent in secondary and tertiary sectors may help reduce dependence. Finally, we suggest that the development of education, institutions, and financial markets may allow to decrease the probability to experience a resource curse
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Krausová, Kateřina. "Vliv nerostných surovin na politiku a ekonomiku ve vybraných státech subsaharské Afriky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194090.
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Diplom thesis discusses a question of influence of mineral resources on politics and economics in chosen countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. The paradox of low economic development of many resource rich countries significantly engaged in international trade is often discussed by economic experts. I decided to focus on Sub-Saharan Africa because I consider this region to be unable to fully use its potential for economic development despite being very rich in natural resources.Target of this thesis is to find out which natural resources exist in chosen countires, how the countries manage them, how successfull their economic development is, which problems they currently handle and how their current situation is related to their historic, cultural and politic background. For the purpose of my thesis I have chosen Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo and Botswana.
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Dauvin, Magali. "Essais sur la dépendance des économies aux ressources naturelles." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100093.
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La chute récente du prix des matières premières a montré la vulnérabilité que pouvait impliquer une trop forte dépendance des économies aux revenus provenant des ressources naturelles. Dans le premier chapitre, les résultats que nous obtenons indiquent que les prix des matières premières sont un indicateur important du risque pays des exportateurs, ce qui n’est pas le cas des pays qui sont importateurs. Bien que les pays exportateurs soient aujourd’hui ceux dont le défaut externe est le plus probable, il n’apparaît pas de prime de risque supplémentaire liée à la détention de leurs obligations. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions le lien entre les termes de l’échange et le taux de change effectif réel entre et de exportateurs de matières premières . Il existe une relation de long terme entre les termes de l’échange des pays exportateurs et leur taux de change réel. Les termes de l’échange n’ont pas d’impact à court-terme sur les taux de change effectifs réels. Néanmoins, nous montrons grâce à l’estimation d’un modèle à seuil à transition lisse en panel PSTR , qu’ une forte baisse du prix du pétrole (entre 25% et 36%) donnent un pouvoir explicatif aux termes de l’échange. Même si la question est encore largement débattue dans la littérature, l’idée qu’il existe une "malédiction des ressources naturelles" a fait sa place. Les pays fortement dotés en ressources naturelles auraient en moyenne une croissance économique plus faible que ceux qui n’en sont pas pourvus. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous proposons une méta-analyse basée sur un échantillon de 67 études empiriques qui étudient le lien entre ressources naturelles et croissance économique. Sur la base d’un ensemble de coefficients estimés, nos résultats montrent qu’il existe une "faible" malédiction des ressourcesThe recent drop in commodity prices showed the high vulnerability implied by being too much dependent on revenues stemming from natural resources. In the first chapter, we look into the way financial markets assess the market risk of twenty-two emerging economies. More precisely, the purpose of this chapter is to investigate how natural resources are incorporated in the way international investors perceived the ability to service external debt obligationsduring the 2003-2014 period. The results indicate that commodity prices are an important driver of sovereign spreads in the case of exporters while it is not the case for importing countries. In the second chapter, we investigate the link between energy prices and the real effective exchange rate of commodity-exporting countries. Estimating a panel cointegration relation between the real effective exchange rate and its fundamentals, we provide evidence for the existence of both energy and commodity currencies and we show that when the oil market is highly volatile (downwards), currencies follow an "oil currency regime", terms-of trade becoming an important driver of the real exchange rate A conventional wisdom has spread in the literature stating that a high endowment in natural resources is detrimental for growth, yet the debate is still ongoing In this chapter, we aim at providing quantitative results on the magnitude of the link between natural resources and growth found in the literature, as well as discussing, on quantitative bases, whether the sources of heterogeneity are significant. To this end, we implement a meta-analysis based on 67 empirical studies that investigate the link between natural resources and growth, totaling 1405 estimates. The results show a "soft" curse that may be reverted together with the importance of institutions in mitigating the curse
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Hubner, Armin. "Ghana and the resource curse." Thesis, Webster University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1525124.
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Ghana has experienced solid economic and social development during the years before the finding of oil. Now that oil has been found, one should not forget that there are many countries in Africa which are rather cursed than blessed with natural resources. This phenomenon is known as the resource curse or more specifically the oil curse. This paper attempts to uncover the most challenging areas for Ghana, when its government wants to lift the resource curse. It further shows that Ghana is well prepared to tackle the negative effects of being oil abundant, by using the well-established models and concepts, which build on empirical analysis. Literature provides a lot to describe the oil curse, including the so called Dutch disease as well as conflicts, corruption, violence and bad governance, to mention a few. This paper will - in a case study approach- apply the concepts on Ghana and -with a qualitative comparative research design- expose the best practices from which Ghana can learn most. It will also show that Ghana's relatively good institutions will be able to implement most of the suggested policies which oppose the resource curse.
The outcome will be that Ghana's political environment, although far from perfect, is well prepared to deal with windfall oil revenues. Furthermore Ghana due its good structure of institutions and its stabilizing macroeconomic policies in the last decades, Ghana will be able to engage in best practice policies.
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Castañeda, Rosales Sarah Elizabeth. "Impacto de la riqueza del sector extractivo minero y la calidad institucional sobre el crecimiento económico en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653599.
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La literatura ha documentado que los países más abundantes en recursos naturales tienden a registrar menores tasas de crecimiento que los países con menos recursos. Este fenómeno se conoce como la maldición de los recursos naturales. No obstante, diversos estudios sugieren que esta maldición no es provocada por la afluencia de recursos, sino que podría estar condicionada a la calidad de las instituciones del país. La presente investigación busca determinar el impacto de la abundancia del sector extractivo minero y la calidad institucional sobre el crecimiento económico en el Perú. Para ello, se utiliza un set de datos de series de tiempo para el periodo 1996T1-2018T4. Siguiendo la metodología de Johansen y Juselius (1990), se estima un modelo basado en la ecuación planteada por Sachs y Warner (1995) a la que se incorpora una variable que mide el componente institucional. Los resultados muestran que la riqueza del sector minero no presenta un impacto negativo per se sobre el crecimiento económico en el largo plazo, rechazándose así la hipótesis de la maldición de recursos para el caso peruano. Sin embargo, cuando se incluye el concepto de calidad institucional al análisis, los resultados varían a favor de la validación de la hipótesis, demostrando que, no es la abundancia de recursos la condición que obra en detrimento del desempeño final del crecimiento económico sino la existencia de instituciones de mala calidad en el Perú.The literature has documented that countries with more natural resources tend to have lower growth rates than countries with fewer resources. This phenomenon is known as the Resource Curse. However, various studies suggest that this curse is not caused by the influx of resources, but could be conditioned by the quality of the country's institutions. This paper seeks to determine the impact of the abundance of the mining extractive sector and institutional quality on economic growth in Peru. To do this, a set of time series data is used for the period 1996Q1-2018Q4. Following the methodology of Johansen and Juselius (1990), a model based on the equation proposed by Sachs and Warner (1995) is estimated, incorporating a variable that measures the institutional component. The results show that the wealth of the mining sector does not present a negative impact per se on economic growth in the long term, thus rejecting the hypothesis of the resource curse for the Peruvian case. However, when the concept of institutional quality is included in the analysis, the results vary in favor of the validation of the hypothesis, showing that it is not the abundance of resources that is detrimental to the final performance of economic growth, but rather the existence of poor quality institutions in Peru.
Trabajo de investigación
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Anne, Clément. "Beyond the resource curse : Macroeconomic strategies in resource dependent economies." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD024.
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En réponse à la littérature dense concernant les impacts directs et indirects des ressources naturelles sur le développement, cette thèse cherche à analyser les économies dépendantes en ressources naturelles au-delà de la malédiction des ressources naturelles, et analyse 3 problématiques macroéconomiques importantes auxquelles ces pays font face. A l'inverse de la tendance à se focaliser uniquement sur un échantillon de pays selon les ressources produites ou le niveau de développement, cette thèse ne discrimine pas selon ces facteurs afin d'inclure les pays partageant leur exposition à la volatilité des prix des matières premières comme menace importante, tout en analysant les pays ayant eu des fortunes diverses dans la gestion des richesses issues des ressources naturelles.Tout d'abord, elle fournit une analyse empirique des déterminants de la procyclicité de la politique budgétaire qui est une tendance des autorités budgétaires à fournir des réponses budgétaires dans la même direction que le cycle économique, soit restrictive en période de diminution de la croissance économique, et expansionniste en période de croissance soutenue. Basée sur 81 pays pour la période 1992-2012, l'étude évalue un large ensemble de déterminants potentiels et trouve une importance des facteurs de politique économique pour expliquer la limitation de la procyclicité budgétaire dans la partie croissante du cycle économique. Elle appuie également l'idée que les Fonds Souverains sont plus efficaces que les règles budgétaires pour limiter la procyclicité budgétaire, en particulier à travers la limitation de la hausse des dépenses dans les bonnes périodes économiques. Le chapitre suivant fournit une étude empirique sur la relation entre les prix des matières premières et la diversification des exportations, une problématique particulièrement importante afin d'évaluer si les pays dépendants en ressources naturelles ont utilisé les hausses de prix comme opportunité pour diversifier leur économie au-delà du secteur des ressources naturelles. A l'aide d'un panel de 78 pays pour la période 1970-2012, il en ressort une relation empirique positive entre les variations des prix des ressources naturelles et la concentration des exportations, en particulier à travers la concentration de l'ensemble des biens exportés auparavant (marge intensive) durant les périodes de hausse des prix des matières premières. Il met également en évidence une plus forte concentration des exportations à la suite de la hausse du prix des ressources naturelles dans les années 2000 que lors de l'épisode des années 1970, ce qui a pu compliquer la reprise économique dans ces pays depuis le retour des prix des matières premières à un niveau bas.Finalement, cette thèse inclut une analyse critique du concept de Fonds Souverains qui a été une recommandation en vogue pour les pays afin de gérer l'argent issue de leurs ressources naturelles. Après avoir fourni un résumé critique de ce que la notion recouvre, ce dernier chapitre fournit un cadre pour comprendre ces fonds dans un continuum de fonds publiques. Cela permet de déterminer des recommandations quant aux problématiques macroéconomiques pour lesquels ces fonds peuvent être utiles dans le contexte des pays dépendants en ressources naturelles, ainsi que les facteurs qui peuvent diminuer la pertinence ou l'efficacité de tels fonds. Cette thèse met en lumière la pertinence d'étudier les problématiques importantes auxquelles font faces les pays dépendants en ressources au lieu de rester dans le cadre du long débat de la malédiction des ressources naturelles, et incite à de futurs travaux visant à aider les décideurs politiques de ces pays pour mettre en œuvre des stratégies macroéconomiques adaptées à leurs économiesAs a response to the intensive literature regarding the direct or indirect impacts of natural resources on economic development, this thesis intends to analyze resource dependent economies beyond the scope of the resource curse and provide analyses on 3 key macroeconomic challenges faced by those countries. Unlike the trend to focus only on a set of countries depending on their resources produced or their level of economic development, this thesis does not discriminate according to these factors to include countries sharing their exposure to international commodity price volatility as a major threat, while analyzing countries which may have had various successes in their management of resource wealth.First, it empirically analyzes the determinants of fiscal procyclicality which is the tendency of fiscal authorities to give fiscal policy responses in the same direction as the economic cycle, restrictive in case of a decrease of economic growth and expansionary in the periods of sustained economic growth. Based on a sample of 81 countries over 1992-2012, this study assesses a variety of potential candidates and find an importance of political-economy determinants in limiting fiscal procyclicality especially in the higher part of the business cycle. It also provides some support to the idea that Sovereign Wealth Funds are more effective than Fiscal Rules to limit fiscal procyclicality especially through a limitation of expenditure growth in good economic periods.The next chapter provides an empirical study to the relationship between commodity prices and export diversification, a challenge especially important to assess whether resource dependent economies used commodity price booms as opportunities to diversify their economy away from the resource sector. Based on a panel of 78 countries over 1970-2012 it finds a strong empirical support to the impact of commodity price booms on export concentration especially through a concentration of the mix of already exported products (intensive margin) during periods of commodity price booms and an increase of export diversification during periods of commodity price busts. It also highlights the higher concentration of exports during the 2000s commodity price boom than following the 1970s boom, which may have complicated the recovery of those countries since the reversal of commodity prices to a low level.Finally, it provides a critical analysis to the concept of Sovereign Wealth Funds which has been a trendy recommendation for countries to manage their resource wealth. After providing a critical review to what this notion may cover, it provides a framework to understand funds labeled as Sovereign Wealth Funds in a continuum of public funds. This enables to give some recommendations regarding the macroeconomic challenges those funds may help managing in the context of resource dependent economies as well as the factors which could limit a fund's relevance or effectiveness.This thesis highlights the relevance of studying key challenges faced by resource dependent countries instead of focusing to the long-lasting debate of the resource curse and calls for future works to help policymakers in those countries to implement sound macroeconomic strategies for their economies
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Schubeis, Jonatan. "Can Good Institutions Avert the Resource Curse?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415515.
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To establish the economic impact of petroleum in the UK, this paper uses the synthetic control method. By constructing an artificial UK economy without oil, from the donor pool of OECD economies, it establishes the counterfactual time path of capital stock the UK would have had if it lacked the petroleum endowment. Comparing the observed time path of capital stock with its counterfactual, one can witness that the petroleum extraction has reduced the UK’s capital stock with an average of 17 % since 1970, despite the UK having arguably the best quality of institutions. Dose-response tests suggest that it is possible to attribute the impact to the petroleum production. Performed robustness and sensitivity tests together with several falsification tests show that the result is robust to alternations in the donor pool, the predictor variables and alternative explanations. The finding raises a question regarding the quality of institutions, advanced by Mehlum, Moene and Torvik and claimed that the resource curse only occurs in economies with low quality of institutions.
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Jonathan, Norris Allen. "Transitioning Central Appalachia: Understanding Framework Conditions Supporting the Adaptation to New Energy Economies." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1524242893014265.
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Holland, Caroline M. "An oil curse? : resource conflict onset and duration /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10175.
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Sharpe, Margie E. "Corruption the true cause of the resource curse? /." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1171902147.
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Azizi, Jamal. "Gestion des ressources naturelles non renouvelables : Équilibre du marché, impacts socio-économiques et canaux potentiels de malédiction des ressources -Une application au Phosphate-." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM030/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objet l’examen de la gestion durable des ressources non renouvelables en général et du phosphate naturel en particulier. Le premier chapitre expose l’état, les perspectives et les enjeux économiques et géopolitiques du marché mondial des phosphates. Il s’attache à mettre en exergue de cette analyse un important déficit, à long terme, de l'offre mondiale par rapport à la demande incitant les producteurs des phosphates, qui ont suffisamment de réserves, à investir dans des nouvelles capacités. Le deuxième chapitre développe un modèle Stackelberg à plusieurs joueurs, calibré sur des données effectives du marché des phosphates et permet de calculer les capacités optimales à mettre en place par les producteurs selon leurs niveaux de réserves et leurs coûts de développement. Les résultats de ce modèle montrent que le marché deviendrait plus concentré, en 2100, qu’il est aujourd’hui avec une dominance du Maroc, le pays qui détient les trois quarts des réserves mondiales. Le troisième chapitre vise à évaluer les effets d’entraînement que le Maroc dégage de son exploitation des phosphates. En utilisant le modèle Input-Output, l’analyse empirique proposée compare les impacts socio-économiques de l’extraction à ceux liés à la valorisation ou à la transformation. Les résultats de cette analyse montrent que la transformation des phosphates est plus reliée en amont avec les autres branches de l’économie et génère plus de valeur ajoutée, de revenus et d’emplois. Le dernier chapitre s’évertue à traiter à de nouveaux frais la question de la malédiction des ressources naturelles en reliant la performance agricole et l’urbanisation à l'abondance de ces ressources. L’étude empirique, basée sur un panel de pays africains, exhibe un lien significatif entre l’abondance de ressources minières, le sous-développement du secteur agricole et l’explosion urbaineThe purpose of this thesis is to examine the sustainable management of non-renewable resources in general and phosphate rock in particular. The first chapter presents the current situation, future trends and geopolitical issues pertaining to the global phosphate market. The analysis shows a large deficit in world phosphate supply in the future, inciting producers with sufficient phosphate reserves to invest in new capacities. The second chapter develops a multi-leader-multi-follower Stackelberg model, calibrated using real data from the phosphate market. This model derives the optimal future capacities for different producers according to their reserve levels and their development costs. The results show that the market would become more concentrated in 2100, with Morocco being the dominante country wich already holding three quarters of the world's reserves. The third chapter presents and calculates the linkage effects generated by Morocco’s phosphates exploitation. Using the Input-Output model, the proposed empirical analysis compares the socio-economic impacts of extraction to those related to transformation or valorization. The results of this analysis show that phosphates transformation is more linked to the other sectors and generates higher socio-economic impacts in terms of added value, income and employement. The last chapter contributes to the literature on the natural resources curse by linking agricultural performance and urbanization to the abundance of resources. The empirical study, based on a panel of African countries, shows a significant link between the abundance of mineral resources, the underdevelopment of the agricultural sector and urban explosion
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Motlhabane, Kutlwano. "Mineral wealth versus resource curse - the stage is set." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30412.
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The debate regarding the impact of resource wealth being a curse rather than a benefit has been a subject of debate since the 1950’s. Only since Sachs and Warner, (1995) the ground-breaking study which confirmed a negative relationship between resource abundance and economic growth for a selected set of countries there has been a narrative termed the ‘natural resources hypothesis’. This hypothesis asserts that countries with natural resource abundance tend to grow at a slow economic rate than countries with less resource abundance. Africa, being the most resource abundant continent compared to all other continents should be the best illustrator of the hypothesis because of vast mineral wealth coupled with the high level of poverty on the continent. This study seeks to determine if African citizens are on average deemed better or worse off given the abundant natural resources endowed in most African countries in relation to quality of life and income inequality as a measurement tool. The study further examines the effect of resource abundance in African countries, using income inequality as an addition variable above the economic growth. Using a panel data fixed effect estimation model for African countries and Middle East countries from 1970 to 2016, the study finds the existence of a U-shaped relationship between resource rent and income inequality, which supports the literature regarding the Kuznets curve. The study also found that rising consumer price inflation significantly worsens average income inequality within an African country. In addition, a high degree of trade openness significantly reduces income inequality within an African country, if all else is held constant. It is thus concluded that for African countries based on the population level, inflation level, degree of trade openness, and GDP share of domestic savings, accumulation of more coal rents share is expected to worsen average income inequality, while more mineral resource rents share reduces income inequality. The study recommends that African countries should find ways to measure inequality in their respective countries which would better illustrate the general relationship between mineral wealth and income inequality. Equally valuable would be the investment in research such as studies and reports which that would track the distribution of income over time in countries undergoing a mineral boom.
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Roberts, Danielle M. "The Resource Curse and Economic Freedom: A Bayesian Perspective." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1132.
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The literature addressing the resource curse has been extensive. Many studies have put forth theories to explain the curse, but these theories are often refuted by new studies. Recently, there has been a theory that natural resource abundance leads to decreased economic freedom, which causes slower economic growth. Many of these studies have using frequentist testing to arrive at their conclusions. Although frequentist testing is widely used, there are several drawbacks. In particular, there is no way of addressing model uncertainty. Unless a study is able to incorporate every significant explanatory variable, the results will suffer from omitted variable bias. Recently, researchers have been applying Bayesian statistics to address the problem of model uncertainty. In this study, we apply Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to build a growth model, and see if natural resources have a negative effect on growth. We take the implementation of BMA a step further to see if there is an indirect negative effect of natural resources on economic freedom. However, contrary to previous studies, we were not able to find a negative relationship between resource abundance and economic freedom.
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Al, Sabah Meshaal Jaber Al Ahmed. "Resource curse reduction through innovation : the case of Kuwait." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2011. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/resource-curse-reduction-through-innovation(fce02ef6-569b-4de0-b69c-915efe81387d).html.
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The strategic issues surrounding the governance of oil resources and its simplication for the growth and development of Kuwait through innovation are considered in this study – Resource Curse Reduction through Innovation. Within the large and growing body of work in this area a negative relationship between resource abundance and poor economic performance has often been empirically established. Many of the third world countries are richly endowed with significant natural resources. A plethora of research findings shows that these countries are scoring lower on human development, they exhibit pervasive corruption, display conflicts and a large percentage of their population live in dire poverty. Moreover, an enormous amount of their gross domestic income is spent on defence spending and manifests an autocratic form of governance. For the most part this evidence appears to support the "resource curse" hypothesis. The question that arises is whether there is any prospect of the "resource curse" being converted into a "blessing". This study examines the role of innovation in this context as Kuwait considers moving away from its dependence on its natural resources which sustain the economy. Since, innovation is considered a result of numerous interactions between key organizations and groups in the economy including institutions of learning, government, firms and other organizations which together form an innovation system, it may be opportune to consider the reductive role of innovation related to the resource curse. There are many unique cultural issues that confront Kuwait, and make it a fundamentally different case from other countries endowed with natural resources. The culture of governance in Gulf countries, and the norms and values within each individual Gulf country, become key determinants of innovation that impact on the various economic, political and social phenomena. By reviewing the extensive literature in both the field of the resource curse and innovation and collecting primary data, this study offers an overview of the challenges of promoting and supporting innovation in Kuwait, and the effectiveness of dissemination of innovative practices throughout the various economic sectors. Numerous studies have considered whether a country's natural resources are a curse or a blessing. Emerging findings appear to suggest that at times, resource-based economic growth models have indeed inhibited growth rates. Development economics also presents numeric data to substantiate the view that the gifts of nature are non-renewable and cannot be replenished. The hypothesis that natural resources of a country might be more of an economic curse than a blessing needs to be tested at different stages of economic growth of a country. The rate at which natural resources are exploited has often been cause for concern. From an economic perspective, Kuwait should inevitably switch from dependence upon natural resources to the development of sectors based on knowledge, skills, capital and technology. A defining characteristic of many resource-rich countries is the discrepancy between the interest of the stewards of the resources and the owners of the resources. At times those in political office (the stewards) appear to work extremely hard to ensure that the rest of the population (the owners) receive little benefit from the resources with which their countries have been abundantly endowed, and so the governance of natural resources merits further research. The study shows that income accruing as a result of the discovery of oil in Kuwait rapidly changed Kuwait's economic priorities, bringing new opportunities and at the same time new challenges. The findings of the research highlight many important issues relating to innovation and the depletion of non-renewable resources indicating to what extent certain sectors of the economy are innovative. One of the unique challenges facing Kuwait is what collective action is necessary to safeguard time honoured traditions that combine economic prosperity with solidarity. Today Kuwait is in need of new commitments on the part of its citizens and decisive actions in political leadership. Instead of maintaining structures and organizations that have shown themselves unable to deal with the challenges that face Kuwait, Kuwait must be ready to support structural changes. This in particular requires a prioritisation of resources towards education, research and development. Kuwait can only become comprehensively innovative if all sectors support the development of innovative products and services. Strategic issues entailing innovation require the involvement of all parties. These include businesses, the public sector, producers and consumers. A wide-ranging partnership for innovation is necessary, particularly when a country‘s resources are in question. To establish an optimal framework and develop potential for innovation, the prospect of an innovation-friendly market must be widely accepted and a national innovation system where the flows of technology and information among people, enterprises, and institutions that are the key to the innovation process at the national level are required. In light of these issues this study recommends the reduction of a resource curse through targeted innovation initiatives. The exploitation of natural assets is a matter of grave concern. Exploration and exploitation are costly and risky exercises in terms of growth and profitability. Kuwait needs to cultivate a culture that fosters creative ideas associated with, among others, safety and security of its natural and human resources, morality, employment and health within the context of an increasingly global environment. A lack of a shared vision, purpose and strategy reduces the vital role that innovation can play. Investment in innovation is therefore critical and Kuwait needs to reinvent itself economically.
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Davidsson, Simon. "Natural resources and sustainable energy : Growth rates and resource flows for low-carbon systems." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Naturresurser och hållbar utveckling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-301930.
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Large-scale deployment of low-carbon energy technologies is important for counteracting anthropogenic climate change and achieving universal energy access. This thesis explores potential growth rates of technologies necessary to reach a more sustainable global energy system, the material and energy flows required to commission these technologies, and potential future availability of the required resources. These issues are investigated in five papers. Potential future growth rates of wind energy and solar photovoltaics, and the associated material requirements are explored, taking the expected service life of these technologies into account. Methodology for assessing net energy return and natural resource use for wind energy systems are analyzed. Potential future availability of lithium and phosphate rock are also investigated. Estimates of energy and materials required for technologies such as wind energy and photovoltaics vary, and depend on the assumptions made and methods used. Still, it is clear that commissioning of low-carbon technologies on the scale required to reach and sustain a low-carbon energy system in coming decades requires significant quantities of both bulk materials and scarcer resources. For some technologies, such as thin film solar cells and electric vehicles with lithium-ion batteries, availability of materials could become an issue for potential growth rates. Future phosphate rock production could become highly dependent on few countries, and potential political, social and environmental aspects of this should be investigated in more detail. Material and energy flows should be considered when analyzing growth rates of low-carbon technologies. Their estimated service life can indicate sustainable growth rates of technologies, as well as when materials are available for end-of-life recycling. Resource constrained growth curve models can be used to explore future production of natural resources. A higher disaggregation of these models can enable more detailed analysis of potential constraints. This thesis contributes to the discussion on how to create a more sustainable global energy system, but the methods to assess current and future energy and material flows, and availability of natural resources, should be further developed in the future.
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Hattendorff, Christian [Verfasser]. "The Resource Curse Revisited : Three Essays on Resource Abundance and Financial Development / Christian Hattendorff." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1061023869/34.
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Aldobashi, Hussein. "Qatar: the resource curse factor and prospects for economic diversification." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17980.
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Qatar’s rapid development and modernization offer great rewards as well as risks. The rapid development in Qatar has been fueled almost exclusively through wealth created from trade in petrochemicals. This source of wealth places Qatar at risk from what has been identified as the natural resource curse. The risk lays in dependency on one commodity for economic growth and its concomitant degradation of broader development of non-petrochemical sectors and human capital. This thesis explores the degree to which Qatar is subject to the resource curse and how the most commonly prescribed solution to the resource curse – economic diversification – will be successful in Qatar’s continued development.
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Johnston-Taylor, Nketti Hannah Adeyemi Nadine. "The resource curse and natural resource environmental governance in Sierra Leone : case study Kono District." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9315/.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate how, to what extent and why Sierra Leone continues to struggle to turn its minerals into an engine for a sustained and inclusive economic growth and development. Consequently, the first aim of this research is to explore the evidence of two resource curse (RC) symptoms in Sierra Leone in the post-war era. Secondly, this research critically evaluates Sierra Leone’s natural resource environmental governance (NREG) agenda for the country’s mining sector, and its ability to resolve mining-induced problems. This research employed structural analysis. Consequently, it grounds Harvey’s notion of, ‘accumulation by dispossession’ in rich empirical data derived from Sierra Leone. Fieldwork was conducted in Sierra Leone: in Freetown and Kono a mining microcosm. This research employed qualitative methods. Findings from this research revealed that Sierra Leone continues to be a victim of the RC. Low taxes, tax concessions and exemptions and alleged tax evasion practices have deprived the economy of valuable development funds. Furthermore, an influx of mining companies into Kono, dislocated communities from their land. The consequences of this dislocation engendered and contributed towards the process of deagrarianisation and depeasantisation and exacerbated poverty. Findings also revealed that the NREG agenda is incapable of addressing mining-induced problems in Sierra Leone. This is because the provisions in the 2009, Mines and Minerals Act enable the dislocation of mining communities and fails to provide explicit and unambiguous guidelines for compensation and resettlement of affected communities. The subjective nature of the Environmental Impact Assessment process undermined the NREG agenda. Furthermore inadequate resources coupled with a constrained mandate undermined the effectiveness of the Agency. Although this research does not discount the importance of corruption and a lack of transparency, it argues that the prioritisation of a ‘neoliberal’ type of governance is central to the problems and issues identified.
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Silveira, Alexandre Coutinho da. "Governança pública de royalties: federalismo fiscal e futuras gerações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-13022015-135919/.
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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar criticamente a governança das receitas públicas de recursos naturais não renováveis no Brasil. Considerando a característica essencial de finitude dos recursos naturais explorados, que importa também em negar às gerações pósteras o acesso aos bens minerais e petrolíferos, impõe-se reconhecer nos diversos aspectos dessa governança a necessidade de tratar essa receita de forma singular. Para compreender quais são estas especificidades, foram eleitos dois eixos de análise: o primeiro, com a revisão da literatura sobre a maldição dos recursos naturais, a doença holandesa, e fenômenos (especialmente econômicos) relacionados à exploração mineral; e o segundo, com consulta à doutrina de diversos ramos (no Direito e fora dele) sobre a noção de justiça, solidariedade ou equidade entre gerações, bem como com a busca de especificação do conteúdo desta perspectiva, que se aplica a diversas áreas do Direito, inclusive e especialmente ao Direito Financeiro. Com essas bases, elegem-se aspectos da governança brasileira de royalties a serem analisados: o federalismo fiscal dessas receitas públicas patrimoniais; a forma de tratamento financeiro-orçamentário dos royalties, especialmente sua classificação consoante a Lei nº 4.320/1964; a utilização de Fundos para gestão dessas receitas (o Fundo Social); a relação entre a arrecadação de royalties e a arrecadação tributária, especialmente nos entes subnacionais beneficiados em grande monta com essas receitas patrimoniais; os modos de direcionamento e coação que a lei impõe ao gestor no gasto dos royalties; a transparência fiscal brasileira; e, de forma ampla, as recentes alterações (efetivadas e propostas) nas leis que regem as explorações de minérios e de petróleo no país. Conclui-se que, apesar de o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro ter avançado significativamente em alguns desses aspectos recentemente (especialmente com a criação do Fundo Social no âmbito da União, e no que diz respeito à transparência fiscal relacionada à atividade exploratória), ele não está, sob as perspectivas de análise escolhidas, adequadamente aparelhado para a governança das receitas públicas de recursos naturais não renováveis.This dissertation aims to critically analyze the Brazilian governance of public revenues from nonrenewable natural resources. Considering that finiteness is an essential characteristic of natural resources that are exploited, which implies in denying future generations the access to mineral and oil assets, one must acknowledge, in various aspects of governance, the necessity to treat these revenues singularly. To understand what these specificities are, two axes of analysis were elected: the first envolves revisiting the curse of natural resources, the Dutch disease, and phenomena (especially those of economic nature) related to the mineral exploitation; and the second involves consulting doctrine of different areas of study (in and out of Law) about notions of justice, solidarity or equity between generations, as well as searching for specification of this content, which applies to various areas of Law, including and especially Public Finance Law. Building on these foundations, some aspects of Brazilian governance of royalties were elected to be analyzed: fiscal federalism applied to these public revenues; the financial-budgetary treatment of royalties, especially its classification under Law nº 4.320/1964; the utilization of Funds to manage these revenues (the Social Fund); the relationship between the collection of royalties and the collection of taxes, especially in subnational governmental entities largely benefited by these revenues; the ways the law directs and coerces the expenditure of royalties; Brazilian fiscal transparency; and, broadly, the recent modifications (finished and proposed) in the laws that conduct the exploitation of minerals and oil in the country. It is concluded that, although the Brazilian legal system has advanced significantly in some aspects as of late (especially the creation of the Social Fund by the central government, and in respects to fiscal transparency related to the exploratory activities), it is not, under the elected perspectives of analysis, adequately prepared to regulate the governance of public revenues originating from exploration of nonrenewable natural resources.
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Nsaikila, Melaine Nyuyfoni. "Poverty, resource endowment and conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa a reexamination of the resource curse hypothesis." Thesis, Western Illinois University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1586512.
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Contrary to the logical conclusion that the more natural resources a country has or controls, the more prosperous, rich and happy will be its people, the evidence from many Sub-Saharan countries is pointing to a different direction with numerous conflicts occurring mostly near mineral deposits or in countries heavily endowed with natural resources of various sorts. This paper seeks to tackle the basic questions of a sub-Saharan African and any person interested in the region; why are there so many conflicts in the region? Why is there absolute poverty despite the presence of enormous natural resources? What are the factors contributing to the present problems facing the region? This paper establishes the relationship between poverty, resource endowments and conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper reviews literature, stressing on the different conditions under which resource abundance can and have been a primary cause of conflicts. It argues that poverty and conflicts have re-enforced each other and that natural resources have played a role. The paper also makes use of conflict, resource and poverty data among other variables to establish the probable cause for the numerous conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper suggests statistically that Political Stability and Absence of violent conflicts can only be altered by the lack of sustainable economic opportunity, failure to control corruption and rising levels of poverty. It is worth noting that the resource variables are not statistically significant. This however, do not dismiss the role of natural resources in the present conflicts of the region because the trend is observable that most conflict ridden countries in the Sub-Saharan African region are resource rich. It rather lays an emphasis on the fact that resource revenues could be used to avert the current situation by provision of basic needs like shelter, potable water, security, accountable institutions, education and the promotion of enterprise that will be a guarantor of sustainable economic opportunities. The paper employs Maslow's Human needs theory for some explanations and also multiple regression, using panel data for statistical analysis. Fixed and random effects estimation techniques are used, and other statistical testing to determine the validity of the different variable coefficients generated. The paper suggests concrete economic and policy recommendations to the problems enumerated that could leapfrog the region out of the current bad situation it has been in for decades.
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Stenersen, Eirik Nøren. "On the Causes of the Conditional Resource Curse : En empirisk paneldatastudie." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for samfunnsøkonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15394.
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Gerard, Bryce. "A Natural Resource Curse: Does it Exist Within the United States?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/158.
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In this paper, we examine data on U.S. GDP/Capita and natural resource share of GDP by state. We then run growth regressions and build on a previous model of dynamic equations to account for the spatial equilibrium that exists between U.S. states. Our results show that there exists evidence that overinvestment in oil and mining sectors has negative effects on state TFP growth, thus giving positive evidence for the existence of a natural resource curse between U.S. states.
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Pettersson, Jan. "Three empirical studies on development : democracy, the resource curse and aid /." Stockholm : Department of Economics, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-326.
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Pike, Jonathan R. "A Resource Curse for Institutions: Rent Dependency and Quality of Government." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1338.
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Thesis advisor: Richard, S.J. McGowanThe Natural Resource Curse literature proposes to explain why and to what extent resource-wealthy countries have poor economic growth outcomes. Most research focuses on direct economic explanations, considering the role of governing institutions exogenously if at all. One emerging branch of explanations attempts to address this shortcoming, focusing on the indirect effects of institutional deterioration on economic outcomes in resource-rich countries. I add to this emerging literature by performing an econometric analysis of 16 oil-producing nations, examining the impact of national oil rent dependency on 12 dimensions of government quality from 1987-2008. I find that oil dependency has a significant negative impact on government quality in 11 of the 12 dimensions. I also find that controlling for preexisting levels of democracy does not significantly mitigate institutional resource curse effects. This runs counter to findings about economic effects, which tend to disappear when democracy levels are high
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics Honors Program
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Economics
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Thompson, Louise Frances. "The Royal Bafokeng nation, a Case Study for the resource Curse." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14726.
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Resource curse literature examines the causes and consequences of natural resources on economies. Within the literature, politico-economic theories provide insight into the relationship between institutional strength, the incentives facing the political elite due to the natural resource and the potential outcome for natural resource abundant economies. This paper argues that the Bafokeng Nation of South Africa provide an unusual case study for the resource curse. The Bafokeng's institutional strength is examined and the incentives facing the elite are analysed using Dunning's model. Dunning proposes three explanatory variables to explain the incentives facing the political elite (a) Volatility of Resource Revenues, (b) Societal Opposition to State Elites and (c) Prior Development of Non-resource Sectors. The Bafokeng are examined in light of Botswana to provide a comparative analysis. The analysis is supported by a Household survey of the Bafokeng, interviews with Bafokeng members as well as literature on both the Bafokeng and Botswana. The paper concludes that the institutional strength of the Bafokeng stems from their Tswana origins (similar to that of Botswana) and the current use of traditional governance structures, as well as the external constraints provided by the South African political system. Using Dunning's model this paper predicts that there would be diversification of the economy, political stability and mixed economic and fiscal stability. This however is strengthened by the unusual position of the Bafokeng as constrained by external factors as well as the internal strength provided by the traditional governance structures.
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Gapa, Angela. "Escaping the Resource Curse: The Sources of Institutional Quality in Botswana." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1019.
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Botswana has recently garnered analytic attention as an anomaly of the “resource curse” phenomenon. Worldwide, countries whose economies are highly skewed towards a dependence on the export of non-renewable natural resources such as oil, diamonds and uranium, have been among the most troubled, authoritarian, poverty-stricken and conflict-prone; a phenomenon widely regarded as the “resource curse". The resource curse explains the varying fortunes of countries based on their resource wealth, with resource-rich countries faring much worse than their resource-poor counterparts. However, Botswana, with diamond exports accounting for 50percent of government revenues and 80percent of total exports, has achieved one of the fastest economic growth rates in the developing world in the last 50 years. Furthermore, the Freedom House ranks it as the safest, most stable, least corrupt and most democratic country on sub-Saharan Africa.
In attempting to answer why Botswana apparently escaped the “resource curse”, this research assumes that both formal and informal institutions within the state acted as intermediary variables in determining its fortune. This research thus addresses the deeper question of where Botswana obtained its unique institutional quality that facilitated its apparent escape of the resource curse. It traces Botswana’s history through four lenses: legitimacy and historical continuity, political culture, ethnicity and identity management, and external relations; as having explanatory value in understanding the Botswana exception.
The research finds most evidence of Botswana’s institutional quality emanating from the country’s political culture which it found more compatible with the institutions of development and democracy that facilitate both positive economic and political outcomes. It also found evidence of legitimacy and historical continuity facilitating the robustness of both formal and informal institutions in Botswana, and identity management through assimilation as having buffered against the effects of ethnically motivated resource plunder. It however, found the least support for the assertion that external relations contributed to institutional quality.
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Hong, Anne Kim. "Examining Sachs and Warner's model of natural resource curse implications and lessons for natural-resource rich countries /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/444602459/viewonline.
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Hassan, Mohamed Nabil. "Low resource scalable elliptic curve cryptography on FPGA." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522417.
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Bellerud, Carl. "The Natural Resource Curse at the Regional Level? : The Case of Sweden." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-80073.
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The resource curse thesis states that countries with an abundance of natural resources tend to experience lower economic growth rates. However, does this theory apply also to the regional level? The purpose of this thesis is to both test the natural resources curse theory at the regional level in Sweden, as well to examine if different types of natural resource dependencies appear to have the same effect on regional income growth in the country. The methodological approach builds on an econometric (OLS) analysis using two different panel datasets over time intervals, 2000-2017 and 2007-2017, respectively. The results from one of the datasets suggest that the dependency on natural resources does not appear to affect Swedish counties' income growth, nor is there any difference in the impact on income growth from different types of natural resources. However, the corresponding results from the other dataset suggest a positive relationship, although these results are not robust across various model specifications.Teorin om naturresursernas förbannelse förutspår att länder med ett överflöd av naturresurser kommer att ha en lägre ekonomisk tillväxt. Stämmer även denna teori på regional nivå? Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om resursförbannelsen existerar på regional nivå i Sverige samt att undersöka om olika typer av naturresurser har olika påverkan på den regionala inkomstutvecklingen i landet. Metodiken för att besvara detta bygger på en ekonometrisk (OLS) analys med två olika paneldataset med skilda tidsintervaller, 2000–2017 och 2007–2017. De resultat som baseras på det ena datasetet visar att naturresurser inte har en påverkan på inkomstutvecklingen på svensk länsnivå, samt att olika typer av naturresurser inte heller har en påverkan på den regionala inkomstutvecklingen. Det andra datasetet påvisar dock att det finns ett positivt förhållande mellan regional inkomstutveckling och naturresurser, men detta resultat är inte robust.
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Malmström, Martin, and Jonas Poulsen. "Namibia’s Resource Curse? : How Namibia’s diamond dependency has affected their economic growth." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-113695.
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Malkani, Anum. "From Riches to Rags: The Political Economy of the Natural Resource Curse." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/142.
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The natural resource curse paradox has given rise to a wide range of explanations, which look at the economic, social and political characteristics of resource-rich countries. This paper focuses on the political economy of natural resources and finds that controlling for sociopolitical factors eliminates the natural resource curse. The analysis then turns to these sociopolitical factors and examines the significant, complex and varied effects of democratization on economic growth in general, as well as in resource-rich countries in particular. I conclude that the type of institutions needed for economic development in resource-rich countries are not specific to either democratic or autocratic systems, but are equally likely to be adopted by either regime, so that no one ideology is more suitable than the other. A corollary to this, however, is the case of weak democracies or low democratization levels. Such states are unable to adopt the necessary strategies and institutions and, thus, pose the greatest threat to economic growth in resource-rich countries. On the other hand, highly autocratic systems in resource-rich countries, such as those in Bahrain and UAE, or perfectly democratic systems, such as those in Norway and Iceland, utilize resources more efficiently for economic development.
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Chultem, Nyamsuren. "The resource curse in Mongolia: mineral wealth, institutional quality, and economic performance." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/42598.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedMongolia is endowed with abundant natural resources from which it has generated a high level of economic growth over the past decade. Nevertheless, the country has already experienced some symptoms of the natural resource curse. This thesis argues that the quality of a country’s governance and institutions plays a crucial role in the management of resources, and therefore, it examines the political-economic environment of Mongolia’s resource sector. This study examines Mongolia’s performance on three steps of the natural resource management value chain: sector organization and the process of contract awards, the collection of taxes and royalties, and revenue distribution and public investment management. Furthermore, this thesis demonstrates that, while many resource-rich, developing countries experience civil war and conflict due to mismanagement of resources, Mongolia is not currently on this path. It concludes, however, that if the country does not effectively manage its resource sector, Mongolia’s young democracy may deteriorate.
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Harry, Priya. "Preventing the resource curse? : an examination of the Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10598.
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The resource curse is a theory which argues that rather than being a conduit for development natural resources can in fact lead to slow growth, civil war and hinder democracy. This thesis focuses specifically on the inverse relationship between dependence on the export of natural resources and slow economic growth, and how to prevent it.
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Hawkins, Richard H., and Ali Vali Khojeini. "Initial Abstraction and Loss in the Curve Number Method." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296552.
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Yaduma, Natina. "Essays on econometric analyses of economic development and effects on health, environmental damage and natural resource depletion." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-econometric-analyses-of-economic-development-and-effects-on-health-environmental-damage-and-natural-resource-depletion(e9a56791-6ded-4a32-bac3-5132238d2876).html.
Full textAbstract:
The main part of this thesis is composed of three separate chapters, each using an innovative approach to analysing externalities from economic activity. The general introduction and overall conclusion sections complete the structure of the thesis. Chapter one examines the value of statistical life, an essential parameter used in ascribing monetary values to the mortality costs of air pollution in health risk analyses. This willingness to pay estimate is virtually non-existent for most developing countries. In the absence of local estimates, two major benefit transfer approaches lend themselves to the estimation of the value of statistical life: the value transfer method and the meta-regression analysis. Using Nigeria as a sample country, we find that the latter method is better tailored than the former for incorporating many characteristics that vary between study sites and policy sites into its benefit transfer application. It is therefore likely to provide more accurate value of statistical life predictions for very low-income countries. Employing the meta-regression method, we find Nigeria’s value of statistical life estimate to be $489,000. Combining this estimate with dose response functions from the epidemiological literature, it follows that if Nigeria had mitigated its 2006 particulate air pollution to the World Health Organisation standards, it could have avoided at least 58,000 premature deaths and recorded an avoided mortality related welfare loss of about $28 billion or 19 percent of the nation’s GDP for that year. The second chapter applies the quantile fixed effects technique in exploring the CO2 environmental Kuznets curve within two groups of economic development (OECD and Non-OECD countries) and six geographical regions – West, East Europe, Latin America, East Asia, West Asia and Africa. A comparison of the findings with those of the conventional fixed effects method reveals that the latter may depict a flawed summary of the prevailing income-emissions nexus depending on the conditional quantile examined. We also extend the Machado and Mata decomposition method to the Kuznets curve framework to explore the most important explanations for the carbon emissions gap between OECD and Non-OECD countries. We find a statistically significant OECD-Non-OECD emissions gap and this contracts as we ascend the emissions distribution. Also, had the Non-OECD group the incomes of the OECD group, the former would pollute 26 to 40 percent more than the latter ceteris paribus. The decomposition further reveals that there are non-income related factors working against the Non-OECD group’s greening. We tentatively conclude that deliberate and systematic mitigation of current CO2 emissions in the Non-OECD group is required. The final chapter employs the Arellano-Bond difference GMM method in investigating the oil curse in OECD and Non-OECD oil exporting countries. Empirical studies investigating the natural resource curse theory mostly employ cross-country and panel regression techniques subject to endogeneity bias. Also, most of these studies employ GDP in its aggregate or per-capita terms as the outcome variable in their analyses. However, the use of GDP measures of income for resource curse investigations does not portray the true incomes of resource intensive economies. Standard national accounts treat natural resource rents as a positive contribution to income without making a corresponding adjustment for the value of depleted natural resource stock. This treatment, inconsistent with green national accounting, leads to a positive bias in the national income computations of resource rich economies. Our paper deviates from most empirical studies in the literature by using the Arellano-Bond difference GMM method. We test the robustness of the curse in the predominantly used measures of national income, GDP, by investigating the theme in genuine income measures of economic output as well. We employ two alternative measures of resource intensity in our explorations: the share of oil rents in GDP and per-capita oil reserves. Our results provide evidence of the curse in Non-OECD countries employing aggregate and per-capita measures of genuine income. On the other hand, we find oil abundance to be a blessing rather than a curse to the OECD countries in our sample.