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1
Freedman, David Noel, Michael J. McClymond, and Deborah Sommer. "The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 31, no. 4 (2004): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6253.2004.00170_5.x.
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Black, Winston. "William of Auvergne on the Dangers of Paradise: Biblical Exegesis between Natural Philosophy and Anti-Islamic Polemic." Traditio 68 (2013): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362152900001665.
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The Earthly Paradise was a favorite topic of medieval theologians, philosophers, poets, and artists. Drawn as much from the biblicalparadisus voluptatis(Gen. 2:8–14) andhortus conclusus(Song of Sol. 4:12) as from Greek and Roman accounts of alocus amoenus, the general outlines of paradise were well established by the patristic period: it is a garden or garden-like natural place, on Earth but set aside by God, perfect in every attribute, wholly uncorrupted, temperate in its climate, gently watered by rivers and fountains, ever fertile in its soil, rich in fruits and beasts of every kind; its inhabitants do not experience exertion, passion, illness, pain, or shame; in short, it is a place free of the consequences of sin. These attributes were frequently applied to both the Garden of Eden enjoyed by the first parents and the Heaven enjoyed by the blessed after death, so “paradise” could be understood in both terrestrial and celestial forms, overlapping spiritually and materially.
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Chaklader, Md Reaz, Muhammad Abu Bakar Siddik, and Ashfaqun Nahar. "Taxonomic Diversity of Paradise Threadfin Polynemus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1758) Inhabiting Southern Coastal Rivers in Bangladesh." Sains Malaysiana 44, no. 9 (2015): 1241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2015-4409-04.
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Lee, W. Dan. "Book Review: The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders." Review & Expositor 98, no. 4 (2001): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463730109800416.
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Elisonas, J. S. A. "An Itinerary to the Terrestrial Paradise. Early European Reports on Japan and a Contemporary Exegesis." Itinerario 20, no. 3 (1996): 25–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511530000396x.
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Japan is a land where the lemons bloom. The earth yields three crops a year, and all sorts of animals, birds, and fish abound in this charming country. Water is plentiful – rivers, brooks, springs and hot springs – and there is a well in the large, fruitful, and beautiful garden attached to every house. The houses, made with excellent workmanship of wood, are built close to the ground on account of the windy climate. Their floors are remarkably clean, as they are covered with straw mats on which no shod foot is permitted to tread. There are no locks or bars on the doors.
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Stanczyk, Anna, Jeffrey Moore, Brendon Quirk, and Jessica Castleton. "Paradise from Cataclysm: Zion Canyon’s Sentinel Landslide." Geosites 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31711/geosites.v1i1.65.
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Zion Canyon hosts millions of visitors each year, yet few are aware of the massive prehistoric landslide that played an important role in shaping the iconic landscape. South of the Sand Bench trailhead and bridge, a large hill encroaches on the canyon bottom around which the North Fork Virgin River flows. North of the bridge, Zion Canyon’s fl at bottom stretches into the distance. The hill is part of an enormous rock avalanche deposit known as the Sentinel slide that is nearly 2 miles (3.2 km) long and more than 650 feet (200 m) thick. After failure, the Sentinel rock avalanche dammed the North Fork Virgin River creating a lake (known as Sentinel Lake) which persisted for approximately 700 years (Grater, 1945; Hamilton, 1976; Castleton and others, 2016). Over the course of the lake’s lifetime, sediment settled at the bottom of the lake to create thick deposits of mud, clay, and sand. Sediment eventually fi lled in the canyon bottom behind the landslide dam, and the lake ceased to exist. Th ese sediment layers are still visible today and are responsible for the remarkably fl at fl oor of upper Zion Canyon (Grater, 1945; Hamilton, 2014; Castleton and others, 2016).
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Hilton, John, Matthew O'Hare, Michael J. Bowes, and J. Iwan Jones. "How green is my river? A new paradigm of eutrophication in rivers." Science of The Total Environment 365, no. 1-3 (2006): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.055.
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Adams, David Lawson. "Toward bed state morphodynamics in gravel-bed rivers." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 44, no. 5 (2020): 700–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133320900924.
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In fluvial geomorphology, one of the most pervasive paradigms is that the size of the grains present in a river exercises an important effect on its character. In gravel-bed rivers, there is considerable scatter in the relations between so-called “representative grain sizes” and basic channel processes and morphologies. Under a grain size paradigm, our ability to rationalize the characteristics of a given channel and predict how it will respond to a change in conditions is limited. In this paper, I deconstruct this paradigm by exploring its historical origins in geomorphology and fluid dynamics, and identify three of its underlying premises: (1) the association between grain diameter and fluid drag derived from Nikuradse’s experiments with sand-coated surfaces; (2) the use of grain size by early process geomorphologists to describe general trends across large samples of sand-bed rivers; and (3) a classificatory approach to discerning bed structures originally developed for bed configurations found in sand-bed rivers. The conflation of sand- and gravel-bed rivers limits our ability to understand gravel-bed morphodynamics. Longstanding critique of the grain size paradigm has generated alternative ideas but, due to technological and conceptual limitations, they have remained unrealized. One such unrealized idea is the morphology-based definition of bed state – an important degree of freedom within fluvial systems, particularly in reaches where adjustments to planform are not easily achieved. By embracing recent advancements in fluid dynamics and remote sensing, I present an alternative or complementary concept of bed state based on the notion that fluvial systems act to maximize flow resistance. The proposed quantitative index represents the relative contribution of morphologic adjustments occurring at different spatial scales (discriminated using a wavelet transform) to a stable channel configuration. By explicitly acknowledging the complexity of bed adjustments we can move toward a more complete understanding of channel stability in gravel-bed rivers.
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Rose, Deborah. "The Rain Keeps Falling." Cultural Studies Review 11, no. 1 (2013): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v11i1.3451.
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The force of disaster hit me in the heart when, as a young woman, I heard Bob Dylan sing ‘Hard Rain’. In a voice stunned by violence, the young man reports on a multitude of forces that drag the world into catastrophe. In the 1960s I heard the social justice in the song. In 2004 the environmental issues ambush me. The song starts and ends in the dying world of trees and rivers. The poet’s words in both domains of justice are eerily prophetic. They call across the music, and across the years, saying that a hard rain is coming. The words bear no story at all; they give us a series of compelling images, an account of impending calamity. The artistry of the poet—Bob (Billy Boy) Dylan—offers sequences of reports that, like Walter Benjamin’s storm from paradise, pile wreckage upon wreckage.
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Diniz, Fabiano Rocha, Luiz Vieira Filho, and Roberto Montezuma. "The capibaribe park project, Recife: using the river to reinvent the city." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online) 55, no. 3 (2020): 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z2176-947820200619.
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Recife is an amphibious city whose urban development does not value its rivers. In the past, the city’s main watercourse, the river Capibaribe, was understood to play a key role in structuring urban spaces and providing connectivity. Since then, this understanding has dwindled, and the resulting situation is a cause of great concern. Recife City has turned its back on the banks of its rivers and neglected both their capacity to smooth and shape urban space, and their potential to create a coherent image of the city. Recife is one of those cities in the world that are most vulnerable to climate change, ranking 16th in the list of world hotspots. In order to confront these challenges and rethink the role of the river that runs in the heart of Recife, researchers, architects, engineers, and sociologists from Research and Innovation for Cities — Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (INCITI-UFPE) were invited by the Recife City Hall to draw up plans for a park stretching along the river’s banks. Capibaribe Park Project attempts to answer one key question: How can we use the river to transform the city? The park project is based on a structural approach to landscape and is guided by the precepts of sustainability and regeneration of public spaces, in line with the emerging paradigm that combines a cross-disciplinary and cross-sector approach with water-sensitive design and social participation. The present article presents an overview of the main characteristics and development of this project, its theoretical and methodological underpinnings, its contribution to society, and the results achieved so far. It shows how, in addition to the planned park, the project also envisages the installation of a much more extensive system of parks, as a first stage towards the creation of park-city by the 500th anniversary of the foundation of Recife, in 2037.
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Keane, Stephen D., Chris M. Hall, Eric J. Essene, Michael A. Cosca, Charles P. DeWolf, and Alex N. Halliday. "Isotopic constraints on the thermal history of the Wind River Range, Wyoming: implications for Archean metamorphism." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 10 (2006): 1511–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-090.
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Precise U–Pb monazite and 40Ar/39Ar hornblende ages have been obtained from three locations in the high-grade Archean core of the Wind River Range, Wyoming. Monazites from metapelites in the Paradise Basin, Medina Mountain, and Crescent Lake have U–Pb ages of 2718 ± 1, 2633 ± 5, and 2657 ± 2 Ma, respectively. Hornblendes from amphibolites and granulites from the same locations yield plateau 40Ar/39Ar isotope ages of 2652 ± 11, 2572 ± 9, and 2527 ± 8 Ma, respectively, and are interpreted as cooling ages from the last thermal event. The three localities experienced similar peak pressure–temperature conditions. The timing of high-grade metamorphism in the Paradise Basin is older than the emplacement of large subjacent batholiths at 2.63–2.67 Ga. Calculated cooling rates based on monazite–hornblende pairs of 3.4 ± 1.0 °C/Ma for Paradise Basin, 3.8 ± 1.2 °C/Ma for Medina Mountain, and 1.7 ± 0.4 °C/Ma for Crescent Lake cannot be used to rule out reheating during subsequent pluton emplacement. The markedly slower cooling rate inferred for Crescent Lake may indicate early differential uplift or may demark another regional metamorphic event. The difference in 40Ar/39Ar ages between hornblende (2652 ± 11 Ma) and biotite (2637 ± 11 Ma) suggests a more rapid cooling rate, 11 °C/Ma, for Paradise Basin between 2.65 and 2.63 Ga, which may be related to the time of large-scale batholith emplacement elsewhere in the terrane. Combining new data with other ages in the Wind River Range reveals an extended metamorphic history, punctuated by thermal events over a time interval of at least 700 Ma.
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Williams, Jessica. "Stagnant Rivers: Transboundary Water Security in South and Southeast Asia." Water 10, no. 12 (2018): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121819.
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Transboundary rivers are increasingly difficult to govern and often involve issues of national security, territoriality, and competition. In developing countries, the management and governance of these rivers is dominated by a particular decision making group, often comprised of politicians, bureaucrats, and engineers. These groups perpetrate a technocratic paradigm towards the management of transboundary water, with limited genuine international cooperation. The transboundary water situation in South and Southeast Asia is becoming increasingly fraught as the geopolitical context is changing due to China’s increased involvement in regional issues and climate change. With over 780 million people dependent on these rivers, their governance is vital to regional and international stability. Yet, the technocratic management of transboundary rivers persists and is likely to become increasingly unsustainable and inequitable. A discourse-based approach is applied to consider transboundary water governance in the shifting South and Southeast Asian context. The result is an alternative perspective of why governance approaches on transboundary rivers have resisted meaningful reform.
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Littlefield, Douglas R. "Transportation and the Environment." California History 94, no. 3 (2017): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2017.94.3.37.
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Some histories of California describe nineteenth-century efforts to reclaim the extensive swamplands and shallow lakes in the southern part of California's San Joaquin Valley – then the largest natural wetlands habitat west of the Mississippi River – as a herculean venture to tame a boggy wilderness and turn the region into an agricultural paradise. Yet an 1850s proposition for draining those marshes and lakes primarily was a scheme to improve the state's transportation. Swampland reclamation was a secondary goal. Transport around the time of statehood in 1850 was severely lacking in California. Only a handful of steamboats plied a few of the state's larger rivers, and compared to the eastern United States, roads and railroads were nearly non-existent. Few of these modes of transportation reached into the isolated San Joaquin Valley. As a result, in 1857 the California legislature granted an exclusive franchise to the Tulare Canal and Land Company (sometimes known as the Montgomery franchise, after two of the firm's founders). The company's purpose was to connect navigable canals from the southern San Joaquin Valley to the San Joaquin River, which entered from the Sierra Nevada about half way up the valley. That stream, in turn, joined with San Francisco Bay, and thus the canals would open the entire San Joaquin Valley to world-wide commerce. In exchange for building the canals, the Montgomery franchise could collect tolls for twenty years and sell half the drained swamplands (the other half was to be sold by the state). Land sales were contingent upon the Montgomery franchise reclaiming the marshes. Wetlands in the mid-nineteenth century were not viewed as they are today as fragile wildlife habitats but instead as impediments to advancing American ideals and homesteads across the continent. Moreover, marshy areas were seen as major health menaces, with the prevailing view being that swampy regions’ air carried infectious diseases.
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Hauer, F. Richard, Harvey Locke, Victoria J. Dreitz, et al. "Gravel-bed river floodplains are the ecological nexus of glaciated mountain landscapes." Science Advances 2, no. 6 (2016): e1600026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600026.
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Gravel-bed river floodplains in mountain landscapes disproportionately concentrate diverse habitats, nutrient cycling, productivity of biota, and species interactions. Although stream ecologists know that river channel and floodplain habitats used by aquatic organisms are maintained by hydrologic regimes that mobilize gravel-bed sediments, terrestrial ecologists have largely been unaware of the importance of floodplain structures and processes to the life requirements of a wide variety of species. We provide insight into gravel-bed rivers as the ecological nexus of glaciated mountain landscapes. We show why gravel-bed river floodplains are the primary arena where interactions take place among aquatic, avian, and terrestrial species from microbes to grizzly bears and provide essential connectivity as corridors for movement for both aquatic and terrestrial species. Paradoxically, gravel-bed river floodplains are also disproportionately unprotected where human developments are concentrated. Structural modifications to floodplains such as roads, railways, and housing and hydrologic-altering hydroelectric or water storage dams have severe impacts to floodplain habitat diversity and productivity, restrict local and regional connectivity, and reduce the resilience of both aquatic and terrestrial species, including adaptation to climate change. To be effective, conservation efforts in glaciated mountain landscapes intended to benefit the widest variety of organisms need a paradigm shift that has gravel-bed rivers and their floodplains as the central focus and that prioritizes the maintenance or restoration of the intact structure and processes of these critically important systems throughout their length and breadth.
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Derepasko, Diana, Francisco J. Peñas, José Barquín, and Martin Volk. "Applying Optimization to Support Adaptive Water Management of Rivers." Water 13, no. 9 (2021): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091281.
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Adaptive water management is a promising management paradigm for rivers that addresses the uncertainty of decision consequences. However, its implementation into current practice is still a challenge. An optimization assessment can be framed within the adaptive management cycle allowing the definition of environmental flows (e-flows) in a suitable format for decision making. In this study, we demonstrate its suitability to mediate the incorporation of e-flows into diversion management planning, fostering the realization of an adaptive management approach. We used the case study of the Pas River, Northern Spain, as the setting for the optimization of surface water diversion. We considered e-flow requirements for three key river biological groups to reflect conditions that promote ecological conservation. By drawing from hydrological scenarios (i.e., dry, normal, and wet), our assessment showed that the overall target water demand can be met, whereas the daily volume of water available for diversion was not constant throughout the year. These results suggest that current the decision making needs to consider the seasonal time frame as the reference temporal scale for objectives adjustment and monitoring. The approach can be transferred to other study areas and can inform decision makers that aim to engage with all the stages of the adaptive water management cycle.
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Alberico, Ines, and Francesca Budillon. "A Quantitative Evaluation of Hyperpycnal Flow Occurrence in a Temperate Coastal Zone: The Example of the Salerno Gulf (Southern Italy)." Geosciences 9, no. 12 (2019): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9120501.
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The inner continental shelf is regarded as a repository of hyperpycnal flow (HF) deposits the analysis of which may contribute to hydrogeological risk assessment in coastal areas. In line with the source to sink paradigm, we examined the dynamics of the coastal watersheds facing the Salerno Gulf (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) in generating hyperpycnal flows and investigated the shallow marine sediment record to verify their possible occurrence in the recent past. Thus, the morphometric properties (hypsometric integral, hypsometric skewness, hypsometric kurtosis, density skewness and density kurtosis) of the watersheds together with the potential rivers’ discharge and sediment concentration, calculated by applying altitude- and extent -based experimental relations, allowed to detect the rivers that were prone to producing HFs. In the shallow marine environment record of the last 2 kyr, anomalous sedimentation, possibly linked to HF events, was identified by comparing the sand-mud ratio (S/M) down-core —at three sites off the main river mouths — to the expected S/M calculated by applying the relation governing the present-day distribution of sand at the seabed in the Salerno Gulf. A return period of major HF events ≤ 0.1 kyr can be inferred for rivers which fall into the category “dirty rivers”. In these cases, the watersheds have a hypsometric index ranging between 0.2 and 0.3, coastal plains not exceeding 30% of the entire catchment area and a maximum topographic height ≥1000 m. A return period of about 0.3 kyr has been inferred for the “moderately dirty rivers”. In these other cases, about 50% of the watersheds develop into a low gradient coastal plain and have a hypsometric index ranging between 0.09 and 0.2. The observations on land and offshore have been complemented to reach a more comprehensive vision of the coastal area dynamics. The method here proposed corroborates the effectiveness of the source to sink approach and is applicable to analogous sediment records in temperate continental shelves which encompass the last 3 kyr, a time interval in which the oscillations of relative sea level can be overlooked.
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Honoris, Robby, and Andalucia . "Design of North Sumatera Paradise Gallery in Medan City (Metaphor Architecture)." International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 1, no. 1 (2017): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v1i1.266.
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The purpose of this Art Gallery designing is for giving space for the local artist to place and promote their art products. It’s because Medan city has not decent gallery according to the national standard. The surplus of this art gallery out of showing fine art is giving room experience impression to support fine art showcase. The theme of the building is a metaphor of water ripple to represent Babura river, so the art installation to the building is using water concept that gives unique aspect to building and can be art identity of Medan city. This gallery building is hoped to fulfill gallery estimation which is decent in national and international rank because Medan is the third biggest town in Indonesia where been visited by so many foreign tourists.
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Handam, Natasha Berendonk, José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos, Antonio Henrique Almeida de Moraes Neto, et al. "Sanitary quality of the rivers in the Communities of Manguinhos´ Territory, Rio de Janeiro, RJ." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2125.
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Sanitation actions are rare in the communities of Manguinhos, so evaluation of the sanitary conditions of the river waters and the peridomestic soils of the communities allows the diagnosis of the risk of contamination. This study evaluated coliform levels (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) by the filter membrane method, and parasitological (by adapted Lutz and Baermann-Moraes methods) in the waters and soils of the Faria-Timbó, Jacaré and Canal do Cunha Rivers that pass through the communities of the Territory of Manguinhos, RJ, according to the standards established in Brazilian legislation. In all points of the rivers, the water was unfit, with an average level of Escherichia coli 3,800 times higher than that standardized in CONAMA Resolution No. 274/2000. Larvae, helminths eggs and protozoan oocysts were observed. Soil samples were also unfit, with mean total coliform level 77,000 times higher than that considered acceptable by SMAC Resolution 468/2010. The Escherichia coli average level was 53,000 times higher than that permitted by the legislation. However, helminths eggs were found in only one soil sample. It was concluded that the lack of sanitation in this locality results in the high coliform and parasitological levels of the river waters and in the peridomestic soils, and that immediate modifications are needed to the Brazilian environmental paradigm, which uses its water bodies as sewage disposal ditches.
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Gabet, Emmanuel J., and Daniel P. Miggins. "Minimal net incision of the northern Sierra Nevada (California, USA) since the Eocene–early Oligocene." Geology 48, no. 10 (2020): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47902.1.
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Abstract Significant late Cenozoic uplift (>1000 m) of the northern half of the Sierra Nevada (California, USA), a mountain range in the North American Cordillera, has been a dominant paradigm over the past century. This paradigm has been supported by evidence suggesting that in response to this recent uplift, the range’s deep canyons were incised in the past 3–4 m.y. However, paleochannel elevations compiled from a mining report and geological maps demonstrate that while some modern rivers have incised 560 m below their Eocene–early Oligocene riverbeds, incision by others has been <300 m. For example, Eocene–early Oligocene fluvial gravels can be found just 161 m above the modern channel deep within the canyon of the South Fork American River. We conclude that the initiation of late Cenozoic incision was due to a resumption of a period of downcutting that was interrupted in the Eocene when the rivers were buried by fluvial sediment and by later volcanic deposits. This interpretation challenges the hypothesis that recent uplift was responsible for deep canyon incision. Correctly identifying the causes of recent incision in the northern Sierra Nevada has important implications for understanding the geological history of the North American Cordillera because the range is hypothesized to have been the western ramp of the Nevadaplano.
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NGO, Thi Phuong Lan. "Central Place Theory and the Emergence of Floating Markets in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam." Research in World Economy 12, no. 1 (2021): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v12n1p314.
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This research re-examines Walter Christaller (1933)’s central place theory paradigm to explain the emergence of a network of floating markets in the Mekong River Delta’s dense network of rivers and canals. Because road transportation is underdeveloped, floating markets play an important role for local people. They provide access to transportation and opportunities to trade, especially for the region’s diverse agricultural products. Furthermore, the floating markets support inland infrastructures. This research challenges Christaller’s (1933) assumptions about population thresholds and geographical range, and Mulligan et al.’s (2012) understanding of interaction among consumer choices, company aggregation and functional hierarchy. It finds that riverine traders employ flexible transaction strategies.
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T. Kingsford, Richard, Rachael F. Thomas, and Alison L. Curtin. "Conservation of wetlands in the Paroo and Warrego River catchments in arid Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 1 (2001): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010021.
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Irrigation proposals to divert water from the Paroo and Warrego Rivers in arid Australia will affect their aquatic ecosystems. These two are the last of 26 major rivers in the Murray-Darling Basin without large dams and diversions. Knowledge of the extent of their biodiversity value is critical to assessing likely impacts. During the 1990 flood, 1.73 million ha of wetlands, or 12.5% of the land surface of the Paroo and Warrego River catchments, were flooded. Flooded wetland area in the respective catchments was 781 330 ha and 890 534 ha. Most of the wetland area (97%) was floodplain, with 37 freshwater lakes (>50 ha) occupying 2.5% of the wetland area and 177 salt lakes covering 0.8%. A high diversity and abundance of biota depend on these wetlands. Only 7% of the wetland area, all in the Paroo catchment, is in conservation reserves. New South Wales has a high proportion of the wetland area on the Paroo (60%) and a substantial proportion of the wetland area on the Warrego River (23%). Queensland, the upstream state, will influence the ecology of the entire catchment areas of both river systems through its proposed water management plan. Any resulting extraction practices will have detrimental ecological consequences within a decade. Conservation of wetlands is usually site-focused and reflects a paradigm of conservation based on reservation of parcels of land. However, wetlands are dependent on water that is seldom adequately protected. Intergovernment co-operation should protect the entire catchment of the Paroo River from major diversions and stop further development on the Warrego River. This would do more for the conservation of wetlands than the formal reservation of small parts of their catchments.
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Marquis, Robert, and P. Stephen Kumarapeli. "An Early Cambrian deltaic–fluvial model for an Iapetan rift-arm drainage system, southeastern Quebec." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 6 (1993): 1254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-107.
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Based on the model that during the rifting stage beginning at ca. 590 Ma, the Ottawa Graben, an Iapetan failed arm, localized a large river that flowed into the nascent Iapetus, a search was made for the related fluvial and deltaic deposits. The search led to the identification of fluvial deposits as predicted by the model. Deltaic deposits were also identified despite complications brought about by deformation, metamorphism, and thrusting, although they probably belong to a late phase of delta buildup in the Early Cambrian. Older deltaic deposits of the river probably lie buried beneath a volcanic shield that built up at the proximal end of the graben ca. 554 Ma. The successful application of the model supports the paradigm of rift-arm – failed-arm rivers and their deltas as proposed by K. Burke and J.F. Dewey nearly two decades ago. Investigations based on this paradigm, in appropriate geological situations, may provide insights into problems related to continental rifting and breakup and provide information for the reconstruction of ancient rift–rift–rift (rrr) triple junctions and plate boundaries.
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Clausen, Eric. "Topographic Map Analysis of Mountain Passes Crossing the Continental Divide Between Colorado River Headwaters and North and South Platte River Headwaters to Test a New Geomorphology Paradigm, Colorado, USA." Journal of Geography and Geology 12, no. 1 (2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v12n1p50.
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Detailed topographic maps are used to identify and briefly describe named (and a few unnamed) mountain passes crossing high elevation east-west continental divide segments encircling south- and southwest-oriented Colorado River headwaters and linking the Colorado River drainage basin (draining to the Pacific Ocean) with the North and South Platte River drainage basins (draining to the Platte, Missouri, and Mississippi Rivers and Gulf of Mexico). Previous researchers following commonly accepted geomorphology paradigm rules have not explained how most, if any of these mountain passes originated. A recently proposed geomorphology paradigm requires all Missouri River drainage basin valleys to have eroded headward across massive south- and southeast-oriented floods, which implies south- and southeast-oriented floods flowed from what are today north-oriented North Platte River headwaters across the continental divide, the present-day south- and southwest-oriented Colorado River headwaters valley, and then across what is now the continental divide a second time to reach east- and southeast-oriented South Platte River headwaters. Paradigms are rules determining how a scientific discipline governs its research and by themselves are neither correct nor incorrect and are judged on their ability to explain observed evidence. From the new paradigm perspective, a stream eroded each of the passes into a rising mountain range until the uplift rate outpaced the erosion rate and forced a flow reversal in what would have been the upstream valley. The passes and the valleys leading in both directions from the continental divide are best explained if diverging and converging south- and southeast-oriented flood flow channels crossed rising mountain ranges. While explaining observed drainage patterns and erosional landforms such an interpretation requires a fundamentally different regional middle and late Cenozoic glacial and geologic history than what previous investigators using the accepted paradigm perspective have described.
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Minshall, G. Wayne, Kenneth W. Cummins, Robert C. Petersen, et al. "Developments in Stream Ecosystem Theory." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 5 (1985): 1045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-130.
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Four significant areas of thought, (1) the holistic approach, (2) the linkage between streams and their terrestrial setting, (3) material cycling in open systems, and (4) biotic interactions and integration of community ecology principles, have provided a basis for the further development of stream ecosystem theory. The River Continuum Concept (RCC) represents a synthesis of these ideas. Suggestions are made for clarifying, expanding, and refining the RCC to encompass broader spatial and temporal scales. Factors important in this regard include climate and geology, tributaries, location-specific lithology and geomorphology, and long-term changes imposed by man. It appears that most riverine ecosystems can be accommodated within this expanded conceptual framework and that the RCC continues to represent a useful paradigm for understanding and comparing the ecology of streams and rivers.
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Ward, E. R. "Geo-Environmental Disconnection and the Colorado River Delta: Technology, Culture, and the Political Ecology of Paradise." Environment and History 7, no. 2 (2001): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734001129342478.
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Sommer, Deborah. "The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders. Edited by David Noel Freedman and Michael J. McClymond. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2001)." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 31, no. 4 (2004): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-03104012.
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Ren, Kang, Shengzhi Huang, Qiang Huang, Hao Wang, and Guoyong Leng. "Environmental Flow Assessment Considering Inter- and Intra-Annual Streamflow Variability under the Context of Non-Stationarity." Water 10, no. 12 (2018): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121737.
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A key challenge to environmental flow assessment in many rivers is to evaluate how much of the discharge flow should be retained in the river in order to maintain the integrity and valued features of riverine ecosystems. With the increasing impact of climate change and human activities on riverine ecosystems, the natural flow regime paradigm in many rivers has become non-stationary conditions, which is a new challenge to the assessment of environmental flow. This study presents a useful framework to (1) detect change points in runoff time series using two statistical methods (Mann-Kendall test method and heuristic segmentation method), (2) adjust data of the changed period against the original flow series into a stationary condition using a procedure of reconstruction; and (3) incorporate inter- and intra-annual streamflow variability with adjusted streamflow to evaluate environmental flow. The Jialing to Han inter-basin water transfer project was selected as the case study. Results indicate that a change point of 1994 was identified, revealing that the stationarity of annual streamflow series is invalid. The variations of reconstructed streamflow series are roughly consistent with original streamflow series, especially in the maximum/minimum values and rise/fall rates, but the mean value of reconstructed streamflow series is increased. The reconstructed streamflow series would further serve to eliminate the non-stationary of original streamflow, and incorporating the inter- and intra-annual variability would upgrade the ecosystem fitness. Selecting different criteria for the conservation of riverine ecosystems can have significantly different consequences, and we should not focus on the protection of specific objectives that will inevitably affect other aspects. This study provides a useful framework for environmental flow assessment and can be applied to a wide range of instream flow management approaches to protect the riverine ecosystem.
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Martinicorena, Sofía. "“An entire past comes to dwell in a new house”: Topophilia and Jeremiad in Joan Didion’s Run River." ES Review. Spanish Journal of English Studies, no. 41 (October 26, 2020): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24197/ersjes.41.2020.105-121.
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In this paper, I will analyse Joan Didion’s poetics of praise and mourning in her first published novel, Run River, understanding the Western landscape she presents in it as an instance of Gaston Bachelard’s idea of the childhood home as a felicitous, eulogised space. I will argue that Didion’s depiction of the Sacramento Valley and the struggle of the families inhabiting it to accept the changing face of the landscape results in a jeremiad narrative of the West as paradise lost. Reflecting on the limitations both of Bachelard’s discussion of the childhood home and of the West as a mythographic space, I will conclude by assessing Didion’s topophilia and her ambiguous stance as a Western writer.
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Donohue, C. L., and E. J. Essene. "GRANULITE-FACIES CONDITIONS PRESERVED IN VANADIUM-AND CHROMIUM-RICH METAPELITES FROM THE PARADISE BASIN, WIND RIVER RANGE, WYOMING, U.S.A." Canadian Mineralogist 43, no. 1 (2005): 495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.43.1.495.
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Dufour, Simon, and Hervé Piégay. "From the myth of a lost paradise to targeted river restoration: forget natural references and focus on human benefits." River Research and Applications 25, no. 5 (2009): 568–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1239.
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Halperin, Charles J. "A Tatar interpretation of the battle of Kulikovo Field, 1380: Rustam Nabiev." Nationalities Papers 44, no. 1 (2016): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2015.1063594.
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Although no contemporary Tatar source presented a Tatar view of the famous battle of Kulikovo Field in 1380 the modern Kazan’ Tatar historian Rustam Nabiev has published a major revisionist reinterpretation of the event based upon what he considers an objective analysis of fourteenth-century Rus'-Tatar history and relations. Nabiev concludes that the battle did not happen at all as narrated in Muscovite literary works of the Kulikovo Cycle. In reality Muscovite Grand Prince Dmitrii Ivanovich did not defeat Emir Mamai on the Don River; instead Dmitrii and his princely retinue participated in the defeat of Mamai by the army of Khan Tokhtamysh in the region of the Northern Donets and Kalka rivers. Nabiev's critique of the Russian national paradigm of the battle has some merit but it overlooks previous Western scholarship which had already made many of the same points, oversimplifies current Russian scholarship about the battle, and arbitrarily manipulates the sources to create a fantastic and fictitious scenario. Even so his views deserve to be refuted on scholarly grounds, not by an ad hominem dismissal as a reflection of “Tatar chauvinism.”
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Beebe, Ann. "“Only Surpassed by the Light of Revelation”." Religion and the Arts 22, no. 1-2 (2018): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685292-02201004.
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Abstract Asher B. Durand (1796–1886) began his long career in the Hudson River School under the guidance of his mentor, Thomas Cole (1801–1848). Influenced by the death of Cole in 1848 and other factors, Durand turned to the William Cullen Bryant poem, “Thanatopsis.” Durand’s Landscape—Scene from ‘Thanatopsis,’ an expansive allegory with a farmer and a funeral in the foreground illuminated by a sunrise, offers reassurance with its vision of nature’s paradisiacal beauty. The Christianized sublimity of this allegorical Durand painting reveals a hopeful vision for a heavenly paradise. This essay explores the significance of Durand’s 1850 painting in conjunction with Bryant’s “Thanatopsis,” a study Durand composed, Classical Landscape (Imaginary Landscape c. 1850), his 1855 Letters on Landscape Painting, as well as Durand’s 1862 repainting of the canvas.
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Okopińska, Anna. "Himalaje Sikkimu własnością ludu Lepcza." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 14 (August 18, 2021): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.14.21.
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Lepchas are an indigenous people inhabiting the foothills of the eastern Himalaya. Their myths and narratives provide evidence that they belong to this land, and had not migrated from any other region. Presently the Lepchas reside in remote Himalayan valleys, where they were gradually driven by successive waves of immigrants from Tibet, Nepal and West Bengal. Lepchas are intrinsically devoted to nature. The rivers, lakes, rocks, forests and all animals seem to be sacred to them. They worship the Himalayan peaks towering over their villages. Every clan has his own sacred mountain and lake. The most important goddess is the mighty eight-thousander peak of Kangchenjunga that is clearly visible from every Lepcha village. Lepchas believe that their ancestors were created from the snows of the Kangchenjunga. Now, they are living together with gods in the Mayel Lyang — the mythical paradise hidden somewhere on the slopes of the mountain, inaccessible for mortal beings. Over the generations, the Lepchas have accumulated an extraordinary amount of knowledge about the climate, meteorological phenomena, geography of the region, and agriculture on steep slopes. These people fulfil their needs with natural resources as well as the help of hard work, and have great care for nature. Lepchas know all the animals and wildly growing plants there, and their rich language has names for even the smallest of them. The most impressive is their adaptation to life in extremely difficult geographic and climatic conditions with the constant risk of earthquakes, floods and landslides caused by heavy rainfalls of the monsoon season. Their farms are small and modest, but well adapted to those threats. Family and clan ties are very strong. They help each other with houses construction, sickness care, and agricultural harvest. Lepchas do not care for material goods and despite extremely difficult conditions they are happy and content with their life. Their attitude towards life may be an inspiration for us, inhabitants of the “first world”, addicted to consumerism and materialistic values.
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Muller, Vivienne. "Love, Lust, Life and Landscape: Writing About Brisbane in the Last Twenty Years." Queensland Review 4, no. 1 (1997): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600001276.
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Brisbane is the kind of city that if it did not exist would have to be invented — and indeed it has by many of its writers. Its history of settlement and its political conservatism of the slash, burn and bulldoze variety has urged writers like Sam Watson in his novel The Kadaitcha Sung to depict it as a place of punishment, violence, racism and red-necked parochialism. The same sense of oppression informs David Malouf's mixed nostalgic references to the city as a place of beauty and boredom, a city you can love and hate in Johnno. In similar vein, Jessica Anderson in Tirra Lirra by the River, Angelika Fremd in The Glass Inferno and Janette Turner Hospital in both short stories and novels, depict Brisbane as a place one needs to leave but also a place where epiphanies are possible, and where the past haunts the present with a ferocious insistence. For novelists Rosie Scott, Janette Turner Hospital and Venero Armanno, Brisbane is simultaneously Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. Many writers depict Brisbane as a great place to grow up in but you wouldn't want to live there — unless you are Hugh Lunn. Brisbane has been, and arguably still is by some writers, seen both favourably and unfavourably as a provincial backwater, unsophisticated and straight — still a frontier town in the popular and literary imagination if not in reality, a place where it is likely that you will know somebody who knows somebody you know. This is pointed out repeatedly by John Birmingham, author of the whimsical He Died With a Felafel in his Hand, by way of a distinguishing feature of flat life in Brisbane in contrast to other (Southern) capitals. In Brisbane, Birmingham writes: Everyone's stories intersect, crossing over and through each other like sticky strands of destiny and DNA. (Birmingham, 42)
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Sparks, Kent. "The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders. Edited by David Noel Freedman and Michael J. McClymond. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, England: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2001. Pp. ix + 702. $50." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 64, no. 2 (2005): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/431706.
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Clausen, Eric. "How a Fundamentally Different and New Glacial History Paradigm Explains North America Glaciated Prairie Region Erosional Escarpments and Drainage Patterns." Earth Science Research 8, no. 2 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v8n2p23.
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Scientific paradigms are frameworks of ideas governing how a discipline conducts its research. Paradigms by themselves are neither correct nor incorrect, but are judged on their ability to explain evidence and to open up research opportunities. The commonly accepted glacial history paradigm requires North American glaciated prairie region erosional landform features, such as erosional escarpments and abandoned valleys associated with the north-oriented Bell River drainage system, to be pre-glacial in origin. While considerable literature is based on such interpretations those escarpments and abandoned valleys are formed in easily eroded bedrock and should not have survived continental ice sheet erosion. In addition to defying common sense logic the pre-glacial origin of those erosional escarpments and abandoned valleys is not well understood. A new paradigm requiring at least one continental ice sheet to have occupied a deep North American “hole” (formed by deep ice sheet erosion and ice sheet caused crustal warping) offers geomorphologists an opportunity to explain the erosional escarpments as remnants of canyon walls originally formed when supra-glacial rivers sliced ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyons into a decaying continental ice sheet’s surface and the abandoned north-oriented Bell River drainage system valleys to have been eroded as the ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyon network captured and diverted massive melt water floods onto and then across the decaying ice sheet’s floor and then in northeast and north directions between detached and semi-detached ice sheet remnants. The diversion of immense melt water floods from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic Ocean triggered climatic change that ended the first ice sheet’s melting. Water in the newly formed north-oriented drainage systems then froze between the detached and semi-detached (and greatly thinned) ice sheet remnants to create a second and much thinner ice sheet and to complete creation of the glaciated prairie region glacial features seen today.
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Gower, Charles F., Urs Schärer, and Larry M. Heaman. "The Labradorian orogeny in the Grenville Province, eastern Labrador, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 9 (1992): 1944–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-152.
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Two minor intrusions within the Hawke River terrane in the Grenville Province, eastern Labrador, have upper intercept U–Pb ages as follows: (i) [Formula: see text] for a megacrystic intermediate dyke and (ii) 1622 ± 3 Ma for a pegmatite dyke. The upper intercepts date time of emplacement and the lower intercepts (508 and 320 Ma, respectively) record the timing of early Paleozoic events in the region. A third sample, a sillimanite-bearing pelitic gneiss from the Paradise metasedimentary gneiss belt in the Hawke River terrane, yielded a range of ages between 1647 and 1627 Ma from seven single zircon analyses. The zircons in the metasedimentary gneiss are interpreted as detrital because of their variation in morphology, the range of ages obtained, and their extreme variation in U content. A detrital origin implies that the sedimentary protolith must have been deposited after 1627 Ma, and is therefore not the same age as morphologically similar metasedimentary gneiss that occurs as enclaves within pre-1670 Ma migmatized quartz diorite. The timing of the post-1627 Ma high-grade metamorphic event that subsequently affected the gneiss is not known. It is unlikely to have been Grenvillian, as other evidence denies the likelihood that the Hawke River terrane was affected by more than moderate Grenvillian metamorphism. Using the emplacement ages of the minor intrusions, coupled with previous U–Pb dating and unequivocal field relationships, the following history is proposed. An early (northward subduction?) event, which possibly should be defined as being pre-Labradorian, occurred at ca. 1710 Ma and included distal magmatism in the Makkovik Province. There were two short-lived, closely related calc-alkaline plutonic events at 1677 and 1670 Ma, then mafic dyke injection and migmatization. These events are interpreted to reflect the times of rapid island-arc formation (over a southward-dipping subduction zone) from a mantle reservoir having a chondritic isotopic signature. After local granitoid emplacement at 1663 Ma (succeeded by further mafic dyke injection and then megacrystic dyke injection at 1660 Ma?), there was a widespread, major felsic magmatic event at ca. 1650 Ma. This was followed by another phase of mafic dyke injection and amphibolite facies metamorphism, which ended by ca. 1646 Ma. These events are interpreted to record the time of accretion of the island arcs to proto-Laurentia. A final Labradorian felsic magmatic event occurred between 1632 and 1622 Ma and is considered to be related to postcollisional anatectic plutonism and crustal thickening. This crustal thickening resulted in erosion that led to the deposition and burial of sediments in the Paradise metasedimentary belt.
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Haicault, Monique. "Autour d’agency. Un nouveau paradigme pour les recherches de Genre." Rives méditerranéennes, no. 41 (February 29, 2012): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rives.4105.
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DRIVEN, Lucinda. "Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained." Eastern Christian Art 5 (December 31, 2008): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/eca.5.0.2036218.
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Samuel O. Wagbara. "Effect of Brainstorming strategy on Senior Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement in Chemistry in Rivers State, Nigeria." Middle European Scientific Bulletin 5 (October 9, 2020): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47494/mesb.2020.5.63.
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The paradigm shift of modern teaching and learning of Chemistry tilt towards activity oriented strategies that focus on creative thinking and team work to build new ideas. Hence, the main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of brainstorming strategy on senior secondary school student’s academic achievement in chemistry. This study adopted quasi experimental research design. A sample of (200) SS2 Chemistry students who were obtained by simple random sampling by balloting participated in the study. The data collected were analyzed by using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used for testing the hypotheses at 05 level of significance. The study found that brainstorming had significant effect P < .05 on students mean achievement score in Chemistry. There was significant difference between the mean achievement scores of students exposed to brainstorming strategy in Chemistry P < .05 and those of lecture method in favor of brainstorming strategy. Gender does not have significant effect P > .05 on students taught Chemistry by use of brainstorming strategy. Hence, it becomes necessary for chemistry teachers to use brainstorming strategy in order to boost the academic achievement of students in chemistry.
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Wilson, Brent. "Trouble in Paradise? A comparison of 1953 and 2005 benthonic foraminiferal seafloor assemblages at the Ibis Field, offshore eastern Trinidad, West Indies." Journal of Micropalaeontology 25, no. 2 (2006): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.25.2.157.
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Abstract. Foraminiferal communities are not static, but change in response to environmental perturbations. Given sufficient time, the change will be recorded in the total (live+dead) seafloor assemblage, from which valuable information regarding environmental trends can be obtained by re-sampling assemblages at the decadal scale.The seafloor assemblage in the 5 km × 6 km Ibis Field, off southeast Trinidad, first surveyed in 1953, was re-examined in 2005. The fauna had changed markedly between the surveys. Overall increases in the proportional abundances of Uvigerina subperegrina, Ammonia pauciloculata/Rolhausenia rolhauseni and Pseudononion atlanticum indicate an increase in nutrient supply that apparently killed off Cibicidoides pseudoungerianus and Miliolinella subrotunda, and reduced the relative abundance of Hanzawaia concentrica, but did not affect the relative abundance of Cancris sagrai. As shown by similar 1953 and 2005 planktonic/benthonic foraminiferal ratios, the increased nutrient supply impacted on both surface and bottom waters.Of the six most abundant species in 2005, five showed the same general biogeographical distributions within the field in 1953 and 2005. However, whereas the proportional abundance of Uvigerina subperegrina in 1953 increased southwards, in 2005 it increased northwards.Trinidad cannot be the source for the nutrient enrichment: the island lies down-current from the Ibis Field. Sources must therefore be sought up-current and to the southeast, in the Amazon, Essequibo and Orinoco river basins, or along the South American shoreline. It is speculated that the nutrient enrichment may be a consequence of increased phytoplankton primary production associated with nitrogen-rich run-off from South American sugarcane plantations, or from flushing of organic carbon from poorly regulated sewage systems or shrimp farms in South America.
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Pietrafesa, L. J., K. Kelleher, T. Karl, et al. "A New Architecture for Coastal Inundation and Flood Warning Prediction." Marine Technology Society Journal 40, no. 4 (2006): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533206787353205.
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The marine atmosphere, coastal ocean, estuary, harbor and river water systems constitute a physically coupled system. While these systems have always been heavily impacted by coastal storms, increases in population density, infrastructure, and personal and business merchandise have exacerbated the economic and personal impacts of these events over the past half century. As such there has been increased focus on the need for more timely and accurate forecasts of impending events. Traditionally model forecast architectures for coastal storm surge, flooding and inundation of coastal and inland areas have taken the approach of dealing with each system separately: rivers, estuaries, harbors and offshore facing areas. However, given advances in coupled modeling and the availability of real-time data, the ability to accurately predict and project coastal, estuary and inland flooding related to the passage of high energy and wet atmospheric events is rapidly emerging and requires a new paradigm in system architecture. No longer do monthly averaged winds or river discharge or water levels have to be invoked in developing hindcasts for planning purposes or for real-time forecasts. In 1999 a hurricane associated flood on the North Carolina coast took 56 lives and caused more than $6 billion in economic impacts. None of the models existing at that time were able to properly forecast the massive flooding and clearly called for a new model paradigm. Here we propose a model system that couples atmospheric information to fully three dimensional, non-linear time dependent ocean basin, coastal and estuary hydrodynamic models coupled to interactive river models with input of real or modeled winds, observed or modeled precipitation, measured and modeled water levels, and streamflow. The river and estuarine components must both be capable of going into modes of storage or accelerated discharge. Spatial scales must downscale in the horizontal from thousands to tens meters and in the vertical from hundreds to several centimeters. Topography and elevation data should be of the highest resolution available, necessary for highly accurate predictions of the timing and location of the inundation and retreat of flood waters. Precipitation information must be derived from the optimal mix of direct radar, satellite and ground-based observations. Creating the capability described above will advance the modernization of hydrologic services provided by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration and provide more accurate and timely forecasts and climatologies of coastal and estuary flooding. The goal of these climatologies and improved forecasts is to provide better information to local and regional planners, emergency managers, highway patrols and to improve the capacity of coastal communities to mitigate against the impacts of coastal flooding.
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Steer, Philippe, Thomas Croissant, Edwin Baynes, and Dimitri Lague. "Statistical modelling of co-seismic knickpoint formation and river response to fault slip." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 3 (2019): 681–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-681-2019.
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Abstract. Most landscape evolution models adopt the paradigm of constant and uniform uplift. It results that the role of fault activity and earthquakes on landscape building is understood under simplistic boundary conditions. Here, we develop a numerical model to investigate river profile development subjected to fault displacement by earthquakes and erosion. The model generates earthquakes, including mainshocks and aftershocks, that respect the classical scaling laws observed for earthquakes. The distribution of seismic and aseismic slip can be partitioned following a spatial distribution of mainshocks along the fault plane. Slope patches, such as knickpoints, induced by fault slip are then migrated at a constant rate upstream a river crossing the fault. A major result is that this new model predicts a uniform distribution of earthquake magnitude rupturing a river that crosses a fault trace and in turn a negative exponential distribution of knickpoint height for a fully coupled fault, i.e. with only co-seismic slip. Increasing aseismic slip at shallow depths, and decreasing shallow seismicity, censors the magnitude range of earthquakes cutting the river towards large magnitudes and leads to less frequent but higher-amplitude knickpoints, on average. Inter-knickpoint distance or time between successive knickpoints follows an exponential decay law. Using classical rates for fault slip (15 mm year−1) and knickpoint retreat (0.1 m year−1) leads to high spatial densities of knickpoints. We find that knickpoint detectability, relatively to the resolution of topographic data, decreases with river slope that is equal to the ratio between fault slip rate and knickpoint retreat rate. Vertical detectability is only defined by the precision of the topographic data that sets the lower magnitude leading to a discernible offset. Considering a retreat rate with a dependency on knickpoint height leads to the merging of small knickpoints into larger ones and larger than the maximum offset produced by individual earthquakes. Moreover, considering simple scenarios of fault burial by intermittent sediment cover, driven by climatic changes or linked to earthquake occurrence, leads to knickpoint distributions and river profiles markedly different from the case with no sediment cover. This highlights the potential role of sediments in modulating and potentially altering the expression of tectonic activity in river profiles and surface topography. The correlation between the topographic profiles of successive parallel rivers cutting the fault remains positive for distance along the fault of less than half the maximum earthquake rupture length. This suggests that river topography can be used for paleo-seismological analysis and to assess fault slip partitioning between aseismic and seismic slip. Lastly, the developed model can be coupled to more sophisticated landscape evolution models to investigate the role of earthquakes on landscape dynamics.
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Hejinian, Lyn. "Paradise." Feminist Studies 11, no. 1 (1985): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3180141.
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Neilen, Deirdre, and Toni Morrison. "Paradise." World Literature Today 72, no. 4 (1998): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40154338.
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Clifford, James. "Paradise." Visual Anthropology Review 11, no. 1 (1995): 92–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/var.1995.11.1.92.
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Lydon-Rochelle, Mona Theresa. "Paradise." Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality 15, no. 2 (2015): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scs.2015.0032.
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Donahue, Moraima de Semprún, and Elena Castedo. "Paradise." Chasqui 20, no. 1 (1991): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29740336.
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Flannery, Maura C. "Paradise?" American Biology Teacher 57, no. 7 (1995): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4450035.
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Shockley, Evelyn E., and Toni Morrison. "Paradise." African American Review 33, no. 4 (1999): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2901372.
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