Dissertations / Theses: 'THE SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION OF LABOR'

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Ferreira, Mariana Toledo. "A institucionalização da pesquisa em genética no Brasil e seus pesquisadores: um estudo de caso do Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano da USP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-27012014-110441/.

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Partindo da concepção de que a ciência é, por definição, uma atividade coletiva, organizada localmente e através de instituições, esta dissertação realiza um estudo empírico do Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano (CEGH), situado na Universidade de São Paulo. A pergunta mais geral do trabalho diz respeito à maneira pela qual se dá a organização social da produção de conhecimento e da produção de produtores de conhecimento em uma área específica de pesquisa a genética em um país periférico. Para isso, parte-se do processo de institucionalização da pesquisa em genética no Brasil, enfatizando os arranjos entre pesquisadores, universidade e agência de fomento em três aspectos considerados essenciais à atividade científica: padrão de financiamento, padrão disciplinar e padrão de circulação internacional de ideias e pesquisadores. A preocupação central é compreender a dinâmica da disciplina, pensada como um conjunto de processos sociais de produção de conhecimentos (e não como uma lista de descobrimentos, acumuladas por homens singulares), e demonstrar como a institucionalização da pesquisa em genética foi conformando uma tradição local de pesquisa. Essa tradição servirá como pano de fundo para compreender a incorporação das mudanças na pesquisa em genética humana passagem da genética clássica à molecular nos laboratórios que atualmente compõem o CEGH e as transformações no padrão de financiamento da pesquisa. Ao olhar para o CEGH, a partir dessa tradição científica local da qual ele é tributário, é possível descrever quais são os atuais arranjos organizacionais, as práticas de pesquisa e a divisão do trabalho que remodelam e atualizam essa tradição. Este trabalho considera o CEGH como um microcosmo social, que faz parte de um espaço disciplinar mais amplo que, por sua vez, insere-se no universo hierarquizado das áreas de conhecimento e disciplinas científicas.
Starting from the understanding that science is, by definition, a collective activity, organized locally and through institutions, this dissertation carries out an empirical study on the Human Genome Research Center (HGRC), situated in the University of São Paulo (USP). The broader question of this study regards the way through which the social organizing of production of knowledge occurs, and the production of the producers of knowledge in a specific field of research genetics in a peripheral country. For this, we begin from the process of institutionalisation of the genetics research in Brazil, emphasizing the arrangement between researchers, university and funding agencies in three aspects considered essentials in scientific activities: funding pattern, disciplinary pattern and the pattern of international circulation of ideas and researchers. The main concern is to understand the dynamics of the discipline, conceived as an ensemble of social processes in the production of knowledge (and not as a list of discoveries accumulated by singular men), and demonstrate how the institutionalization of research in genetics conformed to a local research tradition. This tradition will serve as a background to comprehend the incorporation of changes in human genetics research the passage from classical genetics to molecular biology in laboratories which nowadays integrate the HGRC and the transformations in the patterns of research funding. By observing the HGRC from the perspective of this local scientific tradition, from which this research center is tributary, it is possible to describe what are the recent organizational arrangements, such as the practices of research and the division of labor which reshaped and updated this tradition. This dissertation considers the HGRC a social microcosm, which integrates a disciplinary space which, in turn, is inserted in the hierarchical universe of the fields of knowledge and scientific disciplines.

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Kinna, Ruth. "Anarchist organization : Kropotkin's scientific theory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:147104ec-2d1b-431c-b865-449f0da22fb6.

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This thesis approaches anarchist organisation in practical and revolutionary terms. Its theme is Kropotkin's conception of the relationship between the end of anarchy and the process of anarchist transformation. The thesis examines this relationship as a continuous theoretical development, questioning the existing interpretations of his thought which identify a revision of his ideas in his formulation of the theory of mutual aid. It finds that these interpretations of his work are mistaken and based on a misunderstanding of his use of Darwinian evolutionary theory. Rejecting the beliefs that Kropotkin's scientific anarchism is based either on a desire to prove the necessity of anarchy or to replace revolution with a process of gradual evolutionary reform, the thesis suggests that questions of strategy have a secondary importance in his work. Kropotkin's anarchism is directed toward securing moral behaviour by restructuring society. Rejecting the alleged discontinuity of his thought, the thesis acknowledges that there are differences between Kropotkin's early and late writings. In his early work, Kropotkin's understanding of anarchist organisation is based on a commitment to communism and on an expectation of revolution. In the theory of mutual aid Kropotkin subordinates communism to an ideal of community and resolves the problem of change by the force of his scientific ideology. But his conrmitment to anarchy is affirmed. Formulating the concept of mutual aid, the thesis finds that Kropotkin uses science as a theoretical incentive, promising practical and spiritual well-being, for the masses to hasten the realisation of the anarchist society. In conclusion the thesis reviews the existing interpretations of Kropotkin's commitment to Victorian positivism and suggests that his adherence to the standards of natural scientific research are compromised by the radicalism of his liberatory desires.

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Bandyopadhyay, Kirsten Analise. "Firm strategies in scientific labor markets." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53386.

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This dissertation expands on the economic geography literature on how and why innovation clusters spatially by taking a closer look at two correlated phenomena: regional specialization and firm clustering. While existing studies note that innovative regions are often highly specialized and highly clustered, further research is needed on the relative contributions of specialization and clustering to regional innovation. I examine these contributions by focusing on one key element of any regional innovation project: the labor market for scientific and technical professionals. The foundation for this study is a typology of regions based on regional specialization and firm clustering. I use this typology to answer one key research question: how specialization and clustering affect wages and recruitment methods in science-based industries. I create my typology using firm location data from the Photonics Buyers’ Guide, a leading trade publication in the photonics industry; I use the standardized location quotient and the average nearest neighbor distance as metrics of regional specialization and firm clustering, respectively. I investigate small firms’ labor market strategies using job search and wage data from the 2011 and 2012 SPIE salary surveys of employees in the photonics industry. I also examine how people-based and place-based policies for strengthening scientific and technical labor markets change when viewed through the lens of specialization and clustering. I selected the photonics industry as an example of a science-based industry for three reasons: its diversity of applications, its policy importance, and its unique colocation of design and manufacturing. Regional specialization and firm clustering, while correlated, do not always go hand in hand. By disentangling the effects of specialization versus clustering, this dissertation contributes to the literature on the spatial analysis of innovation. It also offers policymakers a heuristic for deciding on the importance of being known for a particular industry (regional specialization) and creating dense innovation districts (firm clusters) through preferential zoning or other mechanisms.

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Sperling, Louise. "The labor organization of Samburu pastoralism /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75678.

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This study considers the labor organization of a group of northern Kenyan pastoralists. Since 1960, the Samburu have experienced substantial cattle loss and land circumscription and the work focuses both on herding and non-herding labor responses to a changing regional economy. The viability of Samburu pastoralism rests on specific labor forms which permit intensified production and economic diversification.
Based on twenty-four months of fieldwork, primarily during the 1983-84 drought, the study emphasizes the interplay between the social and technical organization of labor. Social institutions of descent and age guide natural resource and delineate work roles, while encouraging the varied forms of cooperation which greatly extend the family workforce. The diversity of technical strategies, which are strongly shaped by cultural preferences, contrasts with the paucity of production materials.
Several key findings have applicability to a range of pastoral locales, particularly proof of the positive relationship between labor input and animal output and of the higher efficiency of labor in larger versus smaller-scale herding units only under stable production conditions. Further, the quantitative material on dry season versus drought labor use as well as evidence for differential livestock survival rates represent unique accounts in themselves.
Beyond insights into pastoralism, however, the analysis is structured so as to contribute to several important issues in small-scale rural production. The accounts of the interconnection of technology and social forms and of the integration of "on-farm" and "off-farm" enterprise have implications for defining the scope of any labor investigation. The discussions of the terms "labor" and "technology" pose wider questions of the content of such basic concepts. Finally, the methodological discourse on labor measurement should assist those similarly trying to distinguish between "use" and "demand" in predominantly noncapitalist societies.

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Blanchard, Frederick L. "Construction industry organization, labor relations and productivity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12874.

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González-Olaechea, Franco Javier. "The International Labor Organization, Achievements and Challenges." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118071.

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The present article aims to provide a historical review about the rise of the International Labour Organization and its evolution over time to reach to the position where it is today, and his work as protector of the worker as a human being worthy and not the machine.
En el presente artículo se pretende realizar una revisión histórica acerca del surgimiento de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, así como su evolución con el paso del tiempo hasta llegar a la posición en la que se encuentra hoy en día, y su labor como protector del trabajador en tanto ser humano digno y no de la máquina.

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Whitston, Kevin. "Scientific management practice in Britain : a history." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1995. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3981/.

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This study traces the influence of scientific management on the development of modem management methods in Britain from the end of the 19th century to the outbreak of the second world war. It is concerned with both the organisation of work and the management of the worker, with employers' labour strategies and worker and trade union responses. The Introduction discusses key concepts like Taylorism, Fordism and mass production; chapter one identifies technical and managerial changes taking place at the turn of the century and the reception Taylorism received in Britain; chapter 2 is mainly concerned with premium bonus schemes and the impact of the first world war; chapter 3 analyses the growth of new management functions and roles, particularly production engineering between the wars; chapter 4 discusses the impact of mechanisation and deskilling on workers in the engineering industry; chapter 5 traces the growth of piecework schemes and time study, the significance of the Bedaux system, and the impact of worker resistance. A postscript and a conclusion relate these themes to the post second world war history of work study and to contemporary debates about flexible specialisation and post-Fordism. Three key issues are addressed the meaning of scientific management, the extent to which employers adopted scientific management practices, its impact on workers and the effect of worker resistance. It is argued that, if scientific management is located historically, it is seen to be concerned with the management of production as well as the management of the worker; with production engineering, progress and planning departments, as well as time and motion study and incentive payment schemes. As such it is not reducible to any particular form of Taylorist practice. Employers were slow to develop the new management methods. Slow adaptation to change was part of the more general problem of relative economic decline. But both were uneven. British employers were reluctant to abandon tools and techniques which still made money but some did, and more followed. Taylorism was more positively received in Britain than has been suggested and was widely accepted by the end of the first world war. Its impact on managerial practice can be traced in the inter-war period in the development of production engineering and more rigorous payment systems, including those inspired by Bedaux. A 'deskilling dynamic', centred on a new split between mental and manual labour, was fatally undermining both craftsman and foreman in the engineering industry, though it owed more to the jig and tool designer, and more broadly, the management of mechanisation than the efficiency engineer. But changes in the labour process also affected women and semi and unskilled men and they were centrally involved in shop floor resistance to 'speed-up'. Resistance modified but could not prevent the restructuring of the labour process consequent upon scientific management.

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Waguespack, Nicole. "Clovis hunting and the organization of subsistence labor." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289961.

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I examine Clovis subsistence strategies within the broader context of predatory adaptations in cross-cultural and cross-species frameworks. To derive implications for labor activities of Clovis men and women, I also address the relationship between subsistence variation and the organization of labor for a sample of recent hunting and gathering populations. I begin by placing humans within a broad zoological context. Examining variation in hunter-gatherer subsistence in relation to predatory-prey relationships reveals how humans are both subject to and alter the constraints governing other terrestrial carnivorous species. It is concluded that human populations often utilize an inordinately broad size range of prey relative to other predators. I then explore human prey selection within an optimal foraging framework with respect to variance and risk. Based on predicted relationships between prey encounter rate and body size, I develop a model for differentiating between large-game hunting specialization and encounter-based hunting. The model is first tested with ethnographically documented prey inventories for a sample of recent subsistence hunting populations, and is found to reveal distinct faunal signatures typical of each strategy. The model is then applied to the Clovis faunal record using faunal data from 33 Clovis sites. I find strong support for the hypothesis that Clovis hunter-gatherers used a large-game focused hunting strategy, although some use of small game is apparent. Furthermore, I employ data from modern hunter-gatherers to support the theoretical plausibility of specialized large mammal hunting across North America during the Late Pleistocene. Finally, I examine how subsistence choices affect the gendered division of labor in ethnographically documented populations. I examine the relationship between male and female subsistence efforts in terms of resource procurement, time allocation, and task differentiation. It is established that as male dietary contribution increases, female plant gathering focuses on high post-encounter return/low risk resources, the amount of time women spend procuring food decreases, and female participation in non-subsistence activities increases. An interpretation of Clovis labor organization is developed that emphasizes female labor in the production of material goods and the procurement of low risk resources.

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Botengan, Mary Ann Pollisco. "Organization of household labor in agroforestry systems: Philippine cases." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185236.

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Agroforestry, though old as man, is a relatively new concept in land and natural resource management. Agroforestry "offers a means of bringing the activities of rural people into greater harmony with the environment by developing a complementary association between trees and agricultural crops" (Ffolliott and Thames, 1983). The capabilities of a people to sustain a system is a fundamental knowledge that resource managers should be equipped with. This study specifically investigated on household labor allocation in three different agroforestry systems, to qualitatively determine whether agroforestry is a viable natural resource management alternative that provides a compromise to government interests of conserving the natural resources, and supplementing and/or providing for a people's needs; and to establish the capabilities of a people to sustain agroforestry by analyzing household labor allocation patterns. The study was conducted in the Northern Philippines and data was gathered summer of 1989. Primary data gathering techniques were utilized, as well as secondary data. Agroforestry was found to be a viable land and natural resource management alternative. However, while natural resources are being managed, certain considerations should be made on: historical antecedents that give rise to the manner by which agroforestry is practiced, existing land use practices, and human activities present in the area. Aside from biophysical constraints, household labor allocation largely explains the nature of the agroforestry system. Labor allocation in Barangay Ambassador is flexible, and is affected by the availability of household labor, and the nature of the activities engaged in by the households, as well as the importance attached to the cited activities.

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Stapleton, Jerod L., Elliot J. Coups, and Joel J. Hillhouse. "The American Suntanning Association: A “Science-First Organization” With a Biased Scientific Agenda." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/56.

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Okusa, Maki. "Child labor in Asia : challenges and responses of the International Labour Organization in Thailand and India /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7779.

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Lopez, Sofia Alejandra. "Dynamic alliances : political economy of labor organization in post-revolution Egypt." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81650.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-114).
The last decade in Egypt has witnessed significant innovations in the structure of social organizations spurred by the fraying of central government legitimacy. Within this dense network of new social actors independent labor unions have emerged as some of the more innovative groups, commanding material assurances and institutional change from firms and on occasion central and municipal governments. Understanding how this happens entails a historical view of Egypt's political economy, and the changes engendered by a succession of leaders beginning in 1952. The Nasser leadership in many ways constituted a reaction to the dynamics of colonialism, though much of Egypt's history since has been similarly premised on negotiating relationships with foreign creditors and domestic demands. In the face of these complex relationships there are and have been a set of local actors successfully making claims and influencing the state in spite of the popular reading of an ironclad regime, impervious to social influence. Building on labor action and social movement theory, the limitations to the sites and kinds of institutional change enacted by workers are clear. Nonetheless, in Egypt these groups are acting in new and surprising ways, defying assumptions about group identity, building strategic partnerships with related religious and pro-democratic organizations, and exerting pressure on a variety of state institutions. This thesis seeks to understand the strategic choices these unions are employing in recruitment, negotiation, and direct action and in particular their relationships to other movements.
by Sofia Alejandra Lopez.
M.C.P.

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Sprinks, James C. "Designing task workflows to ensure the best scientific outcomes in citizen science." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42108/.

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Citizen science, or ‘public participation in scientific research’, can be described as research conducted, in whole or in part, by amateur or nonprofessional participants often through crowd-sourcing techniques. The advance of modern day internet technology that has made the world a more connected place has resulted in a surge of citizen science projects, especially online platforms which allow volunteers to take part in research in both an asynchronous and geographically abstract manner. Due to this increased interest, citizen science is becoming a distinct field of research in its own right beyond the original scientific problems it was devised to address. Although some of this research has considered interface HCI and functionality, there has been relatively little attention paid specifically to human factors issues. Through this work we attempt to address this shortfall, by considering citizen science as a form of ‘work’. Due to its similarities in terms of repetition with production lines of the early 20th century and more recently on-screen visual inspection tasks, some of the many decades of ergonomics research in this field are applied specifically to the virtual citizen science arena. We make a first step in considering how virtual citizen science systems can be better designed for the needs of the volunteer, exploring how manipulating task flow affects both the quality of information collected, and the volunteers’ experience of using the interface. A hierarchical task analysis of 12 Zooniverse projects revealed that the types of tasks, judgements and the way they are presented to the volunteer varies greatly, independent of the science discipline involved. Furthermore, through differing designs of the Zooniverse’s ‘Planet Four: Craters’ platform, it was shown that task workflow design factors such as autonomy, variety, task type and volunteer judgement required can influence the amount of data collected, the accuracy of this data and both volunteer engagement and motivation. Simpler tasks with fewer volunteer judgements required resulted in a significantly greater volume of data collected, however accuracy is affected with an increase of false-positive classifications. Volunteers reported a preference for greater autonomy and task variety, a stance reflected in the number of times they visited and returned to the platform, however this also significantly reduced the accuracy of classifications – both in terms of inter-participant agreement and expert judgement comparison. The interplay of task workflow factors and their effect has been shown to be a complex affair. Through the empirical data collected, a model has been derived predicting the influence of different task workflow configurations on classification numbers over time since a platforms’ launch. It demonstrates that when considering task workflow design, developers of future citizen science platforms will need to perform a balancing act. The importance of user engagement, the data needs of the science case and the resources that can be committed both in terms of time and data reduction will need to be weighed, and balanced with the realistic public reach and promotion the science case can be predicted to generate.

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Jeffers, Dina T. "Contract specialist turnover rate and contract management maturity in the National Capital Region Contracting Center an analysis /." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/JAP/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FJeffers.pdf.

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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Contract Management from the Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009."
Advisor(s): Rendon, Rene G. ; Sears, George A. "December 2009." "Joint applied project"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Turnover, Contract Management, Contract Management Maturity Model, Procurement Planning, Solicitation Planning, Solicitation, Source Selection, Contract Administration, Contract Closeout, National Capital Region Contracting Center. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-65). Also available in print.

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McLaughlin, Stephen. "Identifying knowledge transfer barriers within a complex supply chain organization." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5415/.

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This research is concerned with understanding how organizational performance can be improved through effective knowledge transfer. In particular, the researcher is interested in organizational performance as it relates to those organizations that rely on core horizontal business processes, such as those found within a supply chain. Many organizations develop knowledge strategies to try and utilise existing knowledge within their organizations. However, this process tends to be developed from a top-down perspective, and deployed on an organization-wide basis. It is the researcher’s contention that this is not a suitable approach for developing an effective knowledge strategy for supply chain / complex organizations. It is the researcher’s belief that in order to develop and define a suitable method for knowledge strategy development and implementation, how knowledge and information are created and shared along core business processes must first be understood. To do this it is important to identify the barriers that impact knowledge transfer across an organization, and more specifically, along core business processes. By mapping a core IBM supply chain process, and identifying the employee work groups associated with the process (through social network analysis), the researcher was able to identify and assess knowledge transfer barriers, and how they impact along the IBM order flow process. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods the researcher developed an emergent theory concerning how organizations should approach the identification and management of knowledge transfer barriers.

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Speight, Michell. "Why People Work as Hard as They Do| The Role of Work Ethic as a Legitimizing Myth in the Work Lives of New York City's Fast Food Workers." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10638062.

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Intimately interwoven in American culture is the unquestioned notion of paid labor as a personally gratifying moral and civic responsibility. Yet, of the 46 million Americans living in poverty in 2010, 23% held jobs (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). The U.S. fast food industry employs 4 million workers (Statista, 2014) and “pays the minimum wage to a higher portion of its workers than any other American industry” (Schlosser, 2001).

The research methodology for this study was critical ethnography, which explores a cultural phenomenon and attempts to provoke social change by giving voice to marginalized communities (Thomas, 1993). A New York City–based nonprofit organization working to organize fast food workers was the field site for the study. The mining of empirical material involved multiple qualitative research methods, including observation, document and artifact analysis, and interviews with 25 fast food workers who participated at one or more strikes. This study addressed a single research question: What role does work ethic as a legitimizing myth play in the work lives of New York City fast food workers who live and work in New York City and who have participated in work actions or demonstrations? Sidanius (1999) defined legitimizing myths—an element of his social dominance theory—as “values, attitudes, beliefs, causal attributions, and ideologies providing moral and intellectual justifications for social practices that either increase, maintain, or decrease levels of social inequality among social groups” (p. 104).

The study found that the role of work ethic as a hierarchy-enhancing legitimizing myth appeared to depend upon what the individual was fighting to achieve when she or he joined the Fight for $15, i.e., emancipation, reciprocity, worker solidarity, or personal development. Stigma and stigmatization appeared to act as a mechanism to maintain group-based social hierarchy and thereby reinforce the legitimization of the work ethic myth. In addition, the research participants had low expectations of escaping poverty in the future and experienced anxiety about the temporal nature of a future positive financial situation, further legitimizing the work ethic narrative. Recommendations based on these findings are offered for theory and research, and policy and practice.

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Grahame, Kamini Maraj. "State, community, and Asian immigrant women's work, a study in labor market organization." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0018/NQ45786.pdf.

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Shreay, Sanatan. "Essays on modeling limited dependent variables applied to industrial organization and labor markets." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2009/S_Shreay_050409.pdf.

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Leydesdorff, Loet. "The Challenge of Scientometrics: The Development, Measurement, and Self-Organization of Scientific Communications, pp. 1-25." Universal Publishers, Parkland, Florida, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105095.

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The quantitative study of scientific communication challenges science and technology studies by demonstrating that organized knowledge production and control is amenable to measurement. First, the various dimensions of the empirical study of the sciences are clarified in a methodological analysis of theoretical traditions, including the sociology of scientific knowledge and neo-conventionalism in the philosophy of science. Second, the author argues why the mathematical theory of communication enables us to address crucial problems in science and technology studies, both on the qualitative side (e.g., the significance of a reconstruction) and on the quantitative side (e.g., the prediction of indicators). A comprehensive set of probabilistic entropy measures for studying complex developments in networks is elaborated. In the third part of the study, applications to S&T policy questions (e.g., the emergence of a European R&D system), to problems of (Bayesian) knowledge representations, and to the study of the sciences in terms of 'self-organizing' paradigms of scientific communication are provided. A discussion of directions for further research concludes the study.

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Mak, Mei-kuen Rebecca, and 麥美娟. "A comparative study of the organization and functions of public sectorunions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964126.

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Mak, Mei-kuen Rebecca. "A comparative study of the organization and functions of public sector unions." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13236337.

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Ribeiro, Diogo Miguel Machado Pinto. "Internship in medical writing at a clinical research organization." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18777.

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Mestrado em Biomedicina Farmacêutica
This report aims at describing my experience uring the 9 months of curricular internship at Eurotrials, Scientific Consultants, as part of the 2nd year of the Master’s in Pharmaceutical Medicine. The internship was mainly focused on the development of skills and acquiring experience in Medical Writing activities, trought actively participating in activities usually developed by medical writers: writing, preparation and submission of scientific articles, preparation of scientific posters, compilation of appendices for Clinical Study Reports, and writing of educational material. Throughout the internship, I had the opportunity to acquire valuable knowledge related to Medical Writing, as well as to clearly understand its role in clinical research, as an essential tool to interpret, describe and publish the data obtained.
Este relatório tem como objetivo descrever a minha experiência durante os 9 meses de estágio curricular na Eurotrials, Consultores Científicos, como parte do 2º ano do Mestrado de Biomedicina Farmacêutica. O estágio focou-se maioritariamente no desenvolvimento de competências e obtenção de experiência em atividades de Medical Writing, através da participação ativa em atividades usualmente desenvolvidas por medical writers: escrita, preparação e submissão de artigos científicos, preparação de pósters científicos, complilação de apêndices para Clinical Study Reports, e escrita de material educativo. Durante o estágio, tive a oportunidade de adquirir conhecimentos essenciais relacionados com a atividade de Medical Writing, e de perceber de forma clara o seu papel na investigação clínica, como ferramenta essencial na interpretação, descrição e divulgação dos dados obtidos.

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Snyderman, Ellen Ruth 1961. "The social organization of managerial definitions of unethical behavior." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277860.

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This investigation attempted to ascertain whether managerial perceptions of potentially unethical business conduct, and recommendations for social control, vary according to the social characteristics of the employee committing the behavior. Subjects consisted of management personnel from a variety of industries. Data was gathered via instruments developed for this research. Instruments consisted of (1) a description of an employee; (2) a description of a potentially unethical behavior committed by the employee; and (3) scales for subjects to (a) rate the seriousness of the employee's behavior and (b) recommend the social control they would use against the employee. Perceptions of seriousness did vary significantly with variations in the employee's social characteristics. However, recommendations for social control did not vary with changes in employee characteristics. Thus, whereas observers may judge the ethicality of socially decontextualized behaviors against universally held standards of morality, observers become less adamant about these standards as the behavior becomes more contextualized.

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Pegue, Misty Lynn. "Practicing Technical and Scientific Communication in a Community Health Center." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1272990135.

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Zhu, Hong. "Women as strategic resource and organization performance: a perspective of resource synergy." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/72.

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This thesis develops a new theoretical perspective (i.e., the resource synergy perspective) to explain how women in the workforce may help improve organization performance. Drawing upon this theoretical perspective, I study how women, as an important strategic human resource, can be better utilized with the resource synergy generated between women resources and certain synergy-relevant variables. Among the synergy-relevant variables, this perspective highlights the importance of organization strategy and leadership, because these two variables are developed based on organizational resources and should be contingent on the environmental and situational factors that are partly uncontrollable by an organization. In addition, the roles of organization culture as a type of environmental factor and task characteristics as a situational factor are also considered. To realize the research goals, I conduct two studies at different levels. In study 1, I propose that organizations can take advantage of women resources by increasing the proportion of women in the employees at the macro level. Moreover, I propose that organization strategy, culture, and task characteristic have coordinative and supportive effects on the increase of the proportion of women, leading to the generation of resource synergy. Specifically, I seek to prove that, with the coordination and coherence of these synergy-relevant variables (i.e., customer-oriented strategy), the culture of collectivism, and task complexity, women‘s resources can be better utilized. Thus, the generated synergy can bring greater competitive advantages for organizations and thus lead to higher organization financial performance. In study 2, I proceed to suggest that making full use of women resource at the micro level is also important. The resource synergy perspective provides a new explanation for the roles of inequality and leadership in the utilization of women resources in organizations. This study proposes that women‘s inequality perceptions have negative effects on their performance in organizations, thus preventing organizations from making full use of its important strategic resources and generating synergy. With these damaging effects, it is difficult for an organization to make full use of women resources and achieve competitive advantages. However, with a high level of leader-member exchange (LMX), which indicates high quality in leader-member relationships, female employees may still have the motivation to perform well. Thus, the negative effects of inequality can be attenuated and women resources can be better utilized with the synergistic effects of LMX. To test the above hypotheses, I conduct two empirical studies in China. The sample of study 1 includes 132 organizations from the service industry. Results of the hierarchical regression analysis support the positive effects of increasing the proportion of women on the organization‘s return on assets (ROA) but fail to support its positive relationship with market growth. The results also reveal that organization synergy-relevant variables such as customer-oriented strategy, the culture of collectivism, and task complexity do generate synergy with women resources. In other words, with the existence of these variables, the positive effects of the proportion of women on ROA and market growth are both enhanced. Study 2, which is conducted in organizations from four industries in China (i.e., chemistry, electronic, manufacturing, and hospitality), consists of 190 female employees and 51 matched leaders. Results of the hierarchical regression analysis show that organization inequality is negatively related to women‘s job-related performance and positively relates to their turnover intentions. In addition, LMX is found to positively moderate the effects of inequality on women‘s job-related performance and negatively moderates the effects on their turnover intentions. At the end of this thesis, the research‘s theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. This thesis makes six contributions to the literature: 1) It is among the first to specify that women are a type of strategic resource for organizations and provide systematic investigations on how to make full use of this resource. 2) This research deepens the understanding of women as a type of resources by identifying certain boundary conditions; i.e., the synergy-relevant variables. 3) This research develops a new perspective (i.e., the resource synergy perspective) to study the utilization of women as a strategic resource for organizations at multi levels. 4) This research should extend the literature of culture by identifying the role of collectivism in making use of women as a resource. 5) This research can also add to the literature of leadership by examining the role of LMX in making use of women resources. 6) This research provides a new theoretical perspective for the relationship between employees‘ inequality perceptions and their job performance. In addition to the theoretical implications, this research also provides useful knowledge for the management in organizations. First, based on the research findings, organizations should provide equal opportunity in employment for women and include more women in the workforce. Second, it is also critical to retain the existing female workforce through better talent management, thereby providing a work environment supporting the utilization of women resources. Based on the synergy relevant variables examined in this research, organizations should pay attention to their strategy, culture and task characteristics. It is important for organizations to consider about whether their culture supports the utilization of women resources or not. By the culture of high collectivism, organizations can provide a favorable work environment where women are more likely to be accepted and respected. Moreover, a strategy of customer orientation is beneficial for women resource to be deployed fully. Also organization should pay attention to place women in appropriate tasks. Third, this research highlights the importance of women‘s individual performance in realizing their value in organizations. It is vital for organizations and managers to improve women‘s equality perceptions within organizations. Moreover, managers and organizations should take measures to enhance the quality of leader-subordinate exchange relationship. Moreover, the strength and limitations of this research are also discussed. The research has several strengths. First, this research is theory-driven. Second, I conduct two empirical studies at multi-levels to address the issue of making full use of women in organizations. Third, the sample size is large in both studies (study 1, 132 organizations; study 2, 190 female employees and 51 matched leaders). Fourth, the threat of common method bias is further minimized because I collect the data of study 2 from both employees and their immediate supervisors. Fifth, I adopted the appropriate approaches to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. Finally, I try to suggest possible directions for future research on the utilization of women resources in organizations. Keywords: utilization of women resources, the proportion of women, inequality, resource synergy, performance

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Klinton, Markus. "Det rationella och det normala : om lönearbetets logik, praktik och etik." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-38390.

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The subject of this thesis concerns the tense situation of the pregnant employee in Sweden. Drawing on the critical ontology of Michel Foucault the situation is characterized as a specific problematization within a historical theme around procreation (as an eventuality). The purpose of the thesis is to explain the functioning of the current situation of the pregnant employee as an inherent conflict, but also to draw out the implications of this specific analysis in relation to general wage labor. First an objective analysis is out-lined on how free wage labor gradually develops into a) a rational way of “knowing” about wo/man, b) a normal (institutional) way of organizing this knowledge, and c) a normalized subject position for the expectant individual. Second the investigation turns towards the subjective experience of this positioning. This analysis, drawing on the works of Iris Marion Young and Erving Goffman, focus on a) the conflicts logic b) its practical management and c) the situations’ ethical implications. The empirical material for the second part consists of legal cases, diaries and discussion-threads from the Internet. The conclusions drawn suggest that the pregnant employee is a rather abstract problem but that this abstraction still is real enough to make her disqualified from the calculus regime of employment. The second conclusion states that the pregnant employee becomes temporarily “closeted” and engaged in practices of concealment and tension management. Finally the ethics of this situation is analyzed, stating that the pregnant employee becomes positioned in a situation of structural shame which she has to relate to no matter her specific employment conditions. In the end the wider implications of the analysis is drawn out, stating that wage labor has developed into a biased categorization of individuals as proper or non-proper labor power. Rational discrimination has been normalized, just as the handling of oneself as more or less deviant from norms.

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Staudt, Joseph M. "Economics of Science: Labor Markets, Journal Markets, and Policy." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460104223.

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Koch, Michael [Verfasser], and Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Egger. "Trade, Labor Markets and the Organization of Production within Firms / Michael Koch. Betreuer: Hartmut Egger." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1059352591/34.

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Kennedy, Jason R. "Terminal Ubaid ceramics at Yenice Yani implications for terminal Ubaid organization of labor and commensality /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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Wilson, Birdella Lorraine. "Examining Alignment Between Canadian Municipal Police Performance Evaluation Policies and Officer Perceptions." Thesis, Walden University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10172362.

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A lack of alignment between police performance evaluation policy purposes and officer performance evaluation perceptions has implications for the organizations’ resource management, officer morale, and public safety. A literature review points towards a gap existing between policy purpose statements and employee perceptions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the policy purposes of police performance evaluations and the officers’ perceptions of those evaluation experiences in 4 Ontario municipal police services. DiMaggio and Powell’s (1983) Institutional theory was the foundation for this study. Data for this study were collected from 4 police services in Ontario, Canada. The data consisted of police performance evaluation policies and in-person interviews with 12 officers. Data were inductively coded, and then the coded data were subjected to content analysis. Three policy purpose themes and 13 officer perception themes emerged that indicate that: 1) there seems to be a lack of alignment between the policy purpose theme of assessing work performance and eight of the perception themes; 2) officers perceived performance evaluations as negatively impacting their morale: and, 3) healthy relationships with supervisors were more useful to officers than performance evaluations in terms of performance and career outcomes and progression. Consistent with Institutional theory, officers perceived performance evaluations to be necessary even with limited utility. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to police executives to consider alternative processes in tandem with performance evaluations to improve morale, in turn creating better opportunities for improved public and officer safety.

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Virchez, Azuara Alejandro. "A human resource perspective on the development of workforce agility." Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10133132.

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This study explored workforce agility from a human resource perspective. This included its main determinants, such as adaptability, proactivity, resiliency, business orientation, and self-awareness; the interventions through which it is developed, such as performance management processes, training, and coaching; and finally the main challenges that organizations face when developing it, such as cultural context and the lack of strategic clarity. The empirical analysis provided several insights on the development of workforce agility. Although limited to a small sample, the study provided evidence supporting the need for future research on the definition of the characteristics of an agile workforce, the definition of a competency model to support its development, the need to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms related to its development, and the main challenges faced by leaders in the implementation of an agile workforce.

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Luse, Donna Walton. "The Extent to Which Businesses Use the Scientific Method in the Organization and Preparation of Written Business Reports." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330740/.

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The problem of this study was to investigate the extent to which businesses use the scientific method in the organization and preparation of written business reports. Data for this study were collected by the use of a questionnaire which was devised, validated, and pilot testes. Questionnaires were mailed to 50 systematically, selected members (200 total) of each of the four major group categories (banking and finance, government and education, manufacturing and utilities, and sales and services) from Region V's 1985-1986 Association of Records Managers and Administrators membership roster. One hundred six responses were received, representing a 53 per cent return. Additional information was obtained from sample records and telephone interviews.

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Lobosco, Hanna. "Implementation of international strategies against antimicrobial resistance : a review of scientific literature and the case of Brazil." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16529.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem around the world. To meet the threat of a futurewithout effective treatment of infection, WHO and other authorities have published strategies and actionplans. However, it is unclear to what extent they have been implemented. As the seventh wealthiesteconomy in the world, Brazil could serve as a role model for other fast developing countries in the battleagainst AMR. The objective of this study was to investigate if and how implementation of internationalAMR strategies is addressed in literature, and to describe how such guidelines have been implemented inBrazil. The study was carried out as a literature review of scientific articles and of documents published byBrazilian authorities. In the scientific literature great importance was given to a multidisciplinary approachand to surveillance, with a special emphasis on local data. Brazilian documents showed a focus on healthcare settings and on actions concerning surveillance. Many tools were in place, such as networks and legalframework. Using local data, identifying measures most important for the target group and thenimplementing them, was considered most important. Generally, there was a lack of assessments. Brazil stillhas a long way to go, but has started out well with its focus on surveillance.

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Carlsson, Anders, and Henrik Fredriksson. "Production Organization at Husqvarna AB : A Study of Chainsaw Production at Three Factories." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1520.

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This bachelor thesis looks at the organization of the production of chainsaws in three different Husqvarna AB plants; one in Sweden, one in Brazil and one in the USA. The field of production organization carries the mark of men like Adam Smith, Frederick Taylor and Henry Ford, and it is with reference to the approaches of these men, and others, that we ask how Husqvarna AB organizes its production of chainsaws.

We found that production in the Swedish plant consisted of a worker philosophy influenced by the “group thinking” that was prominent in Sweden in the 1970s, coupled with a production philosophy sharing many traits with Ford’s mass production while incorporating elements of lean production. The production lines in Brazil are identical to the newer lines in the Swedish plant. The differences are fewer influences from “group” approaches such as the socio-technical view. The US plant provides a sharp contrast to the other two. It produces saws for the consumer market and not the professional market. Quality and longevity demands are radically different, which enables for another production approach to be used. With simple operations and very short times at each work station, the US plant is not many steps away from Ford’s mass production approach.

Denna kandidatuppsats studerar produktionsorganisationen inom Husqvarna AB:s motorsågstillverkning i tre olika fabriker; en i Sverige, en i Brasilien och en i USA. Området produktionsorganisation är influerat av män som Adam Smith, Frederick Taylor och Henry Ford, och det är i ljuset av bland annat dessas bidrag som vi frågar oss hur Huskvarna organiserar sin produktion.

Vi fann att den svenska fabriken var en kombination mellan ”grupptänkandet” som aktualiserades i Sverige på 1970-talet, särskilt med avseende på arbetarna, och ett produktionssätt som i många delar är massproduktion av Fordiskt snitt som allt mer går emot lean production. De brasilianska produktionsbanorna är identiska med de nyare svenska. Skillnaderna ligger i arbetarnas roller, då den brasilianska fabriken bär färre tecken på att vara inspirerat av grupptänkandet i till exempel det socio-tekniska synsättet. Den amerikanska fabriken står i skarp kontrast till de övriga två. Den producerar för konsumentmarknaden och inte för den professionella marknaden. Lägre kvalitets- och livslängdskrav tillåter ett annat produktionssätt. Den amerikanska fabriken har många likheter med Fordisk massproduktion, med enkla handgrepp och mycket korta tider vid varje station.

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Sala, Carla. "Learning cross-functionality and the power of identity : a case study of an Italian automotive organization." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/58349/.

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This thesis discusses the relationship between identity and learning in cross-functional teams (CFTs). It focuses on how aspects of members’ identity affect the process of developing cross-functional (CF) teamwork and examines how emerging identity issues can account for different outcomes in the learning of CF teamwork. More specifically, the research focuses on what these emerging identity issues entail in terms of underlying and action-orienting meanings, and on how this can favour or hinder the learning of CF teamwork. This study argues that the collective process of learning how to operate as a CFT is influenced by relational, social and contextual issues. Theoretically, the thesis offers a number of contributions. A critique of current approaches to CF teamwork is provided, where a review of the relevant literature reveals a largely functionalist stance, with a main focus on researching the factors contributing to the effectiveness of CFTs. The thesis advocates an alternative interpretative stance to investigating the role of identity in learning cross-functionality, offering the possibility of an interpretation which is situated in the specific context and which is open to the understanding of emerging, possibly revealing issues. Furthermore, this thesis argues that, within this interpretative approach, by studying what favours or hinders the learning of CF teamwork, it may be possible to deepen our understanding of CFT dynamics. The learning of CF teaming has also been identified as one of the gaps in the relevant literature. The situated learning theory (SLT) and community of practice approach (Lave and Wenger, 1991) is thus adopted as an appropriate theoretical framework for researching the learning of CF teamwork, which is understood here as a practice. SLT suggests that individual learning should be thought of as emergent, involving opportunities to participate in the practices of the community as well as the development of a social identity which provides a sense of belonging and commitment (Lave and Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998). Theoretically and empirically justified, the new insight and main focus of this research consists of the consideration of events occurring not only within a CFT, but also beyond and before it, which are able to shape the identities involved, at different levels. This is beneficial, since it explains the different ways of engaging with the practice of cross-functionality and consequently the different learning outcomes. Within the situated learning literature there is surprisingly little explicit reference to theories of identity construction (Handley et al., 2006). A conceptualization of identity is thus derived by tapping into theories of identity which have not yet been developed in SLT, but which represent a useful theoretical development in this arena of studies. These gaps and issues were addressed by conducting qualitative research in a medium-sized Italian firm manufacturing car parts. In particular, an ethnographic study was carried out, using complementary methods such as direct observation, semi-structured interviews and documentary data. Investigations concerned two skilled workers’ CFTs devoted to developing the product ranges respectively of joints and pumps, and a managers’ CFT whose task was to design a new pump for a particular client. Three identities emerged as especially significant for the meanings they entailed and for the influence they proved to have on learning this practice: the sense of identity derived from relationships characterized by paternalism with significant others at work (i.e. the leaders), and the sense of identity derived from being a worker from Brescia, the specific geographical location of the study, and from being a worker or a manager, understood in terms of occupation and social class.

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Feallock, Lynn O'Neill 1964. ""Justified on a scientific basis": Fetal protection policies, sex discrimination, and the selective use of evidence in labor law." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291413.

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As women have increasingly entered what have been traditionally male-dominated industries, there has been a corresponding increase in "fetal protection policies" implemented by those same industries, based on the premise that toxins in the workplace can be harmful to the "potential fetus." The assumption is that these toxins are transported to the fetus exclusively through the mother and that only by removing the mother from the hazardous environment can the fetus be protected. Some of these companies have been taken to court as women have challenged these policies as infringements of their constitutional rights. This paper analyzes court cases in which this issue has been argued and demonstrates how the courts maintain the patriarchal ideologies of both law and industry through the use of legal precedent and unsubstantiated "science," to uphold policies that prohibit women from working in high-paying "male" industries and maintain women's subordinate position in capitalist society.

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Bernhards, Emily Katharine. "Integrating the Individual and Community: The power of equality and self-chosen labor." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50529.

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Modern work has been proven to compartmentalize the life of the individual. One must look no further than semantics to realize the discontinuity between "work" and "home," for the segmented nature of these two states of being becomes apparent the moment that they are juxtaposed. Historically, it has been argued that the tension between industrial/post-industrial labor and some kind of natural state of existence in which an individual can pursue her own destiny is both deeply rooted in the flowering of modernity and seems to be accepted as unavoidable. In this thesis, I present a case study where this tension is almost entirely put aside. In my analysis of Twin Oaks Community, an intentional community located in central Virginia, I show how modern labor organization can be deliberately cultivated to reconsider the relationship between a laborer and her work, and that a work/life balance is not necessary when all forms of work are valued. Results of a participant observation study performed at Twin Oaks, as well as reliance on theory and sociological studies indicate the ways in which Twin Oaks marries life and work in the pursuit of building community. This study will prove that Twin Oaks Community\'s labor organization, valuing of labor from all epochs (pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial), and overarching communitarian goals help to reunite the laborer with her natural life-activity.
Master of Public and International Affairs

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Seebruck, Ryan. "Engineering Equality: The Organization of Education Labor Markets and the Distribution of Teacher Quality in Japan." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/594675.

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This research is an organizational comparative analysis of how the structure of education labor markets affects educational equality. Extant literature on teacher distribution is centered on the U.S. and rarely assesses the influence of organizational structure. My research here addresses these gaps by studying a unique facet of Japan's public education system: jinji idou, a mandatory teacher rotation system governed by the prefectural board of education in which teachers are systematically transferred to other schools in the prefecture throughout their careers. Because jinji idou is absent in private schools, a comparison of the distribution of teacher quality among schools in the private sector with schools in the public sector produces a comparative design that increases my ability to credit jinji idou as a causal condition affecting teacher distribution. My research is motivated by four claims. First, teacher quality is one of the predominant causal variables affecting student performance, outweighing variables such as class size, student background, or spending. Second, there is an unequal distribution of quality teachers in the U.S. that disfavors poor students. Third, this unequal distribution is structurally based—caused by policies that encourage quality teachers to gravitate to affluent schools while less qualified teachers remain at poor schools. Fourth, Japan's public education system is more egalitarian than its U.S. counterpart as determined by the fact that Japanese students have more equal access to quality teachers than U.S. students. Following that, I investigate the organizational structure of education labor markets in Japan: how the careers of educators are managed and the effects this has on teacher distribution. I utilize a mixed-method approach, gathering original quantitative and qualitative data in both public and private schools. Qualitative data provide a detailed breakdown of the formal and informal policies governing this teacher rotation system, and quantitative data examine how this rotation system affects the distribution of teachers both cross and within schools. By examining the more centrally controlled public school sector with more locally controlled private schools in Japan, I am able to explicate how the different organizational structures of the labor markets in these sectors affect access to quality teachers. Results indicate that, for the most part, the public sector distributes teachers more equitably across schools. Furthermore, the public sector has, on average, higher mean levels of teacher quality and higher levels of school performance. This intimates that education labor markets can be structured in ways that simultaneously maximize performance while minimizing variation between schools, findings which should be of interest to scholars interested in structural inequality or educational egalitarianism. In addition to teacher quality distribution, I also analyze the relationship between individual teacher quality traits and school performance, showing that not every teacher quality measure is significantly associated with school performance—information that should be germane to policy makers deciding how to best allocate school-level resources in order to maximize educational egalitarianism. In short, my findings provide an empirical basis for policy makers to consider how the governance of teachers' careers affects educational egalitarianism, and I believe these results not only complement the sociology of education literature but also help refine organizational theory, which is often based on for-profit organizations rather than public institutions such as schools.

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Okusa, Maki 1976. "Child Labor in Asia: Challenges and Responses of the International Labour Organization in Thailand and India." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7779.

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xi, 114 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Child labor is an important global concern. Among 317 million children who are engaged in any type of labor around the world, Asia harbors the largest number of child workers. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has focused on and worked toward the global elimination of child labor, especially its worst forms. Child labor is a complex problem which needs comprehensive approaches in policy implication, education and economic development. The ILO has worked closely with governments to establish and revise policies related to child labor and to implement child labor programs. This study addresses current child labor trends in Asia and the challenges and responses ofthe ILO through analyzing its operations in Thailand and India. It examines various steps to eliminate child labor taken by the ILO and other organizations and suggests ways the ILO could be more effective in its efforts to eliminate child labor in Asia.
Adviser: Anita M. Weiss

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Singh, Sonia. "The Wage Gap and Assimilation Patterns for Immigrants in the Scientific Research, Development and Testing Services Industry." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/610.

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For years, corporations in the United States have criticized the native workforce for not having enough qualified workers who are skilled in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Changing the immigration system could solve their problem. Current debates about how to best accomplish this task stem from different perceptions of whether high-skill immigrants adapt to the labor market, suffer from labor market disadvantages or meet rapid earnings growth. This study examines the initial wage gap immigrants working in the scientific research, development and testing services industry face upon entry to the United States as well as their income assimilation patterns. Ultimately, this paper provides evidence of a wage gap in this industry for recently arrived immigrants and otherwise similar natives, as well as confirms that the earnings for male immigrants in the industry tend to converge toward native levels the longer they remain in the country. Therefore, these results can provide valuable perspective on present immigration debates about whether to reduce immigration levels or change the skill composition of new immigrants.

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Culqui, Fernandez Angela, and Torres Adela González. "Telework: An Innovative Form of Work Organization, a Labor Inclusion Tool and its Legal Regulation in Peru." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117981.

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This article is about the telework, which is an atypical form of work organization, characterized by the use of the information and communication technologies, and the performing of the activities outside the workplace. This type of work can be used as a tool for the inclusion of people into the labor market and the reconciliation between work and family time. Also, we carry out a review and analysis of the current regulations on the subject in Peru.
El presente artículo trata acerca del teletrabajo, el cual es una forma atípica de la organización del trabajo, caracterizado por el uso de las tecnología de la comunicación e información, y por realizar la prestación laboral fuera del centro de trabajo, cuya implementación pueda ser aprovechada como una herramienta de inclusión laboral y de conciliación de la vida personal y laboral. Asimismo, realizamos un repaso y análisis de la regulación existente sobre el particular en el Perú.

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Golden, Thomas P. "The Influence of Macro- and Meso-Structuring Mechanisms on Micro-Institutional Actions to Reproduce or Transform Labor Force Participation Approaches of Community Rehabilitation Programs." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10037649.

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Change and stability are critical to the sustained competitive advantage of organizations. Emerging research shows the relationship that exists between human agency and institutions, but also the inter-relationship to the dynamic of change and stability. This study examines the concepts of stability and change in regard to organizational change and institutional theory, and the influence of macro- and meso-structuring mechanisms in processes of institutional reproduction and change. Specific reference is made to institutional orientations toward stability and change as primary dimensions in the analysis of micro-level explanations that contribute to understanding adoption of new organizational practices.

This participative mixed-methods study was conducted in 12 community rehabilitation programs within New York State. It showed how both agency and institutional orientations toward stability and change are influenced through structuring mechanisms, and can be identified and discerned through patterns. The depiction of these orientations were identified by conceptual mapping and pattern matching, a research method emerging in both the change and institutional theory research. The new understandings gained regarding these agency and institutional orientations will contribute to new insights as to how micro-level actions occur and contribute to macro-institutional orientations toward stability and change. This study also supports the conclusion that macro- and meso-structuring mechanisms can become strange attractors which limit organizational potential for change, and that gaining an understanding of these attractor cages can assist organizations in mapping alternative futures.

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Sucharczuk, Gregory. "A free trade union in a totalitarian society : towards understanding the Solidarity movement in Poland, August, 1980-December, 1981." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28926.

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This thesis attempts to contribute to our understanding of the emergence and the growth of the Solidarity Movement in Poland in the period of August 1980-December 1981. It is argued that Solidarity can be seen as a "hybrid" movement which combined "traditional" economic and syndicalist demands and "new" concerns with democratization of political life. A number of conducive factors, such as the fluidity and homogeneity of the Polish stratification system, the existence of a young, ambitious and alienated working class, concentrated in large enterprises and the perception of the social order in dichotomous terms, contributed to the emergence of an inter-class alliance of urban segments of Polish society against the political elite, which was widely perceived as being responsible for the acute economic, political and moral crisis of the late seventies. Also, the structure of Solidarity appears to contribute to its organizational and political success. It is maintained that the massive and rapid mobilization involved the activation of pre-existing informal ties among Polish workers. In this context, we also stress the importance of the charismatic leadership of Solidarity, especially that of Lech Walesa. Finally, we partly attribute the success of our movement to the failure of the weak, hesitant and internally divided political elite to contain the Solidarity movement and to respond to the crisis facing the nation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Quagraine, Victor Kwesi. "New strategies to improve the management capacity of contractors for labor-based methods in road rehabilitation in Ghana." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26799.

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Ghana, like many African countries, is plagued with unemployment, poverty and annual trade deficits. Unemployment and poverty have led to a socio-economic breakdown. They are believed to be among the causes that led to the 1994 Rwanda genocide. Despite the abundance of an unemployed labor force, Ghana continues to depend on imported equipment, costing $174 million annually for its earthmoving and construction activities. In 1986, the Government of Ghana, the World Bank, the International Labor Organization and the United Nations Development Program introduced labor-based road rehabilitation program in Ghana to help create more jobs and reduce the high unemployment and poverty incidence. The program has not been patronized due to the casual labor usage and labor organizational and management problems. This research formulates the Family-Based Labor Management (FBLM) concept (also referred to as the HPWT-FBLM concept) by incorporating High Performance Work Team (HPWT), the Ghana Family System, and Roles and Responsibilities Matrix (RRM) concepts to make the program more attractive to labor and management. The FBLM concept would equip local contractors with the managerial skills to increase average monthly production from 1.33km to between 4km and 6km gaining competitive advantage over the 3.07km monthly production of the equipment-intensive contractor. Since the HPWT-FBLM concept has not been used, the related concepts HPWT and RRM concepts are used to validate the newly formulated recruitment, training, work method, communication and reward strategies. When adopted, the HPWT-FBLM concept would annually invest 10% of the $174 million for five years and yield employment increase of 23,000-34,000 the first year, growing to a total of 116,000-170,000 in five years. This concept will help reduce import deficit, conserve foreign exchange, and develop a pool of skilled workers and managers in Ghana. It has the potential of boosting the Ghanaian manufacturing industry for making hand-tools in lieu of purchasing imported equipment. The HPWT-FBLM concept can be adopted by the agriculture and building construction and other industries in Ghana that use large supplies of unskilled and semi-skilled labor.
Ph. D.

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Henrickson, Kevin E. "Labor and industrial organization topics in transportation economics : wages and deregulation, spatial demand and competition, and intermodal rates /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1192186851&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-109). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Беляева, А. О., and A. O. Belyaeva. "Создание комплекса для психодиагностического тестирования учащихся : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/56074.

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Настоящая работа посвящена возможностям создания схемы психологического мониторинга учащихся с применением информационных технологий. На примере нескольких методик для психодиагностики был создан методический комплекс на базе программного продукта «1С: Психодиагностика образовательного учреждения» с некоторыми дополнениями, были разработаны методические указания для конечных пользователей. Результатами данной работы стало значительное сокращение времени на проведение психологического мониторинга учащихся, обработку и анализ результатов.
This paper deals with the possibilities for the creation of the scheme of psychological monitoring of students by means of information technologies. Methodological complex on the bases of software program “1C: Psychodiagnostic of educational establishments” with some additional applications has been established using some special methods. Methodology instructions for an end-user have been also developed. The substantial reduction of time for psychological monitoring of students, processing and analysis of the results has become the main results of the research.

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Von, Wielligh Madelein Heila Magdalena. "Scientist's leadership style in a scientific organization." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/204.

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The Council for Geoscience (CGS) is one of the National Science Councils of South Africa and is the legal successor to the Geological Survey of South Africa. The total staff complements numbered 291 as of March 2006, consisting of four executive managers, 18 unit managers, 124 professionals, 84 technicians, 41 administrative personnel, 17 unskilled labourers 3 skilled workers. The strength of the CGS is manifested in its core of competent geoscience and technical staff. The primary business of the CGS is science; therefore scientists, apart from human resources, finance and procurement, are appointed to senior positions in the organisation. The criteria for scientists to qualify for managerial positions are either a masters or doctorate degree in science. Although a sound knowledge of science is needed for these positions, the necessary managerial and leadership characteristics have never played a significant role in the appointment of unit leaders. Therefore, it is the aim of this study to determine the leadership style of the scientists that were appointed as unit leaders. Theories on leadership provide for a variety of potential explanations regarding effective leadership, including personal attributes, contingencies, and the role of subordinates. By analysing managerial leadership, it becomes important to consider and recognise the complex interplay among the structure of organisational life, patterns of behaviour, varied beliefs, values, interests, and initiatives of the individuals who create and work within this structure. Research on organisational leadership has grown systematically with the advance of industrialisation. Large work organisations are associated with bureaucratic and technological complexity that affects the demand for managers and the need for coordination and leadership roles. Leadership theories have evolved over time, becoming more sophisticated and even more applicable for their “innovation”. Different perspectives have featured throughout history. Theories of leadership are primarily analytical, directed at better understanding of the leadership process and the variations among them. The most up- to- date concept within leadership is the theory of transformational and transactional leadership. Transformational leadership comprises five factors — (1) idealised influence: attributed; (2) idealised influence: behaviour; (3) inspirational motivation; (4) intellectual simulation; and (5) individualised consideration — of which the first two factors refer to the concern, power, personal morality, and sacrifice of the leader, as well as his or her ability to instil collective pride in the group’s mission. The third factor relates to motivating the group to accomplish missions through challenging goals and by indicating certainty in areas of uncertainty, which, in turn, arouse individual and team spirit. The fourth factor refers to the leaders’ ability to relate at an individual level to the follower and the fifth factor to intellectual stimulation. Transactional leadership display behaviours associated with constructive and corrective transactions, and comprises three factors— (1) contingent reward leadership; (2) management-by-exception: active; and (3) management-by-exception: passive — of which relates to leaders who involve themselves only when things go wrong, i.e. the constructive style. Their interventions are associated with failure and punishment. The corrective style is labelled management-by-expectation: active, which refers to the closer involvement in monitoring the subordinates’ actions. Contingent reward leadership relates to rewards for work performance. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) has become a standard instrument for assessing a variety of transformational, transactional and non-leadership scales and was used to assess the leadership style of scientists of the Council for Geoscience. The instrument measures a broad range of leadership types: passive leaders, leaders who give contingent rewards to subordinates and leaders who transform their subordinates into leaders themselves. The objectives of the study were to (1) determine the leadership style of scientists in positions of unit leaders; (2) how their supervisors, peers and subordinates perceive their leadership style; and (3) whether scientists as unit leaders, perceive their own leadership style differently than do their supervisors, peers and subordinates. The MLQ instrument contains 45 items that identify and measure key leadership and effectiveness behaviours. A five point rating scale (0: 1: 2: 3: 4) is used for rating the frequency of observed leader behaviour where 0=not at all, and 4=frequently, if not always. The average scores of the MLQ questionnaire for the Council for Geoscience ranged from 2 to 3 on the transformational leadership factors. Participants in general perceive scientists in unit leader positions more as transformational leaders as apposed to transactional leaders. The 2.5 rating on transformational leadership indicates that the unit leaders are often influential in the awareness of what is important. The ratings of scientists as unit leaders were similar to the ratings of their peers and 'others'. Supervisors and subordinates, however, rated them lower. Transactional leadership ratings for the majority of leaders were between 2.0–3.0 on CR, and MBEA and 1.0–2.0 on MBEP. The ratings obtained, indicate that unit leaders would be seen as people wwho prefer to monitor and take action before failures occur. Supervisors, peers and others rated the scientists as unit leaders higher on transactional leadership, except for subordinates who rated them lower. Leaders are rated 0–1 on laissez-faire leadership style. Supervisors, peers and subordinates rated scientists as unit leaders higher on laissez-faire leadership style than the rating they gave themselves (self-rating). The low rating on the laissez-faire leadership style confirms that leaders do get involved in important issues and have a need to be involved in the decision-making process. Scientists as unit leaders, however, perceive themselves to be more involved than do supervisors and subordinates. Attribution ratings (extra-effort, effectiveness and satisfaction) varied from 2.0–3.0. For attribution dimensions, supervisors and subordinates rated the scientists as unit leaders lower on extra-effort, effectiveness and satisfaction, whereas peers rated them higher. The satisfaction dimension indicates that unit leaders often work with others in a satisfactory way. For attribution dimensions, supervisors and subordinates rated the scientists as unit leaders lower on extra-effort, effectiveness and satisfaction, whereas peers rated them higher. Supervisors are less satisfied with the leaders than subordinates are. The results obtained from the MLQ questionnaire for the leadership style of scientists in the Council for Geoscience are slightly different from those of United States companies. The Council for Geoscience, compared with United States (US) companies, rated lower on both transformational leadership and attribution dimensions (extra-effort, effectiveness and satisfaction) and higher on both transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles. This seems to indicate that the Council for Geoscience tends to follow a less inspirational and influential leadership style with more objective setting and less satisfying methods of leadership, compared with US companies. Transformational leadership development is recommended for the scientists as unit leaders of the Council for Geoscience. It is important to note that false transformational leaders (seemingly transformational leaders with a self-absorbed tendency) should be distinguished from the genuine ones. Optimism and employee frustration can be used in future surveys by the Council for Geoscience to determine the progress of transformational leadership development in the organisation. The leadership of an organisation influences the organisational culture. Upper management is responsible for the implementation of the necessary changes to promote transformational leadership. The culture of an organisation is a reflection of upper management. If upper management does not realise the importance of transformational leadership, the chances for the rest of the organisation to promote a transformational leadership culture in the organisation are not good. One recommendation to consider is for the Council for Geoscience to employ people with adequate managerial skills in unit leader positions. These skills would include leadership traits, operational skills, financial skills, etc. A decision needs to be taken by the Council for Geoscience that when scientists are employed as unit leaders or as members of the upper management cadre, they must have adequate managerial and leadership skills, and all parties have to agree with the competency and be satisfied with the management styles.
Graduate School of Business Leadership
M.B.L.

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Martins, Patrícia José Jardim. "Avaliação da produção científica de revistas de Entrepreneurship e Small Business Management: uma análise bibliométrica." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/17921.

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A abordagem do empreendedorismo sobre diferentes perspetivas de investigação tem adquirido uma relevância crescente ao longo dos anos, dando origem a um vastíssimo campo de estudo que procura avaliar os seus determinantes e consequências. Assim sendo, o objetivo desta dissertação consubstancia-se, em termos gerais, no estudo das principais dimensões em que a análise académica do tema do empreendedorismo se desdobra ao longo das últimas décadas. No que concerne à metodologia, esta tem como suporte uma análise bibliométrica de dimensão elevada e com extrema importância uma vez que permite identificar pistas decisivas para o mapeamento do campo. Para tal, foram selecionadas 20 revistas internacionais, de acordo com o "ranking" da "Association of Business Schools" (ABS), que deram origem à base de dados utilizada, reunindo um número que ultrapassa largamente os 10 000 artigos, publicados ao longo de 30 anos. De seguida, foi realizada uma análise de "text mining", que visou identificar os temas mais proeminentes e respetivas interconexões. Deste modo, o estudo realizado permitiu reconhecer o forte dinamismo e abrangência de uma área de investigação tão desafiante quanto o empreendedorismo, comprovando a relevância de técnicas de síntese que evidenciem os seus aspetos mais relevantes. Por fim, o enfoque adotado neste estudo possui o detalhe possível acerca de cada aspeto particular, dado o seu distinto grau de cobertura e abrangência. Sugerem-se assim, uma análise mais detalhada de algumas revistas e respetivos conteúdos, a avaliação pormenorizada dos artigos gerados pelos autores de referência e o recurso a metodologias adicionais no que respeita às referências bibliográficas.
The approach of entrepreneurship by different perspectives of research has acquired an increasing importance over the years, giving rise to a vast field of study that seeks to evaluate its determinants and consequences. Thus, the objective of this dissertation is, in general, the study of the main dimensions that academic analysis of the entrepreneurship has developed over the last decades. Regarding the methodology, the study is supported by a bibliometric analysis of high dimension with extreme importance once it allows to identify decisive clues for field mapping. To this end, 20 international journals were selected, according to the Association of Business Schools (ABS) ranking, which gave rise to the database used, bringing together a total of more than 10,000 articles published over 30 years. Afterwards, a text mining analysis was carried out, aiming to identify the most prominent themes and their respective interconnections. Therefore, the study made it possible to recognize the strong dynamism and scope of a research area as challenging as entrepreneurship, proving the relevance of synthesis techniques that highlight its most relevant aspects. Finally, and given the approach in this study, the same has as much as detail as possible about each particular aspect, given its wide degree of coverage and comprehensiveness. We suggest a more detailed analysis of some journals and their contents, a detailed evaluation of the articles generated by the reference authors and the use of additional methodologies regarding bibliographic references.

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Jhang, Shu-Huei, and 張淑蕙. "Scientific Chinese native medicine series printing organization designresearch." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89806584608202509502.

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碩士
國立中央大學
機械工程研究所
96
Loads separately the organization in the market condition Chinese native medicine, the function all only arrives to sublets the part, does not have the means the replenishment sickness name as well as the disease symptom also has the date above the medicine bag, is easy to create the confusion, and can have the hiding danger, for instance said: Drugs expired, perhaps eats does not belong to the oneself disease symptom the drugs, can create the danger to person''s body, also can let the symptom aggravate. Proposed in the present paper set of sur- series printing organizations, have not certainly revised the medical pouch medicine organization itself design, but was the use sur- way increased the organization polytropism, in the reference market condition India table machine structure, and analyzed its gear part, the use simple easy to understand principle of design designs this series printing the organization, to it achieved the anticipated goal, and the union control part, hoped was allowed to design set of new series printing organizations, applied above the center medical pouch medicine radio station.

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Heckner, Markus, Susanne Mühlbacher, and Christian Wolff. "Tagging tagging. Analysing user keywords in scientific bibliography management systems." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105484.

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The presentation was held at the 2007 NKOS workshop in Budapest, Hungary.
Recently, a growing amount of systems that allow content annotation by their users (= tagging) has been created. Simultaneously a debate on the pros and cons of allowing users to add personal keywords to digital content has arisen. A stable category model for social tags on a linguistic as well as functional level is presented, based on data gathered from the scientific bibliography management tool connotea. Also some initial findings of a comparative analysis of social tags and author keywords are reported.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'THE SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATION OF LABOR'

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