Relevant bibliographies by topics / The scope of the rule

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'The scope of the rule'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "The scope of the rule"

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Kahn, Leonard. "Rule Consequentialism and Scope." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 15, no. 5 (April 13, 2012): 631–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-012-9357-4.

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Day, William. "CONTRACTS, ILLEGALITY AND COMITY: RALLI BROS REVISITED." Cambridge Law Journal 79, no. 1 (March 2020): 64–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197320000252.

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AbstractThere has always been considerable uncertainty about the nature and scope of the rule by which contractual performance is excused if illegal in the place of performance, even though performance would not be illegal by the contract's governing law. This article revisits the so-called “Ralli Bros rule” and looks at how the scope of the rule has been developed and its nature misunderstood. It argues that the rule is neither a choice of law rule nor part of the rules discharging a contract for frustration but is instead a public policy rule favouring judicial abstention for reasons of comity. This has implications for how the rule interacts with the choice of law rules for contracts under the Rome Convention and the Rome I Regulation.
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Conway, Michael D. "Narrowing the Scope of Rule 13(a)." University of Chicago Law Review 60, no. 1 (1993): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1600033.

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Moneymaker, James M., and W. Richard Janikowski. "The Diminishing Scope Of The Exclusionary Rule." Criminal Justice Policy Review 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088740349000400202.

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Nalle, Victor Imanuel W. "The Scope of Discretion in Government Administration Law: Constitutional or Unconstitutional?" Hasanuddin Law Review 4, no. 1 (April 7, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i1.1316.

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Law No. 30 of 2014 on Government Administration (Government Administration Law) has set the scope of discretion in Indonesian legal system. But the form of discretion is limited in scope government decision (KTUN) and factual actions of the government. The restriction implicates circulars or others policy rule is not a form of discretion. In addition, the provisions concerning the terms of use discretion, procedures and legal effect of discretion in the Government Administration Law are not applicable to the use of policy rule. In fact, the substance of discretion in policy rule (e.g. circulars and instructions) has the potential of conflicting laws and regulations and/or General Principles of Good Administration. The legal issues in this study are the constitutionality of the scope of discretion in Article 1 point 9 and Article 23 paragraph (1) of the Government Administration Law. This analysis showed that limits the scope of discretion in Government Administration Law contrary to formal elements, substantive, and control mechanisms within the rule of law. This analysis also suggests the expansion of the scope of discretion in the Government Administration Law and setting policy rules as the object of the petition for judicial review so that there is a control mechanism by trial to discretion in the form of policy rule.
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Clark, Tom S. "Scope and precedent: judicial rule-making under uncertainty." Journal of Theoretical Politics 28, no. 3 (February 24, 2015): 353–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629814568397.

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Wączek, Adrianna. "RULE OF DIRECTNESS IN APPEAL PROCEEDINGS IN VIEW OF ARTICLE 452 OF THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE." Probacja 2 (December 16, 2019): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6114.

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The rule of directness is classifi ed under the so-called non-codifi ed rules. This means that decoding the content of that rule is possible based on the interpretation of the relevant group of regulations. Article 452 of the Code of Criminal Proceedings constitutes a fundamental provision which answers the fundamental question regarding the scope of implementation of the rule of directness in appeal proceedings. The scope of the rule of directness in proceedings before the court of second instance is determined by the model of appeal proceedings, shaped on the basis of the applicable limits of admissible command in an appeal body. As a result of the remodelling of appeal proceedings from a purely control role towards control and identifi cation proceedings, this rule was strengthened in an appeal body.
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Bell, Andrew W. "Clarifying the Scope of Texas’s Cross-Jurisdictional Tolling Rule." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 4, no. 3 (February 2018): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v4.i3.5.

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This Comment seeks to clarify the scope of cross-jurisdictional tolling in Texas. Although both Texas and federal courts interpreting Texas law have addressed this issue, no Texas court has specifically addressed whether putative members of a class action lawsuit—which was filed in a federal court located in Texas and that asserts Texas property-related claims—can rely on the class action lawsuit to toll the statute of limitations applicable to their claims. Part I of this Comment provides a brief history of the class action tolling doctrine, specifically describing American Pipe and its progeny. Part II discusses recent Texas case law decisions on the American Pipe doctrine and their applicability when cross-jurisdictional tolling is involved. Part III briefly discusses the policy concerns behind cross-jurisdictional tolling. Part IV recommends that Texas should adopt cross-jurisdictional tolling in property-related cases, especially when the class action lawsuit is filed in a federal court located in Texas. Finally, Part V summarizes the points discussed in this Comment.
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Beshenkova, E. V., and O. E. Ivanova. "About the Academic Description of Russian Spelling. (To Spelling Rule Theory)." Russian language at school 81, no. 5 (September 15, 2020): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2020-81-5-61-66.

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The article is devoted to the concept of a rule as a tool of scientific and orthological description. A rule is a conventional kind of scientific interpretation in any writing system, such as the description of morphological types in morphology or syntactic models in syntax. In this regard, rules must comply with the requirements for tools of scientific and orthological description. A rule as a tool for scientific description should be internally consistent and not contradict other rules, clearly define the described range of phenomena, cover all cases, clearly distinguish between the scope of the rule and the scope of the dictionary, be terminologically correct. As an orthological tool, a rule should not only correspond to the modern norm, but also determine the vector for future codifications. As a modern orthological tool, a rule should be accompanied by a commentary. The purpose of this commentary is to show the reader the scientific and methodological validity of both a general approach to describing the problems of different sections of the spelling, and each specific rule, to present a range of different interpretations of a particular spelling and justify the proposed one. The proposed description is based on the authors’ theoretical views on writing as a self-developing system and on the role of codifiers as a subjective factor in the development of this system. The conclusions are based on studies of historical changes in each spelling rule and writing in general, as well as modern fluctuations observed in spelling practice and directions for their elimination. This article reveals the authors’ approach to creating a commented set of rules for Russian spelling – a complete, consistent, scientific description of writing in the common form of rules that meets modern standards.
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Song, Jaeyeol, Jin-Kook Lee, Jungsik Choi, and Inhan Kim. "Deep learning-based extraction of predicate-argument structure (PAS) in building design rule sentences☆." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 7, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwaa046.

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Abstract This paper describes an approach to extracting a predicate-argument structure (PAS) in building design rule sentences using natural language processing (NLP) and deep learning models. For the computer to reason about the compliance of building design, design rules represented by natural language must be converted into a computer-readable format. The rule interpretation and translation processes are challenging tasks because of the vagueness and ambiguity of natural language. Many studies have proposed approaches to address this problem, but most of these are dependent on manual tasks, which is the bottleneck to expanding the scope of design rule checking to design requirements from various documents. In this paper, we apply deep learning-based NLP techniques for translating design rule sentences into a computer-readable data structure. To apply deep learning-based NLP techniques to the rule interpretation process, we identified the semantic role elements of building design requirements and defined a PAS for design rule checking. Using a bidirectional long short-term memory model with a conditional random field layer, the computer can intelligently analyze constituents of building design rule sentences and automatically extract the logical elements. The proposed approach contributes to broadening the scope of building information modeling-enabled rule checking to any natural language-based design requirements.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The scope of the rule"

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Tötterman, Richard. "The scope of the rule locus regit actum in the conflict of laws /." Oxford, 2007. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz27706886xinh.pdf.

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Rydén, Erik. "Exploring the Scope of Article 19(1) TEU: A New Horizon for the Enforcement of the Rule of Law in EU Member States?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431684.

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Solari, L., der Stuyft P. Van, and Alonso Soto. "Development of a clinical prediction rule for tuberculous meningitis in adults in Lima, Peru." Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624693.

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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
Objectives: Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TM) is a challenge in countries with a high burden of the disease and constrained resources and clinical prediction rules (CPRs) could be of assistance. We aimed at developing a CPR for diagnosis of TM in a Latin American setting with high tuberculosis incidence and a concentrated HIV epidemic. Methods: We enrolled adult patients with clinical suspicion of TM attending two hospitals in Lima, Peru. We obtained information on potential anamnestic, clinical and laboratory predictive findings that are easy to collect and promptly available. We independently diagnosed TM according to a composite reference standard that included a series of microbiological tests. We performed bivariate analysis and constructed a logistic regression model to select the predictive findings associated with TM. With the selected predictors included in the model, we developed a score-based CPR. We assessed its internal validity and diagnostic performance. Results: Of 155 analysed patients, 59 (38%) had TM. The CPR we derived includes three predictors: cough for 14 days or more, 10–500 cells in CSF and adenosine deaminase ≥ 6 U/l in CSF. It classifies patients into high-, moderate- or low-score groups and has an overall area under the ROC curve of 0.87. 59% of patients were assigned to either the high- or the low-score group, permitting prompt decision-making. In patients in the high-score group, it attains a positive likelihood ratio for TM of 10.6 and in patients with low scores, a negative likelihood ratio of 0.10. Bootstrap analysis indicated high internal validity. Conclusion: This CPR could support decision-making in patients with clinical suspicion of TM. External validation and further assessment of its clinical impact are necessary before application in other settings.
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Schroiff, Anna. "Using a Rule-System as Mediator for Heterogeneous Databases, exemplified in a Bioinformatics Use Case." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-975.

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Databases nowadays used in all kinds of application areas often differ greatly in a number of properties. These varieties add complexity to the handling of databases, especially when two or more different databases are dependent.

The approach described here to propagate updates in an application scenario with heterogeneous, dependent databases is the use of a rule-based mediator. The system EruS (ECA rules updating SCOP) applies active database technologies in a bioinformatics scenario. Reactive behaviour based on rules is used for databases holding protein structures.

The inherent heterogeneities of the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database and the Protein Data Bank (PDB) cause inconsistencies in the SCOP data derived from PDB. This complicates research on protein structures.

EruS solves this problem by establishing rule-based interaction between the two databases. The system is built on the rule engine ruleCore with Event-Condition-Action rules to process PDB updates. It is complemented with wrappers accessing the databases to generate the events, which are executed as actions. The resulting system processes deletes and modifications of existing PDB entries and updates SCOP flatfiles with the relevant information. This is the first step in the development of EruS, which is to be extended in future work.

The project improves bioinformatics research by providing easy access to up-to-date information from PDB to SCOP users. The system can also be considered as a model for rule-based mediators in other application areas.

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Fallis, Don, and Peter J. Lewis. "The Brier Rule Is not a Good Measure of Epistemic Utility (and Other Useful Facts about Epistemic Betterness)." ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621517.

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Measures of epistemic utility are used by formal epistemologists to make determinations of epistemic betterness among cognitive states. The Brier rule is the most popular choice (by far) among formal epistemologists for such a measure. In this paper, however, we show that the Brier rule is sometimes seriously wrong about whether one cognitive state is epistemically better than another. In particular, there are cases where an agent gets evidence that definitively eliminates a false hypothesis (and the probabilities assigned to the other hypotheses stay in the same ratios), but where the Brier rule says that things have become epistemically worse. Along the way to this 'elimination experiment' counter-example to the Brier rule as a measure of epistemic utility, we identify several useful monotonicity principles for epistemic betterness. We also reply to several potential objections to this counter-example.
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Espinosa-Saldaña, Barrera Eloy, and Burga Alberto Cruces. "Comments on the evolution of social, economic and cultural rights in Peru and the scope of its judiciability." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108998.

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Are social, economic and cultural rights really enforceable rights? Is their nature different from those of the civil and political rights? What does our Constitution   state on the matter? What is the posture that national and international jurisprudence have adopted regarding the issue?In the article at hand, the  authors challenge the common conception about those rights, and analyze the work done by the Peruvian Constitutional Court on the matter.
¿Son los derechos económicos, sociales y culturalesexigibles realmente? ¿Su naturaleza es distinta a lade los derechos civiles y políticos? ¿Qué establece nuestra Constitución al respecto? ¿Cuál ha sido lapostura de la jurisprudencia nacional e internacional sobre la materia?En el presente artículo, los autores cuestionan la concepción que normalmente se tiene de dichos derechos, y analizan la labor que ha desarrollado el Tribunal Constitucional peruano al respecto.
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Yellanki, Sampath Kumar. "Kidney Compatibility Score Generation for a Donor - Recipient pair using Fuzzy Logic." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1345153510.

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Pachas, Pérez Diego. "Mining Exploration in Peru: A Brief Scope on the Main Authorizations for the Development of an Exploration Project in Peru." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118585.

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The purpose of the author in this article is to outline the main licenses regarding mineral exploration and publicize the usual paperwork and contingencies obtaining these permits.It also presents alternatives to traditional procedures, which are more useful in practice to expedite to start of mining exploration activities in Peru.
El fin del autor en este artículo es hacer un esbozo de los principales títulos habilitantes para lo referente a la exploración minera, así como dar a conocer los trámites y usuales contingencias que acarrean la obtención de estos permisos. Asimismo, se presentanalternativas a las tradicionales autorizaciones, que son más útiles en la práctica para agilizarel comienzo de actividades de exploración minera en el Perú.
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Tao, Yang. "Remedies in WTO dispute settlement mechanism : a study of scope, ambit, effectiveness of the mechanism and the proposals for future reform." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637073.

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Klostermann, Margret. "The Consequences of Hybrid Finance in Thin Capitalization Situations. An Analysis of the Substantive Scope of National Thin Capitalization Rules with special Emphasis on Hybrid Financial Instruments." SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/398/1/document.pdf.

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The choice of corporate finance is an important source of tax planning opportunities for multinational companies. Investing companies have to be aware of inconsistent tax classification of equity and debt between countries in particular. Additionally, thin capitalization rules have to be taken into account. In response to changing corporate needs the present paper focuses on the tax consequences of hybrid financial instruments. Only some literature exists on cross-border hybrid finance. Especially the linkage between the two areas - hybrid finance and thin capitalization - both on a national and international level had to be dealt with academically. The paper analyses the substantive scope of thin capitalization regimes in general and in detail. The main finding is that the tax consequences of hybrid instruments reverse when used in thin capitalization situations and that traditional tax policy has to be reconsidered. (author's abstract)
Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
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Books on the topic "The scope of the rule"

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Dunion, Kevin. A Scottish Parliament and overseas aid: Scope for a distinctive approach? [Edinburgh]: University of Edinburgh, Centre of African Studies, 1991.

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The scope of the rule locus regit actum in the conflict of laws. [Helsinki?]: Richard Tötterman, 2007.

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Bebchuk, Lucian Arye. Information and the scope of liability for breach of contract: The rule of Hadley v. Baxendale. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.

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Aguilar, Narciso M. Remedial law: Basic provisions annotated : scope, the rules of civil procedure, with amendments as of 2007. 2nd ed. Quezon City, Philippines: Central Book Supply, 2009.

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Aguilar, Narciso M. Remedial law: Basic provisions annotated : scope, the rules of civil procedure, with amendments as of 2007. 2nd ed. Quezon City, Philippines: Central Book Supply, 2009.

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Aguilar, Narciso M. Remedial law: Basic provisions annotated : scope, the rules of civil procedure, with amendments as of 2007. 2nd ed. Quezon City, Philippines: Central Book Supply, 2009.

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Aguilar, Narciso M. Remedial law: Basic provisions annotated : scope, the rules of civil procedure, with amendments as of 2007. 2nd ed. Quezon City, Philippines: Central Book Supply, 2009.

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Market, Caribbean Common. Rules of origin of the Caribbean Common Market: An explanation of its scope and operational features. [Georgetown, Guyana]: Caribbean Community Secretariat, 1990.

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Court, Philippines Supreme. Remedial law: Basic provisions annotated : scope, Ordinary civil actions, rules 1-56, Provisional remedies, rules 57-61, Special civil actions, rules 62-71. Sta. [i.e. Santa] Cruz, Manila: Central Book Supply, 2004.

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1954-, Li Yen-hui Audrey, ed. Syntax of scope. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "The scope of the rule"

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Emson, Raymond. "The Scope of the Hearsay Rule." In Evidence, 126–53. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14994-0_5.

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Gao, Jing, Andy Koronios, Steve Kennett, and Halina Scott. "Business Rule Discovery Through Data Mining Methods." In Definitions, Concepts and Scope of Engineering Asset Management, 159–72. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-178-3_9.

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Chakrabarti, Gagari, and Chitrakalpa Sen. "Trends in Indian Stock Market: Scope for Designing Profitable Trading Rule?" In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 5–53. India: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1127-3_2.

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Lachiche, Nicolas, and Pierre Marquise. "Scope classification: An instance-based learning algorithm with a rule-based characterisation." In Machine Learning: ECML-98, 268–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0026697.

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Konat, Gabriël, Lennart Kats, Guido Wachsmuth, and Eelco Visser. "Declarative Name Binding and Scope Rules." In Software Language Engineering, 311–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36089-3_18.

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Ivanov, Andrei. "The Scope of Some Scoring Rules Applying." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2788-1.

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Ivanov, Andrei. "Scope of Some Scoring Rules Applying, The." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 5558–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_2788.

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Kochenov, Dimitry. "Article 7: A Commentary on a Much Talked-About ‘Dead’ Provision." In Defending Checks and Balances in EU Member States, 127–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62317-6_6.

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AbstractThe goal of this chapter is to contribute to the growing Article 7 TEU literature by showcasing the strong and weak points of this provision in the context of the on-going rule of law backsliding in Hungary and Poland threatening the very fabric of EU constitutionalism. This is done by presenting the general context of the institutional reactions to the so-called ‘reforms’ in Poland and Hungary aimed to hijack the state machinery by the political parties in charge; introducing the background of Article 7 TEU and the hopes of the drafters the provision was endowed with; to move on to the analysis of its scope and all the procedures made available through this instrument as well as the key procedural rules in place. The conclusion restates the necessity of putting our hopes in alternative instruments of combatting rule of law backsliding, outlining three possible scenarios of this, which are not (necessarily) connected to Article 7 as such.
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Friedl, Sophie. "Negotiating and Compromising. Jewish Leaders’ Scope of Action in Tunis During Nazi Rule (November 1942–May 1943)." In The Holocaust and European Societies, 225–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56984-4_13.

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Li, Chaojun, Jiaxu Zuo, Yan Chen, Wei Song, and Peng Zheng. "The Research of Selecting Scope of Maintenance Rule in the Key System of New Nuclear Power Plant." In Proceedings of The 20th Pacific Basin Nuclear Conference, 277–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2317-0_27.

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Conference papers on the topic "The scope of the rule"

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Johansson, Ulf, Rikard König, and Lars Niklasson. "Genetic rule extraction optimizing brier score." In the 12th annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1830483.1830668.

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Lin, Yuan-Horng, and Wen-Liang Hung. "Robust Clustering on Rule Usage of Probability Reasoning with Raw Rule Score." In Fourth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2007.489.

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Lin, Yuan-Horng, and Wen-Liang Hung. "Robust Clustering on Rules Usage Classification of OJT with Raw Rule Score." In Second International Conference on Innovative Computing, Informatio and Control (ICICIC 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicic.2007.493.

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Aziz, Haris, Piotr Faliszewski, Bernard Grofman, Arkadii Slinko, and Nimrod Talmon. "Egalitarian Committee Scoring Rules." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/8.

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We introduce and study the class of egalitarian variants of committee scoring rules, where instead of summing up the scores that voters assign to committees---as is done in the utilitarian variants---the score of a committee is taken to be the lowest score assigned to it by any voter. We focus on five rules, which are egalitarian analogues of SNTV, the k-Borda rule, the Chamberlin--Courant rule, the Bloc rule, and the Pessimist rule. We establish their computational complexity, provide their initial axiomatic study, and perform experiments to represent the action of these rules graphically.
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Bhosale, Mayur, Tushar Ghorpade, and Rajashree Shedge. "On demand recommendation using association rule mining approach." In 2016 International conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scopes.2016.7955650.

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Smirnova, Inga, Elmars Lipenbergs, Vjaceslavs Bobrovs, Peteris Gavars, and Girts Ivanovs. "Network Slicing in the Scope of Net Neutrality Rules." In 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers-spring46901.2019.9017846.

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Patil, Navendu, Pradeep Mahadevan, and Anindya Chatterjee. "Fatigue Laws via Functional Equations." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59243.

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In routine industrial design, fatigue life estimation is largely based on S-N curves and ad hoc cycle counting algorithms used with Miner’s rule for predicting life under complex loading. However, there are well known deficiencies of the conventional approach. Of the many cumulative damage rules that have been proposed, Manson’s Double Linear Damage Rule (DLDR) has been the most successful. Here we follow up, through comparisons with experimental data from many sources, on a new approach to empirical fatigue life estimation (‘A Constructive Empirical Theory for Metal Fatigue Under Block Cyclic Loading’, Proceedings of the Royal Society A, in press). The basic modeling approach is first described: it depends on enforcing mathematical consistency between predictions of simple empirical models that include indeterminate functional forms, and published fatigue data from handbooks. This consistency is enforced through setting up and (with luck) solving a functional equation with three independent variables and six unknown functions. The model, after eliminating or identifying various parameters, retains three fitted parameters; for the experimental data available, one of these may be set to zero. On comparison against data from several different sources, with two fitted parameters, we find that our model works about as well as the DLDR and much better than Miner’s rule. We finally discuss some ways in which the model might be used, beyond the scope of the DLDR.
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El-Bouri, Ahmed W. "A score-based dispatching rule for job shop scheduling." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2016.7797981.

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Lutz, Robert J., and Raymond Schneider. "The Health of Risk-Informed Regulation." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48898.

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Ten years ago, risk-informed regulation was proclaimed by many to be the future of regulatory activity. The three options for using risk in the regulatory arena had been defined in SECY-98-300 and efforts were initiated to develop the first regulatory changes. However, regulatory change has been slow. The revised 50.44 rule, which was supposed to be non-controversial, was not finalized until September of 2003, five years after it was started. The new 50.69 rule, which embodied the STP graded quality assurance principles, was not finalized until November of 2004 and the Pressurized Water Reactor Owners Group (PWROG) pilot plant application is still under review by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The 50.46a rule change, admittedly a very difficult and controversial undertaking, is still not finalized. On the other hand, the NRC has increased the use of plant risk insights and results in the Regulatory Oversight Process, particularly through the Significance Determination Process (SDP) and the Mitigating System Performance Index (MSPI). While the industry has been working on the major regulatory initiatives described above, they have also successfully initiated a significant number of risk-informed programs within the existing regulations. Significant among these industry efforts are the risk-informed changes to the Technical Specifications and the risk-informed changes to in-service inspection and in-service testing. One bright spot on the horizon is the use of NFPA-805, which uses fire risk insights, as an alternative to the Appendix R requirements for fire protection. The industry and the NRC are working together to develop an acceptable methodology for implementing this alternative. The increasing requirements for scope and quality of the probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) that are used as the basis for many risk-informed activities has resulted in a major slow-down in licensee implementation of new risk-informed activities. The publication of industry consensus standards is resulting in significant resource expenditures to upgrade the scope and quality of the PRAs. Once the scope and quality of the plant-specific PRAs is completed, there should again be significant implementation of risk-informed applications. In summary, risk-informed regulation has already produced significant increases in safety and has potentially reduced licensee regulatory burdens. However, the promise of risk-informed changes to regulations is still an unfulfilled expectation and will likely remain so in the near future. Once the scope and quality of PRAs is upgraded to satisfy the industry consensus standards, there should be renewed activity in implementing risk-informed programs.
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Kashima, Koichi, Tomonori Nomura, and Koji Koyama. "2004 Edition of Japanese Fitness-for-Service Code for Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93190.

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JSME (Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers) published the first edition of a FFS (Fitness-for-Service) Code for nuclear power plants in May 2000, which provided rules on flaw evaluation for Class 1 pressure vessels and piping, referring to the ASME Code Section XI. The second edition of the FFS Code was published in October 2002, to include rules on in-service inspection. Individual inspection rules were prescribed for specific structures, such as the Core Shroud and Shroud Support for BWR plants, in consideration of aging degradation by Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). Furthermore, JSME established the third edition of the FFS Code in December 2004, which was published in April 2005, and it included requirements on repair and replacement methods and extended the scope of specific inspection rules for structures other than the BWR Core Shroud and Shroud Support. Along with the efforts of the JSME on the development of the FFS Code, Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, the Japanese regulatory agency approved and endorsed the 2000 and 2002 editions of the FFS Code as the national rule, which has been in effect since October 2003. The endorsement for the 2004 edition of the FFS Code is now in the review process.
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Reports on the topic "The scope of the rule"

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Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, and Steven Shavell. Information and the Scope of Liability for Breach of Contract: The Rule of Hadley V. Baxendale. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3696.

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Poesio, Massimo. Scope Ambiguity and Inference. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada247448.

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Angrist, Joshua, Victor Lavy, Jetson Leder-Luis, and Adi Shany. Maimonides Rule Redux. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23486.

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Acemoglu, Daron, James Robinson, and Thierry Verdier. Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10136.

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Heroux, Michael Allen. The changing scope of Trilinos. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/926369.

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Nocke, Volker, and Stephen Yeaple. Globalization and Endogenous Firm Scope. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12322.

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Hart, Oliver, and Bengt Holmstrom. A Theory of Firm Scope. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14613.

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Bhatt, Monica, Jonathan Guryan, Jens Ludwig, and Anuj Shah. Scope Challenges to Social Impact. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28406.

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Picciotto, Sol. The Contested Shaping of International Tax Rules: The Growth of Services and the Revival of Fractional Apportionment. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.014.

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The digitalisation of the economy has spotlighted fundamental flaws in international tax rules, which have been exacerbated since the 1970s with the wider shift to the services economy and the growth of international services. These systemic flaws have been more evident from the perspective of countries that are mainly importers of services that have tried to retain rights to tax profits at the source from which they derive. While they succeeded in retaining a wider scope for source taxation, key provisions have been subject to continuing conflicts and contestation over their formulation and interpretation, leaving a legacy of ambiguity and confusion. Digitalisation has now sparked a dramatic reversal of perspective by more developed countries and an acceptance of principles they have long resisted: that taxation of transnational corporations can be based on apportionment of an appropriate fraction of their global income and can be by countries from where they derive income, regardless of physical presence. This paper outlines the contested process that has shaped the formulation of key provisions on taxation of international services, discusses the recent moves to reshape these rules and evaluates some policy options for capital-importing countries to strengthen their taxing rights in the current context.
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Congdon, P., M. Sanchez, and B. Aboba. RADIUS Filter Rule Attribute. RFC Editor, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4849.

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