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Tötterman, Richard. "The scope of the rule locus regit actum in the conflict of laws /." Oxford, 2007. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz27706886xinh.pdf.
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Rydén, Erik. "Exploring the Scope of Article 19(1) TEU: A New Horizon for the Enforcement of the Rule of Law in EU Member States?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431684.
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Solari, L., der Stuyft P. Van, and Alonso Soto. "Development of a clinical prediction rule for tuberculous meningitis in adults in Lima, Peru." Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624693.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.Objectives: Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TM) is a challenge in countries with a high burden of the disease and constrained resources and clinical prediction rules (CPRs) could be of assistance. We aimed at developing a CPR for diagnosis of TM in a Latin American setting with high tuberculosis incidence and a concentrated HIV epidemic. Methods: We enrolled adult patients with clinical suspicion of TM attending two hospitals in Lima, Peru. We obtained information on potential anamnestic, clinical and laboratory predictive findings that are easy to collect and promptly available. We independently diagnosed TM according to a composite reference standard that included a series of microbiological tests. We performed bivariate analysis and constructed a logistic regression model to select the predictive findings associated with TM. With the selected predictors included in the model, we developed a score-based CPR. We assessed its internal validity and diagnostic performance. Results: Of 155 analysed patients, 59 (38%) had TM. The CPR we derived includes three predictors: cough for 14 days or more, 10–500 cells in CSF and adenosine deaminase ≥ 6 U/l in CSF. It classifies patients into high-, moderate- or low-score groups and has an overall area under the ROC curve of 0.87. 59% of patients were assigned to either the high- or the low-score group, permitting prompt decision-making. In patients in the high-score group, it attains a positive likelihood ratio for TM of 10.6 and in patients with low scores, a negative likelihood ratio of 0.10. Bootstrap analysis indicated high internal validity. Conclusion: This CPR could support decision-making in patients with clinical suspicion of TM. External validation and further assessment of its clinical impact are necessary before application in other settings.
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Schroiff, Anna. "Using a Rule-System as Mediator for Heterogeneous Databases, exemplified in a Bioinformatics Use Case." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-975.
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Databases nowadays used in all kinds of application areas often differ greatly in a number of properties. These varieties add complexity to the handling of databases, especially when two or more different databases are dependent.
The approach described here to propagate updates in an application scenario with heterogeneous, dependent databases is the use of a rule-based mediator. The system EruS (ECA rules updating SCOP) applies active database technologies in a bioinformatics scenario. Reactive behaviour based on rules is used for databases holding protein structures.
The inherent heterogeneities of the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database and the Protein Data Bank (PDB) cause inconsistencies in the SCOP data derived from PDB. This complicates research on protein structures.
EruS solves this problem by establishing rule-based interaction between the two databases. The system is built on the rule engine ruleCore with Event-Condition-Action rules to process PDB updates. It is complemented with wrappers accessing the databases to generate the events, which are executed as actions. The resulting system processes deletes and modifications of existing PDB entries and updates SCOP flatfiles with the relevant information. This is the first step in the development of EruS, which is to be extended in future work.
The project improves bioinformatics research by providing easy access to up-to-date information from PDB to SCOP users. The system can also be considered as a model for rule-based mediators in other application areas.
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Fallis, Don, and Peter J. Lewis. "The Brier Rule Is not a Good Measure of Epistemic Utility (and Other Useful Facts about Epistemic Betterness)." ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621517.
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Measures of epistemic utility are used by formal epistemologists to make determinations of epistemic betterness among cognitive states. The Brier rule is the most popular choice (by far) among formal epistemologists for such a measure. In this paper, however, we show that the Brier rule is sometimes seriously wrong about whether one cognitive state is epistemically better than another. In particular, there are cases where an agent gets evidence that definitively eliminates a false hypothesis (and the probabilities assigned to the other hypotheses stay in the same ratios), but where the Brier rule says that things have become epistemically worse. Along the way to this 'elimination experiment' counter-example to the Brier rule as a measure of epistemic utility, we identify several useful monotonicity principles for epistemic betterness. We also reply to several potential objections to this counter-example.
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Espinosa-Saldaña, Barrera Eloy, and Burga Alberto Cruces. "Comments on the evolution of social, economic and cultural rights in Peru and the scope of its judiciability." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108998.
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Are social, economic and cultural rights really enforceable rights? Is their nature different from those of the civil and political rights? What does our Constitution state on the matter? What is the posture that national and international jurisprudence have adopted regarding the issue?In the article at hand, the authors challenge the common conception about those rights, and analyze the work done by the Peruvian Constitutional Court on the matter.¿Son los derechos económicos, sociales y culturalesexigibles realmente? ¿Su naturaleza es distinta a lade los derechos civiles y políticos? ¿Qué establece nuestra Constitución al respecto? ¿Cuál ha sido lapostura de la jurisprudencia nacional e internacional sobre la materia?En el presente artículo, los autores cuestionan la concepción que normalmente se tiene de dichos derechos, y analizan la labor que ha desarrollado el Tribunal Constitucional peruano al respecto.
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Yellanki, Sampath Kumar. "Kidney Compatibility Score Generation for a Donor - Recipient pair using Fuzzy Logic." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1345153510.
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Pachas, Pérez Diego. "Mining Exploration in Peru: A Brief Scope on the Main Authorizations for the Development of an Exploration Project in Peru." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118585.
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The purpose of the author in this article is to outline the main licenses regarding mineral exploration and publicize the usual paperwork and contingencies obtaining these permits.It also presents alternatives to traditional procedures, which are more useful in practice to expedite to start of mining exploration activities in Peru.El fin del autor en este artículo es hacer un esbozo de los principales títulos habilitantes para lo referente a la exploración minera, así como dar a conocer los trámites y usuales contingencias que acarrean la obtención de estos permisos. Asimismo, se presentanalternativas a las tradicionales autorizaciones, que son más útiles en la práctica para agilizarel comienzo de actividades de exploración minera en el Perú.
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Tao, Yang. "Remedies in WTO dispute settlement mechanism : a study of scope, ambit, effectiveness of the mechanism and the proposals for future reform." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637073.
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Klostermann, Margret. "The Consequences of Hybrid Finance in Thin Capitalization Situations. An Analysis of the Substantive Scope of National Thin Capitalization Rules with special Emphasis on Hybrid Financial Instruments." SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/398/1/document.pdf.
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The choice of corporate finance is an important source of tax planning opportunities for multinational companies. Investing companies have to be aware of inconsistent tax classification of equity and debt between countries in particular. Additionally, thin capitalization rules have to be taken into account. In response to changing corporate needs the present paper focuses on the tax consequences of hybrid financial instruments. Only some literature exists on cross-border hybrid finance. Especially the linkage between the two areas - hybrid finance and thin capitalization - both on a national and international level had to be dealt with academically. The paper analyses the substantive scope of thin capitalization regimes in general and in detail. The main finding is that the tax consequences of hybrid instruments reverse when used in thin capitalization situations and that traditional tax policy has to be reconsidered. (author's abstract)Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
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Dugue, Marie. "L'intérêt protégé en droit de la responsabilité civile." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010300.
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A l’heure où la réforme du droit des obligations semble imminente, l'expansion de la responsabilité civile et l'identification des dangers qui lui sont attachés s'affiche comme un sujet récurrent en doctrine. La crainte d'un enrayement de notre système invite alors à réfléchir aux moyens propres à circonscrire l'étendue du droit de la réparation. L'intérêt protégé est parfois envisagé au titre de ces outils de rationalisation. Issu des droits étrangers, il suscite cependant autant d'enthousiasme que de méfiance en droit français. Les réticences s'estompent lorsqu'on observe que l'intérêt protégé pourrait constituer un instrument utile à la redéfinition des conditions de la responsabilité civile que sont la faute et le préjudice. Actuellement fuyantes, ces conditions ne permettent qu'un filtrage imparfait' des demandes en réparation. La précision de leur signification, par référence à la notion d'intérêt protégé, réhabiliterait la dimension sélective de telles exigences. L'attrait de l'intérêt protégé pourrait également se révéler au stade de l'analyse du mode de structuration de la responsabilité civile. Aujourd'hui organisé autour de la summa divisio des responsabilités contractuelle et délictuelle, notre droit laisse progressivement place à la mise en œuvre d'une protection différenciée des intérêts. Assumée, repensée, cette hiérarchisation des intérêts pourrait porter une rude concurrence à la distinction traditionnelle des ordres contractuel et délictuel, jusqu'à, peut-être, la faire disparaîtreThe concept of "protected interests", which is well-known in many legal systems such as German or English law, is still widely ignored in French tort law. However, a recent concern has emerged in France, relating to the increasing scope of tortious liability. This is why it appears necessary to pay special attention to the tools which could help to reduce this scope of protection. Firstly, the concept of "protected interests" could be used as a way to clarify the definition of the conditions of liability, especially damage and fault. As French courts have sometimes suggested, the definition of damage could be specified by considering that it consists in the lesion of a protected interest, that is legitimate, personal and serious. The definition of fault could also be improved so as to include the concept of protected interests, through the implementation, in our legal system, of "la théorie de la relativité aquilienne" (scope of the rule theory). Thus, these two requirements could become a mean to "keep the floodgates shut". Secondly, the concept of protected interests could be used to reorganize the system of tort law. Indeed, it seems highly desirable to recognize the existence of a hierarchy between the various categories of protected interests, which is, for now, quite rudimentary. Should such a model be adopted, it could then challenge the summa divisio between tortious and contractual liabilities, on which the whole system currently rests
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Nayyar, Mnir Khan. "Scope management." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35010.
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Huchon, Cyrille. "Développement d'un autoquestionnaire pour le diagnostic des algies pelviennes aigües." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00691369.
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Les algies pelviennes aigues constituent le premier motif de consultation aux urgences gynécologiques. Les étiologies possibles de ces algies pelviennes aigues sont nombreuses et incluent à la fois des affections gynécologiques et non gynécologiques. Certaines de ces affections peuvent, en l'absence de diagnostic précoce et d'un traitement adapté, avoir des conséquences très graves. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé un autoquestionnaire standardisé de manière qualitative dédié aux urgences gynécologiques par des entretiens structurés. Nous avons ensuite construit des modèles de prédiction clinique dédiés (i) au diagnostic de rupture tubaire chez les patientes porteuses de grossesses extra-utérines et (ii) au diagnostic de torsion d'annexe à partir de cet autoquestionnaire. Après avoir défini le concept d'urgence potentiellement à risque en gynécologie, nous avons proposé (iii) un modèle de prédiction clinique de celles-ci basé sur notre autoquestionnaire standardisé. A l'issue du développement de ces modèles, nous avons sélectionné certains items de l'autoquestionnaire standardisé afin d'en proposer une version simplifiée. L'utilisation de nos modèles pour le tri et le diagnostic des patientes aux urgences gynécologiques pourrait permettre d'optimiser la prise en charge des patientes. Dans les groupes à haut risque de pathologie, les patientes pourraient bénéficier d'une prise en charge plus rapide avec une éventuelle diminution de la morbidité secondaire à la pathologie. Pour les patientes classées à bas risque, une désescalade des examens complémentaires et des chirurgies inutiles pourrait aussi permettre une diminution de la morbidité d'origine iatrogène.
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Fisher, Matthew James. "Patent scope : a study." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/3a85c653-3bf5-4676-917b-0432cb1fa12b.
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Holmlin, Rex M. "Pre-Design Methodology for Establishing Scope-Budget and Scope-Duration Alignment for Capital Projects." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10150265.
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Pre-design Methodology for Establishing Scope-Budget and Scope-Duration Alignment for Capital Projects It is well established that projects do not meet their cost, schedule and scope objectives and often fail to deliver the benefits that were hoped for. Part of the challenge is that at the conceptual/pre-design stage, the level of scope definition is often only 1-2% and the resulting pre-design cost estimates typically have an accuracy range of -50% to +100%. Project teams may not feel confident providing this information to the designers as design-to-cost targets and overall project cost management suffers as a result. The proposed methodology was developed to assist with pre-design estimating on a new student health center at a college in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Development of a preliminary work breakdown structure allowed development of a cost model targeted at the major cost elements of a capital project by removing cost elements such as sitework and general conditions that have greater variability that is often concealed in cost/SF historical data used for modeling. The regression equation developed, based on five data points of comparable projects ranging in size from 20,000SF to 72,714 SF , with a zero intercept, has an R2 of 0.9925, a P Value <0.0001 and a F test score of 661.63. 63. Using the model to validate the cost of the comparable projects resulted in a cost forecast range of -10.3% to + 39.4% as compared to industry standard expected cost range in the pre-design period of -50% to+100%. Using the forecast cost and Bromilow equations to forecast project duration resulted in duration forecasts within approximately +/-18% of the contracted durations. The need for vigorous cost management over the life of a project remains, but this methodology offers an approach to (1) develop design-to-cost targets and (2) for the project team to have greater confidence they have scope-budget and scope-duration matches as the project enters design.
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Tabella, Gianluca. "Subsea Oil Spill Risk Management based on Sensor Networks." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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This thesis consists of the evaluation of sensor-based risk management against oil spills using an underwater distributed sensor network. The work starts by highlighting the importance of having a performing leak detection system both from an environmental, safety and economic point of view. The case study is the Goliat FPSO in the Barents Sea which has to meet requirements dictated by Norwegian authorities to prevent oil spills. The modeled network is made of passive acoustic sensors monitoring the subsea manifolds. These sensors send their local 1-bit decision to a Fusion Center which takes a global decision on whether the leakage is occurring. This work evaluates how the choice of adapted Fusion Rules (Counting Rule and Weighted Fusion Rule) can affect the performances of the leak detection system in its current geometry. It will also be discussed how different thresholds, selected for a specific FR or sensor test, can change the system performance. The detection methods are based on statistical signal processing adapted to fit this application within the Oil&Gas field. The work also proposes some new leak localization methods developed so they can be coupled with the proposed leak detection methods, giving a coherent set of operations that the sensors and the FC must perform. Performances of detection techniques are assessed balancing the need for high values of True Positive Rate and Precision and low values of False Positive Rate using indexes based both on the ROC curve (like the Youden's Index) and on the PR curve (the F-scores). Whereas, performances of localization techniques will be assessed on their ability to localize the spill in the shortest time; if this is not possible, parameters like the difference between the estimated and the real leak position will be considered. Finally, some tests are carried out applying the different sets of proposed methods.
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Lewis, J. J. "Houk's Rule : An electrophilic equivalent to Cram's Rule." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373267.
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Eriksen, Øystein, and Andreas Smogeli Leite. "Rule Engine." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16750.
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This project is a study of the development of the Rule Engine, which is a validation system for quality assurance of product data used in the grocery business. The authors was asked by Cogitare AS to develop the Rule Engine. A system where users without programming skills can build rules and validate product data. The main quality attribute focus is robustness and user friendliness. A survey has been used by the authors to be able to explore if our objectives have been achieved and to identify further work. The questionnaire has been conducted on students and software developers.
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Rowell, Carolyn. "Scribe rule." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ59250.pdf.
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Tolley-Stokes, Rebecca. "Ereaders Rule!" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5766.
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Ferch, Elizabeth Ann. "Number and the scope of indefinites." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13023.
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This thesis examines the scopal behaviour of bare singulars and bare plurals in Shona (a Bantu language spoken in Zimbabwe). I treat these expressions as indefinites which are assigned scope via choice functions; the function variable may be existentially closed, yielding an existential or nonspecific interpretation, or it may be free, taking its value from the context and yielding a referential or specific reading.
I argue that apparent scope differences between singulars and plurals can be explained by the semantics of plurality. In Shona, bare plurals appear to be scopally ambiguous with respect to a clausemate scopeless quantifier (a numeral or shoma ‘(a) few’), while bare singulars must take wide scope over scopeless quantifiers. I argue that scopeless quantifiers are intersective modifiers rather than quantifying determiners, and that the sentences with bare plurals in fact have only one reading, a cumulative reading, which subsumes the truth conditions for the apparent wide and narrow scope readings. Another modifier, ose ‘all’, patterns with scopeless quantifiers in its scopal possibilities; I claim that ose denotes an operator which returns the supremum of its complement.
There is also an apparent scope difference in negative clauses and clauses with the universal quantifier oga-oga ‘every’ in object position: bare plural subjects appear to have both narrow and wide scope readings, while bare singular subjects appear to be restricted to wide scope. I argue that due to the interaction of information structure and syntactic structure, subjects in Shona must be specific, appearing to take widest scope; apparent narrow scope readings of bare plural subjects are due to nonmaximality and homogeneity.
Contrary to appearances, then, bare singulars and bare plurals do not have different scope possibilities; rather, sentences which contain plurals have more general truth conditions than those which contain singulars.
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Nakamura, Masanori 1966. "Move a, scope, and relativized minimality." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56651.
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This thesis deals with two aspects of operators within the framework of Government and Binding theory; (i) how they are assigned their scope, and (ii) how they are licensed. In an attempt to answer these questions, the relation of Move $ alpha$ (such as scrambling, NP-movement, and wh-movement) to the scope of operators and the licensing of wh-elements, negative polarity items, and adverbs are examined. It is argued that scope assignment is dictated by the Scope Principle and the Empty Category Principle. It is also argued that licensing of operators is determined by the Feature-Dependent Item Criterion. These principles and criterion make use of the concept of Government Theory Compatibility, which is built into Relativized Minimality. It is suggested that this concept should be characterized in terms of a set of lexical features. The approach advocated here accounts for the interpretive and distributional behavior of operators without recourse to parameterization of LF principles.
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Uchida, Hiroyuki. "Scope alternation and type logical grammar." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444058/.
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This thesis provides an analysis of QNP scope which naturally explains the characteristic tensed-clause locality constraint. Linguistically, I argue that QNP scope is not explained by A-bar movement or A-movement. A-bar movement is different from QNP scope in terms of the locality constraints and A-movement is not flexible enough to explain scope ambiguity. Instead of reducing QNP scope to A-bar or A-movement phenomena, I argue that scope ambiguity is a result of an independent operation that allows us to merge QNPs as syntactic arguments of the local functors even though they are semantically operators. To instantiate this idea, I reformulate Hendriks' argument raising as a special rule (called Argument Slot Raising or ASR) in a non-associative grammar NL. ASR only affects the local functor of the QNP in question. Thus, the QNP's scope is predicted to stay within the final output of this functor. For control/auxiliary/raising constructions, I extend NL by introducing an association rule that is restricted by a pair of merge modes in Moortgat's (1997) Multi-Modal grammar. This structural rule may postpone the saturation of NP argument slots, allowing a complex predicate to be formed. Application of ASR to such complex predicates may switch QNP scope within each finite TP. Structural rules for A-bar movement are introduced in terms of introduction and discharge of modally marked hypothetical categories, which explains the longer distance nature of A-bar extraction in comparison to QNP scope. Finally, I explain the apparent 'exceptional scope' of indefinites in terms of their domain restriction and anaphoric dependency on other operators. This maintains the uniform locality of QNP scope. The underlying claim is that the QNP scope switch mechanism itself does not involve structural ambiguity. The thesis considers the implications for natural language grammar of implementing this idea.
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Fan, Gao Chang. "LF representations of quantifier scope interpretations." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235579.
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Mahesh, Mohan. "Expanding the scope of electron-transfer." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424298.
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Smith, Henry Forbes. "The scope of private international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620468.
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Dutton, Justine. "Expanding the scope of sulfinimine chemistry." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/40710/.
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The synthesis and application of aldimines has been well documented in the last twenty years since Ellman’s publication of the synthesis of optically pure tert-butyl sulfinamide. Within the Stockman group their application to the aza-Darzens reaction has been explored. This work is an expansion of the previously reported aza-Darzens synthesis of aziridine 2-carboxylates with particular emphasis on increasing the scope and specific attention on heteroaryl-substituted aldimines and ketimines. A wide range of sulfinimines was screened with a variety of ester partners giving di- and tri-substituted aziridine 2-carboxylates. Overall the yields were good with di-substituted aziridines giving the best results. Tri-substituted aziridines were produced in variable yields and selectivity with some heteroaromatic substrates tolerated. Attempts to synthesise vinyl aziridine 2-carboxylates proved to be disappointing with a cyclopropane byproduct being observed. Attempts to avoid production of the byproduct were unsuccessful. It has been shown that vinyl aziridine 2-carboxylates will undergo rearrangement to cyclic sulfoximines. Mechanistic studies have indicated that this proceeds through a concerted sigmatropic rearrangement as neither radical traps nor polar solvents inhibited the reaction. The synthetic utility of aldimines as chiral precursors to isothiazolidines was briefly investigated, however this ultimately proved unsuccessful.
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Wahab, Nor-Ul. "Evaluation of Supervised Machine LearningAlgorithms for Detecting Anomalies in Vehicle’s Off-Board Sensor Data." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Mikrodataanalys, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28962.
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A diesel particulate filter (DPF) is designed to physically remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine. Frequently replacing DPF is a waste of resource and waiting for full utilization is risky and very costly, so, what is the optimal time/milage to change DPF? Answering this question is very difficult without knowing when the DPF is changed in a vehicle. We are finding the answer with supervised machine learning algorithms for detecting anomalies in vehicles off-board sensor data (operational data of vehicles). Filter change is considered an anomaly because it is rare as compared to normal data. Non-sequential machine learning algorithms for anomaly detection like oneclass support vector machine (OC-SVM), k-nearest neighbor (K-NN), and random forest (RF) are applied for the first time on DPF dataset. The dataset is unbalanced, and accuracy is found misleading as a performance measure for the algorithms. Precision, recall, and F1-score are found good measure for the performance of the machine learning algorithms when the data is unbalanced. RF gave highest F1-score of 0.55 than K-NN (0.52) and OCSVM (0.51). It means that RF perform better than K-NN and OC-SVM but after further investigation it is concluded that the results are not satisfactory. However, a sequential approach should have been tried which could yield better result.
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Huang, Zhiheng. "Rule model simplification." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/904.
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Due to its high performance and comprehensibility, fuzzy modelling is becoming more and more popular in dealing with nonlinear, uncertain and complex systems for tasks such as signal processing, medical diagnosis and financial investment. However, there are no principal routine methods to obtain the optimum fuzzy rule base which is not only compact but also retains high prediction (or classification) performance. In order to achieve this, two major problems need to be addressed. First, as the number of input variables increases, the number of possible rules grows exponentially (termed curse of dimensionality). It inevitably deteriorates the transparency of the rule model and can lead to over-fitting, with the model obtaining high performance on the training data but failing to predict the unknown data successfully. Second, gaps may occur in the rule base if the problem is too compact (termed sparse rule base). As a result, it cannot be handled by conventional fuzzy inference such as Mamdani. This Ph. D. work proposes a rule base simplification method and a family of fuzzy interpolation methods to solve the aforementioned two problems. The proposed simplification method reduces the rule base complexity via Retrieving Data from Rules (RDFR). It first retrieves a collection of new data from an original rule base. Then the new data is used for re-training to build a more compact rule model. This method has four advantages: 1) It can simplify rule bases without using the original training data, but is capable of dealing with combinations of rules and data. 2) It can integrate with any rule induction or reduction schemes. 3) It implements the similarity merging and inconsistency removal approaches. 4) It can make use of rule weights. Illustrative examples have been given to demonstrate the potential of this work. The second part of the work concerns the development of a family of transformation based fuzzy interpolation methods (termed HS methods). These methods first introduce the general concept of representative values (RVs), and then use this to interpolate fuzzy rules involving arbitrary polygonal fuzzy sets, by means of scale and move transformations. This family consists of two sub-categories: namely, the original HS methods and the enhanced HS methods. The HS methods not only inherit the common advantages of fuzzy interpolative reasoning -- helping reduce rule base complexity and allowing inferences to be performed within simple and sparse rule bases -- but also have two other advantages compared to the existing fuzzy interpolation methods. Firstly, they provide a degree of freedom to choose various RV definitions to meet different application requirements. Secondly, they can handle the interpolation of multiple rules, with each rule having multiple antecedent variables associated with arbitrary polygonal fuzzy membership functions. This makes the interpolation inference a practical solution for real world applications. The enhanced HS methods are the first proposed interpolation methods which preserve piece-wise linearity, which may provide a solution to solve the interpolation problem in a very high Cartesian space in the mathematics literature. The RDFR-based simplification method has been applied to a variety of applications including nursery prediction, the Saturday morning problem and credit application. HS methods have been utilized in truck backer-upper control and computer hardware prediction. The former demonstrates the simplification potential of the HS methods, while the latter shows their capability in dealing with sparse rule bases. The RDFR-based simplification method and HS methods are further integrated into a novel model simplification framework, which has been applied to a scaled-up application (computer activity prediction). In the experimental studies, the proposed simplification framework leads to very good fuzzy rule base reductions whilst retaining, or improving, performance.
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Stahl, Frederic Theodor. "Parallel rule induction." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508872.
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Classification rule induction on large datasets is a major challenge in the field of data mining in a world where massive amounts of data are recorded on a large scale. There are two main approaches to classification rule induction; the 'divide and conquer' approach and the 'separate and conquer' approach. Even though both approaches deliver a comparable classification accuracy, they differ when it comes to rule representation and quality of rules in certain circumstances. There is the intuitive representation of classification rules in the form of a tree when using the 'divide and conquer' approach which is easy to assimilate by humans. However, modular rules induced by the 'separate and conquer' approach generally perform better in environments where the training data of the classifier is noisy or contains clashes. The term 'modular rules' is used to mean any set of rules describing some domain of interest. They will generally not fit together naturally in a decision tree. Both approaches are challenged by increasingly large volumes of data. There have been several attempts to scale up the 'divide and conquer' approach, however there is very little work on scaling up the 'separate and conquer' approach. One general approach is to use supercomputers with faster hardware to process these huge amounts of data, yet modest-sized organisations may not be able to afford such hardware. However most organisations have local computer workstations that they use for many applications such as word processing or spreadsheets. These computer workstations are usually connected in a local network and mainly used during normal working hours and are usually idle overnight and at weekends. During these idle times these computer workstations connected in a network could be used for data mining applications on large datasets. This research focuses on a cheap solution for modest sized organisations that cannot afford fast supercomputers. For this reason this work aims to utilise the computational power and memory of a network of workstations. In this research a novel framework for scaling up modular classification rule induction is presented, based on a distributed blackboard architecture. The framework is called PMCRI (Parallel Modular Classification Rule Inducer). It provides an underlying communication infrastructure for parallelising a whole family of modular classification rule induction algorithms: the Prism family. Experimental results obtained show a good scale up behaviour on various datasets and thus confirm the success of PMCRI.
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Maeresera, Sulaiman Godspower. "Scope creep management challenges in an outsourced e-commerce project management company in Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3015.
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Thesis (MTech (Project Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Scope creep is a common cause of project failures. This results in wastage of money, decreased satisfaction and causes the project value not to be met. Most projects seem to suffer scope creep and stakeholders, and project teams are continuously frustrated by it. Why are the effective means of managing scope seemingly escaping us? There is a lot of literature on the most effective methods of curbing scope creep. Various methodologies and project management software has been developed to deal with the issue of scope creep. However it is still regarded as one of the main challenges facing various projects. One of the active outsourced e-commerce project management companies in Cape Town, South Africa, observed that scope creep was affecting almost every project. Even well-executed e-commerce projects that meet time and budget constraints often fail to meet the expectations of the clients. In most cases the root cause can be traced back to scope issues. It has been observed that almost all e-commerce projects have to deal with scope creep. Project managers, customers and developers do not shoulder all the blame. This research study explores the challenges of managing scope creep. It aims to unveil the extent to which scope creep affects projects, and the underlying challenges of managing scope creep. More and more projects are failing regardless of the documentation, and training programmes on scope management. Perceptions of all the stakeholders are highlighted. The study also seeks to assist project managers on how to avoid scope creep. It has been proven that attempting to avoid it does not eliminate the problem. Therefore, this research study aims to bring about a practical solution to scope creep in e-commerce projects. This research study adopted both a qualitative research approach. Stemming from the findings of this study, recommendations such as employing well trained project managers, who are also trained developers, to assist in scoping the complex projects were made. Clients should also be participants in the scope management initiatives and should be consulted throughout the project. This research study was also done with the intention of assisting Project Management students’ training by contributing to the Project Management body of knowledge. This would help trainers and educators understand the real challenges in the field, and prepare them to provide solutions for future practice.
32
Stenlund, Nilsson Ivner Jenny. "Municipal Energy Planning : Scope and Method Development." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-16398.
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Swedish municipalities are required to produce a municipal energy plan for their energy supply and use. Whether energy planning is suitable to manage local energy systems, however, is subject to debate. This thesis maps municipal energy planning: the scopes of energy plans and whether goals stated in energy plans are fulfilled. It also presents a pilot project with the implementation of an energy planning process where four different decision-making tools were applied: a Citizen’s panel, scenario techniques and quantitative and qualitative environmental assessments. The results from the mapping of energy planning and the experiences from the pilot project are then the bases for a discussion about the effectiveness of energy planning. The thesis is based on six papers; five scientific papers and one working paper. The first three papers contribute to mapping municipal energy planning in terms of expressed volition (goals, measures and strategies in the energy plans), whether goals are fulfilled and the extent of environmental analyses and assessments in the plans. The three subsequent papers present the implementation and evaluations of the energy planning process in the pilot project. The scopes of the studied energy plans have varied over time and have been adaptive to external factors such as contemporary energy policies and international trends. Environmental analyses and assessments were more commonly occurring in the energy plans adopted between 2006 and 2008 compared to those adopted between 1995 and 1998. The environmental analyses and assessments were however less comprehensive in the newer energy plans. Most positive development, in terms of fulfilled goals, took place for issues within the power of the local authority, for example district heating expansion and energy efficiency measures in public buildings. Experiences from the pilot project showed that decision-making tools can contribute to a broader scope of energy planning, more comprehensive environmental assessments and legitimacy. Based on the research findings possibilities for more effective energy planning are discussed. Effectiveness is discussed in terms of scope and legitimacy and how a broad scope and legitimacy are affected by the use of decision-making tools. It is concluded that energy planning has potential for being an effective tool for strategic energy work at the local level. The use of decision-making tools can also contribute to learning as well as legitimacy to energy planning.
33
Khan, Ahmad Salman, and Mira Kajko-Mattsson. "Demarcating the Scope of a Handover Process." KTH, Programvaru- och datorsystem, SCS, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90207.
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Despite the fact that a handover process is just as frequently performed as any development process, little is known about it. Still, it is regarded as one of the lifecycle processes that is not well explored and defined. In this paper, we study the handover process within eighteen companies with the purpose of demarcating its scope within software lifecycle. Our goal is to find out how industry understands handover process and how it places it within software lifecycle. As a result, we have identified seven different scope contexts for the handover process. We have also provided evidence of its wide lifecycle span and its overlap with development, predelivery and postdelivery maintenance processes.© 2010 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. Qc 20120223
34
Gerfen, Chip. "Reciprocity in Spanish: Two Puzzles of Scope." University of Arizona Linguistics Circle, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/226594.
Full textAbstract:
Heim, Lasnik, and May (1991a, henceforth HLMa) note an interesting contrast in the behavior of the following sentences in English (their 78a -b): 1.a) They look like each other. b) They look alike. As HLMa point out, when embedded, the two sentences have distinct properties (their 79a -b): 2.a) John and Mary think they look like each other. b) John and Mary think they look alike. Sentence (2a) is ambiguous between broad and narrow scope interpretations. Thus, (2a) can either mean 'John thinks he looks like Mary, and Mary thinks that she looks like John' (the broad reading) or 'John and Mary think they (John and Mary) look like each other' (the narrow reading). In contrast, (2b) can only be construed with narrow scope. For HLMa the ambiguity of (2a) receives an explanation in terms of the morphological complexity of the reciprocal expression each other. Specifically, the quantificational distribution element each is adjoined to an antecedent, which is then subject to QR via the rule move-α at logical form (see May 1977, 1985). Put simply, this allows for different scope interpretations, depending on how far up the phrase marker each is moved. In contrast, the morphologically simplex alike contains no detachable distribution element, and, as a result, only the narrow scope reading is available. Of interest here is the fact that HLMa base their argument on the distinction between reciprocal meaning that is incorporated within a morphologically simplex versus a morphologically complex item. In support of this claim, they offer the following minimal pair of sentences from Italian (attributed to Luigi Rizzi): 3.a) I due pensano [di essersi battuti] (contradictory); the two thought be-each other-clitic beaten b) I due pensano [di avere prevalso l'uno sull'altro] (ambiguous); the two thought have prevailed the one over the other HLMa note that when taken by themselves, the embedded clauses in (3a -b) are both contradictory, but that only (3b) receives a non -contradictory reading in the embedded construction. In a manner analogous to their treatment of the English data in (1 -2), HLMa claim that this distinction is attributable to the fact that the clitic in (3a) forms a morphological unit with the verb to which it is attached and, thus, cannot be moved at LF. In contrast, they follow Belletti (1982) in arguing that the full form of the Italian reciprocal l'uno...l'altro includes a distributor l'uno which can be detached and moved at LF. Though no specific analysis is provided, it is assumed that the broad scope, and hence non -contradictory, construal of (3b) is attributable to the adjunction of the distributor l'uno to the antecedent I due. With these facts in mind, I consider the question of scope in Spanish reciprocal constructions. In sections 2 and 3, I present a surprising scope asymmetry between non -full (clitic) and full reciprocal constructions, which indicates that unlike English, the full reciprocal el uno al otro in Spanish does not allow for broad scope interpretations when embedded. In section 4, I argue that el uno al otro in Spanish is best analyzed as an adjunct, rather than as the subcategorized argument of the verb. And in section 5, I explore HLM's (1991b) "each-binding" variant of the movement analysis proposed in HLMa, showing that the asymmetry between full and non -full reciprocals can be accounted for in terms of the obligatory local A'-binding of the variable el uno of the adjoined full form. In section 6, I expand the data, providing evidence of another scope asymmetry. Specifically, I show that in contrast to the el uno al otro adjunct of the clitic doubled construction, VP adjuncts such as prepositional phrases with a reciprocal object do allow broad construals from embedded clauses. I argue that this asymmetry motivates the need to formally distinguish between at least two types of adjuncts, appositional adjuncts such as the doubled el uno al otro construction, and standard adjuncts such as PPs. I suggest that a profitable way of making this distinction can be found in restricting the assignment of referential indexes in the Relativized Minimality framework (Rizzi 1990). This approach both preserves the account of the asymmetry between non-full or clitic reciprocals and their doubled counterparts, as allows for broad construals from standard adjuncts.
35
Inglis, S. "The form and scope of naturalised epistemology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604930.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is about the methodology of philosophy. In particular, it represents an attempt to answer the question 'What is it to do naturalised epistemology?' Naturalised epistemology has become a popular movement in the last thirty years, but there is no consensus as to what exactly it is to subscribe to this movement. In my thesis I locate what I call a "core idea" which is common to all conceptions of naturalised epistemology, portraying it as a philosophical movement with an inclusive attitude to empirical science. I then attempt to work out the way in which this "core idea" can best be developed into a defensible and broad programme of philosophical inquiry. Naturalism is also usually seen as a reaction against a prior philosophical orthodoxy; and I argue that the key respect in which naturalism should be seen as differing from earlier philosophical movements is in its rejection of the view that philosophical inquiry can be conducted a priori. I explore the consequences of this move for philosophical methodology, with particular reference to the problem of Cartesian scepticism.
36
Tang, Siu-ting Loretta, and 鄧小婷. "Re-defining the scope of facility management." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45164964.
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Hampson, S. D. "The grounds and scope of egalitarian justice." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/17981/.
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The main problem that the thesis is concerned with is: in which contexts is the maintenance of inequalities in the distribution of social goods unjust, and why is it unjust in these contexts? The thesis has three main sections. In the first section I reject Thomas Nagel's argument that, even when applied to only the coercive institutions of the state, egalitarian principles could be reasonably rejected on the grounds that they would be overly demanding on those who could be better off in feasible non-egalitarian distributions. In rejecting Nagel's position, I argue that coercion involves a particular justificatory problem which rules out the considerations of partiality that Nagel appeals to from being grounds for reasonable rejection of principles of justice in this context. The focus of the second section is whether egalitarian principles of distributive justice might apply beyond the coercive institutions of the state - to, for example, the broader set of institutions which make up the 'basic structure' of a system of social cooperation. I argue against the recent work of Michael Blake and Thomas Nagel and conclude that institutional coercion, while sufficient to ground egalitarian principles of distributive justice, is not necessary. Non-coercive interactions in which one has no reasonable alternative but to comply with another's will may also raise the justificatory problems which lead us to egalitarianism. The third section discusses whether principles of egalitarian distributive justice apply beyond institutions, and to personal decisions, through what G.A. Cohen has called an 'egalitarian ethos'. I argue that while no compelling ground for the egalitarian ethos has yet been given, the arguments against it in the recent literature are also flawed. In particular, I argue that the objections that an egalitarian ethos would be overly 'demanding' or fail to meet a 'publicity constraint’ are not convincing.
38
Malmsjö, Henrik. "Patent Scope : A Law and Economics Analysis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-238882.
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Gardiner, Stuart David. "Expanding the scope of phase-transfer epoxidation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438282.
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40
Aguero, Bautista Calixto. "Cyclicity and the scope of wh-phrases." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8200.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-221).
This thesis argues that in a constituent question with a universal quantifier, syntactic reconstruction of the wh-phrase below the quantifier is the source of scope ambiguities. In particular, I argue, based on the interaction of PL-readings with binding conditions A and B, that syntactic reconstruction of the wh-phrase below the quantifier is necessary for the PL-readings or family-of-questions interpretation to be available. The thesis takes as a starting point the assumption, fundamental to the approaches of May (1985), Aoun and Li (1993), and Chierchia (1993), that wh-quantifier interaction is subject to a nesting-crossing asymmetry. Two things are shown in the first two chapters: 1) that the subject-object asymmetry is a relative phenomenon depending on the type of the quantifier used (whether one uses each vs every), and the type of the wh-phrase extracted (e.g. a which-phrase vs. a how many-phrase,) and 2), questions with quantifiers exemplifying nesting configurations are in fact unambiguous when reconstruction of the wh-phrase is blocked by binding theoretic principles. The data show that nesting is insufficient, whereas reconstruction is necessary condition for the availability of PL-readings. The proper treatment of wh-quantifier interaction is therefore one that treats the phenomenon in terms of reconstruction.
(cont.) The second part of the thesis argues that reconstruction is necessary for PL-readings, because such interpretations are a particular case of variable binding in which the universal quantifier binds an implicit variable in one of the copies of the wh-phrase, which is analyzed as a skolemized choice function as in Kratzer's (1998) theory of indefinites. It is argued on the basis of empirical considerations that WCO is irrelevant contra Chierchia (1993) because WCO is irrelevant for implicit variables. The third part of the dissertation shows that the reconstruction view of PL-readings opens up the possibility to use such interpretations as a diagnostic for successive cyclicity. This possibility is exploited with a certain degree of success. By comparing the interaction of overtly displaced wh-phrases with quantifiers, on the one hand, and the interaction of wh in situ and universal quantifiers, on the other, it is concluded that whereas overtly moved wh-phrases move in successive cyclic fashion, wh-phrases in situ do not get their scope via successive cyclic movement.
by Calixto Agüero-Bautista.
Ph.D.
41
Fancellu, Federico. "Computational models for multilingual negation scope detection." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33038.
Full textAbstract:
Negation is a common property of languages, in that there are few languages, if any, that lack means to revert the truth-value of a statement. A challenge to cross-lingual studies of negation lies in the fact that languages encode and use it in different ways. Although this variation has been extensively researched in linguistics, little has been done in automated language processing. In particular, we lack computational models of processing negation that can be generalized across language. We even lack knowledge of what the development of such models would require. These models however exist and can be built by means of existing cross-lingual resources, even when annotated data for a language other than English is not available. This thesis shows this in the context of detecting string-level negation scope, i.e. the set of tokens in a sentence whose meaning is affected by a negation marker (e.g. 'not'). Our contribution has two parts. First, we investigate the scenario where annotated training data is available. We show that Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks are state-of-the-art models whose features can be generalized across language. We also show that these models suffer from genre effects and that for most of the corpora we have experimented with, high performance is simply an artifact of the annotation styles, where negation scope is often a span of text delimited by punctuation. Second, we investigate the scenario where annotated data is available in only one language, experimenting with model transfer. To test our approach, we first build NEGPAR, a parallel corpus annotated for negation, where pre-existing annotations on English sentences have been edited and extended to Chinese translations. We then show that transferring a model for negation scope detection across languages is possible by means of structured neural models where negation scope is detected on top of a cross-linguistically consistent representation, Universal Dependencies. On the other hand, we found cross-lingual lexical information only to help very little with performance. Finally, error analysis shows that performance is better when a negation marker is in the same dependency substructure as its scope and that some of the phenomena related to negation scope requiring lexical knowledge are still not captured correctly. In the conclusions, we tie up the contributions of this thesis and we point future work towards representing negation scope across languages at the level of logical form as well.
42
Hajr, Hadjar. "Investigating Nucleophile Scope in N-Acyliminium Ion." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för läkemedelskemi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-450357.
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Casamento, Katherine Imhoff. "Correct-by-Construction Typechecking with Scope Graphs." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5272.
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Dependently-typed languages are well-known for the ability to enforce program invariants through type signatures, and previous work establishes the effectiveness of this style of program verification in the implementation of type-safe interpreters for a wide class of languages with a variety of interesting scoping semantics, offering an account of dynamic semantics. This thesis covers the complementary topic of static semantics, in the form of a pattern for constructing verified typechecking procedures in a dependently-typed setting. Implementations are given for simply-typed lambda calculus and a small procedural language as well as a module system with unrestricted cyclic module dependency semantics that are traditionally hard to formalize, parameterized over the choice of base language. A library of finite graphs and decision procedures for path search queries is presented and used in the construction of the example language implementations to resolve variable references. The resulting development is suitable as a static analysis phase ("middle end") in a hypothetical end-to-end verified interpreter developed in a dependently-typed setting.
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Khan, Muhammad Shoaib Arshad. "Scope of BlockChain Technology in Energy Sector." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30850.
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World energy systems are going through a continuous change. The focus has been shifted from large thermal or hydal power generation to small distributed generation, mainly based upon renewable energy systems. This transition is also backed by some governments. There have also been significant improvements in grid technology, and modern-day smart grid can provide real time bi-directional flow of data i.e. “real time energy deficit and surplus, and also real time prices to both producers and consumers. Smart grid can also accommodate intermittent small suppliers of electricity. This shift in energy generation policy and improvement in grid technology has opened ways for small scale energy producers and consumers to share energy with each other. It has also opened ways to purchase or sale energy to unknown peers over a smart grid. Need has been felt to store these transactions among peers in a secure, non-alterable yet quickly accessible way. Blockchain technology offers to provide this secure, unalterable yet quickly accessible ledger. In this study this transition process and role of blockchain technology for future energy systems has been historically reviewed. It has been found out that on top of keeping record of Peer to Peer transactions, blockchain technology can fill many other purposes. However, technology is still not matured for large scale projects, Research projects are underway to decrease the large time and energy consumption for block building computational processes yet keeping them safe and reliable.
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Bertilsson, Daniel, and Sandy Yousef. "En undersökning av Epirocs Scope 3-utsläpp." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar produktionsutveckling (ML), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276980.
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En undersökning genomfördes för att hjälpa Epiroc att redovisa utsläpp från Scope 3 som till stor del kommer från leverantörstillverkning. Resultatet skulle levereras i form av utsläppsfaktorer som beskriver koldioxidutsläpp per vikt av ett material. Undersökningen skulle vara representativ för de nuvarande globala tillverkningsförhållandena och ta hänsyn till nyckelregionens procentuella andel av tillverkningen jämfört med den globala hastigheten per material. Baserat på en förstudie av befintliga forskningsdokument, hade de utsläppsfaktorerna som hittats en noggrannhet över 80% vilket uppfylldes genom att inkludera global tillverkningsgrad.An investigation was conducted to help Epiroc account for Scope 3 emissions which largely come from supplier manufacturing. The result was to be delivered in form of emission factors which describe carbon dioxide emissions per weight of a material. The investigation was to be representative of current global manufacturing conditions and consider key region’s percentage of manufacturing compared to the global rate, per material. Based on a pre-study of existing research papers, the data that was obtained to represent the emission factors of materials used in Epiroc’s SED machines had an accuracy above 80%, which was fulfilled by including global manufacturing rate.
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Doncom, Kay E. B. "Expanding the scope of responsive polymeric nanostructures." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/63673/.
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This thesis focuses on expanding the scope of self-assembled polymeric nanostructures and their morphology transitions in response to a variety of applied stimuli. Chapter One gives an introduction to the main concepts and techniques used throughout the thesis. Chapter Two utilises a pH-deprotectable protected acid, incorporated into a diblock copolymer, in order to induce a morphology change in response to a change in pH. In addition, the effect of the hydrophilicity of the end group upon self-assembly is investigated. Chapter Three investigates a reversible pH-responsive system to induce a reversible vesicle to micelle morphology transition. This was achieved via the synthesis of an activated ester polymeric scaffold and the post-polymerisation introduction of backbone and end group functionality. Different end groups are investigated, along with the effect the molecular weight of the polymer has on the speed of transition. In addition, the controlled release of a hydrophilic payload is demonstrated. Chapter Four focuses on the incorporation of hydrophilic blocks, hydrophobic blocks or a combination of the two into sulfobetaine methacrylate containing polymers. The synthesis of these polymers by RAFT polymerisation is discussed and the polymers are thoroughly characterised by 1H NMR spectroscopy, SEC, SLS and multi-angle DLS. Chapter Five investigates the self-assembly and thermo-responsive behaviour of the polymers synthesised in Chapter Four. The subtle differences between the polymers and the effect of these differences on the responsive behaviour are highlighted. In addition the self-assembly of a thermo- pH- and CO2- triply-responsive triblock copolymer is discussed. Chapter Six investigates the synthesis and polymerisation behaviour of a sulfobetaine acrylate, in comparison to the sulfobetaine methacrylate observed in Chapter Four.
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Huxford, George Gilbert. "The scope and development of Kant's theodicy." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-scope-and-development-of-kants-theodicy(5bff5c24-3d04-4186-9d2d-fddc943733ae).html.
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The thesis which underpins the whole study is that Kant's engagement with theodicy was career-long and not confined to his short treatise of 1791, On the Failure of All Attempted Philosophical Theodicies, which dealt explicitly with the subject. In the study, Kant's developing thought on theodicy is treated in three periods, pre-Critical, early-Critical, and late-Critical. Each of the periods has its own special character, respectively that of exploration, transition, and conclusion. In the course of developing the underpinning thesis, I argue for a further five substantial theses: o Kant's stance on theodicy developed through his career, from an essentially Leibnizian starting point to his own unique authentic theodicy. • Kant did not reject all theodicies. He rejected so-called philosophical theodicies based on theoretical/speculative reason but advanced authentic theodicy grounded in practical reason. In this way he found a middle ground between philosophical theodicy and fideism, both of which he rejected. • Kant's work in other areas, particularly that in natural science and his Critical epistemology, served to constrain his theodicy. • Metaphysical Evil conceived as limitation and Kant's Radical Evil perform the same function, namely providing the ground for the possibility of moral evil in the world. • Nevertheless, Kant's authentic theodicy fails (i) because it fails to meet his own definition (ii) it relies on the Highest Good which cannot bear the weight Kant puts on it because (a) there is no a priori deduction of a duty in its regard and (b) intractable difficulties in applying the Highest Good in practice.
48
Kilinc, Adanali Yurdagul. "How To Follow A Rule: Practice Based Rule Following In Wittgenstein." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605900/index.pdf.
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Rule following is a central concept in the philosophy of Wittgenstein who was one of the pioneers of modern philosophy. Wittgenstein criticizes the traditional concepts of rule, because they were vague, ambiguous, and idealized. He thinks that it is not possible to isolate rules from practice and that a rule takes its meaning in a certain context or in practice. Wittgenstein&rsquos concept of rule following is closely related to a set of concepts: internal relation, understanding, criterion. These concepts explains the intimate relation between rule following and practice. Wittgenstein believes that his theory of rule following does not generate some problems such as paradox of interpretation and regression. Furthermore, the concept of practice plays a central role in Wittgenstein&rsquo
s view of rule following. He removes metaphysical speculations that are put forward concerning the &ldquo
essence&rdquo
of rule following and locates rule following in a form of life, that is in a natural context. With this, he provides an explanation that clarifies misuses of language and establishes a correct relation between theory and practice.
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LaShell, Patrick Jonathon. "What's in a rule two-dimensional rule use in category learning /." Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2010. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=2019837061&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1274467478&clientId=48051.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.Includes abstract. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 23, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.
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Marinica, Claudia. "Association Rule Interactive Post-processing using Rule Schemas and Ontologies - ARIPSO." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00912580.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is concerned with the merging of two active research domains: Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD), more precisely the Association Rule Mining technique, and Knowledge Engineering (KE) with a main interest in knowledge representation languages developed around the Semantic Web. In Data Mining, the usefulness of association rule technique is strongly limited by the huge amount and the low quality of delivered rules. Experiments show that rules become almost impossible to use when their number exceeds 100. At the same time, nuggets are often represented by those rare (low support) unexpected association rules which are surprising to the user. Unfortunately, the lower the support is, the larger the volume of rules becomes. Thus, it is crucial to help the decision maker with an efficient technique to reduce the number of rules. To overcome this drawback, several methods have been proposed in the literature such as itemset concise representations, redundancy reduction, filtering, ranking and post-processing. Even though rule interestingness strongly depends on user knowledge and goals, most of the existing methods are generally based on data structure. For instance, if the user looks for unexpected rules, all the already known rules should be pruned. Or, if the user wants to focus on specific family of rules, only this subset of rules should be selected. In this context, we address two main issues: the integration of user knowledge in the discovery process and the interactivity with the user. The first issue requires defining an adapted formalism to express user knowledge with accuracy and flexibility such as ontologies in the Semantic Web. Second, the interactivity with the user allows a more iterative mining process where the user can successively test different hypotheses or preferences and focus on interesting rules. The main contributions of this work can be summarized as follows: (i) A model to represent user knowledge. First, we propose a new rule-like formalism, called Rule Schema, which allows the user to define his/her expectations regarding the rules through ontology concepts. Second, ontologies allow the user to express his/her domain knowledge by means of a high semantic model. Last, the user can choose among a set of Operators for interactive processing the one to be applied over each Rule Schema (i.e. pruning, conforming, unexpectedness, . . . ). (ii) A new post-processing approach, called ARIPSO (Association Rule Interactive Post-processing using rule Schemas and Ontologies), which helps the user to reduce the volume of the discovered rules and to improve their quality. It consists in an interactive process integrating user knowledge and expectations by means of the proposed model. At each step of ARIPSO, the interactive loop allows the user to change the provided information and to reiterate the post-processing phase which produces new results. (iii) The implementation in post-processing of the proposed approach. The developed tool is complete and operational, and it implements all the functionalities described in the approach. Also, it makes the connection between different elements like the set of rules and rule schemas stored in PMML/XML files, and the ontologies stored in OWL files and inferred by the Pellet reasoner. (iv) An adapted implementation without post-processing, called ARLIUS (Association Rule Local mining Interactive Using rule Schemas), consisting in an interactive local mining process guided by the user. It allows the user to focus on interesting rules without the necessity to extract all of them, and without minimum support limit. In this way, the user may explore the rule space incrementally, a small amount at each step, starting from his/her own expectations and discovering their related rules. (v) The experimental study analyzing the approach efficiency and the discovered rule quality. For this purpose, we used a real-life and large questionnaire database concerning customer satisfaction. For ARIPSO, the experimentation was carried out in complete cooperation with the domain expert. For different scenarios, from an input set of nearly 400 thousand association rules, ARIPSO filtered between 3 and 200 rules validated by the expert. Clearly, ARIPSO allows the user to significantly and efficiently reduce the input rule set. For ARLIUS, we experimented different scenarios over the same questionnaire database and we obtained reduced sets of rules (less than 100) with very low support.