Relevant bibliographies by topics / The second generation of biofuels

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'The second generation of biofuels'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "The second generation of biofuels"

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Zhu, Lian Dong, Erkki Hiltunen, and Josu Takala. "Microalgal Biofuels Beat the First and Second Generation Biofuels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 197 (September 2012): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.197.760.

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Recently biofuels derived from biomass have received increased concerns in an attempt to search for sustainable development. The first and second generation biofuels are unsustainable since the growth of these food or non-food crops for biofuel generation will compete for limited arable farmlands, thus increasing the risks on food availability. Microalgal biofuels, known as the third generation biofuels, have the potential for sustainable production in an economically effective manner. The advantages of microalgae as a biofuel feedstock are many, for instance, high photosynthesis efficiency, high oil content and noncompetition with food crop production on farmlands. Microalgae can be employed for the production of biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen, among others. The integrated biorefinery approach has huge potential to greatly improve the economics of biofuel production from microalgae. However, the production of microalgal biofuels is still at pre-commercial stages since it is expensive to produce substantial amount of biofuels at a large scale. Despite this, microalgae are still the most promising and best feedstock available for the biofuels. Biotechnology advances including genetic and metabolic engineering, well-funded R&D researches and policy support can make microalgal biofuels have a bright future.
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Burhani, Dian, Eka Triwahyuni, and Ruby Setiawan. "Second Generation Biobutanol: An Update." Reaktor 19, no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.19.3.101-110.

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Butanol, a rising star in biofuel, can be produced by two approaches, petrochemically and biologically. Currently, the most promising route for butanol production is by fermentation using Clostridium species through an anaerobic condition. However, similar to other biofuels, feedstock has greatly influenced the production of biobutanol and the search for inexpensive and abundant raw material is an absolute requirement for a cost-effective process. Second-generation biobutanol which is produced from lignocellulosic biomass of agricultural and forestry waste not only meets the requirement but also alleviates competition with food crops and thereby solves the problems of food scarcity from the first generation biobutanol. This paper delivered the latest and update information regarding biobutanol production specifically second-generation biobutanol in terms of production method, recovery, purification, status, and technoeconomic. Keyword: biobutanol, lignocellulose, purification, recovery, technoeconomic
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Mungodla, Sarah Gabashwediwe, Linda Zikhona Linganiso, Sukoluhle Mlambo, and Tshwafo Motaung. "Economic and technical feasibility studies: technologies for second generation biofuels." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 17, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 670–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-07-2018-0111.

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Purpose In 2008, a number of Southern African countries cultivated about 900,000 ha of Jatropha, with a number of biodiesel plants ready for production; however, none of the projects succeeded. In 2014, KiOR advanced biofuel Energy Company in the USA announced bankruptcy due to incompetent technology. Studies disclose that the reasons for biofuel plants failure are not only due to lack of incentives and unclear policies but also due to lack of economic feasibility and low production yields. This paper aims to review the techno-economy assessment of second-generation biofuel technologies. The purpose of this paper is to summarize specific techno-economic indicators such as production cost, technology efficiency and process life cycle analysis for advanced biofuel technology and to narrate and illustrate a clear view of what requires assessment to deploy a feasible advanced biofuel technology. This study also reviews assessment of biomass supply chain, feedstock availability and site selection criteria. The review also elaborates on the use of different processes, forecasting and simulation-modeling tools used in different techno-economic analysis studies. The review provides guidance for conducting a technical and economic feasibility study for the advanced biofuels energy business. Design/methodology/approach The aim of this review is, therefore, to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility studies for the establishment of viable industrial scale production of second-generation biofuels. It does so by grouping studies based on technology selection, feedstock availability and suitability, process simulation and economies as well as technology environmental impact assessment. Findings In conclusion, techno-economic analysis tools offer researchers insight in terms of where their research and development should focus, to attain the most significant enhancement for the economics of a technology. The study patterns within the scope of techno-economics of advanced biofuel reveal that there is no generic answer as to which technology would be feasible at a commercial scale. It is therefore important to keep in mind that models can only simplify and give a simulation of reality to a certain extent. Nevertheless, reviewed studies do not reach the same results, but some results are logically similar. Originality/value The originality of this article specifically illustrates important technical and economic indicators that should be considered when conducting feasibility studies for advance biofuels.
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Kupczyk, Adam, Joanna Mączyńska, Michał Sikora, Karol Tucki, and Tomasz Żelaziński. "Stan i perspektywy oraz uwarunkowania prawne funkcjonowania sektorów biopaliw transportowych w Polsce." Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 104, no. 1 (May 17, 2017): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2017.104.1.3.

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The current state and the future of the biofuels for transport sectors in Poland were presented in the paper. Because of the importance of legal conditions, crucial directives and acts affecting the shape of these sectors were discussed. The scoring multicriteria M.E. Porter method was used to research attractiveness of the national biofuel sectors, i.e. the sectors of biodiesel and bioethanol produced from edible material (so-called first gene­ration biofuels) as well as the sector of bioethanol produced from inedible material, mainly from lignocellulose (so-called second generation biofuel). Various factors of macro- and microenvironment of first generation biofuels caused regular reduction of their attractiveness. However, the sector of second generation bioethanol, which is not produced at industrial scale in Poland now, is characterized by relatively high and growing attractiveness.
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Rostek, Ewa. "BIOFUELS OF FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION." Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport 23, no. 4 (September 6, 2016): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1217259.

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Bacovsky, Dina. "How close are second-generation biofuels?" Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 4, no. 3 (May 2010): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.222.

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Carriquiry, Miguel A., Xiaodong Du, and Govinda R. Timilsina. "Second generation biofuels: Economics and policies." Energy Policy 39, no. 7 (July 2011): 4222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.036.

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Biernat, Krzysztof. "Biopaliwa drugiej generacji." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2007): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2007.5.1.18.

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In this paper clasification and definitions of biofuels for combustion engines, with special focus on UE and U.S demands for fuels is given. Main feedstocks and technologies of biofuel production, also second generation biofuels, are describe, there is also presented current situation in fuels stadarization.
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Patel, Shalu, Savita Dixit, Kavita Gidwani Suneja, and Nilesh Tipan. "Second Generation Biofuel – An Alternative Clean Fuel." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 7, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v7i3.364.

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Renewable energy resources are in high demand to decrease dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuel industries, particularly bioethanol and biodiesel, have been rapidly increasing in tandem with agricultural production over more than a decade. First-generation biofuel manufacturing is heavily reliant on agriculture food sources like maize, sugarcane, sugar beets, soybeans, and canola. As a result, the intrinsic competitiveness among foods and fuels has been a point of contention in community for the past couple of years. Existing technological advancements in research and innovation have paved the way for the manufacturing of next-generation biofuels from a variety of feedstock’s, including agricultural waste materials, crops remnants and cellulosic biomass from high-yielding trees and bushes varieties. This report discusses the existing state of second-generation biofuel manufacturing as well as the feedstock utilized in fuel production, biofuel production globally and the current situation in India. This study also explores the current advancements in the findings and advancement of second-generation biofuel extraction from various feedstock’s. The forthcoming directions of agriculture and energy industrial sectors has also been addressed in order to feed the world 's growing population and to fuel the world's most energy-intensive industry, transportation.
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Housh, Mashor, Madhu Khanna, and Ximing Cai. "Mix of First- and Second-Generation Biofuels to Meet Multiple Environmental Objectives: Implications for Policy at a Watershed Scale." Water Economics and Policy 01, no. 03 (September 2015): 1550006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x1550006x.

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Biofuel mandates are being widely used by countries to achieve multiple objectives of energy security and climate change mitigation. The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in the US specifies arbitrarily chosen volumetric targets for different types of biofuels in the US based on their greenhouse gas intensity only. Cellulosic biofuels from high yielding energy crops like miscanthus have the potential to co-generate multiple environmental impacts, including reducing nitrate runoff, being a sink for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and providing a given volume of biofuel with less diversion of land from food crop production than corn ethanol, but at a significantly higher cost. This paper quantifies the tradeoffs between profitability, food and fuel production, GHG emissions and nitrate runoff reduction with different types of biofuels in the Sangamon watershed in Illinois and analyzes the optimal mix of biofuels as well as the policies that should supplement the mandate to achieve multiple environmental outcomes. We find that a two-thirds share of cellulosic biofuel in the mandated level could reduce nitrate run-off by 20% while reducing GHG emissions by 88–100% but would reduce profits by 15–27% depending on whether a GHG policy or a Nitrate policy is used relative to the case where the mandate is met by corn ethanol alone. Additionally, the ratio of corn stover to miscanthus used to produce cellulosic biofuels is higher under a GHG policy compared to a Nitrate policy that achieves the same level of nitrate reduction. Our results show that the optimal mix of different types of biofuels and the policy to induce it depend on the environmental objectives and the tradeoffs that society is willing to make between low cost energy security, food production and various environmental benefits.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The second generation of biofuels"

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Stephenson, Anna Louise. "The sustainability of first- and second-generation biofuels using life cycle analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608636.

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Atubi, Phylander Omosigho. "Novel synthesis of silica-supported Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for second generation biofuels." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26187/.

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The objective of this study is to improve the catalytic performance of silica-supported Fischer-Tropsch cobalt based catalyst. Iron and nickel catalyst were also briefly studied. Initial work focused on synthesis of porous silica via oxidative thermal decomposition of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and its characterisation. It was shown that PDMS undergoes at least two thermal degradation steps to form silica powder. It was also demonstrated that increase in isothermal time at constant temperature and increase in temperature at constant time could be used to tune the surface area and pore volume of the synthesized silica powder. Subsequently, a novel one pot technique called the swelling in method (SIM) was developed, and employed to synthesize silica-supported cobalt, iron and nickel based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. The results of silica-supported cobalt based catalyst prepared by the swelling in method were compared with those synthesized by incipient wet impregnation method. The colloidal method was also combined with the swelling in method to prepare silica-supported cobalt nanoparticles catalyst. Characterisation of cobalt, iron and nickel based catalyst prepared by the swelling in method showed that PDMS as the initial catalyst support converted to silica powder after oxidative calcination. Physicochemical properties of silica-supported cobalt, iron and nickel catalyst prepared by the swelling in method suggest that the oxides of each metal were present inside the silica pores while cobalt based catalyst prepared by the same method had better surface area and pore volume compared to the catalyst synthesized by the incipient wetness impregnation technique. Catalytic performance of the catalyst synthesized by the swelling in and incipient wetness methods were studied in High Temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction condition. The results showed that silica-supported cobalt based catalyst prepared by the swelling in method was overall more active, generated less methane and less susceptible to deactivation by sintering and carbon deposition when compared to the catalyst prepared by the impregnation technique. Silica-supported cobalt nanoparticles catalyst had the best catalytic activity in comparison to all the catalyst studied in this work. Silica-supported cobalt based catalyst prepared by the swelling in method using cobalt nitrate exhibited the best catalytic activity while the catalyst synthesized from cobalt acetate had the least activity. The addition of ruthenium to silica-supported cobalt catalyst contributed in minimising the formation of methane when compared to the catalyst without ruthenium. Silica-supported iron and nickel based catalyst showed reasonable catalytic activity, and as expected the amount of methane generated by nickel catalyst was relatively very high compared to all the catalyst studied in this thesis.
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Dimitriou, Ioanna. "Techno-economic assessment and uncertainty analysis of thermochemical processes for second generation biofuels." Thesis, Aston University, 2013. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/19315/.

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Biomass-To-Liquid (BTL) is one of the most promising low carbon processes available to support the expanding transportation sector. This multi-step process produces hydrocarbon fuels from biomass, the so-called “second generation biofuels” that, unlike first generation biofuels, have the ability to make use of a wider range of biomass feedstock than just plant oils and sugar/starch components. A BTL process based on gasification has yet to be commercialized. This work focuses on the techno-economic feasibility of nine BTL plants. The scope was limited to hydrocarbon products as these can be readily incorporated and integrated into conventional markets and supply chains. The evaluated BTL systems were based on pressurised oxygen gasification of wood biomass or bio-oil and they were characterised by different fuel synthesis processes including: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) process and the Topsoe Integrated Gasoline (TIGAS) synthesis. This was the first time that these three fuel synthesis technologies were compared in a single, consistent evaluation. The selected process concepts were modelled using the process simulation software IPSEpro to determine mass balances, energy balances and product distributions. For each BTL concept, a cost model was developed in MS Excel to estimate capital, operating and production costs. An uncertainty analysis based on the Monte Carlo statistical method, was also carried out to examine how the uncertainty in the input parameters of the cost model could affect the output (i.e. production cost) of the model. This was the first time that an uncertainty analysis was included in a published techno-economic assessment study of BTL systems. It was found that bio-oil gasification cannot currently compete with solid biomass gasification due to the lower efficiencies and higher costs associated with the additional thermal conversion step of fast pyrolysis. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was the most promising fuel synthesis technology for commercial production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels since it achieved higher efficiencies and lower costs than TIGAS and MTG. None of the BTL systems were competitive with conventional fossil fuel plants. However, if government tax take was reduced by approximately 33% or a subsidy of £55/t dry biomass was available, transport biofuels could be competitive with conventional fuels. Large scale biofuel production may be possible in the long term through subsidies, fuels price rises and legislation.
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Pryor, Owen. "Ignition Studies of Diisopropyl Ketone, A Second-Generation Biofuel." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1637.

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This thesis focuses on ignition of diisopropyl ketone (DIPK), a new biofuel candidate that is produced by endophytic conversion. The ignition delay times behind reflected shockwaves were modeled in a high-pressure shock tube. The ignition delay times were compared to other biofuels and gasoline surrogates. Parametric studies of the ignition delay experiments were performed between 1-10 atm and 900 -1200K. An OH optical sensor was developed in conjunction for the ignition delay experiments. The OH optical sensor uses a microwave discharge lamp to generate light at 308 nm that will then be shined through the combustion reaction. Using Beer-Lambert law the concentration of OH can be obtained during ignition and oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels in a shock tube. DIPK ignition delay time experiments are planned in two shock tubes (located at UCF and UF) to provide ignition and OH time-histories data for model validation.
B.S.A.E.
Bachelors
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Aerospace Engineering
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Magnusson, Mimmi. "Energy systems studied of biogas : Generation aspects of renewable vehicle fuels in the transport system." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105120.

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The transport sector is seen as particularly problematic when concerns about climate change and dependency on fossil energy are discussed. Because of this, bioenergy is strongly promoted for use in the transport sector, both on a European level and nationally in Sweden. Even though bioenergy is considered one of the key solutions, it is generally agreed that both supply- and demand-side measures will be needed to achieve a change to a more sustainable transport system. One of the reasons for this is the limited availability of biomass, especially agricultural feedstocks competing with food or feed production. Woody biomass, however more abundant, is also exposed to tough competition from other sectors. In this thesis, the role of biogas as a vehicle fuel in a future sustainable transport system is discussed together with the prerequisites needed to realise such a transport system. Biogas is a biofuel that could be produced in several different ways: by anaerobic digestion, which is a first-generation production route, by gasification, which is a second-generation process, and by catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, a third-generation technology. The main focus in this thesis is on biogas produced by anaerobic digestion and the results show that there is a significant potential for an increase compared to today’s production. Biogas from anaerobic digestion, however, will only be able to cover a minor part of the demand in the Swedish transport sector. Considering biogas of the second and third generations, the potential for production is more uncertain in a mid-term future, mainly due to competition for feedstock, the possibility to produce other fuels by these processes, and the present immaturity of the technology. The limited potential for replacing fossil vehicle fuels, either by biogas or other renewable fuels, clearly shows the need for demand-side measures in the transport system as well. This thesis shows the importance of technical and non-technical means to decrease the demand for transport and to make the transport as efficient as possible. The results show that both energy-efficient vehicles and behavioural and infrastructural changes will be required. Policies and economic incentives set by governments and decision-making bodies have a prominent role to play, in order to bring about a shift to a more sustainable transport system, however, measures taken on individual level will also have a great impact to contribute to a more sustainable transport system.

QC 20121116

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Wu, Yi. "Experimental investigation of laminar flame speeds of kerosene fuel and second generation biofuels in elevated conditions of pressure and preheat temperature." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAM0011/document.

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La vitesse de flamme laminaire représente une grandeur physique clé à mesurer car elle permet d'obtenir des données fondamentales sur la réactivité, la diffusivité et l'exothermicité du carburant. Elle est également un des paramètres utilisés pour le développement et la validation des mécanismes réactionnels détaillés ainsi que pour la modélisation de la combustion turbulente. Bien que cette grandeur physique ait fait l'objet de nombreuses études expérimentales depuis plusieurs décennies, sa méconnaissance sur des carburants multi-composant dans des conditions haute-pression et haute-température similaires à celles existantes dans les chambres de combustion reste un sujet d'actualité pour les industriels des secteurs automobile et aéronautique. Au cours de cette thèse, un brûleur de configuration bec Bunsen fonctionnant avec un prémélange gazeux combustible/air a été conçu pour produire une flamme laminaire à pression élevée tout en permettant la mesure par voie optique de la vitesse de flamme laminaire de carburants multi-composant (kérosène, biocarburants de seconde génération...). La mesure est basée sur la détection du contour de flamme par diverses diagnostics optiques comme la chimiluminescence OH*, la PLIF-OH et la PLIF-acétone/aromatique. En premier lieu, les mélanges de carburants purs gazeux (CH4) ou liquide (acétone) avec de l'air ont été étudiés pour valider le brûleur expérimental et la méthodologie de mesure de la vitesse de flamme laminaire par voie optique. Les évolutions de la vitesse de flamme laminaire pour des carburants de type kérosène (composants purs, surrogate LUCHE et Jet A-1) en fonction de la pression, température de préchauffage et richesse ont été ensuite étudiées et comparées avec des simulations numériques utilisant un mécanisme réactionnel détaillé. La dernière partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'étude de l'influence des composés oxygénés présents dans un biocarburant de seconde génération de type d'essence sur la vitesse de flamme laminaire. Après avoir mesuré la vitesse de flamme laminaire de différentes molécules oxygénées, les effets d'addition de ces composés oxygénés dans le carburant ont été quantifiés
Laminar flame speed is one of the key parameters for understanding reactivity, diffusivity and exothermicity of fuels. It is also useful to validate both the kinetic chemical mechanisms as well as turbulent models. Although laminar flame speeds of many types of fuels have been investigated over many decades using various combustion methodologies, accurate measurements of laminar flame speeds of multicomponent liquid fuels in high-pressure and high-temperature conditions similar to the operating conditions encountered in aircraft/automobile combustion engines are still required. In this current study, a high-pressure combustion chamber was specifically developed to measure the laminar flame speed of multicomponent liquid fuels such as kerosene and second generation of biofuels. The architecture of the burner is based on a preheated premixed Bunsen flame burner operated in elevated pressure and temperature conditions. The optical diagnostics used to measure the laminar flame speed are based on the detection of the flame contour by using OH* chemiluminescence, OH- and acetone/aromatic- Planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). The laminar flame speed of gaseous CH4/air and acetone/air premixed laminar flames were first measured for validating the experimental setup and the measurement methodologies. Then, the laminar flame speeds of kerosene or surrogate fuels (neat kerosene compounds, LUCHE surrogate kerosene and Jet A-1) were investigated and compared with simulation results using detailed kinetic mechanisms over a large range of conditions including pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio. The last part of the thesis was devoted to study the effect of oxygenated compounds contained in the second generation of biofuels on the laminar flame speeds. After measuring the laminar flame speeds of various oxygenated components present in partially hydro-processed lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis oils, the effect of these oxygenates on the flame speeds of these fuels were quantitatively investigated
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Wetterlund, Elisabeth. "System studies of forest-based biomass gasification." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-74576.

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Bioenergy will play an important role in reaching the EU targets for renewable energy. Sweden, with abundant forest resources and a well-established forest industry, has a key position regarding modern biomass use. Biomass gasification (BMG) offers several advantages compared to biomass combustion-based processes, the most prominent being the possibility for downstream conversion to motor fuels (biofuels), and the potential for higher electrical efficiency if used for electricity generation in a biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC). BMG-based processes in general have a considerable surplus of heat, which facilitates integration with district heating or industrial processes. In this thesis integration of large-scale BMG, for biofuel or electricity production, with other parts of the energy system is analysed. Focus is on forest-based biomass, with the analysis including techno-economic aspects as well as considerations regarding effects on global fossil CO2 emissions. The analysis has been done using two approaches – bottom-up with detailed case studies of BMG integrated with local systems, and top-down with BMG studied on a European scale. The results show that BMG-based biofuel or electricity production can constitute economically interesting alternatives for integration with district heating or pulp and paper production. However, due to uncertainties concerning future energy market conditions and due to the large capital commitment of investment in BMG technology, forceful economic support policies will be needed if BMG is a desired route for the future energy system, unless oil and electricity prices are high enough to provide sufficient incentives for BMG-based biofuel or electricity production. While BMG-based biofuel production could make integration with either district heating or pulp and paper production economically attractive, BIGCC shows considerably more promise if integrated with pulp and paper production than with district heating. Bioenergy use is often considered CO2-neutral, because uptake in growing plants is assumed to fully balance the CO2 released when the biomass is combusted. As one of the alternatives in this thesis, biomass is viewed as limited. This means that increased use of bioenergy in one part of the energy system limits the amount of biomass available for other applications, thus increasing the CO2 emissions for those applications. The results show that when such marginal effects of increased biomass use are acknowledged, the CO2 mitigation potential for BMG-based biofuel production becomes highly uncertain. In fact, most of the BMG-based biofuel cases studied in this thesis would lead to an increase rather than the desired decrease of global CO2 emissions, when considering biomass as limited.
Bioenergi spelar en viktig roll för att nå EU:s mål för förnybar energi. Sverige har med sina goda skogstillgångar och sin väletablerade skogsindustri en nyckelposition vad gäller modern bioenergianvändning. Förgasning av biomassa har flera fördelar jämfört med förbränningsbaserade processer - i synnerhet möjligheten att konvertera lågvärdiga råvaror till exempelvis fordonsdrivmedel. Används gasen istället för elproduktion kan en högre verkningsgrad nås om gasen används i en kombicykel, jämfört med i en konventionell ångturbincykel. De förgasningsbaserade processerna har i allmänhet ett betydande överskott av värme, vilket möjliggör integrering med fjärrvärmesystem eller industriella processer. I denna avhandling analyseras integrering av storskalig biomassaförgasning för drivmedelseller elproduktion, med andra delar av energisystemet. Skogsbaserad biomassa är i fokus och analysen behandlar såväl teknoekonomiska aspekter, som effekter på globala fossila CO2-utsläpp. Forskningen har gjorts på två olika systemnivåer - dels i form av detaljerade fallstudier av biomassaförgasning integrerat med lokala svenska system, dels i form av systemstudier på europeisk nivå. Resultaten visar att förgasningsbaserad biodrivmedels- eller elproduktion kan komma att utgöra ekonomiskt intressanta alternativ för integrering med fjärrvärme eller massa- och papperstillverkning. På grund av osäkerheter i fråga om framtida energimarknadsförhållanden och på grund av de höga kapitalkostnaderna som investering i förgasningsanläggningar innebär, kommer kraftfulla ekonomiska styrmedel krävas om biomassaförgasning är en önskad utvecklingsväg för framtidens energisystem, såvida inte olje- och elpriserna är höga nog att i sig skapa tillräckliga incitament. Medan förgasningsbaserad drivmedelsproduktion kan vara ekonomiskt attraktivt att integrera med såväl fjärrvärme som med massa- och papperstillverkning, framstår förgasningsbaserad elproduktion som betydligt mer lovande vid integrering med massa- och papperstillverkning. Användning av bioenergi anses ofta vara CO2-neutralt, eftersom upptaget av CO2 i växande biomassa antas balansera den CO2 som frigörs när biomassan förbränns. Som ett av alternativen i denna avhandling ses biomassa som begränsad, vilket innebär att ökad användning av bioenergi i en del av energisystemet begränsar den tillgängliga mängden biomassa för andra användare, vilket leder till ökade CO2-utsläpp för dessa. Resultaten visar att när hänsyn tas till denna typ av marginella effekter av ökad biomassaanvändning, blir potentialen för minskade globala CO2-utsläpp med hjälp av förgasningsbaserade tillämpningar mycket osäker. I själva verket skulle de flesta av de förgasningsbaserade drivmedel som studerats i denna avhandling leda till en utsläppsökning, snarare än den önskade minskningen.
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Skalický, Michal. "Druhá generace biopaliv v reálném světě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15649.

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The diploma thesis deals with the problematics of biofuels as a renewable source of energy in transportation, which has recently gotten under social spotlight. The theoretical part is focused on an explanation of basic terminology, historical development and especially reasons for the need to replace current fosil fuels with respect to an increasing volume of CO2 and shortening oil reserves. The practical part compares characteristics, use, pros and cons of the biofuels of the first and second generation and tries to estimate benefits of the biofuels of the second generation in both economic and environmental area.
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Gibon, Thomas. "Environmental Input-Output Assessment of Integrated Second Generation Biofuel Production in Fenno-Scandinavia." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9066.

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The goal of this study is to investigate the potential implementation of integrated dimethyl ether (DME) production from by-products of the pulp and paper industry in Fenno-Scandinavia (Finland, Norway and Sweden) and to quantify the consequences of several use scenarios in which fossil fuels were gradually substituted by DME. To that end, two analytical frameworks were jointly used, life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmentally-extended input-output analysis (EEIOA). The first framework was utilised to make an exhaustive inventory of the Chemrec process and its integration in the Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish contexts. The latter framework was employed in order to incorporate this production system into a multi-regional input-output model that has been created for the purpose of the study. For data availability reasons, the stressors that have been examined are anthropogenic carbon dioxide, methane and dinitrogen monoxide, widely regarded as the elements which are responsible for the most serious environmental impacts. Three different story lines (plus a baseline scenario) were taken into account: a resource assessment scenario, in which a total implementation is assumed; a policy-independent approach setting a constant increase in the use of biofuels and a policy-compliance approach, aiming at satisfying European directive goals. It results that 5.21 to 20.6 Mt of DME can be produced, while the range of greenhouse gases emissions that can be saved thanks to a black liquor-based DME production scheme goes from 46.7 (scenario 3) to 70.5 (scenario 2) Mt in 2050, that is, 8.15–12.8% out of the otherwise total emissions in Fenno-Scandinavia. This LCA/IO analysis emphasises that the amount of greenhouse gases emissions embodied in every kg of DME highly depends on each country's background economy and evolves considerably along the decade, unit-level analysis show drastic reductions (-15% to -57% between 2000 and 2050) in DME embodied emissions. A nationwide analysis highlights a very important potential from the Finnish pulp and paper industry. All in all, it shows that such a biofuel production scheme should be implemented in countries that have an remarkable environmental profile to obtain very significant environmental performances. Only a joint effort of all the key sectors (energy, transportation, households) can lead to climate change mitigation and energy security.

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Samuel, Victor. "Environmental and socioeconomic assessment of rice straw conversion to ethanol in Indonesia : The case of Bali." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127807.

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The vast rice production in some developing Asian countries like Indonesia raises expectation on poverty alleviation and energy diversification through second generation biofuel production from rice residues, specifically rice straw. This work attempts to estimate the potential environmental and socioeconomic benefits of rice straw-to-ethanol project in Indonesia. Literature research and interviews are performed to quantify several environmental and socioeconomic indicators that are considered as the major concerns inimplementing an energy project. Assuming all the technically available rice straw in Bali is used (~244-415 kilotonne/year), ethanol production may yield gasoline replacement, lifecycle GHG savings, GDP contribution, foreign exchange savings, and employment beneficiaries of 55-93 ML/year, 140-240 millionUSD/year, 19-32 kilotonne of CO2-equivalent/year, 100-180 million USD/year, and 2,200-3,700 persons, respectively. Sensitivity analyses are done for some parameters, showing that ethanol yield, total capital cost, feed-in-tariff for electricity, and imported crude oil price are the major factors affecting the viability of rice straw-to-ethanol project in Indonesia.
Harnessing agricultural feedstock and residues for bioethanol production - towards a sustainable biofuel strategy in Indonesia
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Books on the topic "The second generation of biofuels"

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Jansen, Roland A. Second Generation Biofuels and Biomass. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527652976.

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Subcommittee hearing on second generation biofuels: The new frontier for small businesses. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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Frieden, Dorian. Emission balances of first- and second-generation biofuels: Case studies from Africa, Mexico, and Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR, 2011.

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Bajpai, Pratima. Third Generation Biofuels. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2378-2.

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Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), ed. Chemical and biochemical catalysis for next generation biofuels. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010.

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Simmons, Blake A., ed. Chemical and Biochemical Catalysis for Next Generation Biofuels. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849732857.

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Fast, Howard. Second generation. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks Landmark, 2010.

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Second generation. London: Hogarth Press, 1988.

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Fast, Howard. Second generation. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks Landmark, 2010.

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Second generation. Sevenoaks: Coronet, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "The second generation of biofuels"

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Chandel, Anuj Kumar, Tassia Lopes Junqueira, Edvaldo Rodrigo Morais, Vera Lucia Reis Gouveia, Otavio Cavalett, Elmer Ccopa Rivera, Victor Coelho Geraldo, Antonio Bonomi, and Silvio Silvério da Silva. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Second-Generation Ethanol in Brazil: Competitive, Complementary Aspects with First-Generation Ethanol." In Biofuels in Brazil, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05020-1_1.

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Raghavendra, H. L., Shashank Mishra, Shivaleela P. Upashe, and Juliana F. Floriano. "Research and Production of Second-Generation Biofuels." In Bioprocessing for Biomolecules Production, 383–400. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119434436.ch18.

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de Moraes Rocha, George Jackson, Viviane Marcos Nascimento, Vinicius Fernandes Nunes da Silva, and Anuj Kumar Chandel. "Scale-up Pretreatment Studies on Sugarcane Bagasse and Straw for Second-Generation Ethanol Production." In Biofuels in Brazil, 225–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05020-1_11.

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Ceballos, Ruben Michael. "First-generation biofuel and second-generation biofuel feedstocks." In Bioethanol and Natural Resources, 19–52. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2017]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315154299-2.

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Souza Dias, Marina O. de, Otávio Cavalett, Rubens M. Filho, and Antonio Bonomi. "Integrated first- and second-generation processes for bioethanol production from sugarcane." In Sugarcane-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts, 311–32. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118719862.ch12.

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Hirani, Arvind H., Nasir Javed, Muhammad Asif, Saikat K. Basu, and Ashwani Kumar. "A Review on First- and Second-Generation Biofuel Productions." In Biofuels: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Global Warming, 141–54. New Delhi: Springer India, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3763-1_8.

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Hayes, Daniel J. M. "Second-Generation Biofuels: Why They are Taking so Long." In Advances in Bioenergy, 163–91. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118957844.ch12.

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Chagas, André Luis Squarize. "Socio-Economic and Ambient Impacts of Sugarcane Expansion in Brazil: Effects of the Second Generation Ethanol Production." In Biofuels in Brazil, 69–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05020-1_4.

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Nanda, Sonil, Rachita Rana, Prakash K. Sarangi, Ajay K. Dalai, and Janusz A. Kozinski. "A Broad Introduction to First-, Second-, and Third-Generation Biofuels." In Recent Advancements in Biofuels and Bioenergy Utilization, 1–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1307-3_1.

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Borse, Prasanna, and Amol Sheth. "Technological and Commercial Update for First- and Second-Generation Ethanol Production in India." In Sustainable Biofuels Development in India, 279–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50219-9_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "The second generation of biofuels"

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Venturini, Osvaldo Jose, Dimas Jose Rua Orozco, and José Carlos Escobar Palacio. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MICROTURBINES OPERATING WITH SECOND-GENERATION BIOFUELS." In 16th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. ABCM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.encit2016.cit2016-0436.

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Gu¨ell, Berta Matas, Judit Sandquist, and Lars So̸rum. "Gasification of Biomass to Second Generation Biofuels: A Review." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54140.

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Biomass gasification has gained significant attention in the last couple of decades for the production of heat, power and second generation biofuels. Biomass gasification processes are highly complex due to the large number of reactions involved in the overall process as well as the high sensitivity of the process to changes in the operational conditions. This report reviews the state-of-the-art of biomass gasification by evaluating key process parameters such as gasifying agent, temperature, pressure, particle size, etc., for fluidized bed and entrained flow gasifiers. The pros and cons of each technology and the remaining bottlenecks are also addressed.
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JÄGER, Alexander, Heike KAHR, Tina ORTNER, and Renate KRÄNZL-NAGL. "BIOETHANOL FROM STRAW AND ITS PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.009.

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The consequences of global warming and the need for a reduction in greenhouse gases have led to dramatic changes in the automotive sector. Whereas the use of biofuel increased continuously over the first decade of this century, e-mobility has been deemed.by politicians and the media alike. As the development of the electric car, rechargeable batteries and charging stations are far from being fully explored, biofuels will play an important role as a bridging technology over the next 20 years. The successful use of biofuels requires its widespread acceptance by consumers. To evaluate the public opinion towards biofuels we carried out a representative opinion poll to collect information on the population’s acceptance of biofuels. The result indicates that there is a lack of interest and information about biofuels, especially among young people and women. First generation bioethanol is strongly associated with the waste of food, but the acceptance of the second generation, produced from agricultural remnants like straw from wheat or corn, is considerably higher. The interviewees see more transparent, objective and less technical information about biofuels as an essential way to increase the level of information and the acceptance rate. In summary, the introduction of biofuels must be accompanied by information campaigns if biofuels should ever reach larger market shares. The irritations caused by the manipulation of the software on the part of several automobile manufacturers of Diesel engines could pave the way for this. So, future decentralized bioethanol plants could play an important role in biofuel production and contribute to the development of rural areas. In this paper the legal aspects of biofuel usage are described, the State of the art Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic material is described, the production capacity worldwide is calculated and the results from an opinion poll concerning the public acceptance of biofuels are presented.
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Taha, Ahmed A., Tarek Abdel-Salam, and Madhu Vellakal. "Hydrogen, Biodiesel and Ethanol for Internal Combustion Engines: A Review Paper." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1011.

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Alternative fuels research has been on going for well over many years at a number of institutions. Driven by oil price and consumption, engine emissions and climate change, along with the lack of sustainable fossil fuels, transportation sector has generated an interest in alternative, renewable sources of fuel for internal combustion engines. The focus has ranged from feed stock optimization to engine-out emissions, performance and durability. Biofuels for transportation sector, including alcohols (ethanol, methanol…etc.), biodiesel, and other liquid and gaseous fuels such as methane and hydrogen, have the potential to displace a considerable amount of petroleum-based fuels around the world. First generation biofuels are produced from sugars, starches, or vegetable oils. On the contrary, the second generation biofuels are produced from cellulosic materials, agricultural wastes, switch grasses and algae rather than sugar and starch. By not using food crops, second generation biofuel production is much more sustainable and has a lower impact on food production. Also known as advanced biofuels, the second-generation biofuels are still in the development stage. Combining higher energy yields, lower requirements for fertilizer and land, and the absence of competition with food, second generation biofuels, when available at prices equivalent to petroleum derived products, offer a truly sustainable alternative for transportation fuels. There are main four issues related to alternative fuels: production, transportation, storage, handling and usage. This paper presents a review of recent literature related to the alternative fuels usage and the impact of these fuels on fuel injection systems, and fuel atomization and sprays for both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. Effect of these renewable fuels on both internal flow and external flow characteristics of the fuel injector will be presented.
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Ludwik WICKI, Ludwik WICKI. "DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFUELS PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL RAW MATERIALS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.192.

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The aim of the article is to assess the dynamics of the development of biofuels production from agricultural raw materials and the share of biofuels in the consumption of the most important agricultural raw materials with particular regard to the situation in Poland. Data used in the study are derived from OECD statistics as well as CSO statistics. The analysis covered the period from 2005 to 2016. The biofuel production on a global scale is increasingly competing with food production. Between 2002 and 2004, about 2% of harvested cereals were allocated to biofuels, and in 2016 it was almost 8%. For oil plants, this level reached 15%. Following a dynamic growth in biofuel production between 2005 and 2010, the growth slowed down considerably - to the level of 7% annually for biodiesel and 4.6% annually for bioethanol production. For the years 2017-2025, a growth rate of about 1% per year is anticipated. The slowdown in production growth is due to the reduction of political support for the development of the production of biofuels from first generation raw materials. Their production leads to competition for land resources with food production, but it has also been found to be characterized by relatively low environmental performance, including a low impact on the reduction of CO2 emissions. It is necessary to develop the production of second generation biofuels which now account for only about 7% of the production of liquid biofuels. Biofuels in Poland are produced from cereals and rapeseed oil. The production of biofuels in Poland increased from 180 million litres in 2005 to 1.2 billion litres in 2015. 1.3% of arable land was used for bioethanol production and 3.5% for biodiesel production. Total production of raw materials for biofuels was conducted on 5% of arable land in Poland. 2% of cereals and 60% of the rape crop were consumed for the production of biofuels. Under Polish agriculture conditions, biofuels production does not compete with food production yet.
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Contino, Francesco, Fabrice Foucher, Fabien Halter, Guillaume Dayma, Philippe Dagaut, and Christine Mounaïm-Rousselle. "Engine Performances and Emissions of Second-Generation Biofuels in Spark Ignition Engines: The Case of Methyl and Ethyl Valerates." In 11th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-24-0098.

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Twomey, Kelly M., Ashlynn S. Stillwell, and Michael E. Webber. "The Water Quality and Energy Impacts of Biofuels." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90294.

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Concerns over rising fuel prices, national security, and the environment have led to the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, which established a mandate for the production of at least 36 billion gallons of biofuels in 2022, up to 15 billion gallons of which can come from traditional first-generation biofuels sources such as corn starch-based ethanol. One consequence of ramped-up biofuels production is the risk of additional soil runoff. This runoff, potentially laden with nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from fertilizers, can detrimentally impact water quality. Consequently, the water treatment sector might require additional energy to remove increased quantities of sediment and run-off from nutrients and pesticides in degraded water bodies downstream of agricultural land. At the same time, the cumulative effects of increased eutrophication in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River Basins have already negatively impacted much of the aquatic life in the Louisiana-Texas continental shelf. A recent report by U.S. Geological Survey measured nitrogen loading in the Mississippi River basin as high as 7,761 metric tons per day, the highest recorded loading in the past three decades, 52% of which is attributed to loading from corn and soybean crops. Massive algae blooms that thrive in nutrient-rich water deplete the water of oxygen when they die, creating a hypoxic region. This hypoxic region, which currently covers a region the size of New Jersey, is considered to be the second-largest dead zone in the world as of 2007. As a result, the Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan of 2008 was established to reduce nitrogen and phosphorous loading by 45% in order to shrink the hypoxic region to 5,000 square kilometers. Thus, at a time when water quality priorities aim to decrease nitrogen and phosphorous loading in waterways, legislative targets are seeking to increase corn starch-based ethanol production to 15 billion gallons a year, and thereby potentially increase nitrogen loading in this region by 10–34% due to runoff. Consequently, the energy intensity for water treatment may have a two-fold challenge. Because water and wastewater treatment is already responsible for 4% of the nation’s electricity consumption, putting more stringent demands on this sector could put upward pressure on energy consumption. This analysis quantifies the impact that the mandated increase in ethanol production might have on the energy required for water treatment in the United States. It reports results from a first-order top-level analysis of the energy impacts of ethanol. The results indicate that the increased production corn-starch based ethanol in the United States is not likely to increase the energy consumed during surface water treatment, but might cause significant increases in the energy consumed during groundwater treatment.
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Jiang, Yunjian, Yong Zhang, Chengcheng Wu, and Nana Geng. "Bi-Objectives Optimization of a Second-Generation Biofuel Supply Chain under Demand Uncertainty." In 2014 International Conference of Logistics Engineering and Management. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413753.016.

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Eldeeb, Mazen A., and Malshana Wadugurunnehalage. "Chemical Kinetic Model Reduction and Analysis of Tetrahydrofuran Combustion Using Stochastic Species Elimination." In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16583.

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Abstract In this work, a chemical kinetic modeling study of the high-temperature ignition and laminar flame behavior of Tetrahydrofuran (THF), a promising second-generation transportation biofuel, is presented. Stochastic Species Elimination (SSE) model reduction approach (Eldeeb and Akih-Kumgeh, Proceedings of ASME Power Conference 2018) is implemented to develop multiple skeletal versions of a detailed chemical kinetic model of THF (Fenard et al., Combustion and Flame, 2018) based on ignition delay time simulations at various pressures and temperature ranges. The detailed THF model contains 467 species and 2390 reactions. The developed skeletal versions are combined into an overall reduced model of THF, consisting of 193 species and 1151 reactions. Ignition delay time simulations are performed using detailed and reduced models, with varying levels of agreement observed at most conditions. Sensitivity analysis is then performed to identify the most important reactions responsible for the observed performance of the reduced model. Reaction rate parameter modification is performed for such reactions in order to improve the agreement of detailed and reduced model predictions with literature experimental ignition data. The work contributes toward improved understanding and modeling of the oxidation kinetics of potential transportation biofuels, especially cyclic ethers.
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Kiesling, Elmar, Markus Gunther, Christian Stummer, and Lea M. Wakolbinger. "An Agent-based simulation model for the market diffusion of a second generation biofuel." In 2009 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2009.5429299.

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Reports on the topic "The second generation of biofuels"

1

D., Frieden, Pena N., Bird D.N., Schwaiger H., and Canella L. Emission balances of first -and second- generation biofuels: Case studies from Africa, Mexico and Indonesia. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/003508.

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Ganguli, Sumitrra, Abhishek Somani, Radha K. Motkuri, and Cary N. Bloyd. India Alternative Fuel Infrastructure: The Potential for Second-generation Biofuel Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1530891.

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Gladden, John Michael, Weihua Wu, Craig A. Taatjes, Adam Michael Scheer, Kevin M. Turner, Eizadora T. Yu, Greg O'Bryan, Amy Jo Powell, and Connie W. Gao. Tailoring next-generation biofuels and their combustion in next-generation engines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1121906.

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Ting, Kai M. Second Generation of Mass Estimation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada590623.

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Kwak, Larry W. Second-Generation Therapeutic DNA Lymphoma Vaccines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada485134.

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Armijo, J. S., M. Misra, and Piyush Kar. Second Generation Waste Package Design Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/910143.

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Sikivie, P., N. S. Sullivan, and D. B. Tanner. Second-generation dark-matter axion search. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/458887.

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Kwak, Larry W. Second Generation Therapeutic DNA Lymphoma Vaccines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada540718.

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M.A. Alvin. ADVANCED SECOND GENERATION CERAMIC CANDLE FILTERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/829652.

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Kwak, Larry W. Second-Generation Therapeutic DNA Lymphoma Vaccines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada504992.

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