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Journal articles on the topic 'The second generation of biofuels'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Zhu, Lian Dong, Erkki Hiltunen, and Josu Takala. "Microalgal Biofuels Beat the First and Second Generation Biofuels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 197 (September 2012): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.197.760.

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Recently biofuels derived from biomass have received increased concerns in an attempt to search for sustainable development. The first and second generation biofuels are unsustainable since the growth of these food or non-food crops for biofuel generation will compete for limited arable farmlands, thus increasing the risks on food availability. Microalgal biofuels, known as the third generation biofuels, have the potential for sustainable production in an economically effective manner. The advantages of microalgae as a biofuel feedstock are many, for instance, high photosynthesis efficiency, high oil content and noncompetition with food crop production on farmlands. Microalgae can be employed for the production of biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen, among others. The integrated biorefinery approach has huge potential to greatly improve the economics of biofuel production from microalgae. However, the production of microalgal biofuels is still at pre-commercial stages since it is expensive to produce substantial amount of biofuels at a large scale. Despite this, microalgae are still the most promising and best feedstock available for the biofuels. Biotechnology advances including genetic and metabolic engineering, well-funded R&D researches and policy support can make microalgal biofuels have a bright future.

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2

Burhani, Dian, Eka Triwahyuni, and Ruby Setiawan. "Second Generation Biobutanol: An Update." Reaktor 19, no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.19.3.101-110.

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Butanol, a rising star in biofuel, can be produced by two approaches, petrochemically and biologically. Currently, the most promising route for butanol production is by fermentation using Clostridium species through an anaerobic condition. However, similar to other biofuels, feedstock has greatly influenced the production of biobutanol and the search for inexpensive and abundant raw material is an absolute requirement for a cost-effective process. Second-generation biobutanol which is produced from lignocellulosic biomass of agricultural and forestry waste not only meets the requirement but also alleviates competition with food crops and thereby solves the problems of food scarcity from the first generation biobutanol. This paper delivered the latest and update information regarding biobutanol production specifically second-generation biobutanol in terms of production method, recovery, purification, status, and technoeconomic. Keyword: biobutanol, lignocellulose, purification, recovery, technoeconomic

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3

Mungodla, Sarah Gabashwediwe, Linda Zikhona Linganiso, Sukoluhle Mlambo, and Tshwafo Motaung. "Economic and technical feasibility studies: technologies for second generation biofuels." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 17, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 670–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-07-2018-0111.

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Purpose In 2008, a number of Southern African countries cultivated about 900,000 ha of Jatropha, with a number of biodiesel plants ready for production; however, none of the projects succeeded. In 2014, KiOR advanced biofuel Energy Company in the USA announced bankruptcy due to incompetent technology. Studies disclose that the reasons for biofuel plants failure are not only due to lack of incentives and unclear policies but also due to lack of economic feasibility and low production yields. This paper aims to review the techno-economy assessment of second-generation biofuel technologies. The purpose of this paper is to summarize specific techno-economic indicators such as production cost, technology efficiency and process life cycle analysis for advanced biofuel technology and to narrate and illustrate a clear view of what requires assessment to deploy a feasible advanced biofuel technology. This study also reviews assessment of biomass supply chain, feedstock availability and site selection criteria. The review also elaborates on the use of different processes, forecasting and simulation-modeling tools used in different techno-economic analysis studies. The review provides guidance for conducting a technical and economic feasibility study for the advanced biofuels energy business. Design/methodology/approach The aim of this review is, therefore, to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility studies for the establishment of viable industrial scale production of second-generation biofuels. It does so by grouping studies based on technology selection, feedstock availability and suitability, process simulation and economies as well as technology environmental impact assessment. Findings In conclusion, techno-economic analysis tools offer researchers insight in terms of where their research and development should focus, to attain the most significant enhancement for the economics of a technology. The study patterns within the scope of techno-economics of advanced biofuel reveal that there is no generic answer as to which technology would be feasible at a commercial scale. It is therefore important to keep in mind that models can only simplify and give a simulation of reality to a certain extent. Nevertheless, reviewed studies do not reach the same results, but some results are logically similar. Originality/value The originality of this article specifically illustrates important technical and economic indicators that should be considered when conducting feasibility studies for advance biofuels.

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4

Kupczyk, Adam, Joanna Mączyńska, Michał Sikora, Karol Tucki, and Tomasz Żelaziński. "Stan i perspektywy oraz uwarunkowania prawne funkcjonowania sektorów biopaliw transportowych w Polsce." Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 104, no. 1 (May 17, 2017): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/rnr.2017.104.1.3.

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The current state and the future of the biofuels for transport sectors in Poland were presented in the paper. Because of the importance of legal conditions, crucial directives and acts affecting the shape of these sectors were discussed. The scoring multicriteria M.E. Porter method was used to research attractiveness of the national biofuel sectors, i.e. the sectors of biodiesel and bioethanol produced from edible material (so-called first generation biofuels) as well as the sector of bioethanol produced from inedible material, mainly from lignocellulose (so-called second generation biofuel). Various factors of macro- and microenvironment of first generation biofuels caused regular reduction of their attractiveness. However, the sector of second generation bioethanol, which is not produced at industrial scale in Poland now, is characterized by relatively high and growing attractiveness.

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5

Rostek, Ewa. "BIOFUELS OF FIRST AND SECOND GENERATION." Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport 23, no. 4 (September 6, 2016): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1217259.

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6

Bacovsky, Dina. "How close are second-generation biofuels?" Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 4, no. 3 (May 2010): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.222.

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7

Carriquiry, Miguel A., Xiaodong Du, and Govinda R. Timilsina. "Second generation biofuels: Economics and policies." Energy Policy 39, no. 7 (July 2011): 4222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.036.

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8

Biernat, Krzysztof. "Biopaliwa drugiej generacji." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2007): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2007.5.1.18.

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In this paper clasification and definitions of biofuels for combustion engines, with special focus on UE and U.S demands for fuels is given. Main feedstocks and technologies of biofuel production, also second generation biofuels, are describe, there is also presented current situation in fuels stadarization.

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9

Patel, Shalu, Savita Dixit, Kavita Gidwani Suneja, and Nilesh Tipan. "Second Generation Biofuel – An Alternative Clean Fuel." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 7, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v7i3.364.

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Renewable energy resources are in high demand to decrease dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuel industries, particularly bioethanol and biodiesel, have been rapidly increasing in tandem with agricultural production over more than a decade. First-generation biofuel manufacturing is heavily reliant on agriculture food sources like maize, sugarcane, sugar beets, soybeans, and canola. As a result, the intrinsic competitiveness among foods and fuels has been a point of contention in community for the past couple of years. Existing technological advancements in research and innovation have paved the way for the manufacturing of next-generation biofuels from a variety of feedstock’s, including agricultural waste materials, crops remnants and cellulosic biomass from high-yielding trees and bushes varieties. This report discusses the existing state of second-generation biofuel manufacturing as well as the feedstock utilized in fuel production, biofuel production globally and the current situation in India. This study also explores the current advancements in the findings and advancement of second-generation biofuel extraction from various feedstock’s. The forthcoming directions of agriculture and energy industrial sectors has also been addressed in order to feed the world 's growing population and to fuel the world's most energy-intensive industry, transportation.

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10

Housh, Mashor, Madhu Khanna, and Ximing Cai. "Mix of First- and Second-Generation Biofuels to Meet Multiple Environmental Objectives: Implications for Policy at a Watershed Scale." Water Economics and Policy 01, no. 03 (September 2015): 1550006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x1550006x.

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Biofuel mandates are being widely used by countries to achieve multiple objectives of energy security and climate change mitigation. The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in the US specifies arbitrarily chosen volumetric targets for different types of biofuels in the US based on their greenhouse gas intensity only. Cellulosic biofuels from high yielding energy crops like miscanthus have the potential to co-generate multiple environmental impacts, including reducing nitrate runoff, being a sink for Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and providing a given volume of biofuel with less diversion of land from food crop production than corn ethanol, but at a significantly higher cost. This paper quantifies the tradeoffs between profitability, food and fuel production, GHG emissions and nitrate runoff reduction with different types of biofuels in the Sangamon watershed in Illinois and analyzes the optimal mix of biofuels as well as the policies that should supplement the mandate to achieve multiple environmental outcomes. We find that a two-thirds share of cellulosic biofuel in the mandated level could reduce nitrate run-off by 20% while reducing GHG emissions by 88–100% but would reduce profits by 15–27% depending on whether a GHG policy or a Nitrate policy is used relative to the case where the mandate is met by corn ethanol alone. Additionally, the ratio of corn stover to miscanthus used to produce cellulosic biofuels is higher under a GHG policy compared to a Nitrate policy that achieves the same level of nitrate reduction. Our results show that the optimal mix of different types of biofuels and the policy to induce it depend on the environmental objectives and the tradeoffs that society is willing to make between low cost energy security, food production and various environmental benefits.

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11

Graça, Inês, José M. Lopes, Henrique S. Cerqueira, and Maria F. Ribeiro. "Bio-oils Upgrading for Second Generation Biofuels." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 1 (January 9, 2013): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie301714x.

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12

Antizar-Ladislao, Blanca, and Juan L. Turrion-Gomez. "Second-generation biofuels and local bioenergy systems." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2, no. 5 (September 2008): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.97.

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13

Saad, Marwa G., Noura S. Dosoky, Mohamed S. Zoromba, and Hesham M. Shafik. "Algal Biofuels: Current Status and Key Challenges." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101920.

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The current fossil fuel reserves are not sufficient to meet the increasing demand and very soon will become exhausted. Pollution, global warming, and inflated oil prices have led the quest for renewable energy sources. Algal biofuels represent a potential source of renewable energy. Algae, as the third generation feedstock, are suitable for biodiesel and bioethanol production due to their quick growth, excellent biomass yield, and high lipid and carbohydrate contents. With their huge potential, algae are expected to surpass the first and second generation feedstocks. Only a few thousand algal species have been investigated as possible biofuel sources, and none of them was ideal. This review summarizes the current status of algal biofuels, important steps of algal biofuel production, and the major commercial production challenges.

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14

Mohr, Alison, and Sujatha Raman. "Lessons from first generation biofuels and implications for the sustainability appraisal of second generation biofuels." Energy Policy 63 (December 2013): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.033.

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15

Epplin, Francis M., and Mohua Haque. "Policies to Facilitate Conversion of Millions of Acres to the Production of Biofuel Feedstock." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 43, no. 3 (August 2011): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800004387.

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First-generation grain ethanol biofuel has affected the historical excess capacity problem in U.S. agriculture. Second-generation cellulosic ethanol biofuel has had difficulty achieving cost-competitiveness. Third-generation drop-in biofuels are under development. If lignocellulosic biomass from perennial grasses becomes the feedstock of choice for second- and third-generation biorefineries, an integrated system could evolve in which a biorefinery directly manages feedstock production, harvest, storage, and delivery. Modeling was conducted to determine the potential economic benefits from an integrated system. Relatively low-cost public policies that could be implemented to facilitate economic efficiency are proposed.

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16

Gómez Rodríguez, Dustin Tahisin. "Biofuels." e-Agronegocios 7, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/ea.v7i2.5688.

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The overall objective of the article is to characterize trends in biofuel production worldwide. The methodology is qualitative, and the method is of documentary review by matrices with an observation window of the last decade. The main results in reference to the lines of discussion around the production of agrofuel worldwide are from the legislation underpinning the legal environment of trade; secondly, prices; third trade; fourthly production and finally the impact of production on the environment. The main conclusion is that there is scientific evidence that establishes the advantages and disadvantages of biofuel production both economically, socially, politically, and environmentally. One way the agribusiness of biofuels has responded to is through the use of technologies to minimize the effects of production. An example of this is second-generation biofuels. However, there is still a long way to go to say that they are the best choice from the economic, environmental, and social dimensions.

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17

Valdemaras, Makutenas, Miceikiene Astrida, Svetlanska Tatiana, Turcekova Natalia, and Sauciunas Tadas. "The impact of biofuels production development in the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 64, No. 4 (April 12, 2018): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/285/2016-agricecon.

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The article analyses the effects of the development of biofuel production in the EU (European Union) countries. For this purpose, the authors develop and adapt methodology to determine biofuel production effects considering resource prices, the areas of distribution and employment in the EU. Twenty-seven EU member states are selected for empirical research. Over 98% of production is devoted to first-generation biofuels; therefore, second- and third-generation biofuels are not analysed. The empirical study is carried out by analysing the dynamics of quantitative indicators, and we assess changes in direction by setting the values of qualitative indicators. Quantitative and qualitative indicators are calculated using correlation analysis. The results suggest that the fastest growth of ethanol production in the EU took place in Finland, Ireland and the Netherlands. During the analysed period, Germany and France were the largest producers of ethanol and biodiesel. The regression analysis showed a very strong correlation between the number of jobs created and biofuel production. There is also a very strong correlation between the volume of production of biofuels and land used for biofuel feedstock production. The production of biofuel does not significantly affect food and feed crop prices.

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18

Trautmann, Martin, Armin Löwe, and Yvonne Traa. "An alternative method for the production of second-generation biofuels." Green Chem. 16, no. 8 (2014): 3710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc00649f.

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Biogenic energy cycle: Manifold types of biological wastes can be converted into a valuable coal by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Hereafter green biofuels can be obtained by direct coal liquefaction (DCL) more efficiently than directly from biomass. After combustion of biofuels, carbon dioxide and water can be used for plant growth to close the energy cycle in an environmentally sustainable way.

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19

McCarty, Tanner, and Juan Sesmero. "Uncertainty, Irreversibility, and Investment in Second-Generation Biofuels." BioEnergy Research 8, no. 2 (November 12, 2014): 675–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-014-9549-y.

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20

Maican, Edmond, and Mariana Ferdes. "Advances and perspectives in second generation biofuels production." Journal of Biotechnology 208 (August 2015): S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.025.

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21

Osmont, A., L. Catoire, P. Escot Bocanegra, I. Gökalp, B. Thollas, and J. A. Kozinski. "Second generation biofuels: Thermochemistry of glucose and fructose." Combustion and Flame 157, no. 6 (June 2010): 1230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.12.002.

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22

Furman, Iryna, and Dina Tokarchuk. "FOOD SECURITY AND ECONOMIC BASIS OF BIOFUELS MANUFACTURING." Economic Analysis, no. 28(1) (2018): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.01.092.

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Introduction. The factor that has potential for a significant increase in food prices is the increase in biofuel production from agricultural food raw materials. Today it is virtually impossible to determine the quantitative parameters of the influence of biofuels production on food prices. According to the International Monetary Fund, 15 to 30% increase in food prices is the result of growing crops for biofuel production. Both the opponents and supporters of biofuels from agricultural raw materials have subjective economic considerations. Methods. The following methods have become the methodological basis of research: dialectical method, abstract and logical method, graphical method, method of theoretical generalization method, method of analogy and system approach. Results. The article analyses the level of food security in Ukraine and examines the likely impact of biofuel production on food security in the country. It has been substantiated that first generation biofuel production in Ukraine does not pose a threat to food security, since there are land that can be used to grow energy crops. It has been studied the expediency of biofuel production from the surplus of food crops that is being exported. It has been motivated by the need to switch to the production of second-generation biofuels, which does not endanger food security.

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23

Hombach, Laura Elisabeth, Claudia Cambero, Taraneh Sowlati, and Grit Walther. "Optimal design of supply chains for second generation biofuels incorporating European biofuel regulations." Journal of Cleaner Production 133 (October 2016): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.107.

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24

Taheripour, Farzad, and Wallace E. Tyner. "Induced Land Use Emissions due to First and Second Generation Biofuels and Uncertainty in Land Use Emission Factors." Economics Research International 2013 (April 4, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/315787.

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Much research has estimated induced land use changes (ILUCs) and emissions for first generation biofuels. Relatively little has provided estimates for the second generation biofuels. This paper estimates ILUC emissions for the first and second generation biofuels. Estimated ILUC emissions are uncertain not only because their associated land use changes are uncertain, but also because of uncertainty in the land use emission factors (EFs). This paper also examines uncertainties related to these factors. The results suggest that converting crop residues to biofuel has no significant ILUC emissions, but that is not the case for dedicated energy crops. Use of dedicated energy crops transfers managed natural land and marginal land (cropland-pasture) to crop production. Producing biogasoline from miscanthus generates the lowest land requirement among alterative pathways. The largest land requirement is associated with switchgrass. The difference is due largely to the assumed yields of switchgrass and miscanthus. The three major conclusions from uncertainty in emissions analyses are (1) inclusion or exclusion of cropland-pasture makes a huge difference; (2) changes in soil carbon sequestration due to changes in land cover vegetation play an important role; and (3) there is wide divergence among the emission factor sources, especially for dedicated crop conversion to ethanol.

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25

Kshirsagar, Charudatta M., and R. Anand. "An Overview of Biodiesel Extraction from the Third Generation Biomass Feedstock: Prospects and Challenges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1881.

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Despite of the fact that the first and the second generation biomass feedstock are attractive options for the biofuel production, these production schemes are considered unsustainable. As the demand for renewable energy grows exponentially, the practicability of the production of these energy carriers becomes tentative and limited since large arable croplands in tropical and tempe-rate regions are required for their cultivation. Moreover, the conversion processes (i.e. thermo-chemical and bio-chemical) associated with the second generation biomass feedstock are far more complex and sophisticated because of the recalcitrant nature of cellulosic biomass. The biofuels, thus, derived are not cost-competitive with existing petroleum derived fuels. In future, the integra-tion of various biochemical and bioprocessing technologies will be supporting the establishment of biomass energy programs. This paper is an attempt to review the potential of microalgal biodiesel in comparison to the first and the second generation biomass feedstock and its global prospects. Keywords : microalgae biomass, pretreatment, biofuels, clean energy

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26

Eggert, Hakan, and Mads Greaker. "Promoting Second Generation Biofuels: Does the First Generation Pave the Road?" Energies 7, no. 7 (July 11, 2014): 4430–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en7074430.

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27

Khan, Akram A., Talha Akbar Kamal, and Furqan Khan. "Second-Generation Biofuels and Climate Change: an Indian Perspective." Journal of Biofuels 9, no. 1 (2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-4763.2018.00006.5.

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28

Rakshit, Sudip K. "Sustainable transportation second generation liquid biofuels: The way forward." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 2, no. 3 (May 2010): 031010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3366722.

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29

Haarlemmer, Geert, Guillaume Boissonnet, Juliette Imbach, Pierre-Alexandre Setier, and Emanuela Peduzzi. "Second generation BtL type biofuels – a production cost analysis." Energy & Environmental Science 5, no. 9 (2012): 8445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ee21750c.

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30

SHORT, PATRICIA. "ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Europe looks to develop second-generation biofuels." Chemical & Engineering News 86, no. 19 (May 12, 2008): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v086n019.p010a.

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31

Hayes, Daniel J. M. "Second-generation biofuels: why they are taking so long." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 2, no. 3 (December 5, 2012): 304–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wene.59.

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32

Wright, Mark Mba. "Second Generation of Biofuels and Biomass. Roland A. Jansen." Energy Technology 1, no. 4 (April 2013): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.201305003.

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33

Hertel, Thomas W., Jevgenijs Steinbuks, and Wallace E. Tyner. "What Is the Social Value of Second Generation Biofuels?" Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 38, no. 4 (September 30, 2015): 599–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppv027.

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34

Schablitzky, Harald Walter, J. Lichtscheidl, K. Hutter, Ch Hafner, R. Rauch, and H. Hofbauer. "Hydroprocessing of Fischer–Tropsch biowaxes to second-generation biofuels." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 1, no. 1 (January 25, 2011): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-010-0003-x.

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35

Schenk, Peer M., Skye R. Thomas-Hall, Evan Stephens, Ute C. Marx, Jan H. Mussgnug, Clemens Posten, Olaf Kruse, and Ben Hankamer. "Second Generation Biofuels: High-Efficiency Microalgae for Biodiesel Production." BioEnergy Research 1, no. 1 (March 2008): 20–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-008-9008-8.

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36

Balan, Venkatesh. "Current Challenges in Commercially Producing Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass." ISRN Biotechnology 2014 (May 5, 2014): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/463074.

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Biofuels that are produced from biobased materials are a good alternative to petroleum based fuels. They offer several benefits to society and the environment. Producing second generation biofuels is even more challenging than producing first generation biofuels due the complexity of the biomass and issues related to producing, harvesting, and transporting less dense biomass to centralized biorefineries. In addition to this logistic challenge, other challenges with respect to processing steps in converting biomass to liquid transportation fuel like pretreatment, hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and fuel separation still exist and are discussed in this review. The possible coproducts that could be produced in the biorefinery and their importance to reduce the processing cost of biofuel are discussed. About $1 billion was spent in the year 2012 by the government agencies in US to meet the mandate to replace 30% existing liquid transportation fuels by 2022 which is 36 billion gallons/year. Other countries in the world have set their own targets to replace petroleum fuel by biofuels. Because of the challenges listed in this review and lack of government policies to create the demand for biofuels, it may take more time for the lignocellulosic biofuels to hit the market place than previously projected.

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Heo, Sujung, and Joon Choi. "Potential and Environmental Impacts of Liquid Biofuel from Agricultural Residues in Thailand." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051502.

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In this study, various national strategies and programs are described by planning instruments. The TIEB (Thailand Integrated Energy Blueprint), which includes six programs (AEDP, PDP, EEDP, ODP, GDP, REDP), aims to regulate renewable energy and improve the use of biofuel. In addition, the potential of second-generation biofuels is estimated with different residue extractions of second-generation biomasses: 20% (scenario 1), 44% (scenario 2), and 66% (scenario 3). Based on the production potentials that were estimated, CO2 will decrease 1.3–3.5 megatons in the gasoline sector, and 1.4–3.8 megatons in the diesel sector under scenario 1. In scenario 2, we estimated decreases of 2.8–7.7 mega tons and 3.2–8.4 mega tons of CO2 for the gasoline and diesel sectors, respectively. Finally, scenario 3 is expected to reduce the CO2 concentration by 4.2–11.6 megatons in the gasoline sector, and by 4.7–12.6 megatons in the diesel sector. We also estimate the economic potential of a second-generation biofuel with the view of emissions trading. For bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively, 27–74 million USD and 30–81 million USD could be realized in scenario 1, 60–163 million USD and 67–178 million USD in scenario 2, and 90–244 million USD and 100–267 million USD in scenario 3. We conclude that the future potential of second-generation biofuels in Thailand is optimistic, and that they can provide both environmental and economic benefits to the country.

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38

Rasool, Ubaid, and S. Hemalatha. "A review on bioenergy and biofuels: sources and their production." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 5 (2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.030501.

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Bioenergy refers to renewable energy produced from biomass. Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. Depleting fossil fuel reserves and growing demand for energy has necessitated the renewed search for alternative energy resources such as plants. Biofuels are an alternative to fossil fuels, which are liquid or gaseous fuels that are derived from biomass sources. Biofuels can be used alone or in combination with other fossil fuels such as petrol. Biofuels are classified into first, second and third generation biofuels. In this review paper, emphasis on the production of biodiesel and bioethanol and how to modify the methods that involve their formation has been carried out. Biodiesel and bioethanol come under first generation biofuels. The first generation biofuels are produced from starch and sugars (bioethanol) and from seed oils (biodiesel). The direct use of vegetable oils and non-edible oils can prove harmful for the diesel engines due to their high viscosity, high density and various other problems that are related to them. So there is a need of converting these sources into biodiesel so that it can be used as a replacement for petroleum based diesel. Another important biofuel, referred to as bioethanol has gained a lot of importance. This review article deals with the conversion of non-edible oils to biodiesel or by modifying the process of transesterification as well as the conversion of sugars to bioethanol by genetic modification of yeast cells and by changing the substrates required for ethanol production by yeast.

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Hurtado, Beatriz, Alejandro Posadillo, Diego Luna, Felipa M. Bautista, Jose M. Hidalgo, Carlos Luna, Juan Calero, Antonio A. Romero, and Rafael Estevez. "Synthesis, Performance and Emission Quality Assessment of Ecodiesel from Castor Oil in Diesel/Biofuel/Alcohol Triple Blends in a Diesel Engine." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010040.

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This research aims to promote the use of second-generation biofuels based mainly on Castor oil, which is not adequate for food use, and Sunflower oil as a standard reference for recycled oils. They have been applied in the production of Ecodiesel, a biofuel that integrates glycerol as monoglyceride, employing sodium methoxide as homogeneous catalyst and ethanol as solvent, but operating in milder conditions than in the synthesis of conventional biodiesel in order to obtain a kinetic control of the selective transesterification. The behavior of biofuels has been evaluated in a conventional diesel engine, operating as an electricity generator. The contamination degree was also evaluated from the opacity values of the generated smokes. The different biofuels here studied have practically no differences in the behavior with respect to the power generated, although a small increase in the fuel consumption was obtained in some cases. However, with the biofuels employed, a significant reduction, up to 40%, in the emission of pollutants is obtained, mainly with the blend diesel/castor oil/alcohol. Besides, it is found that pure Castor oil can be employed directly as biofuel in triple blends diesel/biofuel/alcohol, exhibiting results that are very close to those obtained using biodiesel or Ecodiesel.

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Naik, S. N., Vaibhav V. Goud, Prasant K. Rout, and Ajay K. Dalai. "Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14, no. 2 (February 2010): 578–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003.

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Mohammadi, Maedeh, Ghasem D. Najafpour, Habibollah Younesi, Pooya Lahijani, Mohamad Hekarl Uzir, and Abdul Rahman Mohamed. "Bioconversion of synthesis gas to second generation biofuels: A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, no. 9 (December 2011): 4255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.124.

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Vancov, T., and S. McIntosh. "Alkali Pretreatment of Cereal Crop Residues for Second-Generation Biofuels." Energy & Fuels 25, no. 7 (July 21, 2011): 2754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef200241s.

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Sastry, S. V. A. R., and Ch V. Ramachandra Murthy. "Opportunities and Issues for Second Generation Biofuels Production in India." i-manager's Journal on Future Engineering and Technology 10, no. 1 (October 15, 2014): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jfet.10.1.2908.

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Groves, Christopher, Meenakshisundaram Sankar, and P. John Thomas. "Second-generation biofuels: exploring imaginaries via deliberative workshops with farmers." Journal of Responsible Innovation 5, no. 2 (February 22, 2018): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2017.1422926.

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Glithero, Neryssa J., Paul Wilson, and Stephen J. Ramsden. "Straw use and availability for second generation biofuels in England." Biomass and Bioenergy 55 (August 2013): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.02.033.

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Binod, Parameswaran, Edgard Gnansounou, Raveendran Sindhu, and Ashok Pandey. "Enzymes for second generation biofuels: Recent developments and future perspectives." Bioresource Technology Reports 5 (February 2019): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2018.06.005.

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Thompson, Wyatt, and Seth Meyer. "Second generation biofuels and food crops: Co-products or competitors?" Global Food Security 2, no. 2 (July 2013): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.03.001.

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Di Gruttola, Francesca, and Domenico Borello. "Analysis of the EU Secondary Biomass Availability and Conversion Processes to Produce Advanced Biofuels: Use of Existing Databases for Assessing a Metric Evaluation for the 2025 Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 7882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147882.

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Nowadays in Europe, the production of advanced biofuels represents a very important objective, given the strong interest in increasing sustainability throughout the transport sector. Production and availability of advanced biofuels are cited as a relevant issue in the most important international actions, such as the Sustainable Development Goals in UN Agenda 2030, EU RED II, and EU Mission Innovation 4, to cite a few of them. However, an important aspect to be considered is the prediction of feedstocks availability to produce advanced biofuel. The first aim of this paper is to assess the availability of European agricultural residues, forestry residues, and biogenic wastes in 2025. The data were collected through a deep review on open FAOSTAT and EUROSTAT databases and then elaborated by the authors. The analysis focuses on the fraction of feedstocks that can be used for advanced biofuels production, i.e., incorporating specific information on sustainable management practices, competitive uses, and environmental risks to preserve soil quality. An autoregressive model is developed to predict future availability, while also considering corrections due to the current pandemic. The results suggest that several European countries could produce enough sustainable advanced feedstocks to meet the European binding target. In particular, France, Germany, and Romania will have high production of agricultural feedstocks; while Austria, Finland, and Sweden will be rich of forestry residues; finally, Italy, France, and United Kingdom will have the highest availability of wastes. To complete the picture, a proper metric is introduced, aiming at generating a technology ranking of the examined alternative fuels, in terms of several relevant parameters such as biomass availability, Technology Readiness Level (TRL), quality of the biofuel, and costs. This analysis allows us to compare advanced biofuels and first-generation biofuels, whose utilization can impact the food market, while also contributing to the increase in the indirect land use change (ILUC). Although the first-generation biofuels remain the most common choice, the renewable (or green) diesel, pyrolysis bio-oil, green jet fuel, and the second-generation bioethanol are promising for different applications in the transport sector. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO), Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), Anaerobic Digestion (AD), and transesterification from vegetable oil represent the most widespread and mature technologies. Thus, it seems mandatory that the transport sector will rely more and more on such fuels in the future. For such reason, a specific support for advanced biomass collection, as well as specific programs for conversion technologies development, are strongly suggested.

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Day, Connor, Yin-Chen Tseng, Reuben Puyol, and Jessica Nissan. "Efficiency Comparisons of Secondary Biofuels." PAM Review Energy Science & Technology 1 (August 3, 2015): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v1i0.1386.

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Biofuels are essential for the energy production of the future. This report is a meta-study of the efficiencies of first, second and third generation secondary biofuels used for transportation purposes. We present and compare data from several studies concerning the efficiency of converting raw biomass info biofuels. We also compare this data to the efficiencies of hydrogen and solar power transportation systems. The efficiency data was presented as percentages from ratios of different data types, primarily exergy and energy efficiency ratios, which are defined for each study throughout the report. The highest efficiency percentages were displayed by second-generation wood knot rejects that did not require pretreatment input energy and resulted in high-energy ethanol output. The lowest efficiency percentages were from quasi-solar thermophotovoltaic radiator technology, heightening the reputation of biofuels as the efficient, renewable transportation energy source of tomorrow.

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Wightman, Raymond, and Simon Turner. "Digesting the indigestible: Biosynthesis of the plant secondary wall." Biochemist 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03302024.

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Biofuels have recently been the subject of intense debate with regard to‘food versus fuel’. Consequently, attention has focused upon so-called ‘second-generation’ biofuels that use alternatives to food-based feedstocks. In the best-developed forms of second-generation biofuels, sugars from starch digestion could be replaced with sugars released from the plant cell walls. This biomass could come from either agricultural residue, such as part of the maize culm, or from purpose grown biofuel crops, such as Miscanthus or Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), that generate huge yields even when grown on marginal land with minimal agricultural inputs. For these and other potential bioenergy crops such as trees, the majority of the plant biomass is composed of woody secondary cell walls. If all cell wall sugars were readily accessible to fermenting micro-organisms, a 5 kg log could theoretically produce up to 2.5 litres of ethanol. The secondary cell walls are frequently the first line of defence against pests and pathogens, as well as providing structure and support for upward plant growth (Figure 1). Consequently, by their very nature, secondary cell walls are designed for strength and to resist degradation. The compact organization of the wall makes its digestion, a process known as saccharification, very difficult so biomass is currently too costly to be a viable feedstock. Knowledge of how the walls are constructed, however, would allow us to efficiently deconstruct them. This article gives an overview of secondary walls and potential modifications expected to be beneficial to improved biofuel production.

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