Dissertations / Theses: 'The Secret History'

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Dawdy, Shannon Lee. "The Secret History of the Meherrin." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625864.

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Bullard, Rebecca. "Secret history : the politics of narrative form, 1674-1725." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272142.

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Berdahl, James Scott. "Morning light : the secret history of the Tagish Lake Fireball." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/60837.

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Thesis (S.M. in Science Writing)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Humanities, Graduate Program in Science Writing, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-36).
[Spoiler alert:] On January 18, 2000, a meteoroid 4 meters in diameter hit the Earth's atmosphere and exploded over the Yukon Territory in northern Canada. The size of the fireball and the contrail that it left behind caught the attention of meteoriticists, who suspected it was a carbonaceous chondrite. Amongst the public, however, reactions to the event were varied, and conspiracy theorists emerged, claiming that the meteor had been a failed weapons test conducted by the United States military. A week after the fall, outdoorsman Jim Brook discovered black meteorites on the frozen surface of Tagish Lake, in northern British Columbia. He kept the stones pristine: frozen and untouched-a first for any meteorite fall. He made his discovery known to a few scientists only after they agreed to confidentiality, and those scientists confirmed that he had found a carbonaceous chondrite. Alan Hildebrand and Peter Brown put together an expedition to recover more fragments of the rare meteorite, interviewing eyewitnesses to reconstruct the trajectory of the bolide, but recovery efforts were hampered by deep snow. A second expedition returned in the spring when, for a short window, the fragile chondrites were exposed on the melting lake ice, and collection was successful. The secrecy surrounding these expeditions contributed to the idea that a cover-up was taking place; that the meteorite was not real. But scientific analysis, conducted by Mike Zolensky and many others, has proven otherwise. The Tagish Lake Meteorite appears to be a new type of meteorite, with ties to CI and CM type chondrites, possibly from the D type asteroids. It has the highest concentrations of carbon observed in any extraterrestrial sample, and an abundance of presolar grains. Rich in extraterrestrial organic compounds and containing distinct hollow organic globules, the primitive meteorite has brought a mini revolution to the field of meteoritics. It may help us understand the beginnings of the solar system and the origins of life on Earth. The story of the fall, recovery and the study of this meteorite highlights the necessary uncertainties of the scientific method, and the relationship between science and the general public.
by James Scott Berdahl.
S.M.in Science Writing

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Davies, Philip H. J. "Organisational development of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service 1909-1979." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363245.

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Langton, Ryan P. "Who Have Always Been Secret Enemies/King of the Irish Traders." W&M ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550153859.

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The papers presented in this Master's thesis describe two varying experiences of migration and transition in colonial Pennsylvania. The first paper focuses on a group of roughly 400 Acadian migrants who were forcibly removed from their homes in Nova Scotia and exiled to Philadelphia in 1755. The Acadians were a distinct ethnic enclave of Francophone Catholics living in British Canada that developed a policy of neutrality in order to guarantee their own freedom of worship on the cusp of the French and British empires. When the Seven Years' War commenced, British officials finally achieved a strategic military advantage in the region which allowed them to act on preexisting anti-Catholic and anti-French sentiments and deport the Acadians around the Atlantic world. When the 400 Acadians exiled to Philadelphia arrived in the Quaker City, they encountered a government and populous that was just as distrustful and prejudiced towards the exiles as the British in Nova Scotia. Fueled by fears of the French empire, the Pennsylvania Provincial government refused to treat the Francophone Catholics as British subjects or French prisoners. While the Acadian exiles attempted to manipulate their identities in order to guarantee their safety and security, they could not overcome the government's antipathy toward their plight. The case of the Philadelphia Acadians highlights the role imperial competition played in creating new ethnic enclaves, shattering ethnic enclaves, and propelling Atlantic migration. The second paper describes how an Irishman named George Croghan migrated to colonial Pennsylvania and developed an adaptive set of skills that allowed him to become one of the most successful frontier traders and Indian agents of the mid-eighteenth century. as an Anglican from southern Ireland, Croghan was an outsider among the outcast population of Scots Irish Presbyterians that settled in western Pennsylvania. Devoid of any supportive kinship or economic networks, Croghan learned to maneuver and adapt among the varied populations of Pennsylvania and the Ohio country as he developed a trading business that included Philadelphia merchants, non-elite frontiersmen, and Indigenous tribe members. After utilizing the connections he made as a trader to attain recognition as an Indian agent and negotiator for the Pennsylvania colony, Croghan continued to utilize his adaptive skillset to personally enrich himself while nominally serving the Pennsylvania Provincial government. Although officials in Philadelphia often questioned whether Croghan was a trustworthy representative of the colonial government, their inability to punish or terminate him from his post highlights the decentered nature of colonial and imperial power on the frontiers of North America. George Croghan's success as an Indian envoy conveys the key roles non-English migrants played in enacting and driving imperial expansion during the eighteenth century.

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Sharland, Jill Elena. "The Secret Wife." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5101.

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This master's thesis project is the first half of a historical novel concerning the involvement of Elvira Field Strang Baker, the first plural wife of James Jesse Strang, with the "Beaver Island Mormons" who followed Strang from Nauvoo shortly after the death of Joseph Smith in 1844. The events portrayed are historical, although fictionalized. This portion of the novel contains a brief introduction to her childhood in Chapter One and follows her involvement with the Strangite movement beginning in April 1847 to the coronation of her husband in. Elvira was the first plural wife of James Jesse Strang who to this day is the only crowned American king. She married Strang in July 1849 and kept her marriage a secret for one year until Strang announced her as his wife during the above-mentioned coronation ceremony. Elvira was a woman ahead of her time. She was educated and had the opportunity to enjoy professional success which was rare for a woman of the mid-eighteenth century. She was a teacher, a trained tailor, an author of articles for her husband's newspapers, and one of his most capable administrators. While this portion of the novel focuses primarily on the early days of Elvira's acquaintance with James, his subsequent courtship, and the early days of their marriage, it also follows Elvira's movement within this unorthodox community that was supposed to be Zion.

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Epps, Kristen Kimberly. "Treasonous Patriots: The Secret Committee of Six and Violent Abolitionism." W&M ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626494.

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Johnson, Ian Ona. "The Secret School of War: The Soviet-German Tank Academy at Kama." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338500708.

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Almqvist, Louise. "Metafysik för vilddjur : En ekokritisk läsning av Donna Tartts The Secret History." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-113515.

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Naturen i The Secret History beskrivs både som en ytlig omgivning, som instinkter och lagar, som material eller fenomen. Det ges uttryck både för hur människor kan kontrollera och använda sig av den, och hur det är någonting som står över oss. Detta kan tyda på att naturen, istället för att vara någonting annat än människan, är ett intrikat system av påverkan som vi innefattas i. Samtidigt skiljs dock människan från naturen genom språket, där ord som mänskligt, kultiverat, artificiellt och rationellt får sin betydelse i motsättning till djuriskt, primitivt, naturligt och instinktivt. Djuriskhet skildras tillexempel både någonting som finns inom alla människor, och något som skiljs ifrån det mänskliga genom att benämnas som djuriskt. Romanen kan således sägas vara väldigt realistisk i dagens samhälle med ”complex and contradictory attitudes to ’nature’ and our place within it”. Samma sak gäller huvudpersonerna och händelserna i boken. Drivet bakom backanalen är att förlora det rationella och mänskliga jaget, att helt gå upp i det primitiva och djuriska, i naturen. De upphöjer det irrationella, samtidigt som de närmar sig detta rationellt. De försöker använda sig av kulturen för att komma närmare naturen, de försöker forcera fram det naturliga. De avslöjas som förljugna så till den grad att det kan anses vara deras sanna natur. Romanen efterliknar en tragedi men innehåller även element från den kritiska komedin. Allting blir komplext och motsägande, det går således inte att läsa ut något entydigt svar på hur man ser på eller använder sig av naturen, utan det är just komplexiteten som förmedlas. Även om berättelsen går ut på att bli en del av, eller inse att vi är, en del av naturen, så visar dessa ständiga motsättningar på hur vårt tänkande och vårt språk sätter upp hinder för att fullständigt kunna gå upp i naturen, eftersom allt tänkande och talande om naturen kräver att vi distanserat oss från den. Människorna är alltså i grunden en naturlig varelse, men som skiljer sig från den i ögonblicket de reflekterar över naturen, det blir alltså en slags metafysik för vilddjur. Även om Tartts roman således inte ger någon entydig bild av naturen eller ger anspråk på att vara sann mot någon slags objektiv natur kan den i högsta grad anses vara sann mot vår komplexa och motsägande syn på, diskurs om, och användning av naturen.

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Yu, King-hei, and 余境熹. "Study of the places in "A dealy secret"." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46089044.

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Baxter, Colin F. "The Secret History of RDX: The Super-Explosive that Helped Win World War II." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/152.

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During the early years of World War II, American ships crossing the Atlantic with oil and supplies were virtually defenseless against German U-boats. Bombs and torpedoes fitted with TNT barely made a dent in the tough steel plating that covered the hulls of Axis submarines and ships. Then, seemingly overnight, a top-secret, $100 million plant appeared near Kingsport, Tennessee, manufacturing a sugar-white substance called Research Department Explosive (code name RDX). Behind thirty-eight miles of fencing, thousands of men and women synthesized 23,000 tons of RDX each month. Twice as deadly as TNT and overshadowed only by the atomic bomb, this ordnance proved to be pivotal in the Battle of the Atlantic and directly contributed to the Allied victory in WWII.In The Secret History of RDX, Colin F. Baxter documents the journey of the super-explosive from conceptualization at Woolwich Arsenal in England to mass production at Holston Ordnance Works in east Tennessee. He examines the debates between RDX advocates and their opponents and explores the use of the explosive in the bomber war over Germany, in the naval war in the Atlantic, and as a key element in the trigger device of the atomic bomb.Drawing on archival records and interviews with individuals who worked at the Kingsport "powder plant" from 1942 to 1945, Baxter illuminates both the explosive's military significance and its impact on the lives of ordinary Americans involved in the war industry. Much more than a technical account, this study assesses the social and economic impact of the military-industrial complex on small communities on the home front.
https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1163/thumbnail.jpg

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Neal, Michael. "The urban plot : secret agents and philosophical policemen in turn of the century London." Thesis, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314202.

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Chan, Lit-chung, and 陳烈忠. "Sherlock Holmes, The secret agent, and ideas of justice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31643462.

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Connerty, Michael. "Secret identity : reassessing Jack B. Yeats as a comic strip artist." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2018. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/13452/.

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The focus of this research is the critically neglected comic strip work produced by the Irish painter Jack B. Yeats for a number of British publications between c. 1893 and 1917. The thesis seeks to identify and analyse the corpus of his previously unexamined work, positioning it in relation to contemporaneous media, entertainment and popular culture, as well as to the early development of the British comic. This thesis seeks to establish the key role that Yeats played in the early development of the form, during a key phase in its evolution. The claims that the thesis makes for Yeats as an important comic strip artist are based on extensive archival research, focused on comics such as Comic Cuts, The Big Budget and The Halfpenny Comic published in London by Alfred Harmsworth, Arthur Pearson and George Newnes respectively. He went through a number of identifiable phases in terms of his graphic style, producing a very substantial volume of work over the course of his career, largely in the form of series of strips featuring recurring characters, a number of which became very popular with the reading public. Yeats has almost exclusively been discussed in terms of his fame as a fine artist, despite the fact that his comics work was widely disseminated during his lifetime. Given that the work was once well known, as part of a novel and widely circulated mass medium, it is necessary to interrogate the absence of this material from art-historical accounts of his work and reassess Yeats as a comic strip artist. In Ireland there has been a tendency to articulate Yeats in terms of national identity, and thus avoid recognition of his engagement with, and contribution to, British popular culture. Issues regarding the mutual exclusivity of the ‘high’ and ‘low’ cultural registers in which he operated has likewise resulted in the valorization of a particular area of his creative activity and the exclusion of the material acknowledged, discussed, and celebrated here. The repositioning of Yeats in relation to comic strip art has profound implications for the study of twentieth century Irish art generally, and for Yeats connoisseurship specifically, and proposes significant challenges to both, as well as making a contribution to British comics history.

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Horansky, Eileen A. "SEXUALIZING THE BODY POLITIC: NARRATING THE FEMALE BODY ANDTHE GENDER DIVIDE IN SECRET HISTORY." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1431019120.

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Ono, Reyn SP. "The Secret Weapons of World War II: An Analysis of Hitler's Chemical Weapons Policy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/944.

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Very little historical scholarship specifically analyzes or explores the absence of chemical weapons in World War II. This thesis seeks to fill the gaps in the historical narrative by providing insight into the personal and external factors that influenced Hitler’s chemical weapons policy. This thesis also touches upon the wartime violence perpetrated by both the Axis and the Allies, thereby offering a neutral, unbiased historical account. From 1939-1941, Hitler did not deploy chemical weapons because his blitzkrieg of Europe was progressing successfully – chemical warfare was unnecessary. With the failure of Operation Barbarossa from 1942-1943, Armaments Minister Albert Speer oversaw a massive increase in the production of the lethal nerve agent tabun, indicating Hitler’s desire to deploy chemical gas on the Eastern Front. However, by the request of Soviet Premier Josef Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill threatened to retaliate against Nazi Germany with chemical strikes on German cities in May 1942. Hitler backed down because of the inadequacy of German air defense and his desire to protect the “Aryan” people – based on his own trauma with gas in World War I. However, in the final years of the war in 1944-1945, the stress of the Allied advance on Berlin caused the deterioration of the German dictator’s mental and physical state. Hitler’s thoughts became suicidal and destructive – the German people deserved extinction for their failure in World War II. Thus, Hitler issued the Nero Decree in March 1945. However, the architect turned Armaments Minister, aware of the war’s foregone conclusion, sought to obstruct Germany’s path to catastrophe. Likewise, Hitler sought to initiate chemical warfare. Again, Speer prevented unnecessary civilian casualties by shutting down chemical production plants. The German dictator did not take matters into his own hands because following the failure of the Ardennes Offensive in January 1945, Hitler also grew increasingly apathetic to governing the Third Reich. By April 1945, with Hitler a ghost of his former self, his subleaders fought for control of Nazi Germany, and their inability to cooperate led to a crisis of leadership. Thus, World War II concluded in Europe without chemical warfare. Ultimately, this thesis promotes an awareness of the legacy of violence ushered in by “modern warfare,” a contemporary issue yet to be adequately addressed.

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Koerner, Hannah Claire. "Defining a Micro-genre: Insular Friend Groups in Contemporary Literature, and What We Saw There: A Novel." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1492741467006626.

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Ward, Amanda M. "The Okhrana and the Cheka: Continuity and Change." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1398772391.

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McConnell, Sarah E. "The Key to Unlocking the Secret Window." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33226/.

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David Koepp's Secret Window was released by Columbia Pictures in 2004. The film's score was written by Philip Glass and Geoff Zanelli. This thesis analyzes transcriptions from six scenes within the film in conjunction with movie stills from those scenes in an attempt to explain how the film score functions.

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D'Aniello, Charles Perseus. ""A Morbid Longing for the Picturesque" : The Pursuit of Beauty in Donna Tartt's The Secret History." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Engelska, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45579.

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This essay analyzes the theme of the pursuit of beauty in The Secret History. It analyzes the main characters’ concept of beauty, their manner of seeking beauty, as well as the result of this search. For this analysis, I use Friedrich Nietzsche’s theories of the Apollonian and the Dionysian as outlined in The Birth of Tragedy and in scholarly texts that analyze TBT— which describe the Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy as the opposed worlds of order and madness— to define the main characters’ concept of beauty. The narrator of the novel once says that “beauty is terror” (Tartt 45), a statement which paints beauty as harsh and shocking, and potentially destructive. Likewise, in this essay I argue that for these characters beauty is created through the interplay between the Apollonian and the Dionysian, and that its pursuit leads to destruction. I analyze this through the characters of Richard Papen, Henry Winter, and Bunny Corcoran. Richard and Henry pursue beauty in that the actions they take are aimed at embodying an aesthetic ideal. In Richard’s case, it is his longing for beauty which leads him to imitate and join the classicists— particularly by mimicking their socio-economic class— and which eventually places him in a disordered Dionysian world of madness and murder. Henry, on the other hand, is the embodiment of Apollonian order, and it is his search for beauty through a bacchanal which leads him to commit murder twice and, eventually, to take his own life. Lastly, Bunny is different in that he is neither beautiful nor interested in beauty as his peers define it. It is because of this that he is excluded from the others’ pursuit of beauty, that he is murdered, and that his murder is justifiable in the eyes of his murderers. This study finds that, in The Secret History, where beauty is defined as the dance between Apollonian order and Dionysian madness, the Dionysian ends up as the victorious half of the dichotomy, causing the loss of reason and the triumph of destruction and disaster. This portrayal of beauty as destruction and vice versa, rather than serving as the vehicle for a moral indictment, is instead the very purpose of the novel.

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Merjanski, Kiril Valtchev. "The Secret Serbian-Bulgarian Treaty of Alliance of 1904 and the Russian Policy in the Balkans Before the Bosnian Crisis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1176315780.

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Morrison, Shannon M. "Navigating Secret Societies: Black Women in the Commercial Airline Industry." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587030922882857.

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Cobb, Sean Daren. "A Shadow Underneath: The Secret History of Paranoia, Borders and Terrorism in Postwar American Literature and Film." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195525.

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"The Secret History of Paranoia, Borders and Terrorism in American Postwar Literature and Film" explores the historical re-articulations of paranoia around the problems of borders and terrorism. The introduction discusses the first English definition of "paranoia" in 1811 - "alienation of mind" and "defect in judgment" - by comparing this definition to other early psychological taxonomies of paranoia and arguing that "paranoia" is a border concept. The first chapter analyzes U.S. postwar nationalism, border paranoia and fears of collapsing nation-state sovereignty in Anthony Mann's 1949 film Border Incident, a semi-documentary film noir focusing on illegal bracero smuggling in Imperial Valley, California. The second chapter analyzes Paco Ignacio Taibo's border detective fiction, specifically Frontera Dreams, Leonardo's Bicycle and Life Itself, as an allegory for postmodern identity. The third chapter analyzes the novel and film Flashpoint, a story about two border patrol agents who find a buried skeleton at the border that they discover later is J.F.K.'s assassin, arguing that the J.F.K. conspiracy substitutes for and, ultimately, replaces the actual conspiracy of border corruption and the illegal exploitation of immigrant workers. The fourth and final chapter situates Don DeLillo's fiction, the film and novel Children of Men and Giorgio Agamben's Homo Sacer and States of Exception within the fall of Cold War nation states and borders, charting the rise of terrorism as a permanent "state of exception" and as the dark side of globalization, modernization and secular society.

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Petraska, Megan Nicole. "SECRET HISTORY IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICA: RE-READING ALL THE KING'S MEN AND PRIMARY COLORS." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1461871756.

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Brinsford, Julian. "Citizens of the secret machine : elements towards a Bakhtinian history of photographic representations of the British working classes in the twentieth century." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360577.

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Litzler, Stacey A. "Interpretations of Fear and Anxiety in Gothic-Postmodern Fiction: An Analysis of The Secret History by Donna Tartt." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1384438957.

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Lévêque, Cyrielle. "Artification de l’archive : une dialectique entre figures et absences." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0334.

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L’élaboration de ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une démarche universitaire, elle est également pensée de manière simultanée avec la création artistique. Elle s’oriente vers des questionnements liés à une quête personnelle, intime, mais également « traquée » dans une voie plus large qui est celle de la généalogie, de la photographie de famille, de l’image documentaire et des zones d’ombres qui font partie de toute histoire personnelle. Des mécanismes de résistance à l’artification se déploient comme tentative de réponse artistique et de recherche, face à une histoire mutique, un manque de paroles. L’histoire familiale est source de filiations plurielles, de transmissions – verbales ou non –, mais aussi de secrets. Certains vides apparaissent parfois dans des portraits où l’élément absent, par l’insistance de son manque dans la logique du récit, devient obsédant. La spécificité pour les artistes qui s’attachent à ces corpus consiste à collecter, s’approprier et exposer ces images troubles pour les réinvestir dans un circuit artistique, volubile et efficace. Ces nouvelles images, définies comme histoires intimes mais aussi comme un art du témoignage, se transforment alors en une mémoire collective : par un habile téléscopage de sens, l’oeuvre ainsi née de l’image vernaculaire fait irruption par sa plasticité et offre un sens nouveau à la figure effacée ou absente. Cette réflexion théorique et artistique, entreprise sur les relations polysémiques entre photographie documentaire et poïétique de l’effacement, analyse la manière dont l’art agit au coeur des images d’archives. Qu’est-ce qui de l’art– par ses méthodes, ses dispositifs de mise en oeuvre, son inscription sociale et historique–se trouve activé qui permette ainsi de « lire » une image qui refusait de se donner. Réciproquement, quels leviers sont élaborés par les artistes, pour mettre à jour des images qui ne leur appartiennent pas et qui viennent bouleverser notre rapport à l’information initiale ? C’est là tout l’enjeu de cette recherche théorique et plastique qui permet de saisir une mécanique d’artification des images d’archives, à mi-chemin de l’histoire intime et de la mythologie artistique ; ou comment du récit en creux surgissent des images, figures vacillantes entre présence et absence, archives d’un devenir reformulé
The development of this thesis work falls within an academic approach, andis also simultaneously thought in connection with the artistic creation. It deals with personal and private questioning, but is also « hunted » in a different way regarding yet genealogy, family and documentary pictures and the shadow zones that are part of all personal history. Mechanisms of resistance to arti- fication are deployed as an attempt at an artistic and theoretical response, facing a mute story, a lack of words. The family history is the origin of plural filiations, transmissions–with or without words–but also secrets. Sometimes some empty spaces appear on portraits. The missing element, thus, becomes an obsession due to its lack in the logic of the story. The artists working on those corpuses specifically aim to collect, reclaim and exhibit those blurred pictures in order to re-use them into an artistic, voluble and efficient circuit. These new pictures–private stories and testimony art at once–turn into a collective memory : by a clever telescope of meaning, the work, born out of the vernacular image, breaks through thanks to its plasticity, and offers a new meaning to the erased or absent figure. This theoretical and artistic reflection, based on the polysemous relations between documentary pictures and « erasing poietic », analyses the way that art acts into old archive pictures. How can art give the power to « read » a picture that is invisible ? Which ways, implemented devices, social and histo- ric beliefs allow it ? Conversely, what levers are developed by the artists, to update images that do not belong to them and that change our vision of the initial information ? Here is the challenge of this theoretical and plastic research that let us understand a mechanism of the artifying archival image, midway between private story and artistic mythology ; or how can images or vacilla- ting figures between presence and absence appear from invisible elements, as archives of a reformulated future

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Ford, Claudia Jeanne. "Weed Women, All Night Vigils, and the Secret Life of Plants: Negotiated Epistemologies of Ethnogynecological Plant Knowledge in American History." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1442086935.

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Holmqvist, Julia. "Idiomatic Expressions in Fiction : A Textual Analysis of the Use and Effects of Idioms in Donna Tartt's The Secret History." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-25941.

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Zienius, Charles Raymond. "The secret mission of Noel Buxton to Bulgaria, September, 1914-January, 1915 /." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20486.

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This thesis is devoted to an unsuccessful mission to Sofia undertaken in the fall of 1914 by Noel Buxton, a Liberal British M.P., who aimed to win Bulgaria over to the side of the Triple Entente. Although referred to on occasion in works having to do with the conduct of British foreign policy during the First World War, the affair has never before been described in full. Through a close examination of hitherto unexploited material from Buxton's own archive, it has been possible to reconstruct the evolution of the mission, analyze its contemporary significance, and suggest its relevance to current trends towards the moralization and democratization of diplomacy.

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Pang, Tian Yang. "Lisa See's Snow Flower and the Secret Fan, the Lao Tong relationship from a feminist perspective." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953434.

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Narmandakh, Enkhmaa [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Schulze. "A cognitive approach to event structures in Middle Mongolian based on the corpus "The secret history of the Mongols" / Enkhmaa Narmandakh ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Schulze." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1179075951/34.

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Barr, Krispin Wagoner. "The Historical Legacy of a Secret Society at Duke University (1913-1971)| Cultural Hegemony and the Tenacious Ideals of the "Big Man on Campus"." Thesis, North Carolina State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3575890.

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Collegiate secret societies, as distinguished from Greek-letter fraternal organizations, enjoyed prominence within many American campus communities from the early nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century (Baird, 1879; Hitchcock, 1863; Slosson, 1910; Veysey, 1965). The establishment of these elite groups preceded the maturation of university administrative structures responsible for managing students’ extracurricular life, as well as the mass democratization of American higher education which occurred after World War II (Rudolph, 1990; Cohen, 2010). The presence of prestigious secret societies is documented and celebrated in college yearbooks and newspapers, reflecting a period in higher education's past when the hegemony of the white, male prevailed in student culture and fostered the composite ideal of the “Big Man on Campus” (“B.M.O.C.”) – the handsome varsity athlete, fraternity man, and club president destined for success in American public life.

Although collegiate secret societies “disappeared” on many campuses in the Civil Rights Era amidst accusations of elitism and reactions against established white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant norms, their legacy lingers into the twenty-first century, along with many unanswered questions about their historical role as a source of student power on campus. Their roots can be traced to the prestigious all-male boarding schools of the Northeastern United States in the late nineteenth century where patterns of upper-class masculine socialization developed. Due to a dearth of historical research on this topic, however, institutional leaders are challenged to understand the origins, purpose, and legacy of this type of student association that still holds meaning for students and other stakeholders in some campus communities.

This study utilized critical social theory from Bourdieu and Gramsci and the emerging scholarship of whiteness studies to provide an historical analysis of the rise and fall of the Order of Red Friars senior class secret society that was active at Duke University (Trinity College prior to 1924) between 1913 and 1971. Student leaders who manifested the “B.M.O.C.” ideal were tapped for membership in this group and collaborated with presidents, trustees, administrators, and select faculty on an agenda for student life (Durden, 1993). Utilizing archival research methods and oral history interviews, I was able to explore the involvement of the Order of Red Friars in the administration of student affairs at Duke University for sixty years during the twentieth century. This study provided basic knowledge about the phenomenon of the collegiate secret society and a deeper understanding of the cultural hegemony from which they emerged that continues to influence campus cultures today.

The history of American higher education literature documents how faculty discarded their in loco parentis responsibilities for managing student behavior as their field professionalized in the late nineteenth century (Rudolph, 1990; Thelin, 2011; Veysey, 1965) and how specialization of the student affairs profession coalesced four decades later in the 1930s (ACE, 1937; Biddix & Schwartz, 2012; Lloyd-Jones, 1934; Schwartz, 2003). Yet, the historical role of students in the campus power structure of the early twentieth century, and particularly their role in sustaining their extracurricular affairs during this period, has been largely unexamined. This study addresses the gap that exists in the history of higher education literature about collegiate culture in the early twentieth century in the South, as well as the phenomenon of the collegiate secret society as a source of power on campus. (Thelin, 1982; Veysey, 1965).

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Jakub, Joseph F. "Spies and saboteurs : Anglo-American collaboration and rivalry in human intelligence collection and special operations, 1940-1945." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670255.

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Hänselmann, Eva [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Wirsching, and Wilhelm [Akademischer Betreuer] Niebling. "The Secret History Project : : cultural adaptation of an experiential training method aiming at improved empathic engagement and self-care for midwives and nurses in obstetric care." Freiburg : Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1185977287/34.

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Ritchey, David (David Benjamin. "George Washington's Development as an Espionage Chief." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500803/.

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The American Revolution was a war of movement over great distances. Timely intelligence regarding the strength and location of the enemy was vital to the commanders on both sides. Washington gained his early experience in intelligence gathering in the wilderness during the French and Indian War. By the end of the American Revolution, Washington had become a skilled manager of intelligence. He sent agents behind enemy lines, recruited tory intelligence sources, questioned travelers for information, and initiated numerous espionage missions. Many heroic patriots gathered the intelligence that helped win the War for Independence. Their duties required many of them to pose as one of the enemy, and often incur the hatred of friends and neighbors. Some gave their lives in helping to establish the new American nation. It is possible that without Washington's intelligence service, American independence might not have been won.

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Keith, Kelly M. "More Than Just A Pretty Face: The Women of the SOE and the OSS During World War II." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1362774570.

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Moreira, Keila Cruz. "Padre Miguelinho :o intelectual, o professor, o revolucion?rio - vozes que se fazem ouvir." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2005. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14182.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:35:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KeilaCM.pdf: 745384 bytes, checksum: 6af15de9d32235f8a4e658841e1facc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-03
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This research work worries in building the history of the natalense priest Miguel Joaquim of Almeida Castro, Miguelinho, I don't just eat one of the heroes and martyrs of the Revolution From Pernambuco of 1817, as bill the traditional history, but also the educated man, the intellectual and the admired teacher. The studied period understands the beginning of the century XIX, when priest Miguelinho comes back to Brazil, coming of Portugal, to assume teacher's occupation in the Seminar of Olinda, and it ends in the year of 1817, marked by the Revolution From Pernambuco, one of the most important movements in the fight for the liberation of Brazil of the Portuguese domain. Miguelinho, one of the leaders of the Revolution, that also reached the provinces of Para?ba and of Rio Grande do Norte, it was executed by the real troops. Like this, he tries to understand the Priest's conflicting relationship, while representative clergyman, of a Church that almost obtained a religious monopoly, and your ideals per centuries more gone back to a social and economical order of Illumines, that even certain point condemned the attitude of the own Church. The objective, then, is to understand through the path of priest's Miguelinho life, not only the intellectual, the teacher and the revolutionary, but the representation of your political and pedagogic-educational ideas in a die historical moment and the creation of the republican myth, looking for the plurality of an universe that seeks, per times, to flee of our theoretical context
Este trabalho de pesquisa preocupa-se em construir a hist?ria do natalense padre Miguel Joaquim de Almeida Castro, o Miguelinho, n?o apenas como um dos her?is e m?rtires da Revolu??o Pernambucana de 1817, como conta a hist?ria tradicional, mas tamb?m o homem culto, o intelectual e o professor admirado. O per?odo estudado compreende o in?cio do s?culo XIX, quando padre Miguelinho retorna ao Brasil, vindo de Portugal, para assumir a doc?ncia no Semin?rio de Olinda, e conclui no ano de 1817, marcado pela Revolu??o Pernambucana, um dos mais importantes movimentos na luta pela liberta??o do Brasil do dom?nio portugu?s. Miguelinho, um dos l?deres da Revolu??o, que tamb?m atingiu as prov?ncias da Para?ba e do Rio Grande do Norte, foi executado pelas tropas reais. Assim, procura-se compreender a rela??o conflituosa do Padre, enquanto representante cl?rigo, e seus ideais mais voltados para uma ordem social e econ?mica do Iluminismo, que at? certo ponto condenava a atitude da pr?pria Igreja. O objetivo, ent?o, ? compreender atrav?s da trajet?ria de vida do padre Miguelinho, n?o s? o intelectual, o professor e o revolucion?rio, mas a representa??o de suas id?ias pol?ticas e pedag?gico-educacionais em um dado momento hist?rico e a cria??o do mito republicano, buscando a pluralidade de um universo que procura, por vezes, fugir de nosso arcabou?o te?rico

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King, Everett T. "In the Shadow: Representations of the Stasi in Literature and Film from Cold War to Present." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1617324535031658.

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Seering, Ashley. "Postcards." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2021. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/984.

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The William H. Hannon Library at Loyola Marymount University has one of the largest collections of postcards in the world – over one million cards. The postcards span all decades of history since their conception in the late 19th century. They provide valuable insight into the culture and communication of the past. Head of Archives and Special Collections Cynthia Becht introduces viewers to some of the most important postcards in LMU’s collection. Professor Jason Jarvis provides additional insight on the communication and social aspect of postcards. Postcard designer and letterpress printer, Eric Woods, shares his thoughts on what makes a postcard visually impactful, and the value of handmade materials. Also, Frank Warren shares his journey of how his hit blog, Post Secret, came to be. Postcards is a journey through time and a reminder of why – in a digital world – human connection through material means is still relevant and important.

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Wallace, Mark Coleman. "Scottish freemasonry 1725-1810 : progress, power, and politics." Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/324.

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Komatsu, Patricia Elisa Kuniko Kondo. "À espreita de \'súditos do eixo\' - para a história social dos imigrantes japoneses e a situação do português paulista do século XX." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-03032011-153852/.

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Este trabalho, que se vincula ao Projeto Temático História do Português Paulista (USP/FAPESP), tem o objetivo de apresentar os resultados da pesquisa sobre a história social dos imigrantes japoneses em São Paulo e aspectos do português paulista da primeira metade do século XX. Durante a pesquisa, realizou-se à constituição do corpus, ao estudo da história social que seria de fundo para a produção escrita que se refere à proibição de estrangerismo em território nacional e à identificação dos gêneros textuais que integram os dossiês. O pano de fundo desta dissertação começa com a adesão do Brasil à Segunda Guerra Mundial, pois a preocupação com os estrangeiros, principalmente com alemães, italianos e japoneses, aumentou. Neste sentido, em primeiro de outubro de 1942, foi decretada a lei federal que definia os crimes contra a segurança do Estado para os tempos de guerra (Decreto nº 4.766), o que deu início a investigações sobre imigrantes. A partir dos dossiês derivados dessas investigações, constituí um corpus de 394 dossiês gerados pelo DEOPS e DOPS/SP selecionados pelo critério da nacionalidade do investigado, qual seja, japonesa. Os súditos do eixo, forma pejorativa pelo qual os policiais tratavam os cidadãos japoneses, passaram a ser investigados com muito mais rigor. Durante essa época, os japoneses eram detidos pelos policias pelo simples fato de se comunicarem japonês. Além disso, as investigações mencionadas nos documentos são relativas à proibição do ensino da língua japonesa, pois todas as escolas estrangeiras foram fechadas e também as associações onde esses estrangeiros se reuniam para lazer e atividades festivas. O fato mais triste será verificado com os conflitos entre os próprios japoneses na colônia paulista. Surgiu uma facção chamada Shindô-renmei, cujos membros foram indiciados como sabotadores de plantações de menta e do cultivo do bicho da seda, que contribuíam com a grandeza da economia brasileira. Esse é o recorte expositivo deste trabalho: apresentar a história social que fundou a necessidade de se organizarem dossiês a respeito de japoneses e, a reboque disso, identificar o material de pesquisa para o estudo do português culto paulista organizado por gêneros textuais. No aspecto linguístico, recolhem-se qualificadores relativos a japoneses como forma de reconhecer algum tipo de preconceito sobre esses imigrantes. Ainda, nesse quesito linguístico, abordam-se questões relativas à ortografia, que se mostrava, então, muito instável, já que uma última mudança ortográfica fora imposta em 1943, período de produção dos documentos analisados.
This work, which is linked to the Thematic Project History of the Portuguese Language from São Paulo (USP/FAPESP), aims to present the results of research about the social history of Japanese immigrants in São Paulo and Portuguese Language aspects on the first half-century XX. During the research, there was the formation of the corpus, the study of social history which would be responsible for producing writing that refers to the prohibition of foreigness and the identification of genres that make up the dossiers. The background of this thesis begins with the adhesion of Brazil on the Second World War, since a concern with the foreigners, mainly German, Italian and Japanese people, has increased. In this sense, the first of October 1942, was enacted federal law defining crimes against state security on the times of war (Law Decree No. 4766), which initiated investigations on immigrants. The files derived from such research constitutes a corpus of 394 files generated by DEOPS and DOPS / SP selected by the criterion of nationality of the investigated people, namely, Japanese. The súditos do eixo, a pejorative way by which the police treated the Japanese citizens, began to be investigated more thoroughly. During this time, the Japanese were detained by police for the simple fact of communicating Japanese. In addition, investigations are mentioned in documents relating to the prohibition of teaching the Japanese language, so all foreign schools were also closed and associations where these foreigners gathered for leisure and festive activities. The saddest fact is verified with the conflicts between the Japanese themselves in the \'colony\' of São Paulo. The Shindo-Renmei had appeared and its members were called saboteurs because they were exterminating plantations and cultivation of the silkworm, products which contributed to the greatness of the Brazilian economy. This is the objective of this dissertation: to present the social history from documents about Japanese people and also identify the informations about the Standard Portuguese language of São Paulo. In the linguistic aspect, the qualifiers and the ortographic used in the documents, since a recent change of correct writting was imposed on 1943, during the production of documents reviewed.

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Jenkins, Danny R. "Winning trench warfare battlefield intelligence in the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918 /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ57601.pdf.

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Oshindoro, Michael Eniola. "Myth Is Its Own Undoing: Approaching Gender Equity Through Gender Dialogue In Ayọbami Adebayọ’s Stay With Me (2017) And Lọla Shonẹyin’s The Secret Lives Of Baba Sẹgi’s Wives (2010)." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1586457496960154.

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Nielsen, Alex Cahill. "Making Waves: Bacon, Manley, and the Shifting Rhetorics of Opulent At(a)lantis." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1430996954.

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Holmes, David. "Crowned in shamrocks erin't Broad Acres : the emergence of the Irish Catholic community in Yorkshire, and the evolution of the West Riding's forgotten Irish rugby clubs, 1860-c 1920." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2010. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9080/.

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This thesis examines the emergence of the Irish Catholic diaspora in the industrial diocese of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and the evolution of the West Riding's forgotten Irish rugby clubs, 1860-c 1920. In addition to considering the contributions of Irish immigrants in the history of rugby football this thesis explores their religious, nationalist, social and cultural experiences, set within the wider history of Irish immigration in England. The history and establishment of parochial and non-parochial Irish Catholic rugby clubs in the West Riding can be traced back to the 1870s. Diasporic Irish Catholics settled in the county have always been part of rugby football since it's inception, albeit, at a much slower and punctuated rate than that observed among English Protestant communities. The foremost aim of this thesis is to scrutinise the rugby antecedents of Irish Catholics domiciled in the manufacturing centres of the West Riding during the Victorian and early Edwardian periods. In the late nineteenth century, towns and cities across the West Riding had become the great citadels of rugby football. Rugby attracted much participation, giving rise to the Catholic Church establishing its own internalised parochial rugby clubs, which were intended to improve the spiritual and physical well-being of its poor Irish adherents. This thesis, moreover, examines the establishment of non-parochial Irish rugby clubs which acted as sporting auxiliaries to Irish nationalist clubs. Finally, this thesis investigates those opportunities which allowed some working-class Irish Catholics to participate in games of rugby league outside of their own ethno-religious clubs for some of the county's senior professional rugby clubs. Since the main objective of Irish nationalist organisations was to offer financial support and political muscle to the Irish Parliamentary Party, this thesis will argue that the establishment of non-parochial nationalist Irish rugby clubs initially centred on the sport's by products, "gate-money".

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Shafafi, Pardis. "Secretly familiar : public secrets of a post traumatic diaspora." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11830.

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In 1979, the socio-political landscape of Iran was transformed beyond recognition. After years of conflict between the Shah and a myriad of political opposition groups, it seemed that the people had indeed triumphed over an authoritarian monarch. As is now widely known, their short lived victory transformed into a systematic programme of terror that turned back on and attacked those that the Islamic Republic deemed contrary to its values. The ‘bloody decade' of the 1980s saw thousands of executions and disappearances under the cloak of the war with neighbouring Iraq. The records of these massacres are still largely unreliable and/or incomplete. The programme of terror in question, that ensued and persists up to the present day, has instigated a sprawling transnational Diaspora with a familiar but rarely divulged public secret. My doctoral thesis comprises two main parts in relation to these events. They are connected by the running theme of alternative narratives of past violence, and a post-traumatic political activism. This is an intimate ethnography that examines global processes (revolution, Diaspora, transnational activism) from the vantage point of local and particular histories of Lur, former Fadaiyan guerilla fighters in Oslo. In the second part of this work, these histories are located within the collective movement of the Iran Tribunal, a literal attempt to make secrets public and to bring together subjective experiences of violence into a truth-‐telling process. Opening up a new space for critical reflection, this study proposes an alternative lens of analysis of tumultuous historical processes. With regards to their actors, efforts are made to better understand how lives and narratives are ordered around the characteristic disorder of violence, fear and Diaspora itself, and how subjective traumas manifest into collective, and in this case transnational, movements. My ethnography of disordered and interrupted lives works to inform studies of such critical contemporary realities as well as to ethnographically introduce the Iranian Diasporas' public secret of violence for wider anthropological enquiry, and to contribute towards its critical analysis.

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Luce, Alexandra Isabella. "British intelligence in the Portuguese world, 1939-1945 : operations against German Intelligence and relations with the Polícia de Vigilância e Defesa do Estado (PVDE)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608984.

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Nabuco, de Araujo Rodrigo. "Conquête des esprits et commerce des armes : la diplomatie militaire française au Brésil (1945-1974)." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690336.

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Les relations internationales du Brésil sont marquées par l'omniprésence états-unienne. Nous proposons ici de déconstruire en partie cette perspective, à l'appui d'archives inédites issues des ministères français des Affaires étrangères et de la Défense. Durant les années 50, 60 et 70, la France a envoyé ses plus grands spécialistes du renseignement au Brésil. Issus d'horizons politiques très différents, ces hommes ont assuré le transfert des doctrines coloniales de l'armée française vers l'armée brésilienne mais ils ont aussi créé des débouchés pour les industries françaises reconstituées dans l'après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En moins de vingt ans, l'armée française a entièrement remodelé la perception que les militaires brésiliens avaient de leur rôle. La technologie exportée n'était pas uniquement matérielle ; politique, elle a permis la construction d'un nouvel édifice militaire, fondé sur le principe de la guerre anti-subversive, sur l'action des services de renseignement et sur l'hégémonie des groupes industriels liés à l'armement. En ce sens, la France a largement contribué à ce que l'armée brésilienne atteigne son autonomie stratégique. Pourtant, sa technologie n'a pas apporté que des résultats positifs. Bien au contraire, à l'instar des guerres menées par l'armée française dans les colonies, la guerre anti-subversive au Brésil a refondu la société brésilienne.

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Wahl, Markus. "“It would be better,if some doctors were sent to workin the coal mines”The SED and the medical Intelligentsiabetween 1961 and 1981." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Humanities, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9747.

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The relationship between the Socialist Unity Party [SED] and the medical intelligentsia in the German Democratic Republic [GDR] has often been described as one of the most problem-atic for the Republic‟s political vanguard. This thesis discusses this relationship for the two dec-ades after the erection of the Berlin Wall in 1961. With the inability of East German workers to leave for West Germany after this event, the GDR was able to enforce their programme of so-cialist development in a new way. Doctors, despite being crucial for this socialist society and its legitimacy, were not excluded from the state‟s radical new policies. However, as files from the former state security apparatus, party and trade union make obvious, doctors were very success-ful in preventing both the ideological conditioning of their community and state interference in the composition of the medical elite. With the examination of the every-day life of the medical intelligentsia, especially in East German hospitals, this thesis contributes to the discussion about the difference between the claims of the socialist party and the realities faced in the healthcare sector. There were a variety of complex reasons for the increasing distance between the state‟s claim and reality, many of which will be analysed in the course of this work. This analysis is, em-bedded in a historical approach, outlined mainly by Mary Fulbrook, which sets the micro-level in the context of the macro-level, considering the correlation between the claim and ideology of the SED, their communication, mechanisms and policies reaching the boundaries of the social con-glomerate of doctors, as well as their reactions, career aspirations and pre-conditions. For the seventies, a whole section is dedicated to exploring the reasons that the medical intelligentsia was one of the main-clients of so-called „human trafficking gangs‟, enabling insight into their situa-tion and the attitude towards the socialist state, which led them to „vote with their feet‟. This the-sis demonstrates, especially for the sixties and seventies, that there is still much potential for fur-ther research, in to the case of the most ideologically unreliable social group in the GDR: the medical intelligentsia.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'The Secret History'

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