Journal articles: 'The shape of the building'

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Ying, Xiaoyu, and Wenzhe Li. "Effect of Floor Shape Optimization on Energy Consumption for U-Shaped Office Buildings in the Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Area of China." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 8, 2020): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052079.

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This paper explored the effects of the side proportion of building floor shape on building energy consumption. It is based on the analysis of regression models that were developed in the present study. The simplified building models can be used to conduct a parametric study to investigate the effect of building plane shape parameters on total heating and cooling load. DesignBuilder was used to build and simulate individual building configuration. Energy consumption simulations for forty-eight U-shaped buildings with different plane layouts were performed to create a comprehensive dataset covering general ranges of side proportions of U-shaped buildings and building orientations. Statistical analysis was performed using MATLAB to develop a set of regression equations predicting energy consumption and optimizing floor shapes. Furthermore, perimeter-area ratio (PAR), width ratio, and depth ratio were considered as three factors to characterize the quantitative relationship between floor shape and energy consumption. It is envisioned that the binary quadratic polynomial regression models, visualized as a smooth surface in space and mapped to a vortex image on the plane, can be used to estimate the energy consumption in the early stages of the design when different building schemes and design concepts are being considered.

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Jiang, Lei, Weiqing Liu, Haiping Liao, and Jiabao Li. "Investigation of the Geometric Shape Effect on the Solar Energy Potential of Gymnasium Buildings." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 6369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236369.

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Gymnasium are typically large-span buildings with abundant solar energy resources due to their extensive roof surface. However, relevant research on this topic has not been thoroughly conducted to investigate the effect of the geometric shape of gymnasium buildings on their solar potential. In this paper, an investigation of the geometric shape effect on the solar potential of gymnasium buildings is presented. A three-dimensional radiation transfer model coupled with historical meteorological data was established to estimate the real-time solar potential of the roof of a gymnasium building. The rooftop solar potential of three typical building foundation shapes and different types of roof shapes that have evolved was systematically analyzed. An annual solar potential cloud map of each gymnasium building is generated. The monthly and annual average solar radiation intensities of the different types of roof shapes are investigated. Compared to the optimal tilt angle, the maximum decrease in the average radiation intensity reached −20.42%, while the minimum decline was −8.64% for all types of building shapes. The solar energy potential fluctuated by up to 11% across the various roof shapes, which indicate that shape selection is of vital importance for integrated photovoltaic gymnasium buildings. The results presented in this work are essential for clarifying the effects of the geometric shape of gymnasium buildings on the solar potential of their roofs, which provide an important reference for building design.

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Andiyan, Andiyan, and Wima Alkad Albadira. "Study of Building Mass Forms in Jardin Cihampelas Apartment." MARKA (Media Arsitektur dan Kota) : Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian 5, no. 1 (August 26, 2021): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33510/marka.2021.5.1.15-26.

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Cihampelas Street Bandung is one of the main tourist destinations in Bandung; besides that, Cihampelas is also a residential area with a high population density. Jalan Cihampelas has many residential places, one of which is the Jardin Cihampelas Apartment. The Jardin Cihampelas Apartment is a building consisting of 4 building towers, namely towers A, B, C, and D. Each tower has 23 floors, and a U shape, Tower A - B and C - D are located close to each other on the inside of the "U" shaped mass surrounding the swimming pool. The approach used is geometry, and basic shapes, geometry, and basic shapes show that architecture is an expression of humans and is a basic principle always present from a work of architecture. This research aims to study the relationship between geometric shapes that affect the Jardin Cihampelas apartment building mass. The method used is a descriptive qualitative method using field surveys; the research study is the shape of the building mass in geometric shapes. The research variables discussed include basic form, unity, proportion, balance, rhythm, and emphasis. This research is expected to get useful results from studying the mass shape of the building in the Jardin Cihampelas apartment with the residential typology of tall buildings with geometric shapes in the processing of space in structures.

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Gradziński, Piotr. "APPLICATION OF LCA AND BIM METHODS IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF A SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE IN THE CHANGING CLIMATE OF WESTERN POMERANIA." space&FORM 2020, no. 44 (December 3, 2020): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2020.44.b-03.

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The paper deals concerns the problem of energy optimization of single-family housing in Poland in Western Pomerania. The problem is considered because of the changing climate in the region and the consequences. This results in the search for changes in the architectural paradigm of singlefamily houses design and the use of appropriate technical solutions that minimize the environmental impact of these buildings. The problem of changes is considered in the category of building materials selection and the architectural form shape. In the analytical part, the following analyzes were carried out: in terms of the structures of the building in minimizing CO2 emissions and energy consumption of the building materials used and environmental factors (light, shade, wind) influencing energy consumption through the building's shape in the region.

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Abdessetar, M., and Y. Zhong. "BUILDINGS CHANGE DETECTION BASED ON SHAPE MATCHING FOR MULTI-RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 13, 2017): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-683-2017.

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Buildings change detection has the ability to quantify the temporal effect, on urban area, for urban evolution study or damage assessment in disaster cases. In this context, changes analysis might involve the utilization of the available satellite images with different resolutions for quick responses. In this paper, to avoid using traditional method with image resampling outcomes and salt-pepper effect, building change detection based on shape matching is proposed for multi-resolution remote sensing images. Since the object’s shape can be extracted from remote sensing imagery and the shapes of corresponding objects in multi-scale images are similar, it is practical for detecting buildings changes in multi-scale imagery using shape analysis. Therefore, the proposed methodology can deal with different pixel size for identifying new and demolished buildings in urban area using geometric properties of objects of interest. After rectifying the desired multi-dates and multi-resolutions images, by image to image registration with optimal RMS value, objects based image classification is performed to extract buildings shape from the images. Next, Centroid-Coincident Matching is conducted, on the extracted building shapes, based on the Euclidean distance measurement between shapes centroid (from shape T0 to shape T1 and vice versa), in order to define corresponding building objects. Then, New and Demolished buildings are identified based on the obtained distances those are greater than RMS value (No match in the same location).

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Taima, Masahiro, Yasushi Asami, and Kimihiro Hino. "Estimation of building shape by block size." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-360-2019.

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Abstract. Block restructuring has been strongly emphasized in Japan for renovating cities. However, little is known about the relation between block size and building shape. Moreover, the shape of buildings designed on a block after restructuring is unclear. Some estimation methods for urban physical status, such as building footprint location, floor area, and land use, have been developed in previous research. Taima et al. (2016) developed a model to estimate the building footprint area by using GIS. The future image of the building footprint on various blocks is visualized. Similarly, Asami and Ohtaki (2000) developed a model to estimate detached house location. Orford (2010) developed a methodology for estimating the floor area of individual properties from digital infrastructure data. Shiravi et al. (2015) assessed the utility of some models for estimating floor area using three data sources: a geographic vector building footprint layer, a LiDAR data set, and field survey data for the south side of the city of Fredericton, Canada. They discussed the reliability and accuracy of each model. In other research, Brunner et al. (2009) extended a methodology for building height estimation and tried to improve its accuracy. Schmidt et al. (2010) presented an approach to the estimation of building density on the block scale. Land use (Debnath and Amin, 2016; Jiang and Liu, 2012) and floor area (Orford, 2010) are popular topics and estimated in previous studies of the urban field, but estimation of building shape has seldom been a focus in the literature. Three-dimensional estimations of buildings cannot be found. If software to estimate building shape by block shape and other conditions was developed, it would be useful to determine urban planning, such as population estimation and landuse estimation. In this study, an estimation model is developed and applied to certain areas. In this study, the relation between block size and building shape is analyzed quantitatively, and a three-dimensional building shape is estimated by a model using an urban planning GIS data set of Tokyo (Figure 1 and 2). Results show the quantitative relation between block size and building shape, and the building shape image on the blocks. Higher buildings and buildings with a basement tend to be built in larger blocks, leading to efficient use of the maximum volume permitted in the block. In addition, the region composed by larger blocks can be spacious, because the range of building setback will be long in larger blocks. Designation of a high floor area ratio may induce integration and enlargement of blocks. Blocks are less likely to be partitioned in zones when a high floor area ratio is designated.

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Taima, Masahiro, Yasushi Asami, and Kimihiro Hino. "The relation between block size and building shape." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317702897.

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Block restructuring has been strongly emphasized in Japan for renovating cities. However, little is known about the relation between block size and building shape. Moreover, the shape of buildings designed on a block after restructuring is unclear. In this study, the relation between block size and building shape is analyzed quantitatively, and a three-dimensional building shape is estimated by a model using an urban planning GIS data set of Tokyo. Results show the quantitative relation between block size and building shape, and the building shape image on the blocks. Higher buildings and buildings with a basement tend to be built in larger blocks, leading to efficient use of the maximum volume permitted in the block. In addition, the region composed by larger blocks can be spacious, because the range of building setback will be long in larger blocks. Designation of a high floor area ratio may induce integration and enlargement of blocks. Blocks are less likely to be partitioned in zones when a high floor area ratio is designated.

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Mokrzecka, Martyna. "Influence of building shape and orientation on heating demand: simulations for student dormitories in temperate climate conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400117.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of preliminary design decisions such as building shape and orientation on its heating demand. After analysing plans of forty student dormitories located in heating dominated climate (Dfb and Cfb), eight typical plan layouts were identified and chosen for further analysis. Eight buildings were modelled using these plans and uploaded to dynamic simulation tool, Sefaira. Buildings have the same characteristics (surface, height, thermal properties, location etc.). The next step was to rotate the buildings at 45° intervals and simulate the annual heating demand for each case. The results show that the shape influences the heating energy consumption. The difference between minimum and maximum heating demand in the chosen sample was 50%. The square – shaped buildings have advantages in terms of heating energy consumption over L, U and C-shaped buildings as well as over rectangles with different shape factor. Orientation does not substantially influence the consumption in well insulated buildings. Last step of the research was to analyse the influence of functional layout on heating energy and internal comfort in a square-shaped building.

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Kabošová, Lenka, Eva Kormaníková, Stanislav Kmeť, and Dušan Katunský. "Shape-changing tensegrity-membrane building skin." MATEC Web of Conferences 310 (2020): 00046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031000046.

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Building skins are persistently exposed to changes in the weather, including the cases of weather extremes, increasing in frequency due to global climate change. As a consequence of the advancements of digital design tools, the integration of the weather conditions into the design process is much smoother. The impact of the ambient conditions on buildings and their structures can be digitally analyzed as early as in the conceptual design stage. These new design tools stimulate original ideas for shape-changing building skins, actively reacting to the dynamic weather conditions. In the paper, a digital design method is introduced, leading towards the design of a building skin, able of the passive shape adaptation when subjected to the wind. The designed building skin consists of a tensegrity structure where the tensioned elements are substituted by a tensile membrane, creating a self-equilibrated building skin element. In the previous research, a small prototype of this wind-adaptive element was created. The computer simulations are employed to predict the adaptive behavior of a bigger, full-scale building skin element. The before-mentioned building envelope becomes an active player in its surrounding environment, passively reacting to the wind in real-time, thanks to the geometric and material properties. Due to the local shape changes caused by the wind force, the wind can be perceived unconventionally through the adaptive building structure.

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Sulzer, R., P. Nourian, M. Palmieri, and J. C. van Gemert. "SHAPE BASED CLASSIFICATION OF SEISMIC BUILDING STRUCTURAL TYPES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W10 (September 12, 2018): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w10-179-2018.

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Abstract. This paper investigates automatic prediction of seismic building structural types described by the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) taxonomy, by combining remote sensing, cadastral and inspection data in a supervised machine learning approach. Our focus lies on the extraction of detailed geometric information from a point cloud gained by aerial laser scanning. To describe the geometric shape of a building we apply Shape-DNA, a spectral shape descriptor based on the eigenvalues of the Laplace-Beltrami operator. In a first experiment on synthetically generated building stock we succeed in predicting the roof type of different buildings with accuracies above 80%, only relying on the Shape-DNA. The roof type of a building thereby serves as an example of a relevant feature for predicting GEM attributes, which cannot easily be identified and described by using traditional methods for shape analysis of buildings. Further research is necessary in order to explore the usability of Shape-DNA on real building data. In a second experiment we use real-world data of buildings located in the Groningen region in the Netherlands. Here we can automatically predict six GEM attributes, such as the type of lateral load resisting system, with accuracies above 75% only by taking a buildings footprint area and year of construction into account.

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Lyons, Diane. "The politics of house shape: round vs rectilinear domestic structures in Déla compounds, northern Cameroon." Antiquity 70, no. 268 (June 1996): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00083320.

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Building floor plans are frequently recovered by archaologists. A common first sorting of the shapes of small domestic buildings is between round houses and rectangular houses. What do these differences mean? Why do social groups change their building form from one to the other? An ethnoarchaeological study from northern Cameroon illustrates how four ethnic groups in a single community use building shape to blur or define group boundaries for political self-interests.

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Suharjanto, Gatot. "Bahan Bangunan dalam Peradaban Manusia: Sebuah Tinjauan dalam Sejarah Peradaban Manusia." Humaniora 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2011): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v2i1.3100.

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Building, which consists of many building materials arranged in following the designer’s patter, could be stood and built in many scale, time and place. Development of the shape in building design has been changed from time to time as in time development and human ability that keeps increasing. Many buildings came from human civilization. Knowledge, social community and environment circumstances and also building material sources have huge role in developing building shapes. How far the existance of the building, it becomes retrieval benchmark in human civilization through building material usage approach in each age.

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Gaitov, Rashid, Serik Tokbolat, Hua Zhong, and Mohamad Mustafa. "Investigation of the impacts of design parameters on thermal performance of buildings in cold climate." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124607002.

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While design optimization of buildings seeks to improve energy efficiency and, thus, leads to greenhouse gas emissions reduction, the thermal performance of buildings can be compromised. Thermal performance is an important aspect as it directly affects the health and well-being of occupants. This study aims to investigate using a simple simulation tool to examine the correlation between a set of building physical design parameters such as orientation, shading and shape, optimization of which helps to make a positive impact on the thermal performance of the building in a cold climate zone. The thermal performance simulation tool Passive Design Assistant (PDA) was used to build a simulation model and test the interdependence between the design parameters and thermal performance. The results indicate that modifications of building’s parameters such as orientation and shape or the addition of shadings lead to improvements of the internal thermal temperature, heat gain and loss, hence the optimal parameters should prevail. A case study for cold climate is analyzed, in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, the optimal orientation for the squared building is 30° from East to South (building rotated 120°) and the optimal building’s shape is rectangular, which attracts up to 2.6 times higher solar gains than the square one. Moreover, the use of shadings can regulate the internal temperature of the building by 2 °C. General recommendations based on the findings are made and could be considered in the earlier stage of building design and construction processes.

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Zhang, Peng Cheng, Yu Xia Gu, and Shuang Zhao. "Mathematically Modeling for a Nautilus-Shaped Building." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 3028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.3028.

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Bionic shape provides inexhaustible creative inspirations for architects, however for building construction, which also brings new challenge to engineers. Because structural mechanics and construction implementation need accurate space orientation, dimension, and figuration, the exactly geometrical modeling is absolutely necessary. This paper presents the methods of mathematically modeling of bionic shapes with an example of a Conch shape Concert Hall in Xiamen in the design practice, and draw inferences to more complex shapes and structures for design reference.

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Vukadinovic, Ana, Jasmina Radosavljevic, Amelija Djordjevic, and Nemanja Petrovic. "Effects of the geometry of residential buildings with a sunspace on their energy performance." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 17, no. 1 (2019): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace190227004v.

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The increase in energy consumption in building design and construction and the issues related to environmental protection have steered many current researchers toward examining the ways to reduce total CO2 emissions, which resulted in the development of various measures to increase energy efficiency. One measure for more cost-efficient and rational use of energy resources in individual residential buildings is the application of passive solar systems with a sunspace. This paper presents the effects of the shape factor of a residential building with a passive sunspace on the total consumption of heating and cooling energy. The total amount of energy required for building heating and cooling was calculated by means of dynamic modelling using EnergyPlus software. The simulations were run according to the meteorological parameters for the city of Nis. For simulation purposes, models of residential buildings with a passive sunspace and square- and rectangle-shaped floors were designed. The variations between the models include different building shape factor, floor geometry, surface area of the southern fa?ade, and glazing percentage, i.e. window-to-wall ratio (WWR). Examination of the models with WWR=20%, WWR=40%, and WWR=60% revealed that the elongated shape of a building with the aspect ratio of 2.25:1, with the longer side of the fa?ade facing south, is the most favourable in terms of heating energy consumption. For the same WWRs, the elongated shape of a building with the aspect ratio of 1.56:1, with the longer side of the fa?ade facing south, is the most favourable in terms of cooling energy consumption. As WWR increases, so does the amount of energy required to cool the building. The biggest increase in heating energy consumption was observed in buildings with the aspect ratio 1:2.25, with the shorter side facing south.

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Gur, Sourav, Yazhou Xie, and Reginald DesRoches. "Seismic fragility analyses of steel building frames installed with superelastic shape memory alloy dampers: Comparison with yielding dampers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 18-19 (September 22, 2019): 2670–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19873408.

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Smart materials such as shape memory alloys have unique material properties that can potentially mitigate earthquake hazards on the built environment. Implementation of shape memory alloy-based devices on building structures should incorporate two key factors: (1) distinct mechanical features of the devices and (2) inherent large uncertainty stemming from material properties, building geometry, and ground motions. This study conducts seismic fragility analyses of steel building frames installed with superelastic shape memory alloy dampers, which enable both factors to be appropriately considered. First, a thermomechanical constitutive model is utilized to capture all essential characteristics of the shape memory alloy damper. Next, a probabilistic seismic analysis framework is developed to obtain the seismic demands of three critical engineering demand parameters (i.e. peak interstory drift ratio, residual drift ratio, and top floor acceleration) of the building when subjected to modeling uncertainty and a large set of realistic ground motion inputs. Nonlinear time history responses and the associated short-time Fourier transform demonstrate the superior control efficiency of the shape memory alloy damper in limiting the building’s residual drift and top floor acceleration. Furthermore, seismic fragilities of the buildings when installed with shape memory alloy dampers are compared with those when equipped with yielding dampers. The study indicates that under different levels of ground motions and various ranges of modeling uncertainty in structural parameters, shape memory alloy damper consistently outperforms the yielding damper in reducing the seismic fragility of the building at both component and system levels.

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Liu, Haifei, Minhua Yang, Jie Chen, Jialiang Hou, and Min Deng. "Line-Constrained Shape Feature for Building Change Detection in VHR Remote Sensing Imagery." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7100410.

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Buildings represent the most relevant features of human activity in urban regions, but their change detection using very-high-resolution (VHR) remote sensing imagery is still a major challenge. Effective representation of the building is the key point in building change detection. The linear feature can indirectly represent the structure and distribution of man-made objects. Thus, this study proposes a shape feature-based building change detection method. Specifically, a line-constrained shape (LCS) feature is developed to capture the shape characteristics of buildings. This feature improves the discriminability between buildings and other ground objects by integrating the pixel shape feature and line segments. The building candidate area (BCA) is created in accordance with the distribution of the line segments in two-phase images. The problem space is constrained in a high-likelihood region of buildings because of the BCA. Comparative experimental results demonstrate that the combination of the spectral feature and the developed LCS feature achieves the best performance in object-based building change detection in VHR imagery.

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Raof, BinaeeYaseen. "THE CORRELATION BETWEEN BUILDING SHAPE AND BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2017): 552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/4145.

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Thania, Bella Mareta, and Ari Widyati Purwantiasning. "Kajian Konsep Arsitektur Kontekstual pada Bangunan di Kawasan Kota Tua Jakarta." MARKA (Media Arsitektur dan Kota) : Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian 4, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33510/marka.2020.4.1.1-16.

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Contextual architecture is a field of science that discusses the relationship of a building with the surrounding environment that explains three things, namely, activities, environment, and visuals. The application of contextual architecture can be seen in a historical area that still maintains historical values. One of the historical areas that still maintains historical values in its buildings is the Jakarta Old Town Area. This study aims to explain how the application of the principles of contextual architecture in the Old City area of Jakarta particularly the shape of the building. Existing principles are contrast and harmony in terms of size, shape, and color, but in this research, it will discuss the shape of the building. The method used in examining contextual architecture in the Old Jakarta City area is a qualitative descriptive method that is, conducting observations to find out the contextual buildings in historic areas and then analyzing the principles of contextual architecture particularly the shape of the building. This research is expected to be able to identify and provide an understanding of the principles of contextual architecture in historic buildings in the Old City area of Jakarta, particularly the shape of the building.

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Kodors, Sergejs. "GEOMETRIC FEATURE SELECTION OF BUILDING SHAPE FOR URBAN CLASSIFICATION." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (June 15, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol2.2613.

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The proposed research is related with building detection in airborne laser scanning data. The result of geospatial surface segmentation provides a vector layer of unclassified shapes. Geometric features of shapes can be applied to classify urban objects and to detect buildings among them. The goal of this research is to select the appropriate geometric features considering their importance for building recognition. The feature selection is completed using random forest algorithm. The obtained list of features and their influence weights can be used to improve building recognition methods and to filter noise objects.

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Inzhutov, Ivan, Victor Zhadanov, Peter Melnikov, Sergei Amelchugov, and Irina Melnikova. "Buildings and constructions on the base of timber for the Arctic regions." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 01089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911001089.

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Economic efficiency of development of high-latitude territories directly depends on the construction technologies applied here. Traditional materials such as reinforced concrete and steel cause unacceptably high resource consumption throughout the entire technological chain of construction production in the Northern regions, and the mechanical transfer of construction technologies to high-latitude construction are ineffective. Analysis of environmental effects on buildings and structures has shown that the most effective for the Extreme North is the dome shape, namely: the building of the lenticular shape; dome building; the building in the form of a sphere; in the form of a cone formed by rotating the Reuleaux triangle around the vertical axis of symmetry; the building of tetrahedron type, and various shapes formed by the combination of buildings of dome shapes. The rationality of constructions made of wood and wood materials is emphasized, which determines the necessity of creating an industry of glued elements. It has been widely used in high-latitude construction and has proved to be the best in terms of frost resistance, low resistance to corrosion from blizzards, high specific strength and low thermal conductivity for a long time.

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Jiao, Qisong, Hongbo Jiang, and Qiang Li. "Building Earthquake Damage Analysis Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (May 23, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8308104.

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Terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs) can acquire high-precision three-dimensional point cloud data for earthquake-damaged buildings. In this study, we collected TLS data in the Wenchuan earthquake zone and developed the TLS-BSAM (terrestrial laser scanning-based building shape analysis model) to carry out a building earthquake damage analysis. This model involves equidistance polygon array extraction, shape dispersion parameter calculations, irregular building clustering segmentation, and damage analysis. We chose 21 buildings as samples for the experiments. The results show that when using an equidistance polygon array to depict a three-dimensional building, 0.5 m is a reasonable sampling interval for building earthquake damage analysis. Using certain characteristic parameters to carry out K-means clustering, one can efficiently divide irregular buildings into regular blocks. Then, by weighted averages, the shape dispersion parameters can be calculated to express the damage extent to buildings. Among the shape dispersion parameters, at least the weighted average standard deviations of the tilt direction, rectangularity, compactness, and center point are suitable to reflect the damage extent. Higher values reflect more serious damage. On the basis of existing data, the weighted average standard deviations of the tilt direction and center point can be used to establish discriminant functions that can effectively distinguish the damage extent.

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Price, S. A., S. T. Friedman, K. A. Corn, C. M. Martinez, O. Larouche, and P. C. Wainwright. "Building a Body Shape Morphospace of Teleostean Fishes." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 716–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz115.

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Abstract We present a dataset that quantifies body shape in three dimensions across the teleost phylogeny. Built by a team of researchers measuring easy-to-identify, functionally relevant traits on specimens at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History it contains data on 16,609 specimens from 6144 species across 394 families. Using phylogenetic comparative methods to analyze the dataset we describe the teleostean body shape morphospace and identify families with extraordinary rates of morphological evolution. Using log shape ratios, our preferred method of body-size correction, revealed that fish width is the primary axis of morphological evolution across teleosts, describing a continuum from narrow-bodied laterally compressed flatfishes to wide-bodied dorsoventrally flattened anglerfishes. Elongation is the secondary axis of morphological variation and occurs within the more narrow-bodied forms. This result highlights the importance of collecting shape on three dimensions when working across teleosts. Our analyses also uncovered the fastest rates of shape evolution within a clade formed by notothenioids and scorpaeniforms, which primarily thrive in cold waters and/or have benthic habits, along with freshwater elephantfishes, which as their name suggests, have a novel head and body shape. This unprecedented dataset of teleostean body shapes will enable the investigation of the factors that regulate shape diversification. Biomechanical principles, which relate body shape to performance and ecology, are one promising avenue for future research.

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Wang, Cheng Qi, Zheng Liang Li, Zhi Tao Yan, and Qi Ke Wei. "Wind Load on Complex-Shape Building." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 4389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.4389.

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Wind load on complex-shape building, the wind tunnel test and numerical simulation were carried out. The two technologies supplement each other and their results meet well. There are mainly positive pressures on the windward surface, negative pressures on the roof, the leeward surface and the side. Especially, negative pressure is higher in the leeward region of the building corner. Its effect induced by the shape of the complex-shape building is remarkable.

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Davies, Rhodri H., Carole J. Twining, P. Daniel Allen, Tim F. Cootes, and Chris J. Taylor. "Building optimal 2D statistical shape models." Image and Vision Computing 21, no. 13-14 (December 2003): 1171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2003.09.003.

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Cervantes-Salguero, Keitel, Shogo Hamada, Shin-ichiro Nomura, and Satoshi Murata. "Polymorphic Ring-Shaped Molecular Clusters Made of Shape-Variable Building Blocks." Nanomaterials 5, no. 1 (February 16, 2015): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano5010208.

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López, Oscar A., and Elizabeth Raven. "An Overall Evaluation of Irregular-Floor-Plan—Shaped Buildings Located in Seismic Areas." Earthquake Spectra 15, no. 1 (February 1999): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586031.

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This paper aims to identify and analyze the advantages and disadvantages associated with building plan shape considering engineering and architectural needs and to quantify them in terms of the common language of costs and benefits. Parameters that measure the overall seismic response of a given plan shape were defined. Seismic behavior of the irregular shapes can be improved by means of special engineering efforts that provide enough in-plane slab stiffness and a distribution of lateral stiffness and strength so that torsion and distortion can be minimized. The proposed procedure of integral evaluation of buildings was applied to two specific examples, one regular and one irregular building, both with similar characteristics. The irregular building was seismically adequate by means of several dynamic analyses and a careful structural design so that it reached an acceptable level of seismic performance. For this example, the irregular building offers long-term benefits that exceed the initial investment required to improve its seismic behavior.

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Pandey, Mr Suryakant. "Seismic Analysis of L-Shape Multi-Storey RCC Building with X-Bracing in Different Effective Location and Pattern." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 1150–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37530.

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Abstract: In this day and age of urbanization, there is a strong need for a large-scale high-rise apartment building in every city but high-rise construction systems are extremely difficult to construct in any seismic region due to the intense and disruptive nature of seismic forces. Seismic forces have the highest risk of causing the most harm to high-rise buildings. To meet this need, the Civil Engineering industry is constantly developing new groundbreaking techniques. To solve this problem RCC or steel bracings are provided in high-rise buildings which help to the low down the effect of seismic and wind forces. The main objective of this paper is to locate an effective position and pattern of the RCC X-bracing system in the L- shape multi-storey building which is subjected to seismic forces. According to a previous reference paper, X-bracing produces better results than other bracing systems. Analysis the seven types of frame models are taken – (1) Normal L-shape building without bracing, (2) Xbracing are provided at the face of L-shape building, (3) X-bracing are provided alternative pattern at the face of L-shape building from bottom to top floor, (4) X- bracing are provided zig-zag pattern at the face of L-shape building, (5) X-bracing are provided at the corner of L-shape building, (6) X-bracing are provided alternative pattern at the corner of L-shape building from bottom to the top floor, (7) X-bracing are provided zig-zag pattern at the corner of L-shape building. Developed and evaluated by response spectrum analysis method (Linear dynamic analysis) as per IS 1893-2000 using STAAD PRO V8i. In the present work G+12 storey, the L-shape frame structure is analyzed by using X-bracing. It is analyzed and the results of the Following Parameters are taken - (1) Peak storey shear, (2) Base shear, (3) Nodal displacement, (4) Maximum bending moment, (5) Total quantity of steel in the whole structure, (6) Total volume of concrete in the whole structure are evaluated and compared. Keywords: RCC Bracing, Seismic Behavior, Seismic Analysis, Peak Storey Shear, Base shear, Nodal Displacements, Maximum Bending Moment, The Total Quantity of Steel, The Total Volume of Concrete

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Firmansyah, Imam. "Study of Art Plaza Circulation Theory and Shape of Art Plaza." Journal La Multiapp 1, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v1i1.48.

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The circulation system is a vital linking infrastructure that connects various activities and uses land on an area and inside a building that considers functional, economic, flexibility and comfort aspects. The explanation of this theory emphasizes the uniqueness of the building itself. So that there are various shapes of buildings in an effort to adjust to environmental conditions, climate, and natural surroundings. As a result, the resulting building has a special shapeation in accordance with the idea of an architect.

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Toutou, Ahmed Mohamed Yousef. "Parametric Approach for Multi-Objective Optimization for Daylighting and Energy Consumption in Early Stage Design of Office Tower in New Administrative Capital City of Egypt." Academic Research Community publication 3, no. 1 (February 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v3i1.426.

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In the last few years, great improvements have been achieved in building optimization methods. Mustapha Sadeghipour Roudasri and others found new tools ” Ladybug, Honeybee and Butterfly” which could gather many simulation engines and visualization tools ” Energyplus, OpenStudio, Radiance, Daysim, CFD, OpenFOAM, etc ”. Consequently, These simulation engines will integrate with parametric modeling in Grasshopper and multiobjective optimization through Octopus plug-in to form an early stage parametric optimization framework in one canvas. This paper aims at finding the suitable plane shape and building configurations for multi-objective optimization to the daylighting levels and energy consumption of office tower building in the new administrative capital city in Egypt through parametric based optimization method. One of the most commonly used plan shapes of these types of buildings was studied. This shape and many building configurations ”WWR, window material, wall material and shading devices” were parametrically modeled. These Parameters will form many tradeoffs which will be simulated and optimized by the previous framework. Spatial Daylight Autonomy ”SDA300/50%” is examined to optimize Daylighting while Energy Use Intensity ” EUI” is used for energy consumption optimization. Multi-Objective Optimization was performed by genetic algorithms via Octopus plug-in. The near optimum design for plan shape and building configuration to balance between daylighting and energy consumption is achieved and will be a reference model for office tower buildings in this zone in Egypt which is under rapid development. The framework used in this study will guide designers to find effective solutions for early-stage design of office building in one canvas without any conflict between several engines and scripts.

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Sjarifudin, Firza Utama. "Parametric Camshaft Mechanism for Adaptive Building Envelope and Kinetic Building Ornaments." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.225.

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This paper offers development of the building envelope that aims to revive a new expression of traditional decorative elements by applying digital technology as well as having an adaptive function. This paper also proposes a camshaft mechanism system to transform the pattern of traditional ornament that uses pre-programmed analysis data of environmental changes to parametrically drive the number of rotation phase and Lobe Lift that generates the shape of camshaft. Furthermore, this shapes drives the transformation of the basic pattern. In conclusion, this paper has developed a prototypical tool that facilitates the new approach to kinetic decorative ornaments on building envelopes.

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Zhang, Shuo Ying, and Si Suo. "Optimal Analysis of High-Rise Building Facade Shape Based on Frequent Earthquake Response." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1414.

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Transfer Matrix Method was used to calculate the frequent earthquake responses of high-rise building with different facade shapes. At the premise of constant lateral rigid and same bottom storey mass and supposing that the facade shape variability is simulated by the change of storey mass, the relationship between the maximum value of seismic response and the structure total mass were obtained. Results show that up concave shapes are more optimal than down concaves, pyramid and homogeneous shape as long as the structure deformation being within a reasonable range. If the building height is the most seeking aspect of the design, an up concave shape should be adopted and the building bottom size can be amplified according to the required architecture scale. On the other hand, up concave shapes can’t adapt to a rather wide range of total mass. If the construction field is limited and the architecture scale must meet the requirement, the homogeneous shape should be adopted.

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Md Mehedi Hasan, Meskat Jamil, and Md Mahbub-ul-Alam. "Structural floor shape efficiency of circular and square high rise structure towards lateral loadings." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.1.0364.

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The building shape is one of the most important considerations in the conceptual stage of building design. Since the building shape determines the size and the orientation of the exterior envelope exposed to the outdoor environment, it can affect building performance in many aspects: energy efficiency, cost and aesthetics. The shape and exterior structure of a house play major roles in determining its energy efficiency and the comfort of residents. The shape is comprised of the building’s height, width, and depth-also known as the footprint. The determination of the structural shape of a high-rise building would preferably involve only the selection and arrangement of the major structural element to resist most efficiently the various combinations of gravity and horizontal loading. Based on the above considerations, this study focuses on the responses by analysing the effects of the lateral loads on two 20 storied high rise structures having edge supported floor systems each of which one with square floor shape and another with circular floor and finally, presents a comparative result.

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Aksamija, Ajla, Kui Yue, Hyunjoo Kim, Francois Grobler, and Ramesh Krishnamurti. "Integration of knowledge-based and generative systems for building characterization and prediction." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 24, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060409990138.

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AbstractThis paper discusses the integration of knowledge bases and shape grammars for the generation of building models, covering interaction, system, and implementation. Knowledge-based and generative systems are combined to construct a method for characterizing existing buildings, in particular, their interior layouts based on exterior features and certain other parameters such as location and real dimensions. The knowledge-based model contains information about spatial use, organization, elements, and contextual information, with the shape grammar principally containing style rules. Buildings are analyzed and layouts are generated through communication and interaction between these two systems. The benefit of using an interactive system is that the complementary properties of the two schemes are employed to strengthen the overall process. Ontologies capture knowledge relating to architectural design principles, building anatomy, structure, and systems. Shape grammar rules embody change through geometric manipulation and transformation. Existing buildings are analyzed using this approach, and three-dimensional models are automatically generated. Two particular building types, the vernacular rowhouse and high-rise apartment building, both from Baltimore, Maryland, are presented to illustrate the process and for comparing the utilized methodologies.

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YAN, Weigang, Lin JIANG, Weiguang AN, Yang ZHOU, and Jinhua SUN. "Large scale experimental study on the fire hazard of buildings’ U-shape façade wall geometry." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, no. 4 (April 21, 2017): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2016.1210671.

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Buildings have U-shape façade designs for certain purposes such as lighting. However, such designs may lead to a higher fire hazard. In this paper, large scale experiments of upward flame spread over XPS insulation material were conducted to investigate the fire hazard of building’s U-shape façade wall geometry. Comparison to previous laboratory scale experiments were also presented. Theoretical analysis was performed to reveal the mechanism of the U-shape geometry’s influences. It is found that such geometry design would increase the fire hazard of buildings: flame spread rate and flame height increased with U-shape’s geometrical factor. The results agreed with theoretical analysis. It is expected that the buildings’ U-shape façade wall geometry would greatly benefit flame spread for full scale applications and increase the fire hazard. Thus engineers should be careful with such façade wall designs, especially for residential building designs.

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Kwok, K. C. S. "Effect of building shape on wind-induced response of tall building." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 28, no. 1-3 (August 1988): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(88)90134-1.

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AlAnzi, Adnan, Donghyun Seo, and Moncef Krarti. "Impact of building shape on thermal performance of office buildings in Kuwait." Energy Conversion and Management 50, no. 3 (March 2009): 822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.09.033.

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Keshavarzian, Erfan, Ruizhi Jin, Kejun Dong, and Kenny C. S. Kwok. "Effect of building cross-section shape on air pollutant dispersion around buildings." Building and Environment 197 (June 2021): 107861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107861.

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Abu-Zidan, Yousef, Kate Nguyen, and Priyan Mendis. "Influence of Building Shape on Wind-Driven Rain Exposure in Tall Buildings." Journal of Architectural Engineering 27, no. 3 (September 2021): 04021027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000496.

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Ingeli, Rastislav, Katarína Minarovičová, and Miroslav Čekon. "Architectural Elements with Respect to the Energy Performance of Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.561.

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Buildings account for 40% of the primary energy use and 24%of the generation of green house gases worldwide. Therefore, a reduction of the specific energy demand of buildings and increased use of renewable energy are important measures of climate change mitigation. On the 18th of May 2010 a recast of the EPBD was approved which further clarifies the intention that buildings shall have a low energy demand. The recast of the EPBD specifies that by the end of 2020 all new buildings shall be “nearly zero-energy buildings”. A nearly zero-energy building is defined as a building with a very high energy performance and very simple shape. The current focusing on the energy efficiency of the building operation may lead to uniform cuboid architecture with heavy insulated building envelopes. The paper deals with the influence of energy concept on architectural elements (and their properties as shape, material, colour, texture etc.)

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Hayashi, Y., M. Mori, and I. Takahashi. "Adaptive metamorphosis building and its shape analysis." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 20 (1992): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.20.304.

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Rashid, Mahbub. "Shape-Sensitive Configurational Descriptions of Building Plans." International Journal of Architectural Computing 10, no. 1 (March 2012): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1478-0771.10.1.33.

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Wang, Weimin, Hugues Rivard, and Radu Zmeureanu. "Floor shape optimization for green building design." Advanced Engineering Informatics 20, no. 4 (October 2006): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2006.07.001.

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Sui, Jie Li, Shao Ling Wang, Yan Tao Ren, and Tao Ma. "Shape Study on a Cubic Wooden Detached House Model for Reducing LCCO2." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.821.

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Among all elements of building which related to CO2 emissions, building shapes is a decisive factor. By deforming a cubic model, we achieved optimal shape of WDH reducingLCCO2 by Genetic Algorithms (GA).

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Rohmah, Kristiana Rizqi. "WUJUD KEBUDAYAAN JAWA DALAM BENTUK RUMAH LIMASAN." Nazharat: Jurnal Kebudayaan 26, no. 02 (December 3, 2020): 388–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/nazharat.v26i02.35.

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This research discusses the limas house of Javanese society. One of the Javanese traditional houses. The purpose of this research is to describe the Javanese people's view of life towards the limasan house shape, to describe the Javanese norms towards the limasan house shape, to describe the harmonization principle of Javanese society towards the limasan house shape, to describe the Javanese people's respect for the limasan house shape, to describe the physical dimensions. Javanese society towards the shape of the limasan house, describes the metaphysical dimension of the Javanese society towards the shape of the limasan house. The research method uses descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques in the form of observation. The results of the research on the Limasan traditional house building based on the Javanese view of life based on their beliefs can be seen from the Javanese house buildings in the Yogyakarta and Surakarta areas which are close to the Keraton that the house building faces south based on the location of Ratu Nyai Roro Kidul. Based on the duality and centrality category of Javanese house buildings. Based on the religious norms adopted by the Javanese, the house buildings are more similar to the Hindu religious buildings, although not all Javanese people embrace the Hindu and Buddhist religions. The form of the building which is simple and has similarities between one house and another is a symbol that the Javanese people uphold the value of harmony. The construction of the Limasan house is based on the principle of respect for the Javanese people which is shown from the front of the house which is commonly called the emper. The empire in the limasan house is made shorter than the first inner building of the limasan house. The simple personality of the people can be seen clearly from the limasan house building. Each part of the house has a metaphysical value which is believed to be the true meaning of the part of the limasan house.

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Kim, Young Moon, Nag Ho Ko, Cheol Min Yang, and Ki Pyo You. "Influence of Tapered Cross Section on Fatigue Damage of Cladding Fasteners on Side Faces of Tall Buildings." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2656–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2656.

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An appropriate choice of building shape and architectural modifications can result in the reduction of motion by altering the flow pattern around a building. Tapering which is one of aerodynamic devices has been known to be effective to reduce acrosswind response [1, 2]. The exterior wind loading patterns on claddings are sensitive to the building shape. When a building has a tapered cross section along the height, the influence of the exterior wind loading patterns on the wind-induced high-cycle fatigue damage of the cladding fastener of the tapered building needs to be found. In this study, the fatigue damage of the cladding fastener of a non-tapered building and two tapered buildings is estimated by using the rainflow cycle counting method and Miner’s rule. The fatigue damage is compared with one another in order to investigate the influence of the tapered cross section on the fatigue damage of cladding fasteners on side faces of tall buildings

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V.V, Athira, and Sruthy S. "Investigation on the use of cold formed perforated steel sections as columns and purlins." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.25066.

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Perforations are required in columns and purlins of a trussed building for making connections, for fixing electrical fixtures etc. An inves- tigation was undertaken to study the effect of perforations in cold-formed C and Z sections used as columns and purlins. For this purpose, finite element model was developed using ANSYS software. Six different shapes of perforations were considered to investigate the shape that gives maximum buckling load. The perforation pattern which is optimum for the individual section was applied to frames and then to the building and optimum type of perforation is suggested. Buckling loads of frames and building with and without perforation was done separately and results were compared. By considering perforations with equal area, linear buckling analysis was done and stress pattern around perforation was studied. Even though the area reduction was equal, differently shaped perforations gave different buckling load. In this case, stress concentration has an important role; buckling load is higher for the shape with least stress concentration.

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Bittner, K., P. d’Angelo, M. Körner, and P. Reinartz. "AUTOMATIC LARGE-SCALE 3D BUILDING SHAPE REFINEMENT USING CONDITIONAL GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-103-2018.

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Abstract. Three-dimensional building reconstruction from remote sensing imagery is one of the most difficult and important 3D modeling problems for complex urban environments. The main data sources provided the digital representation of the Earths surface and related natural, cultural, and man-made objects of the urban areas in remote sensing are the digital surface models (DSMs). The DSMs can be obtained either by light detection and ranging (LIDAR), SAR interferometry or from stereo images. Our approach relies on automatic global 3D building shape refinement from stereo DSMs using deep learning techniques. This refinement is necessary as the DSMs, which are extracted from image matching point clouds, suffer from occlusions, outliers, and noise. Though most previous works have shown promising results for building modeling, this topic remains an open research area. We present a new methodology which not only generates images with continuous values representing the elevation models but, at the same time, enhances the 3D object shapes, buildings in our case. Mainly, we train a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) to generate accurate LIDAR-like DSM height images from the noisy stereo DSM input. The obtained results demonstrate the strong potential of creating large areas remote sensing depth images where the buildings exhibit better-quality shapes and roof forms.

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Kou, Chang Huan, Ming Chang Yang, Shih Wei Ma, and Tsung Ta Wu. "An Investigation into the Earthquake Reaponses of Special-Shaped Arch Bridges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.328.

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By building a finite element model of a special-shaped arch bridge, this paper discusses the effects of the changes of the geometric shape, and the skewed angle of the girder and arch on the dynamic characteristics. In addition, this paper analyzes the longitudinal earthquake responses using the response spectrum method. The results show that when longitudinal earthquakes occur, all geometric shapes, and skewed angles of the girder and arch exhibit different levels of effect on the horizontal and vertical deformations of the girder and the arch, the internal forces of the arch, the girder, and the cables. Among all these parts of the bridge, the arch is affected most by the aforementioned factors. Moreover, because of the unique geometric shape of the special-shaped arch bridge, the distributions of initial and completed cable forces are complex. Therefore, obtaining regular stress responses from the special-shaped arch bridge is difficult regardless of whether the bridge is in-plane or out-of-plane. Hence, the arrangement of cable forces should be specifically considered when building an analytic model of a special-shaped arch bridge.

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Hetti Arachchige, N., and S. Perera. "Automatic modelling of building façade objects via primitive shapes." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3 (August 11, 2014): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-115-2014.

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This paper presents a new approach to recognize individual façade objects and to reconstruct such objects in 3D using MLS point clouds. Core of the approach is a primitive shape based algorithm, which introduces building primitives, to identify the façade objects separately from other irrelevant objects and then to model the correct topology. The primitive shape is identified against defined different primitive shapes by using the Douglas-Peucker algorithm. The advantage of this process is that it offers an ability not only to model correct geometric shapes but also to remove occlusion effects from the final model. To evaluate the validity of the proposed approach, experiments have been conducted using two types of street scene point clouds captured by Optech Lynx Mobile Mapper System and Z+F laser scanner. Results of the experiments show that the completeness, correctness, and quality of the reconstructed building façade objects are well over 90 %, proving the proposed method is a promising solution for modelling 3D façade objects with different geometric shapes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'The shape of the building'

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