To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: The Silkworm.
Journal articles on the topic 'The Silkworm'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'The Silkworm.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Song, Wenting, Yixuan Fan, Feifei Zhu, Rehab Hosny Taha, and Keping Chen. "The Expression of UGT46A1 Gene and Its Effect on Silkworm Feeding." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081473.
Full textAbstract:
The silkworm, Bombyx mori, uses a complex olfactory system to determine whether the food is edible. As an odor degrading enzyme, UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) participates in the degradation of odor molecules in the olfactory system of the silkworm. By sequencing the whole genome of the silkworm NB and using comparative genomics methods, we found that UGT46A1 is unique in species that eat mulberry leaves. Bioinformatics shows that its function may be related to the feeding habits of the silkworm. In this study, it was found through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) that UGT46A1 was highly expressed in the heads of silkworms, which was consistent with the conjecture that UGT46A1 was involved in silkworm olfactory recognition. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to knock down the expression of UGT46A1. By observing the silkworm’s tendency toward mulberry leaves and food selectivity, it was found that the silkworms that successfully knocked down the UGT46A1 gene altered their feeding habits and that their ability to find food was weakened, but they could eat more leaves of plants other than mulberry leaves. This evidence indicates that UGT46A1 may affect the silkworm’s feeding by influencing the olfactory system of the silkworm.
2
Maimoona Kanwal, Waqar Younus, and Mubashar Hussain. "An Insight into Genomics of Mulberry Silkworm." Scientific Inquiry and Review 3, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 08–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/sir.32.02.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this article is to review the genetic basis of mulberry silkworm to understand the mystery of silk production and the silkworm’s role as a model organism. Data regarding mulberry silkworm’s genetic diversity, genetic bases of silk production, gene mapping and chromosomal properties was reviewed. Findings illustrated that genetic variability exists among mulberry silkworms of different geographical regions. Hence, it acts as an indicator of the genetic bases of silk production since it is higher in males, although sex is primarily determined by females. Studies have revealed that chromosomes in mulberry silkworm are holocentric and gene mapping provides an insight into the accurate location of silk genes on chromosomes. It is concluded that the genetic study of silkworm is useful due to its commercial and economic significance and it is the crucial need of sericulture industry to enhance its output by collecting information about superior silkworm breeds. Hence, further research should be carried out to explore the hidden facts about mulberry silkworm.
3
Wu, Meiyu, Jinghua Ruan, Xiaogang Ye, Shuo Zhao, Xiaoli Tang, Xiaoxiao Wang, Huiping Li, and Boxiong Zhong. "P25 Gene Knockout Contributes to Human Epidermal Growth Factor Production in Transgenic Silkworms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052709.
Full textAbstract:
Transgenic silkworm expression systems have been applied for producing various recombinant proteins. Knocking out or downregulating an endogenous silk protein is considered a viable strategy for improving the ability of transgenic expression systems to produce exogenous proteins. Here, we report the expression of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) in a P25 gene knockout silkworm. The hEGF gene regulated by the P25 gene promoter was integrated into a silkworm’s genome. Five transgenic positive silkworm lineages were generated with different insertion sites on silkworm chromosomes and the ability to synthesize and secrete proteins into cocoons. Then, a cross-strategy was used to produce transgenic silkworms with a P25 gene knockout background. The results of the protein analysis showed that the loss of an endogenous P25 protein can increase the hEGF production to about 2.2-fold more than normal silkworms. Compared to those of transgenic silkworms with wild type (non-knockout) background, the morphology and secondary structure of cocoon silks were barely changed in transgenic silkworms with a P25 gene knockout background, indicating their similar physical properties of cocoon silks. In conclusion, P25 gene knockout silkworms may become an efficient bioreactor for the production of exogenous proteins and a promising tool for producing various protein-containing silk biomaterials.
4
Qian, Heying, Gang Li, Guodong Zhao, Mingzhu Liu, and Anying Xu. "Metabolic Characterisation of the Midgut of Bombyx mori Varieties after BmNPV Infection Using GC-MS-Based Metabolite Profiling." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 4707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134707.
Full textAbstract:
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a silkworm disease that is especially harmful to cocoon production and seriously restricts sericultural development. Our laboratory successfully cultivated a new highly BmNPV-resistant silkworm variety, Huakang 2; however, its mechanism of BmNPV resistance remains unclear. To understand its resistance mechanism, we conducted a metabolomic and transcriptomic study of the midgut of silkworm varieties, Baiyu N and Baiyu after BmNPV infection. We identified 451 differential metabolites, which were mostly comprised of small molecules, such as saccharides, acids, amines, alcohols, and glycosides. We found that the primary differences in disease resistance between the silkworm varieties are metabolic-pathways, tryptophan metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, ABC-transporters, beta-alanine metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism. Combined analysis with transcriptomic data suggested that tryptophan metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation are closely related to the silkworms’ BmNPV resistance. We hypothesize that the roles of the two metabolic pathways in the BmNPV resistance mechanism might be the following: Oxidative phosphorylation generates a large amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in response to BmNPV infection to provide silkworms the energy required for establishing BmNPV resistance. Tryptophan metabolism then activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) through the exogenous virus BmNPV, which activates the silkworm’s immune system to defeat BmNPV infections.
5
Hamamoto, Hiroshi, Kenji Kurokawa, Chikara Kaito, Koushirou Kamura, Iony Manitra Razanajatovo, Hiroyuki Kusuhara, Tomofumi Santa, and Kazuhisa Sekimizu. "Quantitative Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effects of Antibiotics Using Silkworms Infected with Human Pathogenic Microorganisms." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 3 (March 2004): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.3.774-779.2004.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The injection of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) or true fungi (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis) that are pathogenic to humans into the silkworm hemolymph leads to death of the larvae within 2 days. Antibiotics used for clinical purposes have therapeutic effects on silkworms infected with these pathogens. The 50% effective doses obtained by injection into the silkworm hemolymph are consistent with those reported for mice. Injection of vancomycin and kanamycin into the silkworm hemolymph was effective, but oral administration was not. Chloramphenicol, which is effective by oral administration, appeared in the silkworm hemolymph soon after injection into the midgut, whereas vancomycin did not. Isolated midgut membranes were impermeable to vancomycin. Thus, the ineffectiveness of oral administration of vancomycin to silkworms is due to a lack of intestinal absorption.
6
Xu, Zhang, Gao, Wu, Qian, Li, and Xu. "Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Immune Competence in Hemolymph of Bombyx mori Pupa Parasitized by Silkworm Maggot Exorista sorbillans." Insects 10, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110413.
Full textAbstract:
The silkworm maggot, Exorista sorbillans, is a well-known larval endoparasitoid of the silkworm Bombyx mori that causes considerable damage to the silkworm cocoon crop. To gain insights into the response mechanism of the silkworm at the protein level, we applied a comparative proteomic approach to investigate proteomic differences in the hemolymph of the female silkworm pupae parasitized by E. sorbillans. In total, 50 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were successfully identified, of which 36 proteins were upregulated and 14 proteins were downregulated in response to parasitoid infection. These proteins are mainly involved in disease, energy metabolism, signaling pathways, and amino acid metabolism. Eight innate immune proteins were distinctly upregulated to resist maggot parasitism. Apoptosis-related proteins of cathepsin B and 14-3-3 zeta were significantly downregulated in E. sorbillans-parasitized silkworm pupae; their downregulation induces apoptosis. Quantitative PCR was used to further verify gene transcription of five DEPs, and the results are consistent at the transcriptional and proteomic levels. This was the first report on identification of possible proteins from the E. bombycis-parasitized silkworms at the late stage of parasitism, which contributes to furthering our understanding of the response mechanism of silkworms to parasitism and dipteran parasitoid biology.
7
Mirhosseini, S. Z., M. Ghanipoor, A. Seidavi, M. Mavvajpour, and A. Bizhannia. "Effect of rearing season on heritability of cocoon traits in silkworm." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029033.
Full textAbstract:
Silkworms are agricultural insects producing silk fibres. Because of economic importance of sericulture, breeding programs are performed in order to improve bio-economic traits of lines (production and resistance traits) and also developing new lines containing interesting characteristics. Silkworms in Iran are reared twice a year, in spring and autumn. Spring is the natural rearing period of silkworms because of good environmental conditions. In autumn the quantity and quality of the cocoon produced by silkworm lines decreases due to increasing mortality and access to mulberry leaves with low nutritive quality. This decrease in performance will be lower in the lines which are genetically resistant to severe environmental conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to breed and develop new silkworm lines suitable for such a situation. It is obvious that silkworm lines having lower performance but higher resistance can be introduced for autumn season rearing. Appropriate breeding programs have to be defined and conducted for the autumn rearing lines. Thus, we have to estimate genetic parameters of autumn and spring lines separately when reared in each season. The present study was undertaken to identify heritability of important traits in the spring and autumn seasons for 6 silkworm lines.
8
Jiang, Liang, Yumei Wang, Huizhen Guo, Qiang Sun, Enyu Xie, Haoyu Liuli, Qing Li, and Qingyou Xia. "Toxicological evaluation of transgenic silkworms." Toxicology Research 9, no. 6 (December 2020): 845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaa089.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Safety of transgenic silkworms must be evaluated before their commercial application. We assessed subacute toxicity using a 28-day feeding study in rats. Eighty rats were evenly allocated into four groups, with each group containing 10 male and 10 female rats. Rats of three groups were fed dried transgenic silkworm H19.9A pupae with overexpressed endogenous Bmhsp19.9, transgenic silkworm A4SOR pupae with overexpressed exogenous SOR, or normal silkworm pupae at a dose of 3.0 g/kg/day, respectively. The fourth group served as a normal feeding control. The body weight, feed consumption, hematology response variables, serum biochemical parameters, organ weights, gross necropsy, and histopathologic of animals were evaluated. No mortality, adverse effects, or major differences in the evaluated parameters were observed in the groups fed transgenic pupae in comparison with the control, suggesting that transgenic silkworms are toxicologically equivalent to normal silkworms and are safe for consumption in rats.
9
Ito, Katsuhiko, Kangayam M. Ponnuvel, and Keiko Kadono-Okuda. "Host Response against Virus Infection in an Insect: Bidensovirus Infection Effect on Silkworm (Bombyx mori)." Antioxidants 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040522.
Full textAbstract:
Silk cocoons obtained from silkworms are the primary source of commercial silk, making the silkworm an economically important insect. However, the silk industry suffers significant losses due to various virus infections. Bombyx mori bidensovirus (BmBDV) is one of the pathogens that cause flacherie disease in silkworms. Most silkworm strains die after BmBDV infection. However, certain silkworm strains show resistance to the virus, which is determined by a single recessive gene, nsd-2. The +nsd-2 gene (allele of nsd-2; the susceptibility gene) encodes a putative amino acid transporter expressed only in the insect’s midgut, where BmBDV can infect, suggesting that this membrane protein may function as a receptor for BmBDV. Interestingly, the expression analysis revealed no changes in the +nsd-2 gene expression levels in virus-uninfected silkworms, whereas the gene expression drastically decreased in the virus-infected silkworm. This condition indicates that the host factor’s expression, the putative virus receptor, is affected by BmBDV infection. It has recently been reported that the expression levels of some host genes encoding cuticle, antioxidant, and immune response-related proteins were significantly regulated by BmBDV infection. In this review, we discuss the host response against virus infection based on our knowledge and long-term research experience in this field.
10
Anuduang, Artorn, Yuet Ying Loo, Somchai Jomduang, Seng Joe Lim, and Wan Aida Wan Mustapha. "Effect of Thermal Processing on Physico-Chemical and Antioxidant Properties in Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Powder." Foods 9, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9070871.
Full textAbstract:
The mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) is a common edible insect in many countries. However, the impact of thermal processing, especially regarding Thai silkworm powder, is poorly known. We, therefore, determined the optimum time for treatment in hot water and subsequent drying temperatures in the production of silkworm powder. The silkworms exposed to 90 °C water for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min showed values of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPCs), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging (DPPH) assay, 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay that were significantly (p < 0.05) higher at the 5 min exposure time compared with the other times. The reduction of microorganisms based on log CFU/g counts was ≥3 log CFU/g (99%) at the 5 min treatment. To determine the optimum drying temperature, the silkworms exposed to 90 °C water for 5 min were subjected to a hot-air dryer at 80, 100, 120, and 140 °C. The TPC value was the highest (p < 0.05) at 80 °C. The silkworm powder possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and ferric ion reducing capability (FRAP assay) at 80 °C compared with other drying temperatures. This study indicates that shorter exposure times to hot water and a low drying temperature preserve the antioxidant activities. High antioxidant activities (in addition to its known protein and fat content) suggest that silkworms and silkworm powder can make a valuable contribution to human health.
11
Berman, T. S., T. A. Glasser, and M. Inbar. "Goats adjust their feeding behaviour to avoid the ingestion of different insect species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 9 (September 2019): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0010.
Full textAbstract:
Ungulates feed on plants that are often inhabited by insects. Goats (Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758) can efficiently avoid the ingestion of setae-covered noxious, caterpillars while feeding, but it is unknown how they respond to non-toxic insects. We filmed and analysed the behavioural responses of goats to smooth, innocuous silkworms (Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758)) while feeding. The goats successfully sorted the silkworms apart from the food despite their tendency to cling to the leaves. Although the goats exhibited behaviours similar to those displayed with noxious caterpillars, the frequency of the behaviours doubled and a new behaviour appeared. The goats detected silkworms using tactile stimulation, obtained by repeatedly touching the leaves with their muzzles. This behaviour enabled them to pick silkworm-free leaves (leaving 73% of silkworms behind). If the goats picked up leaves with a silkworm, then they shook it off. When shaking was unsuccessful, they employed a new behaviour, filtering, in which they physically blocked the silkworm with their lips while consuming the leaves. Silkworms that entered the mouths of goats (rare) were spat out. These findings demonstrate that ungulates are capable of adjusting their feeding behaviour to accurately detect and avoid the ingestion of different insect species.
12
Duque-Torres, Alejandra, Carlos Rodriguez-Pabon, Juan Ruiz-Rosero, Giselle Zambrano-Gonzalez, Martha Almanza-Pinzon, Oscar Mauricio Caicedo Rendon, and Gustavo Ramirez-Gonzalez. "A new environmental monitoring system for silkworm incubators." F1000Research 7 (February 28, 2018): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13633.1.
Full textAbstract:
Silk is known as the queen of textiles due to its softness, durability, and luster. This textile is obtained from cocoons spun by larvae known as the silkworm. The combined effect of both temperature and humidity, determines the satisfactory growth of the silkworms and the production of good quality cocoons. For that rea- son, we propose a new prototype for silkworm incubators that monitors environmental conditions, created with Raspberry Pi due to its capabilities, features, and low cost. The prototype monitors the temperature, humidity, and luminosity in a silkworm incubator. The monitoring data are collected and saved on file hosting service, Google Drive, for subsequent analysis. Preliminary tests were gathered using the silkworm incubator of University of Cauca, Colombia.
13
Miri Adigozalova, Dursun, and Turay Fakhraddin Isgandarov. "Optimum silkworm feeding rates." NATURE AND SCIENCE 02, no. 03 (May 8, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/03/30-34.
Full textAbstract:
The article notes that non-regulation of temperature and relative humidity in silkworm feeds can lead to malnutrition, digestive disorders, edema and inhibition of growth, as well as to a number of diseases. To avoid this, the heat in the greenhouse should be adjusted according to optimal temperature norms. In the first years I-II-III the average temperature in the greenhouse is 25.5° C, in IV-23.5 ° C, in V-24 ° C. Normal relative humidity should be adjusted during feeding in the greenhouse to avoid the above. In the first I-II-III years it is normal when the relative humidity in the greenhouse is 70%, in the IV age 70% and in the V age 65%. If the temperature and humidity are not in the normal range during the cocoon transition process, the turnover breaks, resulting in loss of product. The normal temperature during the cocoon transition process should be 23.50 C and the relative humidity should be 65%. One of the main factors affecting the yield of silkworms is the correct regulation of field norms at different ages. If an age-appropriate area is not created, the silkworm becomes ill, leading to malnutrition. Normal field units (per 1 box of silkworms) were assigned at different ages: I year-2.5 m2, II year 6-7 m2, III year 15-17 m2, IV year 30-35 m2, V year 55-60 m2. The amount of greenhouse gases, the flow rate and the volume of air should be normal during feeding in the greenhouse. Therefore, the greenhouse air must be changed frequently during feeding. The presence of toxic gases, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, is unacceptable. The speed or lack of airflow is harmful to the silkworm. During feeding, the airflow rate is 0.1 m/s. When feeding of silkworms is applying in accordance with established norms, biological and technological indicators of silkworms are high. Key words: Bombyxi mori, silk, temperature, relative humidity
14
Tang, Linmeng, Dehong Yang, Yaohui Wang, Xu Yang, Kai Chen, Xingyu Luo, Jun Xu, et al. "5′-Nucleotidase Plays a Key Role in Uric Acid Metabolism of Bombyx mori." Cells 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 2243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092243.
Full textAbstract:
Uric acid (UA) is the end-product in the human purine metabolism pathway. The UA that accumulates in silkworm tissues is excreted as a nitrogen waste product. Here, we first validated that Bombyx mori has a homolog of the human gene that encodes the 5′-nucleotidase (5′N) involved in purine metabolism. The B. mori gene, Bm5′N, is located upstream of other genes involved in UA metabolism in the silkworm. Disruption of Bm5′N via the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in decreased UA levels in the silkworm epidermis and caused a translucent skin phenotype. When Bm5′N mutant silkworms were fed with the uric acid precursor inosine, the UA levels in the epidermis increased significantly. Furthermore, the metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of Bm5′N mutants indicated that loss of the Bm5′N affected purine metabolism and the ABC transport pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that the UA pathway is conserved between the silkworm and humans and that the Bm5′N gene plays a crucial role in the uric acid metabolism of the silkworm. Thus, the silkworm may be a suitable model for the study of UA metabolism pathways relevant to human disease.
15
Nakashima, Masahiro, Chikao Sugie, Zhen Wang, Takuhito Kondo, Yoshihiko Manabe, Taro Murai, and Yuta Shibamoto. "Biological Effects of Continuous Low-Dose-Rate Irradiation in Silkworms and Mice: Growth Promotion and Tumor Transplantability." Dose-Response 16, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 155932581881175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325818811753.
Full textAbstract:
A previous study showed that continuous low-dose-rate irradiation promoted the growth of silkworm larvae. This study aimed to confirm that finding, determine the optimal dose rate for growth promotion, and compare low- and high-dose-rate irradiation in silkworms, while also investigating the effects of the radiation-emitting sheet on growth and tumor transplantability in mice. Silkworm eggs were placed on low-dose-emitting sheets with 4 different dose rates (γ-ray rate: 1.7 -22.4 μSv/hour) or on control sheets. The other groups of silkworm larvae received single whole-body X-irradiation (0.1-50 Gy), and subsequent body weight changes were monitored. Starting at 3 weeks old, Balb/c mice were bred on the same sheets, and body weight change was measured. Seven weeks later, the mice were used to investigate the transplantability of EMT6 tumor cells cultured in vitro. The silkworms bred on the 13.4- and 22.4-μSv/hour sheets became larger than the control. Single 50-Gy irradiation suppressed the growth of silkworms. An increase in the time to EMT6 tumor development was observed in low-dose-rate-irradiated mice. This study confirmed growth promotion of silkworms by continuous low-dose radiation and demonstrated growth suppression at a high dose rate. Growth promotion was not observed in mice; further studies using higher dose-rate sheets may be warranted.
16
Rudramuni, Kiran, Shiv Kumar, Bharath K. Neelaboina, Mir N. Ahmad, and Sukhen R. Chowdhury. "Atypical voltinism in mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) races Barapat and Barapolu." Entomological Communications 3 (January 4, 2021): ec03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.37486/2675-1305.ec03001.
Full textAbstract:
The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is classified as univoltine, bivoltine, and polyvoltine based on the annual brood frequency. Voltinism in B. mori is characterized by the occurrence of embryonic diapause (facultative and obligatory diapause). Univoltine silkworms suited to cold and temperate regions lay diapausing eggs and polyvoltine silkworms suited to tropical regions lay non-diapausing eggs. In contrast, the occurrence of diapause in bivoltine silkworms is influenced by the environment. In addition to the difference in the occurrence of embryonic diapause, larval duration, and cocoon characters show distinct variations. In the present correspondence, we are presenting an interesting observation from two silkworm races Barapath and Barapolu originating from the North-East region of India that display divergence in voltinism. The unique characteristic features of univoltine, bivoltine, and polyvoltine observed in the races are discussed explaining the occurrence.
17
Mirhosseini, S. Z., M. Mavajpoor, M. Ghanipoor, and A. Seidavi. "Study on genetic parameters of some economic traits in Iranian indigenous silkworm races." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200010474.
Full textAbstract:
Silkworms are well-known industrial insects, which produce natural fiber silk. Because of economic importance for silk yarn, an effort to breed new silkworm variety has been made for thousand years. High cocoon yielding due to high resistance, high silk reeling ability and productivity, better silk quality in neatness and lousiness is essential for new silkworm variety to increase silk productivity. Today, several hundred varieties have been bred accordingly various interests and purposes (Kang et al., 2001, 2002). Pupation rate, single cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell percentage are the main factors affecting the high yielding of cocoon (Kang et al., 2001, 2002). Native silkworm varieties have the low performance and could not be commercially employed. Indigenous strains are valuable genetic resources. They have been affected by natural selection in the successive generations and adapted to indigenous diseases and environmental conditions. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of locally available native silkworm populations provides essential information to make rational decisions for the improvement and development of effective breeding programmes. Hence, the present study was undertaken to identify genetic potential of indigenous silkworm for designing suitable breeding programmes.
18
Huang, Wenwen, Shengjie Ling, Chunmei Li, Fiorenzo G. Omenetto, and David L. Kaplan. "Silkworm silk-based materials and devices generated using bio-nanotechnology." Chemical Society Reviews 47, no. 17 (2018): 6486–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00187a.
Full textAbstract:
Silks are natural fibrous protein polymers that are spun by silkworms and spiders. This tutorial review summarizes and highlights recent advances in the use of silkworm silk-based materials in bio-nanotechnology.
19
Qian, He-Ying, Xiao Zhang, Guo-Dong Zhao, Hui-Min Guo, Gang Li, and An-Ying Xu. "Effects of Pyriproxyfen Exposure on Reproduction and Gene Expressions in Silkworm, Bombyx mori." Insects 11, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080467.
Full textAbstract:
The silkworm, Bombyx mori Linnaeus, is an important economic insect and a representative model organism of Lepidoptera, which has been widely used in the study of reproduction and development. The development of the silkworm’s reproductive gland is easily affected by many external factors, such as chemical insecticides. After the silkworm larvae were treated with different concentrations of pyriproxyfen, the results showed that the number of eggs and hatching rate of eggs in the silkworm can be reduced by pyriproxyfen, and the concentration effects were displayed. Pyriproxyfen exposure could affect the normal development of the ovary tissue by reducing the number of oocytes and oogonia in the ovaries of silkworm fed with pyriproxyfen. We employed qRT-PCR, to detect the expressions of genes related to ovary development (Vg, Ovo, Otu, Sxl-S and Sxl-L) and hormone regulation (EcR and JHBP2) in silkworm. Our study showed that the transcription levels of Vg, Ovo, Otu, Sxl-S and Sxl-L in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group (6.08%, 61.99%, 83.51%, 99.31% and 71.95%, respectively). The transcription level of ECR was 70.22% for the control group, while that of JHBP2 was upregulated by 3.92-fold. Changes of transcription levels of these genes caused by pyriproxyfen exposure ultimately affect the absorption of nutrients, energy metabolism, ovary development and egg formation of the silkworm, thus leading to reproductive disorders of the silkworm. In general, our study revealed the response of silkworm reproduction to pyriproxyfen exposure and provided a certain reference value for the metabolism of the silkworm to pyriproxyfen.
20
Zhao, Erhu, Xiaolan Jiang, and Hongjuan Cui. "Bombyx mori Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase: Knockdown Inhibits Cell Growth and Proliferation via Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092581.
Full textAbstract:
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, is the fourth enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis and is used to oxidize dihydroorotate and hence to orotat. We cloned and characterized here the dhod of silkworms, Bombyx mori. The full-length cDNA sequence of dhod is 1339 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 1173 bp that encoded a 390 amino acid protein. And two domains were involved in the Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase amino acid sequence of silkworms, Bombyx mori (BmDHODH), namely a DHO_dh domain and a transmembrane domain in N-termina. The silkworm dhod is expressed throughout development and in nine tissues. Moreover, knockdown of the silkworm dhod gene reduced cell growth and proliferation through G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Similarly, DHODH inhibitor (leflunomide) also reduced cell growth and proliferation, with a significant decrease of cyclin B and cdk2. DHODH is the fourth enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis, so we also found that leflunomide can inhibit, at least in part, the endomitotic DNA replication in silk glands cells. These findings demonstrate that downregulation of BmDHODH inhibits cell growth and proliferation in silkworm cells, and the endomitotic DNA replication in silk gland cells.
21
Zhao, Shuo, Xiaogang Ye, Meiyu Wu, Jinghua Ruan, Xiaoxiao Wang, Xiaoli Tang, and Boxiong Zhong. "Recombinant Silk Proteins with Additional Polyalanine Have Excellent Mechanical Properties." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041513.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explores the structures of exogenous protein molecules that can effectively improve the mechanical properties of silkworm silk. Several transgenic vectors fused with the silkworm fibroin light chain and type 3 repeats in different multiples of the ampullate dragline silk protein 1 (MaSp1) from black widow spider with different lengths of the polyalanine motifs were constructed for this study. Transgenic silkworms were successfully obtained by piggyBac-mediated microinjection. Molecular detection showed that foreign proteins were successfully secreted and contained within the cocoon shells. According to the prediction of PONDR® VSL2 and PONDR® VL-XT, the type 3 repeats and the polyalanine motif of the MaSp1 protein were amorphous. The results of FTIR analysis showed that the content of β-sheets in the silk of transgenic silkworms engineered with transgenic vectors with additional polyalanine was significantly higher than that of wild-type silkworm silk. Additionally, silk with a higher β-sheet content had better fracture strength and Young’s modulus. The mechanical properties of silk with longer chains of exogenous proteins were improved. In general, our results provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the large-scale production of excellent bionic silk.
22
Matsumoto, Yasuhiko, Yuki Tateyama, and Takashi Sugita. "Evaluation of Antibacterial Drugs Using Silkworms Infected by Cutibacterium acnes." Insects 12, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070619.
Full textAbstract:
Cutibacterium acnes is a causative agent of inflammatory skin diseases and systemic infections. Systemic infections caused by C. acnes are difficult to treat, and the development of a systemic infection model for C. acnes would be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of infection and searching for therapeutic agents. In this study, we established a silkworm infection model as a new experimental system to evaluate the interaction between C. acnes and the host, and the efficacy of antibacterial drugs. Silkworms infected with C. acnes died when reared at 37 °C. The dose of injected bacterial cells required to kill half of the silkworms (LD50) was determined under rearing conditions at 37 °C. The viable cell number of C. acnes was increased in the hemolymph and fat body of the infected silkworms. Silkworms injected with autoclaved C. acnes cells did not die during the study period. The survival time of silkworms injected with C. acnes was prolonged by the injection of antibacterial drugs such as tetracycline and clindamycin. These findings suggest that the silkworm C. acnes infection model can be used to evaluate host toxicity caused by C. acnes and the in vivo efficacy of antimicrobial drugs.
23
Xu, Jian, Tatsuya Kato, and Enoch Y. Park. "Development of SpyTag/SpyCatcher-Bacmid Expression Vector System (SpyBEVS) for Protein Bioconjugations Inside of Silkworms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 4228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174228.
Full textAbstract:
Protein conjugations at post-translational levels are known to be essential to protein stability and function. Recently, it has been proven that the split protein CnaB2 (SpyTag/SpyCatcher, ST/SC) from Streptococcus pyogenes can induce covalent conjugation rapidly and efficiently under various conditions. The protein of interest fused with the split protein SC/ST could be assembled spontaneously. In light of this finding, we introduced the ST/SC protein coupling concept into the silkworm-bacmid protein expression system (SpyBEVS). As a proof of concept, we first examined and confirmed that a competent ligation occurred between ST/SC-fused protein partners in vitro in cultured silkworm cells and in vivo in silkworm larvae by co-infection of several recombinant baculoviruses. The protein conjugation could be also achieved sufficiently by a simple one-step mixture of purified ST/SC-tagged peptide-protein pairs in vitro. Given the flexibility and robustness of silkworm-BEVS, our results on SpyBEVS show an alternative method for enabling the production of protein decorations in vitro and inside of silkworms.
24
Ma, Xiaoke, Qi Ge, Rehab Hosny Taha, Keping Chen, and Yi Yuan. "Beauveria bassiana Ribotoxin (BbRib) Induces Silkworm Cell Apoptosis via Activating Ros Stress Response." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081470.
Full textAbstract:
The BbRib gene participates in the infection process of Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana). It also helps pathogenic fungi to escape and defeat the insect host immune defense system by regulating the innate immune response. However, model insects are rarely used to study the mechanism of fungal ribosomal toxin protein. In this study, BbRib protein was produced by prokaryotic expression and injected into silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae. The physiological and biochemical indexes of silkworm were monitored, and the pathological effects of BbRib protein on immune tissues of silkworm were examined by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining. BbRib protein can significantly affect the growth and development of the silkworm, causing poisoning, destroying the midgut and fat body and producing physiological changes. The ROS stress response in the adipose tissue and cells of the silkworm was activated to induce apoptosis. These results indicated that the BbRib gene not only participates in the infection process of B. bassiana, it also helps the pathogenic fungi escape the immune system by regulating the innate immune system of the silkworm, allowing it to break through the silkworm’s immune defense. This study reveals the potential molecular mechanism of BbRib protein to insect toxicity, and provides a theoretical basis and material basis for the development and use of novel insecticidal toxins.
25
Hosoda, Kanji, Nobuhiro Koyama, Hiroshi Hamamoto, Akiho Yagi, Ryuji Uchida, Akihiko Kanamoto, and Hiroshi Tomoda. "Evaluation of Anti-Mycobacterial Compounds in a Silkworm Infection Model with Mycobacteroides abscessus." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 27, 2020): 4971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214971.
Full textAbstract:
Among four mycobacteria, Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare, M. bovis BCG and Mycobacteroides (My.) abscessus, we established a silkworm infection assay with My. abscessus. When silkworms (fifth-instar larvae, n = 5) were infected through the hemolymph with My. abscessus (7.5 × 107 CFU/larva) and bred at 37 °C, they all died around 40 h after injection. Under the conditions, clarithromycin and amikacin, clinically used antimicrobial agents, exhibited therapeutic effects in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, five kinds of microbial compounds, lariatin A, nosiheptide, ohmyungsamycins A and B, quinomycin and steffimycin, screened in an in vitro assay to observe anti-My. abscessus activity from 400 microbial products were evaluated in this silkworm infection assay. Lariatin A and nosiheptide exhibited therapeutic efficacy. The silkworm infection model with My. abscessus is useful to screen for therapeutically effective anti-My. abscessus antibiotics.
26
Xu, Jun, Qinglin Dong, Ye Yu, Baolong Niu, Dongfeng Ji, Muwang Li, Yongping Huang, Xin Chen, and Anjiang Tan. "Mass spider silk production through targeted gene replacement in Bombyx mori." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 35 (August 6, 2018): 8757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806805115.
Full textAbstract:
Spider silk is one of the best natural fibers and has superior mechanical properties. However, the large-scale harvesting of spider silk by rearing spiders is not feasible, due to their territorial and cannibalistic behaviors. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, has been the most well known silk producer for thousands of years and has been considered an ideal bioreactor for producing exogenous proteins, including spider silk. Previous attempts using transposon-mediated transgenic silkworms to produce spider silk could not achieve efficient yields, due to variable promoter activities and endogenous silk fibroin protein expression. Here, we report a massive spider silk production system in B. mori by using transcription activator-like effector nuclease-mediated homology-directed repair to replace the silkworm fibroin heavy chain gene (FibH) with the major ampullate spidroin-1 gene (MaSp1) in the spider Nephila clavipes. We successfully replaced the ∼16-kb endogenous FibH gene with a 1.6-kb MaSp1 gene fused with a 1.1-kb partial FibH sequence and achieved up to 35.2% chimeric MaSp1 protein amounts in transformed cocoon shells. The presence of the MaSp1 peptide significantly changed the mechanical characteristics of the silk fiber, especially the extensibility. Our study provides a native promoter-driven, highly efficient system for expressing the heterologous spider silk gene instead of the transposon-based, random insertion of the spider gene into the silkworm genome. Targeted MaSp1 integration into silkworm silk glands provides a paradigm for the large-scale production of spider silk protein with genetically modified silkworms, and this approach will shed light on developing new biomaterials.
27
Choudhury, Arundhati, Archana Yadav, Bala G. Unni, and Dipali Devi. "Effect of Partially Purified Protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain AC-3 on Antheraea assama Westwood Larvae." Journal of Entomological Science 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-40.2.197.
Full textAbstract:
The protease released by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AC-3, a causal organism of flacherie disease in Antheraea assama Westwood silkworms, was characterized and its activity against muga silkworm larvae was assessed in laboratory studies. When grown in casein broth maximum protease production occurred when the strain was cultivated for 60 h. This protease was partially purified by acetone precipitation and subjected to SDS-PAGE. Its molecular weight was approximately 35,000 da. The partially purified protease reduced larval survivability in vivo. The hemolymph protein profile revealed an apparent detrimental effect of the protease on biologically important proteins of silkworm larvae.
28
Daniyarov, Umirzak, Gulbakhor Abdrimova, Narzulla Rajabov, Khurniso Rakhmanova, and Nargiza Turgunboeva. "Creation of fine silk fabric of mulberry silkworms through inbreed system mixing methods." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 04046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125804046.
Full textAbstract:
Worldwide, special attention is paid to the creation of high-tech silkworm breeds and hybrids of mulberry silkworms. Inbreed-breed hybrids with high technological performance of mulberry silkworm cocoon fiber have been created. Inbreed systems and new hybrids with fine silk fiber Kitayskaya 108, Ya-120, Ipakchi 1 x Ipakchi 2, Ipakchi 2 x Ipakchi 1 regionalized hybrids dry cocoon weight (0.715-0.841 g; control - 0.715-0.734 g), continuous cocoon fiber length (731-888 m; control - 744-776 m), cocoon fiber metric number (3020-3319 m/g; control - 3090-3103 m/g) proved to be significantly superior.
29
Luan, Yue, Weidong Zuo, Chunlin Li, Rui Gao, Hao Zhang, Xiaoling Tong, Minjin Han, Hai Hu, Cheng Lu, and Fangyin Dai. "Identification of Genes that Control Silk Yield by RNA Sequencing Analysis of Silkworm (Bombyx mori) Strains of Variable Silk Yield." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 3718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123718.
Full textAbstract:
Silk is an important natural fiber of high economic value, and thus genetic study of the silkworm is a major area of research. Transcriptome analysis can provide guidance for genetic studies of silk yield traits. In this study, we performed a transcriptome comparison using multiple silkworms with different silk yields. A total of 22 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in multiple strains and were mainly involved in metabolic pathways. Among these, seven significant common DEGs were verified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the results coincided with the findings generated by RNA sequencing. Association analysis showed that BGIBMGA003330 and BGIBMGA005780 are significantly associated with cocoon shell weight and encode uridine nucleosidase and small heat shock protein, respectively. Functional annotation of these genes suggest that these play a role in silkworm silk gland development or silk protein synthesis. In addition, we performed principal component analysis (PCA) in combination with wild silkworm analysis, which indicates that modern breeding has a stronger selection effect on silk yield traits than domestication, and imply that silkworm breeding induces aggregation of genes related to silk yield.
30
Kumar, Jalaja Suresh, and Nair Suresh Kumar. "Production Efficiency of Cocoon Shell of Silkworm,Bombyx moriL. (Bombycidae: Lepidoptera), as an Index for Evaluating the Nutritive Value of Mulberry,Morussp. (Moraceae), Varieties." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2011 (2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/807363.
Full textAbstract:
The nutritional efficiency of mulberry leaves consumed by silkworms,Bombyx moriL., is usually evaluated in terms of the proportion of cocoon shell weight to the amount of food ingested. The production efficiency of cocoon shell is generally used to identify the superiority of a mulberry variety for silkworm rearing. In this study the production efficiency of cocoon shell was used as an index for evaluating the nutritive value of different mulberry varieties of India. Among the varieties, V-1, having highest production efficiency of cocoon shell with less amount of food ingested and highest digestibility, is regarded as the best suitable variety with nutritive values ideal for silkworm rearing.
31
Mirzayeva, A. R. "Comparative stability analysis of the hybrid “Mizuri-5 x Mayak-6” to adverse environtental conditions of high productivity in adaptive breeding for the development of sericulture." Agrarian science, no. 1 (March 7, 2020): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2020-334-1-36-39.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance. In Azerbaijan, the roots of sericulture lead to ancient times. The problem of obtaining new silkworm hybrids capable of adapting most quickly to adverse agroclimatic factors while maintaining high productivity is very relevant at the present stage of development of the agricultural sector of Azerbaijan.Methods. The purpose of the study is to create silkworm hybrids Nesa2\1 x Khayal and Mizuri-5 x Mayak-6, which are superion in adaptability and resistant to agroclimate and seasoned feeding (spring, summer, autumn). The studies were developed by the parameters of integratedassessment and adaptive selection.Results. Accerding to environmental parameters, the arerge ectimate of the stability constant and the selection index, comparable indicators of the Mizuri-5 x Mayak-6 are quite high. using the method of adaotive selection and integrated assessment, the results of our research give us grounds to assert that the Mizuri-5 x Mayak-6 hybrids adapt even to favorable conditions and very tolerant seasoning. Ultimately, the viability of the silkworm has a value of 10% moisture, 20% temperature and 70% mulberry, which is the only food for the silkworm caterpillars, and with changes of this agroclimate, the silkworms functional indicators change. Thus, the new hybrids we have created are resistant to the fluctuations of agrocilimate and correlate to any seasonal feed.
32
Brady, Daniel, Alessio Saviane, Silvia Cappellozza, and Federica Sandrelli. "An Efficient Workflow for Screening and Stabilizing CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutant Lines in Bombyx mori." Methods and Protocols 4, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps4010004.
Full textAbstract:
The domestic silkworm Bombyx mori is extensively studied as a model organism for lepidopteran genetics and has an economic value in silk production. Silkworms also have applications in biomedical and cosmetic industries, and the production of mutant B. mori strains significantly enhances basic and applied silkworm research. In recent years, CRISPR/Cas9 technology is being rapidly adopted as the most efficient molecular tool for generating silkworm lines carrying mutations in target genes. Here we illustrate a complete and efficient workflow to screen, characterize rapidly and follow mutations through generations, allowing the generation of B. mori lines, stably inheriting single CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations. This approach relies on the use of different molecular methods, the heteroduplex assay, cloning followed by Sanger sequencing, and the amplification refractory mutation system PCR. The use of these methodologies in a sequential combination allows the identification of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations in genes mapping on both autosomes and sex chromosomes, and the selection of appropriate individuals to found stable mutant B. mori lines. This protocol could be further applied to screen CRISPR/Cas9 mutations in haploid insects.
33
Yu, Lin-Lin, Ying-Jun Cui, Guo-Jun Lang, Ming-Yan Zhang, and Chuan-Xi Zhang. "The ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor gene family of the silkworm, Bombyx mori." Genome 53, no. 9 (September 2010): 688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g10-056.
Full textAbstract:
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a very important inhibitory neurotransmitter in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. GABA receptors (GABARs) are known to be the molecular targets of a class of insecticides. Members of the GABAR gene family of the silkworm, Bombyx mori , a model insect of Lepidoptera, have been identified and characterized in this study. All putative silkworm GABAR cDNAs were cloned using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Bombyx mori appears to have the largest insect GABAR gene family known to date, including three RDL, one LCCH3, and one GRD subunit. The silkworm RDL1 gene has RNA-editing sites, and the RDL1 and RDL3 genes possess alternative splicing. These mRNA modifications enhance the diversity of the silkworm’s GABAR gene family. In addition, truncated transcripts were found for the RDL1 and LCCH3 genes. In particular, the three RDL subunits may have arisen from two duplication events.
34
Rajagopal, V., H. L. Ramesh, V. N. Yogananda Murthy, and K. N. Ninge Gowda. "Efficacy of fungicide ‘Kavach’ against Beauveria bassiana L. in silkworm Bombyx mori L." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i1.371.
Full textAbstract:
Silkworm Bombyx mori L. is prone to be attacked by pathogen and more notably Beauveria bassiana L. Bed disinfectant Kavach was inoculated in different dosages (0.2%-1.6%) to IV and V instar silkworms of both bivoltine and cross breeds. Potency of disinfectant was assessed for the parameters such as survivability, larval duration, physiological, chemo and bio-assay tests. It was revealed that, bivoltine (NB4D2) silkworms were highly susceptible to diseases compared to cross breeds (PMxNB4D2). In bivoltine silkworms, survivability was found to be 61.15% at 1.6% of Kavach, when dusted twice during IV and V instar and crossbreed silkworms exhibited better resistance of 63.10% with the same treatments. Kavach treated silkworms showed decreased larval duration compared to control worms. Crossbreed silkworms were capable of maintaining high level of soluble proteins in spite of infection on 3rd day (17.40%), 4th day (20.50%) and 5th day (21.55%) whereas in bivoltine silkworms soluble protein level was brought down on 3rd day (19.30%), 4th day (22.40%) and 5th day (23.40%). Total soluble sugarsvaried from third day till fifth day in both the races. Kavach dusted twice at 1% proved to be very useful in the improvement of various commercial cocoons characters.
35
Nuraeni, Sitti. "Gaps in the thread: Disease, production, and opportunity in the failing silk industry of South Sulawesi." Forest and Society 1, no. 2 (November 27, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i2.1861.
Full textAbstract:
Indonesian silk farming (Sericulture) has experienced two waves of a pebrine epidemic (also known as pepper disease) and grasserie. The first pebrine epidemic occurred in 1973 and the second one occurred in 2010. Natural silk production in Indonesia has undergone dramatic decline after these epidemics. In addition to the disease, other factors also simultaneously contributed to the decline. This research examines the conditions and challenges to national natural silk industry recovery after a pebrine epidemic. The present study employs a survey and focus group discussion in three regencies (Wajo, Soppeng, and Enrekang), which took place in September 2016. Findings show that there are three major factors which contribute to the decline of national silk production, namely the: i) epidemic of silkworm disease, ii) quality of silkworms and the process of silkworm provision, iii) insufficiency of farmer means of production, and iv) lack of guidance and assistance for the farmers. Without interventions and greater support to properly maintain silkworm operations a potentially lucrative economy for rural farmers could go unrealized. The implications of this research also highlight key potential interventions for working with communities and supporting the overall resilience of national silk production in Indonesia.
36
Yu, Wei, Qing Li, Yuhua Yao, Yanping Quan, and Yaozhou Zhang. "Two Novel 30K Proteins Overexpressed in Baculovirus System and Their Antiapoptotic Effect in Insect and Mammalian Cells." International Journal of Genomics 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/323592.
Full textAbstract:
The 30K family of proteins is important in energy metabolism and may play a role in inhibiting cellular apoptosis in silkworms (Bombyx mori). Several 30K-family proteins have been identified. In this study, two new silkworm genes, referred to asSlp(NM 001126256) andLsp-t(NM 001043443), were analyzed by a bioinformatics approach according to the sequences of 30K proteins previously reported in the silkworm. Both Slp and Lsp-t shared more than 41% amino acid sequence homology with the reported 30K proteins and displayed a conserved domain consistent with that of lipoprotein-11. Additionally, the cDNA sequences of bothSlpandLsp-twere obtained from the fat bodies of silkworm larvae by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Both genes were expressed in BmN cells using the Bac-to-Bac system. Purified Slp and Lsp-t were added to cultured BmN and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) that were treated with H2O2. Both Slp and Lsp-t significantly enhanced the viability and suppressed DNA fragmentation in H2O2treated BmN and HUVEC cells. This study suggested that Slp and Lsp-t exhibit similar biological activities as their known 30K-protein counterparts and mediate an inhibitory effect against H2O2-induced apoptosis.
37
Vanitha, K., U. C. Javali, and P. S. Bhat. "Rearing performance of tropical Tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta Drury) on Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) and its commercial silk properties." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1163.
Full textAbstract:
Tasar silkworm, Antheraeamylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is one of the commercially exploited non-mulberry silkworms mainly reared outdoor on many wild plants. The ecorace of tasar silkworm occurring in cashew (Anacardiumoccidentale L.) plantations of Puttur was identified as A. mylitta KE-02. Pooled egg, larval and pupal period of tasar silkworm upon indoor rearing on cashew recorded were 6.43, 28.69 and 25.36 days, respec-tively, with the effective rate of rearing of 40 %. The average cocoon weight, pupal weight and shell weight recorded were 6.24 g, 5.30 and 1.18 g, respectively. The high shell ratio of 22.26 %, shows a healthy trend for high yielding tasar rearing on cashew. The commercial silk properties of cashew reared cocoons were assessed in comparison to silk properties of cocoons reared on Terminalia paniculata. Average filament length, average non-breakable filament length, denier, strength and elongation were found 547.2 m, 1231.6 m, 8.92 D, 1.57 gpd and 16.9 %, respectively on cashew and 518.2 m, 161.94 m, 9.13 D, 1.73 gpd and 18.7 % , respectively on T. paniculata. The present study has documented the biology of tasar silk worm on cashew and also the commercial silk properties of cocoon reared on cashew at preliminary level.
38
Wang, Bingbing, Liang Jiang, Huizhen Guo, Qiang Sun, Yumei Wang, Enyu Xie, and Qingyou Xia. "Screening of PI3K-Akt-targeting Drugs for Silkworm against Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus." Molecules 24, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071260.
Full textAbstract:
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is the most prevalent threat to silkworms. Hence, there is a need for antiviral agents in sericulture. The PI3K-Akt pathway is essential for the efficient replication of the baculovirus. In an attempt to screen antiviral drugs against BmNPV, we summarized the commercial compounds targeting PI3K-Akt and selected the following seven oral drugs for further analyses: afuresertib, AZD8835, AMG319, HS173, AS605240, GDC0941, and BEZ235. Cell viability assay revealed that the cytotoxicity of these drugs at 10 µM concentration was not strong. Viral fluorescence observation and qPCR analysis showed that these candidate drugs significantly inhibited BmNPV in BmE cells. Only AMG319 and AZD8835 inhibited viral proliferation in silkworm larvae. The mortality of AZD8835-treated silkworms was lower than that of the control silkworms. Western blotting showed that AMG319 and AZD8835 decreased p-Akt expression after BmNPV infection. These results suggest that AZD8835 has application potential in sericulture.
39
Nuraeni, Sitti, Astuti Arif, and Edwin NL. "Tingkat Serangan dan Kehilangan Hasil Akibat Penyakit Grasserie pada Sentra Persuteraan Alam Sulawesi Selatan." Jurnal Hutan dan Masyarakat 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/jhm.v10i2.4335.
Full textAbstract:
Grasserie disease is one of the serious diseases caused by viruses. Its symptoms generally appear in the last instar of silkworm larvae or just before the formation of the cocoon. This study aimed to determine the level of attack, yield losses and dispersal patterns of grasserie at three sericulture center in South Sulawesi, Districs (Wajo, Soppeng and Enrekang). At each location 10 farmers were selected purposively as respondents. Direct observation was conducted to the farmer’s rearing rack (on farmer’s rearing bed) of silkworm using five replications. The results showed that the attack rates of grasserie were categorrised as very slight, ranging from 3.06 to 3.72 kgs of yield losses per each box with a uniform pattern of disease spread. Reared of silkworms in accordance with standard operating procedures can reduce the rate of grasserie disease to avoid losing larger cocoon yields.
40
Chen, X. Y., J. Liu, C. D. Zhang, Y. F. Li, T. H. Liu, L. Wang, Q. Y. Yu, Y. H. Zhang, C. Lu, and M. H. Pan. "The silkworm GSTe4 is sensitive to phoxim and protects HEK293 cells against UV-induced cell apoptosis." Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, no. 4 (April 8, 2015): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000279.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGlutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) are a family of super enzymes with multiple functions that play a major role in the detoxification of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. In our previous study, we have predicted 23 putative cytosolic GSTs in the silkworm genome using bioinformatic methods. In this study, we cloned and studied the insect-specific epsilon-class GST gene GSTe4 from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The recombinant BmGSTe4 (Bac-BmGSTe4) was overexpressed in SF-9 cell lines, and it was found to have effective GST activity. We also found that the expression of BmGSTe4 was especially down-regulated after the silkworms were fumigated with or ingested phoxim. Moreover, BmGSTe4 protected HEK293 cells against UV-induced cell apoptosis. These results demonstrated that BmGSTe4 has GST activity, is sensitive to phoxim, and plays a role in inhibition of UV-induced cell apoptosis.
41
Qin, DaoYuan, GenHong Wang, ZhaoMing Dong, QingYou Xia, and Ping Zhao. "Comparative Fecal Metabolomes of Silkworms Being Fed Mulberry Leaf and Artificial Diet." Insects 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120851.
Full textAbstract:
Metabonomics accurately monitors the precise metabolic responses to various dietary patterns. Metabolic profiling allows simultaneous measurement of various fecal metabolites whose concentrations may be affected by food intake. In this study, we analyzed the fecal metabolomes of silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae reared on fresh mulberry leaves and artificial diets. 57 differentially expressed metabolites were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Of these, 39 were up-regulated and 18 were downregulated in the mulberry leaf meal group. Most of the amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids associated with physical development and silk protein biosynthesis were enriched in silkworms reared on mulberry leaves. In contrast, the urea, citric acid, D-pinitol, D-(+)-cellobiose and N-acetyl glucosamine levels were relatively higher in the silkworm feeding on the artificial diets. The findings of this study help clarify the association between diet and metabolic profiling.
42
H S, Deepthi, and Anitha S. Sastry. "IMAGE PROCESSING BASED SMART SERICULTURE SYSTEM USING IOT." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i9.004.
Full textAbstract:
Rearing of silkworm is highly dependent on environmental variations. To have a healthy cocoon production, it is necessary to have a proper temperature and humidity controlled house for silkworm rearing. Temperature, humidity and fresh air should be managed to get a wonderful silk product. An ideal temperature of 23°C to 28°C and humidity in between 65% to 85% is to be maintained. IoT based silkworm rearing house consists of sensors and actuators, which are interfaced with a low power controllers. The Sericulture unit can be equipped with a wireless sensor node to sense the real time Temperature and Humidity [1], also necessary actuators to control these environmental parameters. The color change in the body of the worms indicates the different stages and the light yellowish indicates that they have reached to the cocoon stage and the morphological changes in silkworm structure can be used to detect abnormal worms[2].The proposed framework introduces an Internet of Things (IoT) empowered Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) system. The received image is first segregated into two classes as diseased or healthy by analyzing the histogram of the background removed image based on thresholding. Again the diseased class will be sub classified into 2 diseases as either Flacherie or Pebrine by applying suitable mask for extracting worm and obtaining the histogram of the worm and analyzing it. The result will be sent to the farmer via E-mail. The proposed system could be a probable solution for productivity in silkworms.
43
Yagi, Hirokazu, Saeko Yanaka, Rina Yogo, Akari Ikeda, Masayoshi Onitsuka, Toshio Yamazaki, Tatsuya Kato, Enoch Y. Park, Jun Yokoyama, and Koichi Kato. "Silkworm Pupae Function as Efficient Producers of Recombinant Glycoproteins with Stable-Isotope Labeling." Biomolecules 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10111482.
Full textAbstract:
Baculovirus-infected silkworms are promising bioreactors for producing recombinant glycoproteins, including antibodies. Previously, we developed a method for isotope labeling of glycoproteins for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies using silkworm larvae reared on an artificial diet containing 15N-labeled yeast crude protein extract. Here, we further develop this method by introducing a technique for the expression of isotope-labeled glycoproteins by silkworm pupae, which has several potential advantages relative to larvae-based techniques in terms of production yield, ease of handling, and storage. Here, we fed fifth instar larvae an artificial diet with an optimized composition containing [methyl-13C]methionine, leading to pupation. Nine-day-old pupae were then injected with recombinant Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) bacmid for expression of recombinant human immunoglobulin G (IgG). From the whole-body homogenates of pupae, 0.35 mg/pupa of IgG was harvested, which is a yield that is five times higher than can be obtained from larvae. Recombinant IgG, thus prepared, exhibited mainly three kinds of pauci-mannose-type oligosaccharides and had a 13C-enrichment ratio of approximately 80%. This enabled selective observation of NMR signals originating from the methionyl methyl group of IgG, confirming its conformational integrity. These data demonstrate the utility of silkworm pupae as factories for producing recombinant glycoproteins with amino-acid-selective isotope labeling.
44
Wang, Yao, Juan Li, Qiu-Xing Wan, Qin Zhao, Kai-Xuan Wang, and Xing-Fu Zha. "Spliceosomal Protein Gene BmSPX Regulates Reproductive Organ Development in Bombyx mori." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072579.
Full textAbstract:
Sex determination and differentiation are nearly universal to all eukaryotic organisms, encompassing diverse systems and mechanisms. Here, we identified a spliceosomal protein gene BmSPX involved in sex determination of the lepidopeteran insect, Bombyx mori. In a transgenic silkworm line that overexpressed the BmSPX gene, transgenic silkworm males exhibited differences in their external genitalia compared to wild-type males, but normal internal genitalia. Additionally, transgenic silkworm females exhibited a developmental disorder of the reproductive organs. Upregulation of BmSPX significantly increased the expression levels of sex-determining genes (BmMasc and BmIMP) and reduced the female-type splice isoform of Bmdsx, which is a key switch gene downstream of the sex-determination pathway. Additionally, co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed an interaction between the BmSPX protein and BmPSI, an upstream regulatory factor of Bmdsx. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that BmSPX over-expression upregulated the expression of the Hox gene abdominal-B (Adb-B), which is required for specification of the posterior abdomen, external genitalia, and gonads of insects, as well as the genes in the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study suggested the involvement of BmSPX, identified as a novel regulatory factor, in the sex-determination pathway and regulation of reproductive organ development in silkworms.
45
Lin, Chen, Zhou Wei, Zhou Yi, Tan Tingting, Du Huamao, and Feng Lichun. "Analysis of the effects of nanosilver on bacterial community in the intestinal fluid of silkworms using high-throughput sequencing." Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000634.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractNanosilver is an environment-friendly, harmless alternative of traditional disinfectants which can be potentially applied in the sericulture industry. However, the effects of nanosilver on the intestinal bacterial community of the silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) are unclear. In this study, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to assess the intestinal bacterial community in both male and female silkworms while treated with different concentrations of nanosilver. We found that nanosilver significantly influenced the composition of silkworm intestinal bacterial community on the different taxonomic levels. Most conspicuously, the abundance of Firmicutes was increased by the treatment of 20 mg L−1 nanosilver but decreased by that of 100 mg L−1 nanosilver at the phylum level. The same trend was observed in Bacilli at the class level and in Enterococcus at the genus level. In some extreme cases, application of nanosilver eliminated the bacterium, e.g., Brevibacillus, but increased the population of several other bacteria in the host intestine, such as Blautia, Terrisporobacter, Faecalibacterium, and some bacteria could only be found in nanosilver treatment groups, e.g., Dialister. In addition, although nanosilver generally showed negative effects on the cocooning rate in a dose-dependent manner, we found that 20 mg L−1 nanosilver treatment significantly increased the body weight of silkworms and did not show negative effects on the survival rate. These results indicated that the intestinal bacteria community of silkworm larvae was significantly changed after nanosilver treatment which might consequently influence host growth and development.
46
Gong, Jing, Yuhao Zhang, Jiamin Yan, Shan Shang, Hanfei Gu, and Yong Zhu. "Effect of Hypoxia on Embryo Development in Silkworm Eggs." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 113, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz060.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Diapause is a common phenomenon during which organisms suspend development to overcome difficult environmental conditions. The silkworm is a classical model for the study of egg diapause. Our previous study showed that gene expression is similar in silkworm eggs treated with hyperoxia or HCl. In the present study, to further explore the mechanism of diapause prevention, nondiapause eggs and hyperoxia-/HCl-activated diapause eggs were treated with hypoxia. Embryo morphology, hatching time, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed across different developmental stages. The results showed that hypoxia may inhibit the embryonic development of silkworm eggs. The morphology of nondiapause eggs under hypoxia differed from that of nondiapause eggs under normoxia during embryonic development, which, in turn, was similar to that of diapause eggs. Meanwhile, the hatching time of nondiapause eggs under hypoxia was delayed significantly. Moreover, the ROS levels of nondiapause eggs changed under hypoxia, showing a pattern similar to that of diapause eggs. Interestingly, when activated diapause eggs were treated with hypoxia, some eggs hatched in the following spring. These results suggest that early embryogenesis is largely dependent on oxygen levels and that hypoxia may induce a diapause-like state in activated diapause eggs. Additionally, ROS levels may play a key role in diapause. Thus, this study provides valuable information on the mechanisms of diapause and diapause prevention in silkworms.
47
Leem, Jung Woo, Malcolm J. Fraser, and Young L. Kim. "Transgenic and Diet-Enhanced Silk Production for Reinforced Biomaterials: A Metamaterial Perspective." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 22, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082719-032747.
Full textAbstract:
Silk fibers, which are protein-based biopolymers produced by spiders and silkworms, are fascinating biomaterials that have been extensively studied for numerous biomedical applications. Silk fibers often have remarkable physical and biological properties that typical synthetic materials do not exhibit. These attributes have prompted a wide variety of silk research, including genetic engineering, biotechnological synthesis, and bioinspired fiber spinning, to produce silk proteins on a large scale and to further enhance their properties. In this review, we describe the basic properties of spider silk and silkworm silk and the important production methods for silk proteins. We discuss recent advances in reinforced silk using silkworm transgenesis and functional additive diets with a focus on biomedical applications. We also explain that reinforced silk has an analogy with metamaterials such that user-designed atypical responses can be engineered beyond what naturally occurring materials offer. These insights into reinforced silk can guide better engineering of superior synthetic biomaterials and lead to discoveries of unexplored biological and medical applications of silk.
48
Li, Q., Y. P. Li, D. Ambühl, Y. Q. Liu, M. W. Li, and L. Qin. "Nutrient composition of Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi, a traditional edible insect in China: a review." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 4 (August 11, 2020): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2019.0059.
Full textAbstract:
Edible insects are considered to be rich in protein and several micronutrients; therefore, they are regarded as one of the potential contributors to food security. The Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Méneville, 1855), has been collected from oak trees in the wild for at least 2,000 years, and Chinese farmers developed the artificial rearing of Chinese oak silkworms for silk production before the 17th century. Recently, about 5×104 t of A. pernyi, including the fifth-instar larvae, pupae and moths, has been reported to be consumed as food in China per year. A total of 18 amino acids, 16 fatty acids, 13 minerals, 5 vitamins and 7 human hormones have been detected in the larvae, pupae and adult moths of A. pernyi. In this review, we have summarised the complete nutrient composition in the four developmental stages of this economically important insect. All available data suggest that the Chinese oak silkworm is nutritionally rich and healthy and a sustainable food item of the future. This review could provide a podium to the food and animal feed industry for framing a strategy for the intake of A. pernyi in the diets of humans and animals. Moreover, this paper would contribute to advancing the exploration of the developmental and the metabolic biology of the Chinese oak silkworm.
49
Chen, Wenjing, Feng Wang, Chi Tian, Yuancheng Wang, Sheng Xu, Riyuan Wang, Kai Hou, et al. "Transgenic Silkworm-Based Silk Gland Bioreactor for Large Scale Production of Bioactive Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF-BB) in Silk Cocoons." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 2533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092533.
Full textAbstract:
Human platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) is a major therapeutic protein with great demand in the clinical setting; however, its rate of supply is far from meeting needs. Here, we provide an effective strategy to produce PDGF-BB in large quantities using a transgenic silkworm. The codon-optimized PDGF-B gene regulated by the highly efficient sericin-1 expression system was integrated into the genome of a silkworm. The high transcriptional expression of the PDGF-BB gene in the transgenic silkworm competitively inhibited the transcription expression of the endogenous sericin-1 gene which caused a significant 37.5% decline. The PDGF-BB synthesized in the middle silk gland (MSG) of transgenic silkworms could form a homodimer through intermolecular disulfide bonds, which is then secreted into sericin lumen and finally, distributed in the sericin layer of the cocoon. In this study, a protein quantity of approximately 0.33 mg/g was found in the cocoon. Following a purification process, approximately 150.7 μg of recombinant PDGF-BB with a purity of 82% was purified from 1 g of cocoons. Furthermore, the bioactivity assays showed that the purified recombinant PDGF-BB was able to promote the growth, proliferation and migration of NIH/3T3 cells significantly. These results suggest that the silk gland bioreactor can produce active recombinant PDGF-BB as an efficient mitogen and wound healing agent.
50
Liu, Xiao Hong, Ye Feng Li, Jian Xu, Jun Zhou, and Xiao Ping Lu. "The Fluorescent Pigment of Mulberry Transferred in the Body of Silkworm, Bombyx Mori." Advanced Materials Research 175-176 (January 2011): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.175-176.3.
Full textAbstract:
Using silkworm (Bombyx mori, Dazao strain) as material, the fluorescent pigment of mulberry, silkworm blood, silk gland, cocoon shell, silkworm excrement, silkworm urine and moth urine were analyzed by using the technology of thin layer chromatography (TLC). The results indicated that there were 7 bands of fluorescent pigment from the extracts of green cocoon shell after TLC analysis. While, 2 bands in silkworm blood and its urine extracts, 4 bands in the silk gland extracts, as well as 5 bands in moth urine extracts were detected, but no band detection in the silkworm excrement extracts. The blue-violet fluorescent pigment which has the same Rf (0.35) was detected from the extracts of green cocoon shell, silk gland, silkworm urine, moth urine and mulberry after TLC analysis, but it cannot be found in silkworm blood and silkworm excrement. It was revealed that the blue-violet fluorescent pigment may be transferred directly from mulberry leaves, and then accumulated in the silk gland. Most of the pigment remained in the cocoon shell. And only a small amount of this kind of pigment was excreted through urine. There was also some yellow-green fluorescent pigment detected in the silkworm blood, silk gland and cocoon shell extracts, but it cannot be detected in both the mulberry and silkworm urine extracts. It was suggested that yellow-green fluorescent pigment synthesis pathway exist in the body of silkworm (Bombyx mori, Dazao strain).