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Relevant bibliographies by topics / The slave trade

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Academic literature on the topic 'The slave trade'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "The slave trade"

1

Thiébaut, Rafaël. "French Slave Trade on Madagascar: A Quantitative Approach." Journal of Social History 54, no. 1 (2020): 34–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shaa006.

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Abstract This article provides a better understanding of the volume of the French slave trade on Madagascar. Indeed, while research on the European slave trade in the Atlantic has benefitted much from statistical data, the slave trade in the Indian Ocean still lags behind, despite new scholarship. Based on detailed archival research, this article systematically analyzes different aspects of this commerce, including the organization of the trade, the age-sex ratio of the enslaved, and their mortality during the middle passage. Taking the number of French expeditions as a basis, we are able to determine the number of slaves traded with greater accuracy than was previously possible. Through this calculation, this article will shed new light on the patterns of slave trade in the Indian Ocean.

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Rawley, James A. "Richard Harris, Slave Trader Spokesman." Albion 23, no. 3 (1991): 439–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051111.

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“So little is known of the separate traders,” lamented the historian of the Royal African Company, K. G. Davies, that he was reduced to perceptive speculation about their activity. The authority, Basil Williams, writing about the period 1714–1760, asserted, “The traffic in negro slaves was carried on mainly by the Royal African Company.…“ In actuality a great deal can be discovered about the separate traders and their activity. The papers of Humphry Morice provide a rich source for a merchant who was perhaps London's and Great Britain's foremost slave trader in the 1720s. The assertion that the traffic in Negro slaves was carried on mainly by the Royal African Company is easily refuted by materials in the Public Record Office. London separate traders dominated the trade for the first three decades of the eighteenth century giving way to Bristol traders in the 1730s, who in turn gave way to Liverpool ascendancy in the 1740s.The English slave trade between 1699 and 1729, energized by the end of monopoly and the booming international market for slaves in America, grew prodigiously. In these years England accounted for nearly one-half of all slaves exported from the west coast of Africa. London alone accounted for two-thirds of all slaves delivered by English ships.Although the period falls half a century and more before the classic exposition of the advantages of free trade over monopoly by Adam Smith, an English free trade doctrine had found expression in Sir Dudley North's pamphlet, Discourses upon Trade (1691), and parlimentary proceedings. Interlopers in the slave trade, smugglers in the lucrative Spanish-American trade who opposed parliamentary restriction on their activity, separate traders whose participation in the trade became legalized in 1698, and a variety of commercial, industrial, and planting interests all contributed in their fashion to an outlook favoring free trade in slaves.

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Webb, James L. A. "The Horse and Slave Trade Between the Western Sahara and Senegambia." Journal of African History 34, no. 2 (July 1993): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700033338.

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Following the late fifteenth- and sixteenth-century cavalry revolution in Senegambia, the horse and slave trade became a major sector of the desert-edge political economy. Black African states imported horses from North Africa and the western Sahara in exchange for slaves. Over time, under conditions of increasing aridity, the zone of desert horse-breeding was pushed south, and through crossbreeding with the small disease-resistant indigenous horses of the savanna, new breeds were created. Although the savanna remained an epidemiologically hostile environment for the larger and more desirable horses bred in North Africa, in the high desert and along the desert fringe, Black African states continued to import horses in exchange for slaves into the period of French colonial rule.The evidence assembled on the horse trade into northern Senegambia raises the difficult issue of the relative quantitative importance of the Atlantic and Saharan/North African slave trades and calls into question the assumption that the Atlantic slave trade was the larger of the two. Most available evidence concerns the Wolof kingdoms of Waalo and Kajoor. It suggests that the volume of slaves exported north into the desert from Waalo in the late seventeenth century was probably at least ten times as great as the volume of slaves exported into the Atlantic slave trade. For both Waalo and Kajoor, this ratio declined during the first half of the eighteenth century as slave exports into the Atlantic markets increased. The second half of the eighteenth century saw an increase in predatory raiding from the desert which produced an additional flow of north-bound slaves. For Waalo and Kajoor – and probably for the other Black African states of northern Senegambia – the flow of slaves north to Saharan and North African markets probably remained the larger of the two export volumes over the eighteenth century. This northward flow of slaves continued strong after the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade and was only shut down with the imposition of French colonial authority.

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Lovejoy, Paul E., and David Richardson. "British Abolition and its Impact on Slave Prices Along the Atlantic Coast of Africa, 1783–1850." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 1 (March 1995): 98–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700040584.

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This article challenges the widely held view that slave prices in Africa fell substantially and permanently after Britain abolished its slave trade in 1807. Examination of slave-price data shows that, when allowance is made for movements in prices of trade goods bartered for slaves, real slave prices fell sharply between 1807 and 1820 but that the fall was confined to West Africa. In West Central Africa prices remained steady before 1820. Thereafter, prices rose strongly in both areas, and between 1830 and 1850 prices were generally close to the levels reached between 1783 and 1807, the height of the Atlantic slave trade.

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Oostindie, Gert. "The slippery paths of commemoration and Heritage tourism: the Netherlands, Ghana, and the rediscovery of Atlantic slavery." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2008): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002501.

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Reflects upon the commemoration of the Atlantic slave trade and American slavery. Author describes how the slave trade and slavery was recently "rediscovered", as a part of Dutch history, and he compares this to the attention to this history in other European countries once engaging in slavery. He argues that despite the fact that the history of the slave trade and slavery is worthy of attention in itself, contemporary political and social factors mainly influence attention to the slave trade and slavery, noting that in countries with larger Afro-Caribbean minority groups the attention to this past is greater than in other once slave-trading countries. He further deplores the lack of academic accuracy on the slave trade and slavery in slavery commemorations and in the connected search for African roots among descendants of slaves, and illustrates this by focusing on the role of Ghana, and the slave fortress Elmina there, as this fortress also has become a much visited tourist site by Afro-Americans. According to him, this made for some that Ghana represents the whole of Africa, while African slaves in the Caribbean, also in the Dutch colonies, came from various parts of Africa. Author attributes this selectivity in part to the relatively large Ghanaian community in the Netherlands.

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Oostindie, Gert. "The slippery paths of commemoration and Heritage tourism: the Netherlands, Ghana, and the rediscovery of Atlantic slavery." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2005): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002501.

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Reflects upon the commemoration of the Atlantic slave trade and American slavery. Author describes how the slave trade and slavery was recently "rediscovered", as a part of Dutch history, and he compares this to the attention to this history in other European countries once engaging in slavery. He argues that despite the fact that the history of the slave trade and slavery is worthy of attention in itself, contemporary political and social factors mainly influence attention to the slave trade and slavery, noting that in countries with larger Afro-Caribbean minority groups the attention to this past is greater than in other once slave-trading countries. He further deplores the lack of academic accuracy on the slave trade and slavery in slavery commemorations and in the connected search for African roots among descendants of slaves, and illustrates this by focusing on the role of Ghana, and the slave fortress Elmina there, as this fortress also has become a much visited tourist site by Afro-Americans. According to him, this made for some that Ghana represents the whole of Africa, while African slaves in the Caribbean, also in the Dutch colonies, came from various parts of Africa. Author attributes this selectivity in part to the relatively large Ghanaian community in the Netherlands.

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HUBBELL, ANDREW. "A VIEW OF THE SLAVE TRADE FROM THE MARGIN: SOUROUDOUGOU IN THE LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE OF THE NIGER BEND." Journal of African History 42, no. 1 (March 2001): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700007805.

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The region of Souroudougou played a dynamic role in the regional slave trade of the western Niger Bend during the nineteenth century, supplying slaves to neighboring states. A number of mechanisms, termed here ‘indirect linkages’, connected sources of slaves in Souroudougou to the broader regional slave trade. These took the form of commercial activity by Muslim mercantile groups, banditry and alliances formed between neighboring states and local power brokers in Souroudougou. At the same time, the growing slave trade triggered important internal processes of change in the local social landscape, termed here the ‘espace de compétition’. In particular, heightened individual and group competition transformed established codes of behavior and social networks.

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EDEN, JEFF. "Beyond the Bazaars: Geographies of the slave trade in Central Asia." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 4 (July 2017): 919–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000505.

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AbstractThe slave trade in nineteenth-century Central Asia involved hundreds of thousands of slaves, predominantly Persian Shīʿites, and stopping the trade was alleged to be a major motivating factor in the Russian conquest of the region. Nevertheless, Central Asian slavery remains little-studied and little-understood. In this article I will argue, first, that the region's slave trade was characterized by decentralized trade networks and by abundant inter-nomadic trade; and, second, that Russian efforts to end the slave trade by decree and through military force in the 1860s and 70s were not as successful as has often been assumed.

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Law, Robin. "Slave-Raiders and Middlemen, Monopolists and Free-Traders: the supply of slaves for the Atlantic trade in Dahomey c. 1715–1850." Journal of African History 30, no. 1 (March 1989): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030875.

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This article, which extends and modifies the analysis offered in an earlier article in this journal (1977), examines what is known of the organization of the supply of slaves for the trans-Atlantic trade in Dahomey, with particular emphasis on the relative importance of local slave-raiding and the purchase of slaves from the interior, and on the evolution of a group of private merchants within Dahomey. It is argued that initially the kings of Dahomey sought to operate the slave trade as a royal monopoly, and relied exclusively upon slave-raiding rather than purchasing slaves from the interior. From the mid-eighteenth century, however, Dahomey did seek to operate as a ‘ middleman’ in the supply of slaves from the interior, and since its kings did not normally attempt to control this aspect of the trade this involved the emergence of a private sector in the slave trade. Although merchants in Dahomey were in origin state officials, licensed to trade on behalf of the king or ‘caboceers’ (chiefs), they subsequently acquired the right to trade on their own account also and thus became in some measure independent of the state structure. The autonomy and wealth of the merchant community in Dahomey were further enhanced by the transition from slave to palm oil exports in the nineteenth century, when leading merchants moved into large-scale oil production, using slave labour supplied by the king. There were recurrent tensions between the monarchy and the merchants over commercial policy and over the monarchy's expropriatory fiscal practices, and the conflict of interests between the two was exacerbated by the development of the oil trade, undermining the solidarity of Dahomey in the face of the European imperialism of the late nineteenth century.

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Belmonte Postigo, José Luis. "A Caribbean Affair: The Liberalisation of the Slave Trade in the Spanish Caribbean, 1784-1791." Culture & History Digital Journal 8, no. 1 (July 17, 2019): 014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.014.

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The liberalisation of the slave trade in the Spanish Caribbean ended with a series of political measures which aimed to revitalise the practice of slavery in the region. After granting a series of monopoly contracts (asientos) to merchant houses based in other western European nations to supply slaves to Spanish America, the Spanish monarchy decided to liberalise import mechanisms. These reforms turned Cuba, especially Havana, into the most important slave trade hub within the Spanish Caribbean. Havana was connected with both Atlantic and inter-colonial trade networks, while other authorised ports imported slaves from other Caribbean territories; Spanish, British, Dutch, Danish and American traders all participated in this trade, and slave trafficking became the most profitable form of commerce in the region during this period.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The slave trade"

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Mustakeem, Sowande'. "'Make haste & let me see you with a good cargo of Negroes' gender, health, and violence in the eighteenth century Middle Passage /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Sonoi, Chine. "British romanticism, slavery and the slave trade." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.657618.

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Knight, Christina Anne. "Performing Passage: Contemporary Artists Stage the Slave Trade." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11178.

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My dissertation examines the work of George C. Wolfe, August Wilson, Lorna Simpson and Glenn Ligon, theater and visual artists working in the 1980s and 1990s who feature representations of the Middle Passage in their work. Despite their different mediums--Wolfe and Wilson created plays for the proscenium stage and Simpson and Ligon crafted art installations--all four critiqued the racialized social retrenchment of their historical moment by linking it to the slave trade, and each did so through an engagement with black performance traditions.
African and African American Studies

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Hurbon, Laennec. "TH􁪽 SLAVE TRADE AND BLACK SLAVERY IN AMERICA." Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology, 1991. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/bet,1477.

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Wright, John Lawrence. "'Nothing else but slaves' : Britain and the central Saharan slave trade in the nineteenth century." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323698.

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Ball, Lucy. "Memory, myth and forgetting : the British transatlantic slave trade." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/memory-myth-and-forgetting(85412377-1e7b-42a6-9bce-c088d916158a).html.

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Based on Halbwachs’ theory of collective memory and Connerton’s notion of collective forgetting, this thesis contends that the history of the British transatlantic slave trade has been deliberately omitted from British collective remembrance, replaced by a stylised image of the campaign for its abolition, in the interests of maintaining a consistent national identity built around notions of humanitarian and philanthropic concern. This thesis examines the way that this collective amnesia was addressed during the bicentenary of the passage of the Slave Trade Act in 2007 in museological display and the media, alongside its interrogation in novels published during the last seventeen years. The exploration of the bicentennial commemoration provided a unique opportunity to examine the way in which the nation presented its own history to the British public and the international community, and the divergent perspectives at play. Analysis of the artefacts and panel text featured at the International Slavery Museum, the Uncomfortable Truths exhibition at the Victoria & Albert Museum and the Chasing Freedom exhibition at the Royal Naval Museum reveals an emerging desire amongst curators to reduce attention garnered on the previously-lionised British abolitionists in favour of an increased representation of the experiences of the enslaved, including instances of their resistance and rebellion. Examination of neo-slave narratives scrutinises the way that postcolonial novelists draw attention to the process by which eighteenth-century slave narratives came to be published, demonstrating their unsuitability to be considered historical texts. S. I. Martin’s Incomparable World (1996), David Dabydeen’s A Harlot’s Progress (2000), Lawrence Hill’s The Book of Negroes (2009), Bernadine Evaristo’s Blonde Roots (2009) and Andrea Levy’s The Long Song (2010) re-write the slave experience and the process of writing, reframing abolitionist motivations around self-interest and political necessity rather than humanitarian concern. Media engagement was analysed through newspaper articles reporting on the bicentenary, the output of the BBC’s Abolition Season, and the representation of slavery in film, revealing a surface-level engagement with the subject, furthering the original abolitionist imagery, with any revisionist output needing to be specifically sought-out by the consumer. The thesis concludes that a revisionist approach to the history of the slave trade is becoming more apparent in challenges to collective memory occasioned by the bicentenary of its abolition; novelists make this challenge unavoidably clear to their readers, whilst those visiting museums are presented with an opportunity to reassess their understanding of this history by engaging with exhibits; the media, however, provides this revisionism but only in small ways, and has to be sought out by audiences keen to engage with it.

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Radburn, Nicholas James. "William Davenport, the slave trade, and merchant enterprise in eighteenth-century Liverpool : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1187.

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Brown, Christopher L. "Foundations of British abolitionism, beginnings to 1789." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241245.

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McGhee, Fred Lee. "The Black crop : slavery and slave trading in nineteenth century Texas /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Nyirongo, Rachael. "The Libyan slave trade: a study on the responsibility of the Libyan government and relevant regional and international bodies based on international standards." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31597.

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In 2015, the “Migrant Crisis” caused panic in Europe, with Europe experiencing a high number of migrants arriving from the sea. Some countries increasing their bans on migrants and other limiting their migrant intake, the repercussions faced by the migrants in Libya have been atrocious. Soon, there were various reports exposing the abuse that the migrants were facing en route to Europe, one of these being slavery. Libya is the main transit route for migrants on their way to Europe and as a result, Libya has been facing a large influx of migrants. These migrants travel to Libya with the aim of being smuggled across the sea in the hopes of penetrating European borders and seeking asylum. Unfortunately, these migrants have found themselves to be victims of grave human rights abuses, including the crime of slavery. In 2017, CNN aired the first video footage that exposed the slave trade taking place in Libya. The thesis focuses on the potential accountability of the Libyan Government, the African Union, the European Union and the United Nations. It focuses on the relevant regional and international instruments and principles, including the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. Through various reports, it looks at the abuses the migrants are facing and which parties are responsible for these abuses. The thesis finds that whilst all bodies contributed to the crisis, and all bodies reacted, there are clear indications of some of them not working at their full capacity. However, as the thesis deals mainly with regional and international bodies, their accountability is limited

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Books on the topic "The slave trade"

1

Susan, Wright. Slave trade. New York: Pocket Star Books, 2003.

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Kachur, Matthew. The slave trade. New York: Facts On File, 2006.

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The slave trade. Stroud: Sutton, 1999.

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Jeremy, Black. The slave trade. London: Social Affairs Unit, 2006.

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The slave trade. Oxford: Heinemann Library, 2010.

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The slave trade. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2011.

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The slave trade. Mankato, Minn: Creative Education, 2008.

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The slave trade. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2009.

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Britain's slave trade. London: Channel 4 Books, 1999.

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Smith, Jabali. Slave. Green Bay, WI: Titletown Pub, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "The slave trade"

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Knepper, Paul. "White Slave Trade." In The Invention of International Crime, 98–127. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230251120_5.

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Everill, Bronwen. "Slave Trade Interventionism." In Abolition and Empire in Sierra Leone and Liberia, 107–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137291813_6.

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Kehinde, Michael. "Trans-Saharan Slave Trade." In Encyclopedia of Migration, 1–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6179-7_30-1.

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Reis, João José, Flávio dos Santos Gomes, Marcus J. M. de Carvalho, and H. Sabrina Gledhill. "Rufino Joins the Slave Trade." In The Story of Rufino, 63–74. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190224363.003.0007.

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Now a freedman, Rufino starts working as a cook aboard slave ships, a strategic position in the business of transporting captives alive across the Atlantic, for cooks kept the slaves and crew healthy during the Middle Passage lasting 27 to 60 days. Rufino may also have used his earlier experience to prepare medicine and amulets for Muslim slaves. After the slave trade was banned in 1831, slave ships were frequently overcrowded, leading to an increase in mortality rates. Rufino’s first employer was a trader named Joaquim José da Rocha who sent slaves from Angola to Rio de Janeiro. Later, he would work for other slave traders, such as Joaquim Ribeiro de Brito, who operated between Luanda and Recife, in the province of Pernambuco, where at least 28,000 slaves were disembarked between 1837 and 1841.

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Pitman, Frank Wesley. "The Slave Trade." In The Development of the British West Indies 1700–1763, 61–90. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429030949-3.

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MANNING, PATRICK. "The Slave Trade:." In The Atlantic Slave Trade, 117–42. Duke University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220pd1.8.

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Heartfield, James. "Slave Trade Diplomacy." In The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1838–1956, 71–90. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190491673.003.0005.

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Manning, Patrick. "The Slave Trade." In The Atlantic Slave Trade, 117–41. Duke University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822382379-005.

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"The Slave Trade." In Slavery in International Law, 57–104. Brill | Nijhoff, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004235731_004.

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"The slave trade." In Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century, 128–51. Cambridge University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511522734.008.

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Conference papers on the topic "The slave trade"

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Pereda, Javier, Patricia A. Murrieta-Flores, Nicholas Radburn, Lois South, and Christian Monaghan. "Afrobits: An interactive installation of African music and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade." In Proceedings of EVA London 2020. BCS Learning and Development Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/eva2020.19.

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Chen, Yuekun, and Yousef Sardahi. "Multi-Objective Optimal Design of an Active Aeroelastic Cascade Control System for an Aircraft Wing With a Leading and Trailing Control Surface." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3121.

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Abstract This paper presents a multi-objective optimal design of cascade controllers applied to an aircraft wing with a leading and trailing control surface driven by electromagnetic actuators (EMAs). The design of the control system is decoupled into an inner (slave or secondary) and outer (master or primary) control algorithm. The master control algorithm is applied to the dynamics of the wing and its ailerons while two salve control loops are designed for the two EMAs. Then, a multi-objective and optimal design of the control algorithms is carried out. Three objectives are considered : 1) the speed of response of the slave controlled system must be faster than that of the master one, 2) the controlled system must be robust against external upsets, and 3) optimal energy consumption. The multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) is solved by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), which is one of the widely algorithms in solving MOPs. The setup parameters of the primary and secondary control algorithms are tuned during the optimization and the design objectives are evaluated. The solution of the MOP is a set of optimal cascade controllers that represent the trade-offs among the design objectives. Computer simulations show that the design objectives are achieved. However, some of the optimal solutions are practically in-feasible because they respond poorly to external disturbances. Presented study may become the basis for multi-objective optimal design of active aeroelastic control systems.

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Ji, Yingfeng, Ronald A. Perez, and Ryoichi S. Amano. "Modeling and Control of Underwater Pan/Tilt Camera Tracking System: Geometry Modeling and Tracking Control." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10517.

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Biologists study on the biological behavior of various marine creatures in situ using underwater observation systems. The darkness in an underwater environment is always one of the most difficult problems to overcome in order to clearly monitor the life cycle of underwater creatures. This illumination would be solved employing the Master-Slave (camera-light platform) coordination tracking structure. The control of underwater platform is a challenging issue due to the complex external forces in the underwater environment. Comparing of tracking control between linear proportional-derivative (PD) and nonlinear PD for the Pan/Tilt camera platform were conducted. The variable structure control (VSC), i.e., sliding mode control (SMC), was employed to the tracking control of the underwater Pan/Tilt camera platform. The disadvantage of SMC is that the discontinuous control signal would excite the high frequency unmodeled dynamic which produces the chattering. One of the methods which eliminate the chattering is to use the boundary layer (BL). However, the width of BL can introduce a trade off between the tracking performance and chattering elimination. Large width of BL can much more eliminate the chattering, but lead to less accurate control results versa. A simple, easily implemented method to vary the width of BL according to the value of tracking error is illustrated and verified in this paper.

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Kumar, Prabhat, Roger A. Sauer, and Anupam Saxena. "On Synthesis of Contact Aided Compliant Mechanisms Using the Material Mask Overlay Method." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47064.

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Contact Aided Compliant Mechanisms (CCMs) are synthesized via the Material Mask Overlay Strategy (MMOS) to trace a desired non-smooth path. MMOS employs hexagonal cells to discretize the design region and engages negative circular masks to designate material states. To synthesize CCMs, the modified MMOS presented herein involves systematic mutation of five mask parameters through a hill climber search to evolve not only the continuum topology (slave surfaces), but also, to introduce the desired rigid, interacting surfaces within some masks. Various geometric singularities are subdued via hexagonal cells though numerous V-notches get retained at the continuum boundaries. To facilitate contact analysis, boundary smoothing is performed by shifting boundary nodes of the evolving continuum systematically. Numerous hexagonal cells get morphed into concave sub-regions as a consequence. Large deformation finite element formulation with Mean Value Coordinates (MVC) based shape functions is used to cater to the generic hexagonal shapes. Contact analysis is accomplished via the Newton-Raphson iterations with load increment in conjunction with the penalty method and active set constraints. An objective function based on Fourier Shape Descriptors is minimized subject to suitable design constraints. An example of a path generating CCM is included to establish the efficacy of the proposed synthesis method.

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Reports on the topic "The slave trade"

1

Steckel, Richard, and Richard Jensen. Determinants of Slave and Crew Mortality in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1540.

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2

Reis, João. Slaves Who Owned Slaves in Nineteenth-Century Bahia, Brazil. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/reis.2021.36.

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Abstract:

It was not uncommon in Brazil for slaves to own slaves. Slaves as masters of slaves existed in many slave societies and societies with slaves, but considering modern, chattel slavery in the Americas, Brazil seems to have been a special case where this phenomenon thrived, especially in nineteenth-century urban Bahia. The investigation is based on more than five hundred cases of enslaved slaveowners registered in ecclesiastical and manumission records in the provincial capital city of Salvador. The paper discusses the positive legal basis and common law rights that made possible this peculiar form of slave ownership. The paper relates slave ownership by slaves with the direction and volume of the slave trade, the specific contours of urban slavery, access by slaves to slave trade networks, and slave/master relations. It also discusses the web of convivial relations that involved the slaves of slaves, focusing on the ethnic and gender profiles of the enslaved master and their slaves.

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3

Nunn, Nathan, and Leonard Wantchekon. The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14783.

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4

Levine, Ross, Chen Lin, and Wensi Xie. The Origins of Financial Development: How the African Slave Trade Continues to Influence Modern Finance. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23800.

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5

Nunn, Nathan. The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13367.

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6

Anglin, C. D. Rare Earth and Trace Element Geochemistry of Scheelites, Slave Province Gold Deposits. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/133348.

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