Academic literature on the topic 'The spice route'
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Journal articles on the topic "The spice route"
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Hamid, Abd Rahman. "The Role of Makassar in Promoting the Archipelago Spice Route in the XVI–XVII Centuries." Buletin Al-Turas 28, no. 2 (2022): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/bat.v28i2.25037.
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PurposeThis study explored the three roles of Makassar in advancing the archipelago's spice routes: port growth arrangement, maritime policy, and maritime trade management in the XVI—XVII centuries.MethodThis study used historical research methods including heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The sources of data used were local sources (lontara) and foreign sources (Portuguese, Dutch, and English) to answer the three problems mentioned above by placing Makassar as the subject of the Nusantara spice route.Results/FindingsThe results of the study are: 1) the port growth arrangement the Makassar authorities did was by responding to the global trade dynamics around the spice route, such as focusing on structuring its ports as the centre of the Maluku spice trade. Second, maritime policy was implemented through free ports and the principle of Mare Liberum to advance Makassar to become an entrepot and a cosmopolitan world city. Third, the codification of Ammana Gappa's shipping and trade laws in Makassar further strengthens the maritime identity of the Makassarese, Bugis, and Mandar people in building the spice route of the Archipelago.ConclusionStarting from the perspective of the archipelago as a subject, this study shows the role of Makassar in promoting the spice route. Studies like this can also be developed at other ports on the spice route, thereby strengthening the archipelago's contribution to the history of the world's spice routes.
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Berkat Immanuel Salempa and Seniwati Seniwati. "Diplomasi Maritim “Rempah” di Nusantara: Perjalanan dari Maluku Sampai ke Pelabuhan Malaka." Journal of Creative Student Research 2, no. 6 (2024): 71–84. https://doi.org/10.55606/jcsr-politama.v2i6.4571.
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Spice commodities are very important commodities in trade in the past, spice trading routes built by the people of the archipelago and traders from India and China, caused many local ports to emerge which developed rapidly into ports that were visited by many merchant ships from various regions, past ports such as Maluku, Banda, Makassar, and Malacca. In the context of global trade, a trade network was formed that connected the western world as consumers and the eastern world as producers of commodities. The regions in the archipelago are known as centers of spice production that are very diverse, almost every region of the archipelago has typical spices that are traded. This study aims to look at the history of the spice route in the archipelago and its benefits as a form of diplomacy in ancient times, which can make the economy in various regions of the archipelago develop well, the spread of religion and cultural exchange can occur due to diplomacy through the spice route. With this aim, this study uses a library research method related to archaeological data and historical source searches. The results of this study obtained information that the most sought-after spices in the past were cloves, nutmeg, and mace, which could be found in the Maluku and Banda regions. From the existence of these three spices, a spice route was created starting from Maluku to the port of Malacca, which at that time was the largest gathering point for Chinese, Indian, and European traders.
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Wardah, Eva Syarifah, and Eneng Malihatunnajiah. "Dari Toponimi Hingga Gastronomi: Melacak Tinggalan Jaringan Perdagangan Rempah di Banten." Tsaqofah 20, no. 1 (2022): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/tsaqofah.v20i1.5770.
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Banten as an emporium which has progressed quite rapidly, especially in the spice trade network. Based on historical records, Banten was the administrative center of the Banten Sultanate as well as the center of the spice route with the main commodity of pepper, which has the best quality in the archipelago. The smell of spices eventually made merchants from various countries, such as Arab, Persian, Gujarat, Indian, Chinese, Dutch, Portuguese, and English visit Banten. So that since the 16th century Banten was known as a pepper and another spices such as pepper, nutmeg, cloves, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon and many more. The foreigners are coming to Banten, made the sultan issue a policy of open free trade politics, among others, organizing the area based on ethnicity, activities, and production. The sultan’s policy had a major influence on the tracking of the spice routes in Banten. Besides spices being the political and economic reason for the Banten Sultanate to prosper the people, spices are also a catalyst for Banten’s domination and competition with foreign nations. The traces of this spice route become the heritage of the ancestors who have the values of local wisdom.
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Karsiwan. "PENDAMPINGAN PENGUATAN KAPASITAS PELAKU BUDAYA JALUR REMPAH DI LAMPUNG." Mafaza : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (2022): 120–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32665/mafaza.v2i1.460.
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The Spice Route is a spice trade route in the archipelago and leaves traces of civilization heritage, including in the Lampung region. Assistance in strengthening the capacity of the Spice Route cultural actors is carried out in order to support the government's efforts to propose the Spice Route as an intangible cultural heritage by Unesco. interest in the history of the spice route in the Southern Sumatra region, especially the Lampung area. In addition, mentoring activities to strengthen the capacity of the cultural actors of the spice route are also intended as a promotion and socialization of the existence of the spice route in Lampung to cultural actors from outside Lampung. The partners for this service are the Directorate of Cultural Protection, Kemendikbudristek, the Education and Culture Offices of West Lampung and East Lampung Regencies, students and history teachers in Jakarta, Bandung and Banten. The method of devotion is a direct mentoring method to the perpetrators of the spice path culture. The results of the service were the recording of spice knots in the Lampung area, especially in Bandar Lampung with the location of the spice route in the form of Panjang port and Jami Al Anwar Mosque. For the East Lampung area, it is located at the Pugung Rahardjo Archaeological Site and the remains of the Sultanate of Banten in Lampung in the form of the Dalung Charter which supports the existence of pepper plantations. West Lampung is located at Wisma Sindalapai, Tomb of King Selalau, Lamban Pesagi, Dalom Belunguh Building. Lampung as a spice-producing area that has close relations with the spice route, especially with the Sultanate of Banten can be information that provides an illustration that Lampung was once a spice-producing center and had an important role in the spice trade node in the region that connected the West and East. Archipelago.
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Chrisswantra, Freddy. "JEPARA WOOD CARVING AND THE CULTURAL INFLUENCES OF THE NUSANTARA MARITIME SPICE ROUTE." Serat Rupa Journal of Design 5, no. 2 (2021): 254–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/srjd.v5i2.3786.
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The increasing need for spices in the world triggers various expeditions to find sources of spices in the world. The activity of searching for the origin of these spices gave birth to international trade systems and routes. The emergence of this spice route resulted in the emergence of trading ports which became the forerunner to the emergence of new kingdoms. Jepara was one of the kingdoms that emerged because it had a port in a strategic area on the spice trade route. The hustle and bustle of trading activities in Jepara also affects the social life of the Jepara people who have long been known for their carving skills. Traders who come from various parts of the country and abroad open up opportunities for cultural mixing, which has an impact on culture, expertise, and the application of patterns in the art of Jepara wood carving. In this paper, the researcher tries to mitigate the development and influence of acculturation brought by foreign traders with a historiography method to make it easier to read the impact of the maritime spice route on the development of carving in Jepara. The results of this study shows the application of various wood carving motifs to various artifacts as a result of the influence of the mixed culture in Jepara at that time.
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Jacobs, Irene B. "Book Review: The Spice Route." International Journal of Maritime History 18, no. 2 (2006): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140601800231.
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Setiawan, Budiana, and Ferdi Widiputera. "Internalization strategy of conscious awareness of spices lane as national brand and national pride of Indonesian nation." Technium Social Sciences Journal 7 (May 5, 2020): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v7i1.441.
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The archipelago (now Indonesia) in the past was known as the center of the spice commodity, which was needed for various purposes by other nations, such as: China, India, the Middle East, and Europe. This has caused the archipelago to become a destination for traders from other countries for thousands of years, thus creating a trade route called the Spice Route. The glory of the Spice Route in the Archipelago reached its peak in 1500 until 1650, but then collapsed after being ruled by European nations. Nevertheless, the existence of the history of the Spice Track needs to be internalized to students as one of the nation's branding and nation pride of the Indonesian people. The problems are: (1) What is the strategy of internalizing the teaching of the Spice Path to students? (2) What are the efforts made by the government, to support efforts to internalize the historical awareness of the Spice Track? The aim is to instill awareness to the younger generation about the glory of the Indonesian people in the past as a producer of spices. The results showed that the strategy undertaken by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to internalize the history of the Spice Track to the younger generation was through: exhibitions, historical visits, and discussions / seminars. However, the internalization effort has not been evenly carried out in all provinces, districts and cities. To that end, internalization of the history of the Spice Route can also be done through museum visits, especially provincial state museums located in provincial capitals. Awareness about the history of the Spice Route can also be used to break the efforts of the Chinese government to promote the Maritime Silk Road for their political trade interests.
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Karyadi, Fathurrochman. "Jejak Jalur Rempah Nusantara dalam Catatan Sejarah Qatar." ISLAM NUSANTARA:Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture 6, no. 1 (2025): 132–40. https://doi.org/10.47776/5p6wpx14.
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This research discusses Qatar's role in the Nusantara spice trade route using the book "Qaṭar fī ‘Uyūn al-Rahhālah" by Ali Bin Ghanem Al-Hajri as the primary source. According to Al-Hajri, Qatar serves as a crucial transit center in the spice trade, receiving ships from the Far East and distributing their goods to various regions. Although Qatar does not produce these spices, the country plays a vital role in the trading network. This study also compares the maritime trade routes described by Al-Hajri with the records of Ibn Majid, while highlighting the role of Arab traders in the history of spice trade. By considering these historical records, this research provides valuable insights into Qatar's relationship with spice trade and the Southeast Asian region, particularly the Nusantara.
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Mufrodi, Ali. "The Spice Route and The Sub-Urban Muslim Community in South East Asia." Sunan Kalijaga: International Journal of Islamic Civilization 5, no. 1 (2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/skijic.v5i1.2151.
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The spice route is the route that the spice trade passes from its home country, the Maluku Islands in particular, and the Archipelago Islands in general to other countries in the world. The spice route is thought to have existed for several centuries BC. The spice route stretches from the Maluku Islands/Nusantara to Malaya, India, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, to Europe. The Arabs took part in the spice trade from the Archipelago and the Persians, Indians, Malays, and the Chinese. When the Arabs embraced Islam and followed by the Persians and Indians, they passed and controlled the trade in the spice route. Since the first century to the twelfth century AD, Indian civilization with Hinduism and Buddhism dominated society and politics in Southeast Asia. Even the still Hindu solid kingdom in Java lasted until the end of the fifteenth century. During such a period, the Muslims became members of the marginalized communities on the spice route under the shadow of Hinduistic hegemony. However, they can play a role in the Islamization of the Southeast Asian Region through the spice route. Gradually the Muslims can shift the Hindu/Buddhist civilization and establish political power and build Islamic civilization. Islamic civilization includes, among others, the development of Islamic religious knowledge, shaping Islamic traditions in society, advancing education, and establishing political power. The writer used the 4-step historical method in this study, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. He also applied acculturation theory to discuss this theme. Given the limited time, secondary sources were used to write this research.
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Baiquni, M. "SPICE CULTURE IN JAVA AS A REVITALIZATION OF ANCIENT SPICE PATHWAYS AND FUTURE PROGRESS." Jurnal Javanologi 6, no. 1 (2023): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/javanologi.v6i1.71595.
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<p>Java is a rich island originating from the archipelago, a large country that has various contents in it. Inside Borobudur Temple, there are neatly engraved reliefs, which tell various events or stories about teachings for mankind. One of the reliefs depicts a sailor sailing and the presence of merchandise, one of which is spices. The history of the magnitude of the spice route and with the development of the spice trade, several positions have also emerged regarding the superior spice commodities in each region of the archipelago, including the following; Java, Maluku, Banda Island, and others. To strengthen the spice path in this modern era, various efforts were made, one of which was this research. Using literature study methods and peer discussions, data are produced, including; 1. Maritime History of Java and the Archipelago, Commodities, and Spice Routes; 2. The Influence of Javanese Civilization and the Center of the Nusantara Spice Line; 3. Form of Activities and Strengthening of Spice Pathways in Java; and 4. Javanese spices, dishes, drinks, and other spices. These forms are expected to be able to be a successful step in the revitalization of ancient spice pathways and future progress.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Java, Spice Line, revitalization, future progress</p>
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The spice route"
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Shatu, Farjana M. "Built environment impact on pedestrian route choice behaviour: Shortest vs. least directional change routes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/126392/1/Farjana_Shatu_Thesis.pdf.
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This study investigates how students choose their walking routes to a university. Their observed walking routes were compared against the shortest path routes and against the least directional change routes. The urban design features (e.g. streets, benches, fountains, buildings) of these routes were also examined through physical and virtual (e.g. Google Earth image) surveys. The study reveals that students' route choice decision is highly influenced by street configuration – less directional changes are preferred over the shortest path distance – highlighting the need to design urban streets straighter to promote walking.
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Lee, Seung Youn. "The rouse models in the upper half space." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1144750673.
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BANTAN, NOUMAN. "A ROUTING PROTOCOL AND ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR SPACE COMMUNICATION." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1172099125.
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Sanandaji, Nima. "Innate Confinement Effects in PCL Oligomers as a Route to Confined Space Crystallisation." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Fibre and Polymer Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11305.
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<p>In this work, an in-depth analysis of crystalline characteristics has been performed for a unique set of strictly monodisperse poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) oligomers. The molecules have different sets of end groups with various degrees of bulkiness and hydrogen bonding potential, affecting their aptitude to pack in ordered crystal structures. The oligomers also have different numbers of repeating units (<em>n </em>= 2-64), affecting the degree to which end groups influence overall molecular characteristics. The presence of bulky end groups leads to an innate confinement effect on crystallisation which in turn makes it possible to utilize the set of PCL oligomers to study confined space crystallisation. Confined space crystallisation is explored as a route to gain further understanding about the early metastable phases in crystal formation.</p><p> </p><p>The monodisperse nature of the samples made it possible to collect very precise small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering data (SAXS and WAXS) as well as calorimetric data. Computer modeling studies were performed to support experimental findings. It was shown that end groups strongly affected crystallisation features for the shorter oligomers (<em>n </em>≤ 8) but to a lesser extend for the longer oligomers (<em>n </em>≥ 16). The presence of a bulky end group at one end of an oligomer could inhibit the formation of hydrogen bonds on the other end. Short oligomers (<em>n</em> = 8) with OH-end groups exhibited novel packing characteristics. At one isothermal crystallisation temperature the molecules exhibited not only lamellar ordering but also an additional, likely rectangular or slanted, ordering. The sample was packed in a unique structure with molecular chains lying parallel but not aligned head to head with each other. At a higher crystallisation temperature the molecules packed in a double layered structure and at an even higher temperature in a typical non-folded but tilted single-molecular layer pattern.</p><p> </p><p>Unit cell determination was performed for a short oligomer with two bulky end groups, showing the existence of a tetragonal unit cell with different dimensions than the orthorhombic unit cells previously reported for linear PCL without end groups. To gain greater insight into the earliest stages of molecular packing, in situ WAXS measurements were performed using a synchrotron radiation beam and measuring data each 12 s whilst very slowly going from melt to isothermal crystallisation. It was shown that the crystal unit cell was distorted during the first minutes of slow crystallisation, which might either represent a metastable phase or else a highly distorted orthorhombic phase.</p>
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Kotarba-Morley, Anna Maria. "The Port of Berenike Troglodytica on the Red Sea : a landscape-based approach to the study of its harbour and its role in Indo-Mediterranean trade." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dc80167b-8b1e-499d-9b7c-038e10b2e782.
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The port site of Berenike Troglodytica - located on the Egyptian Red Sea coast - served the spice and incense routes that linked the Mediterranean World (specifically the Roman Empire) to India, Southern Arabia and East Africa. In the Greco-Roman period the site was at the cutting edge of what was then the embryonic global economy, ideally situated as a key node connecting Indian Ocean and Mediterranean trade for almost 800 years. It is now located in an arid, marginal, hostile environment but the situation must have been very different 2300 years ago, at the time of its founding. At the time of elephant-hunting trips during the Hellenistic period before the inception of its important role in the global markets of the day in the Roman period Berenike would have to have looked much different to what we can now imagine. What was it like then, when the first prospectors visited this location at the time of Ptolemy II? Why this particular place, and this particular landscape setting seemed such a propitious location for the siting of an important new harbour? Given the importance of the port over almost a millennium it is perhaps surprising that very little is known about the different factors impacting on the foundation, evolution, heyday and subsequent decline of the city; or the size, shape, and capacity of its harbour. The intention of this research is to address this shortfall in our knowledge, to examine the drivers behind the rise and fall of this port city, and to explore the extent to which the dynamics of the physical landscape were integral to this story. Using an innovative Earth Science approach, changes in the archaeological 'coastscape' have been reconstructed and correlated with periods of occupation and abandonment of the port, shedding light on the nature, degree and directionality of human-environment interactions at the site. This work has revealed profound changes in the configuration of the coastal landscape and environment (including the sea level) during the lifespan of Berenike, highlighting the ability of people to exploit changes in their immediate environment, and demonstrating that, ultimately, the decline of the port was partly due to these landscape dynamics. To further explore these themes the landscape reconstructions have been supplemented by semi-quantitative analyses of a suite of variables likely to influence the initial siting of new ports of trade. These have shown that although the site of Berenike was ideal in terms of its coastal landscape potential, possessing a natural sheltered bay and lagoon system, the choice of location was not solely influenced by its environmental conditions. Additionally, a detailed review of vessels that plied Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes is presented here in order to better understand the design and functioning of Berenike's harbour. This serves the purpose of identifying unifying features that provide more detail about the size and draught of vessels and the potential capacity of the harbour basin. By using this multi-scalar approach it has been possible to reconstruct the 'coastscape' of the site through the key periods of its occupancy and those phases immediately before and after its operation. This has wide-ranging implications for researchers studying ancient ports along this trade network as a larger database will tease out more details about how influential the landscape was in the initial siting of the port and its subsequent use and decline.
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Gibson, Erin Shawnine Leigh. "Negotiating space routes of communication in Roman to British Colonial Cyprus /." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/271/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Glasgow, 2005.<br>Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Glasgow, 2005. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Persson, Anders. "Det konverserande rummet : En kvalitativ studie om scenografi och interaktion i datorspelet Kentucky Route Zero." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Ljud- och musikproduktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-29780.
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As a reaction to developments being made by indie developers in the peripherals of the video game industry, this paper has been authored with intent to contribute to an ongoing discourse on interactive media. This paper details a study of Cardboard Computers project Kentucky Route Zero, and the means by which the player in Kentucky Route Zero has their interactions enabled within the game. A number of select scenes from the games were chosen prior to the actual process of data gathering, and these scenes were then analysed using a custom method by primarily combining methods described by Michel Chion as well as Jesse Schell. The scenes were scrutinised in search of every possibility for player interaction, and then divided into smaller, more manageable chunks where instances of interaction were further isolated and then named after a number of common characteristics. The chunks containing these instances of interaction were then compared to one another in search of functional connections. The results of the study indicates that two major types of interactions, direct and indirect, work in tandem to provide players with a mode of interaction within the game. Further research into the studied field could build on the findings of this study to different types or character of interaction, as well as the functions of more complex interactive systems.
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Viljoen, Rynette. ""Third Nature" - Re-evaluating the boundary of Zoological Gardens." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31647.
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This dissertation explores the relationship between man, animal and architecture within the theoretical discourse of the liminal. This exploration comes to pass within the context of humanity’s on-going captivation with animals and the manifestation of this in typological architecture as Zoological Gardens. The National Zoological Gardens of Pretoria situated in within the Central Business District forms the proposed context of this dissertation. Potential manners in which the relationship between man and animal manifest as spatial construct or architecture are investigated, within the context of the Zoological Gardens. The strict boundary conditions that exist within this context are consequently criticised. The existing concrete palisade fence epitomises these strict boundaries; between man and animal, city and Zoological garden and observer and observed. The intervention considers the liminal space which is created due to these boundaries, and the possibilities of this liminal space, or third space, as a habitable threshold. The threshold is programmed as an urban intervention that addresses the boundary condition by facilitating public open space, public amenities, Zoo interface and a Gratis Observatory Route. The dissertation challenges conventional architectural typologies and proposes an intervention, a “third nature” that occupies this liminal space. The new condition attempts to blur the rigid boundaries between the existing conditions of ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ the Zoo. The intervention takes on the program of functioning as a public dwelling for man, in the form of public open space, while simultaneously offering an urban habitat for animals. The proposed intervention manifests as a typological architecture that creates thresholds over which to renegotiate the relation between man and his understanding of “Nature”.<br>Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012.<br>Architecture<br>MArch(Prof)<br>Unrestricted
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Samadzad, Mahdi. "Space disaggregation in models of route and mode choice : method and application to the Paris area." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1058/document.
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La repr?sentation spatiale de l?aire de mod?lisation dans les mod?les de la demande de transports a peu chang? au cours des derni?res d?cennies. A cet ?gard, l??tat-de l?art repose encore largement sur le syst?me de centro?de-connecteur qui est utilis?e dans les mod?les classiques. Elle est une approche agr?g?e qui ignore la variabilit? physique li?e ? la dispersion des lieux d?sagr?g?s de r?sidence et d?activit? dans l?espace local. En cons?quence, le pouvoir explicatif des mod?les quant aux comportements de choix d?itin?raire et de mode demeure limit? ? l??chelle locale : Par exemple, la localisation d?sagr?g?e influence sur le choix entre une autoroute dont l??changeur est ?loign?, et un autre itin?raire non-autoroutier. Egalement, le rabattement terminal influence sur le partage modal auto vs. transports en commun. Nous pr?sentons une approche d?sagr?g?e pour la repr?sentation spatiale. Dans un d?coupage zonal, l?espace ? l?int?rieur d?une zone est repr?sent? de mani?re d?sagr?g?e stochastique. Pour chaque zone, les points d?ancrage sont d?finis relative aux n?uds du r?seau qui peuvent ?tre utilis?s pour acc?der au r?seau. Un itin?raire entre une paire de zones est ensuite consid?r? comme une chaine, compos?e de deux trajets terminaux, correspondants aux sections intrazonales de l?itin?raire, et d?un trajet principal correspondant ? la section entre deux points d?ancrage. En cons?quence, le mod?le de choix d?itin?raire est transform? ? un mod?le de choix conjoint d?une paire de point d?ancrage. Le vecteur des temps al?atoires terminaux est Normal Multidimensionnel donnant lieu ? un mod?le Probit de choix conjoint de points d?ancrage.Pour ?tendre au cadre multimodal, un mode collectif composite est d?fini comme une chaine compos?e des trois trajets modaux d?acc?s, principal, et de sortie, et les stations sont consid?r?es comme les points d?ancrage, connectant les trajets de rabattement au trajet principal. Un mod?le Logit Multinomial de choix de mode est estim? ? partir de l?Enqu?te Globale de Transport de 2001 pour le mode auto et le faisceau des modes collectifs composites, et est combin? avec les deux mod?les Probit correspondants au choix des stations<br>Spatial representation of modeling area in travel demand models has changed little over the course of last several decades. In this regard, the state-of-the-art still widely relies on the same centroid-connector system that has been used in classic models. In this approach continuum bidimensional space is lumped on centroids. It is an aggregate approach which ignores the physical variability linked to the scatteredness of disaggregate residence- and activity-places over the local space. Consequently the modeling performance in explaining route and mode choice behavior degrades at local scales: In route choice, disaggregate location influences the propensity between a distant interchange to a highway, or a nearby road. In mode choice, feeder service to public transportations influences the auto vs. transit modal share. We propose a disaggregate approach for spatial representation. Based on a zoning system, a stochastic disaggregate representation is used to characterize the space within a traffic analysis zone. For each zone, anchor-points are defined as the network nodes that are used for accessing to the network from within the local space. An itinerary between a pair of zones is then considered as a chain of legs composed of two terminal legs, corresponding to the intrazonal route sections, and one main leg between two anchor points. The route choice problem is transformed to a joint choice of a pair of anchor points. The vector of random terminal travel times is Multivariate Normal resulting in a Multinomial Probit model of choice of a pair of anchor points. To extend to the multimodal context, a transit composite mode is defined as a chain of access, main, and egress modal legs, and transit platforms are considered as anchor points connecting the feeder legs to the main line-haul leg. A Multinomial Logit mode choice model is estimated based on the 2001 Paris Household Travel Survey for the auto mode and the composite transit modes. It is joined with the two Multinomial Probit models corresponding to the choice of anchor points. The result is a joint model of mode and station choice with a disaggregate representation of the local space
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Tello, Ramos Maria Cristina. "The foraging behaviour of hummingbirds through space and time." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7402.
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Central place foragers, such as territorial hummingbirds, feed from resources that tend to be constant in space and to replenish with time (e.g. nectar in flowers). The ability to remember both where and when resources are available would allow these animals to forage efficiently. Animals that feed at multiple locations would also benefit from forming routes between these multiple locations. Hummingbirds are thought to forage by repeating the order in which they visit several locations following a route called a “trapline”, although there are no quantitative data describing this behaviour. As a first step to determining how and if wild free living hummingbirds forage by traplining, I decomposed this behaviour into some of its key components. Through five field experiments, where I trained free-living hummingbirds to feed from artificial flowers, I confirmed that territorial hummingbirds will, in fact, trapline. Birds will use the shortest routes to visit several locations and will prioritize those locations that are closest to a usual feeding site. Additionally, even though hummingbirds can learn to use temporal information when visiting several patches of flowers, the spatial location of those patches has a larger influence in how these birds forage in the wild. Since male and female hummingbirds were thought to forage differently I also tested whether there were sex differences in the types of cues they use when foraging. Contrary to expectation, female hummingbirds will also use spatial cues to relocate a rewarded site. Using the foraging ecology of rufous hummingbirds to formulate predictions as to what information these birds should use has lead me to discover that these birds forage in a completely different way than previously thought.
Books on the topic "The spice route"
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Strathern, Paul. Exploration by land: The silk and spice routes. UNESCO and Belitha Press, 1993.
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Surdich, Francesco. La via delle spezie: La carreira da Índia portoghese e la Cina. Il portolano, 2009.
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Salentiny, Fernand. Die Gewürzroute: Die Entdeckung des Seewegs nach Asien : Portugals Aufstieg zur ersten europäischen See- und Handelsmacht. DuMont, 1991.
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Carolyn, Caldicott, ed. The spice routes: Chronicles and recipes from around the world. Frances Lincoln, 2001.
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Bogumil, Veniamin, and Sarango Duke. Telematics on urban passenger transport. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1819882.
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The monograph discusses the application of telematics in dispatch control systems in urban passenger transport. The role of telematics as a technological basis in automating the solution of control tasks, accounting and analysis of the volume and quality of transport work in modern dispatch control systems on urban passenger transport is shown. Analytical models have been developed to estimate the capacity of a high-speed bus transportation system on a dedicated line. Mathematical models and algorithms for predicting passenger vehicle interior filling at critical stages of urban passenger transport routes are presented. The issues of application of the concept of the phase space of states introduced by the authors to assess the quality of the passenger transportation process on the route of urban passenger transport are described. The developed classification of service levels and their application in order to inform passengers at stopping points about the degree of filling of the passenger compartment of the arriving vehicle is described. The material is based on the results of theoretical research and practical work on the creation and implementation of automated control systems for urban passenger transport in Russian cities. The material of M.H. Duque Sarango's dissertation submitted for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in the specialty 05.22.10 "Operation of motor transport" was used.
 It will be useful to specialists in the field of telematics on urban passenger transport.
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Bahrami, Beebe. The spiritual traveler: Spain : a guide to sacred sites and pilgrim routes. HiddenSpring, 2009.
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Tharaka, Seneviratne, and Sri Lanka Rēgu Depārtamēntuva, eds. From silk route to cyber space: 1809-2009, Sri Lanka Customs, 200 years of serving the country. Sri Lanka Customs, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "The spice route"
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Permatasari, P. A., and D. N. Wijaya. "Reviving the lost heritage: Batik cultural route in the Indonesian spice route perspective." In Current Issues in Tourism, Gastronomy, and Tourist Destination Research. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003248002-39.
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Rae, Ian, and Morgen Witzel. "The Spice Route: The Early Economy of South-East Asia." In The Overseas Chinese of South East Asia. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230593121_7.
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Akbar, Muhammad Rafiendra, and Rani Aryani Widjono. "Designing an Informative Pop-Up Book about the History of Indonesian Spice Trading Route." In Proceedings of the International Conference of Innovation in Media and Visual Design (IMDES 2023). Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-136-4_11.
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Hancock, James F. "The Spanish build their empire." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0018.
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Abstract The chapter summarizes the Spanish conquests and navigation. It also provides a brief summary of how Ferdinand Magellan found another route to the Pacific and the Moluccas, which led to the signing of Treaty of Tordesillas. This divided any newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal along a Meridian west of the Cape Verde Islands, but no line of demarcation had been set on the other side of the world. This meant that both countries could lay claim to the Spice Islands, as long as Portugal travelled there from the east and Spain from the west. After Magellan's conquest, the Spanish explore the Pacific, which gave them control over the Pacific countries including the Philippines. The chapter also discusses how the charting of 'Urdaneta's Route' made possible a trans-Pacific galleon trade and the profitable colonization of the Philippines and other Latin American countries. Soon ships were travelling regularly from Manila to New Spain. A complex trade network evolved that was truly global in nature. Into Manila would flow spices from the Moluccas and silk and porcelain from China. These would be shipped across the Pacific by the Spanish to Acapulco, a journey of four to six months. The silver came from Potosí, Bolivia where hundreds of thousands of enslaved Incan lives were sacrificed by the Spanish to extract that silver from the bowels of the earth. The mines became the centre of Spanish wealth and were the reason Spain remained powerful during the colonial period. From 1556 to 1783, they extracted some 45,000 tons of silver from these mines. Aside from these, is the silk production as New Spain had a native mulberry tree called the Morera criolla. The Spanish finished their conquest by 1521 and by 1523, the first silkworm eggs had been exported to Mexico. Finally, the chapter closes how England, by means of American privateers, fought off Portugal and Spain.
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Hancock, James F. "Silk route beginnings." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0007.
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Abstract This chapter is comprised of eleven subsections that narrate the early stages of the silk trade in Central Asia. The subchapters include the Ancient Steppe routes, horses and the balance of power in Central Asia, the expansion of China, the Chinese struggle with Mighty Xiongnu, adventures of Zhang Qian, Han Chinese taking control of their borderlands, the silk route map, the engines of the silk routes, the merchants of the silk routes, cultural diffusion along the silk routes, and lastly, postscript - discovery of the Buddhist cave complexes.
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Ptak, Roderich. "The Northern Trade Route to the Spice Islands: South China Sea -Sulu Zone - North Moluccas, (14th to early 16th century)." In China's Seaborne Trade with South and Southeast Asia (1200-1750). Routledge, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003556480-3.
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Zhang, Yi, Cheng Peng, Yike Li, Jinling Li, and Jinshan Dai. "A Study on the Han-Hai Fleet Slot Mutual Chartering Model of Han-Shen Line Based on Linear Alliance." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_127.
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AbstractTo raise the income of the container liner company and improve the shipping space utilization rate, an integer programming model is constructed in view of the seaworthiness characteristics of each ship route along Hanshen line of the Yangtze river, OD container transport demand, and the container rental business under the alliance. Aiming to maximize the gross profit of the Hanhai liner shipping fleet series, the container was optimized route network along the Yangtze river waterway and determined how to choose the port call for each route and the types of vessels. While optimizing, the model is established according to the characteristics of liner multi-port attachment and cargo nonstop transportation routes, comprehensively considering various factors including freight demand, maximum cargo capacity of a single ship, minimum voyage frequency, and freight rate level. The numerical analysis of the Hanhai fleet turns out that the model can perfectly simulate the situation in reality and optimize the existing routes and boost the profits of liner transportation companies.
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Hancock, James F. "Silk route connections." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0008.
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Abstract This chapter elaborates the landscape of political power and Silk trade in the Middle East. It consists of eleven subchapters which are about the empires of the Middle East, Roman intrusions into the Middle East, Palmyra as the greatest of the Middle Eastern trading centres, the power of Zenobia, Kushans take the centre of the silk routes, Kushan Connections, Parthia's control of the Terminus, Sasanians taking over, ebbs and flows of the silk route, plague that slowed the trade, and lastly, silk trade after 400 ce.
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Hancock, James F. "Land of punt and the incense routes." In Spices, scents and silk: catalysts of world trade. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249743.0005.
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Abstract This chapter includes thirteen subsections that narrate the beginning and the course of the incense trade. The subchapters are about the Egyptian pharaohs' trade expeditions to the Land of Punt for frankincense and myrrh, Red Sea trade after Rameses III, canal of the pharaohs, the rise of the incense kingdoms, domestication of the camel, caravan routes, Ma'rib Dam, the Sayhad Desert and further points north, profits along the way, the great intermediaries: the Nabataeans, Petra - Jewel of the Nabataeans, maritime incense trade, and finally, the Roman invasion of the incense route.
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Kasturirangan, K. "Space—An Innovative Route to Development." In Space and Beyond. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6510-0_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "The spice route"
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Kinga, Gruszecka, Jolanta Orlinska, Radoslaw Gurdak, and Adam Dabrowski. "En Route to Educating Public Administration." In IAF Space Education and Outreach Symposium, Held at the 75th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2024). International Astronautical Federation (IAF), 2024. https://doi.org/10.52202/078378-0088.
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Zhao, Shibing, Qi Kang, and Xiaoling Wang. "Dynamic Multi-Routes Optimization Algorithm Based On Space Transformation." In 2025 IEEE 14th Data Driven Control and Learning Systems (DDCLS). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/ddcls66240.2025.11065801.
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Karim, Abd, and Husnul Ilyas. "Reaching Sufis on the Spice Route: Sheikh Yusuf al-Makassari's Wanderlust 1644-1699." In Proceedings of the First International Seminar Social Science, Humanities and Education, ISSHE 2020, 25 November 2020, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.25-11-2020.2306716.
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Sudarman, Sudarman, Taufiqurrahman Taufiqurrahman, Ahmad Taufik Hidayat, and Mohammad Hidayturrahman. "Spice Route and Islamization on the West Coast of Sumatra in 17th-18th Century." In Proceedings of the 2nd Internasional Conference on Culture and Language in Southeast Asia (ICCLAS 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icclas-18.2019.13.
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Kartika, Dwi Indah, and Yunita Kartika. "The Spice Route from Arabic, Europe and China to Jayakarta toward Batavian Cuisine: Revitalization of Batavian Local Wisdom Values through Batavian Culinary Gastronomy." In 9th Asbam International Conference (Archeology, History, & Culture In The Nature of Malay) (ASBAM 2021). Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220408.101.
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Nugraha, Widya. "Maritime New Century: The Re-Rise of the Spice Route and the Re-establishment of the Straits of Malacca in Regional Trade in Indonesia." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social-Humanities in Maritime and Border Area, SHIMBA 2022, 18-20 September 2022, Tanjung Pinang, Kep. Riau Province, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-9-2022.2326036.
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Ghnatios, Chady, Amine Ammar, Alain Cimetiere, Aziz Hamdouni, Adrien Leygue, and Francisco Chinesta. "First Steps in the Space Separated Representation of Models Defined in Complex Domains." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82489.
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Separated representations allow substituting the resolution of 3D models by a sequence of three one-dimensional problems [1]. This route is especially suitable when models are defined in hexahedral domains. When it is not the case, different possibilities exist. In a former work [2], we explored the route of immersing the domain into a hexahedral domain, and then use a kind of penalty method to solve the model whilst enforcing the boundary conditions. In the present work, we are analyzing two alternative routes. The first one consists of using an inverse technique in order to compute the boundary conditions on the border of the hexahedra in which the complex domain is immersed. The second one consists in solving the model in a regular domain for a number of geometrical parameters considered as extra-coordinates from which we could have access to the solution in any geometry resulting from a choice of those parameters.
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Yaacob, Nazerah, Mohd Sobri Idris, Rozana Aina Maulat Osman, Mogalahalli Venkatesh Reddy, Ku Noor Dhaniah Ku Muhsen, and Nor Zachy Fernandez. "Study on Electrical Properties and Morphology of Garnet-Type Structure Li<sub>7</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12 </sub>with Different Synthesizing Routes." In International Conference on Advancement of Materials, Manufacturing and Devices 2021. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-8b7j37.
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The Li7La3Ce2O12 ceramic was synthesized in this work by using a conventional solid-state reaction route and a planetary ball-mill method. At room temperature, the sample had a tetragonal structure with space group I4/mmm, according to the X-ray diffraction analysis. The pure phase of the sample was successfully synthesized using conventional solid-state reaction routes. The impedance spectroscopy was used to measure the electrical properties of the samples over a wide temperature range from 30 °C to 300 °C. At much higher temperatures, both samples showed an incomplete semicircle arc with the smallest resistance value. The samples prepared using conventional solid-state reaction routes exhibits higher conductivity as the sample has denser microstructure.
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Vandergraaf, Tjalle T., Gudrat G. Mamedov, Mahammadali A. Ramazanov, Jalal A. Naghiyev, Afat A. Mehdiyeva, and Nazim A. Huseynov. "Determination of the Radionuclide Contamination on the Absheron Peninsula in Azerbaijan." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59177.
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Much of Azerbaijan’s Absheron Peninsula is contaminated by natural U-series and Th-series radionuclides, released in the production of oil and gas and, to a lesser extent, by anthropogenic radionuclides, including Sr-90 and Cs-137, from local industrial activities and trans-border transport. The region contains a large number of pipelines and artificial lagoons that have been used to retain excess groundwater and oil residues. In spite of the long history of the oil and gas industry, radioecological investigations have not been carried out until recently. The purpose of this project is to determine the extent of radionuclide contamination in the Absheron Peninsula using a combination of radiation field measurements and laboratory analyses of selected samples, focusing on ten routes in the vicinity of Baku. The routes were selected as most likely to have become contaminated over time. Soil samples, taken from surface and to a depth of 1 m, aqueous samples from surface waters and marshes, and aqueous and sediment lagoons that showed elevated dosimetry readings, were prepared for gamma spectrometric analysis. Control samples were taken from non-contaminated areas. Samples of air and surface waters were analyzed for Rn-220 and Rn-222. The data will then be used to assess the potential impact of the contamination on the local population. A total slightly 4000 dosimetric readings were taken during the course of this investigation. Of these, 1366 (34%) exceeded 5.4 μR/h. This level is two standard deviations above the mean of the least contaminated route, the 79-km Baku-Guba route. Along the routes Baku-Shemakha and Baku-Guba where no oil and gas activity had taken place, radiation levels of 5.1 ± 1.5 and 4.2 ± 0.6 μR/h, respectively, were obtained. The readings for the route Baku-Guba were then used as representing negligible contamination to which the readings of the other sites were compared. In contrast, along the routes Baku-Lokbatan and Baku-Surakhani, that have seen oil- and gas-related activity, radiation levels were sometimes two or three orders of magnitude higher. The most highly contaminated sites were those of two abandoned iodine recovery facilities along the route Baku-Surakhani, the Ramani and Surakhani sites where readings up to 1450 μR/h were obtained. The contamination is due mainly to uranium and thorium in the formation water associated with the oil and gas. Radon measurements did not exceed 20 Bq/m3.
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Schoemaker, Robin, Rody Sandbrink, and Graeme van Voorthuijsen. "Intelligent route surveillance." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Edward M. Carapezza. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.818447.
Full textReports on the topic "The spice route"
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Ng, C., F. Zhao, M. Watari, and P. Thubert. Network Mobility Route Optimization Solution Space Analysis. RFC Editor, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4889.
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Leiderman, Leonardo, and Arturo Galindo. Living with Dollarization and the Route to Dedollarization. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010840.
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Financial dollarization in Latin America has been growing over time in spite of a major reduction in inflation and a shift toward central bank independence. After discussing the key stylized facts of dollarization and dedollarization in the region, we discuss the risks this process poses to the region. In particular, we explore the validity of concerns about the effectiveness of monetary policy in a dollarized economy and about a loss of seigniorage revenue in such an economy. After concluding that to a large extent these concerns lack empirical support, we focus on the main reason for concern: increased vulnerability due to the dollarization of public and private debt. We emphasize the importance of precautionary/regulatory measures to limit the scope of mismatches originating from liability dollarization, and of developing financial instruments designed to hedge against currency risk. Moreover, we deal with the experience of policies directly aimed at deepening domestic financial markets in local currency assets and in gradually lengthening the maturity of these assets. We find that important lessons from the experience of dedollarization in Israel are of particular interest for Latin America.
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Eddy, W., W. Ivancic, and T. Davis. Network Mobility Route Optimization Requirements for Operational Use in Aeronautics and Space Exploration Mobile Networks. RFC Editor, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5522.
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Perkins, Dustin. Invasive exotic plant monitoring at Golden Spike National Historical Park: 2021 field season. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293843.
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Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are one of the biggest threats to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity. Controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 monitoring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. This report represents work completed during the 2021 field season at Golden Spike National Historical Park (NHP). On June 24–25, 2021, we recorded a total of six priority IEP species during monitoring at the park. A total of 191 priority IEP patches were detected along 20 kilometers (12.4 miles) of 13 monitoring routes that covered all major roads, trails, and riparian areas. Three additional IEP species were recorded only in transects. The highest densities of IEP patches were recorded along the Hydro 1 and Last Cut drainages, followed by the Residence Service Road, East Tour Road, and Visitor Center Sidewalk Area. Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) was the most prevalent priority species, representing 46% of all recorded patches. Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) constituted most other patches. The notable absence of Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens) represents past control efforts for this species. When compared to 2018, there was a dramatic increase in the number of IEP patches in 2021, driven by rush skeletonweed and field bindweed. More-widespread species monitored in transects were still common, with cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), and tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum) present in 84%, 45%, and 36% of all transects, respectively. The network plans to return to Golden Spike NHP for an eighth year of monitoring in 2023.
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Elbaum, Michael, and Peter J. Christie. Type IV Secretion System of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Components and Structures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699848.bard.
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Objectives: The overall goal of the project was to build an ultrastructural model of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens type IV secretion system (T4SS) based on electron microscopy, genetics, and immunolocalization of its components. There were four original aims: Aim 1: Define the contributions of contact-dependent and -independent plant signals to formation of novel morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 2: Genetic basis for morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 3: Immuno-localization of VirB proteins Aim 4: Structural definition of the substrate translocation route. There were no major revisions to the aims, and the work focused on the above questions. Background: Agrobacterium presents a unique example of inter-kingdom gene transfer. The process involves cell to cell transfer of both protein and DNA substrates via a contact-dependent mechanism akin to bacterial conjugation. Transfer is mediated by a T4SS. Intensive study of the Agrobacterium T4SS has made it an archetypal model for the genetics and biochemistry. The channel is assembled from eleven protein components encoded on the B operon in the virulence region of the tumor-inducing plasmid, plus an additional coupling protein, VirD4. During the course of our project two structural studies were published presenting X-ray crystallography and three-dimensional reconstruction from electron microscopy of a core complex of the channel assembled in vitro from homologous proteins of E. coli, representing VirB7, VirB9, and VirB10. Another study was published claiming that the secretion channels in Agrobacterium appear on helical arrays around the membrane perimeter and along the entire length of the bacterium. Helical arrangements in bacterial membranes have since fallen from favor however, and that finding was partially retracted in a second publication. Overall, the localization of the T4SS within the bacterial membranes remains enigmatic in the literature, and we believe that our results from this project make a significant advance. Summary of achievements : We found that polar inflations and other membrane disturbances relate to the activation conditions rather than to virulence protein expression. Activation requires low pH and nutrient-poor medium. These stress conditions are also reflected in DNA condensation to varying degrees. Nonetheless, they must be considered in modeling the T4SS as they represent the relevant conditions for its expression and activity. We identified the T4SS core component VirB7 at native expression levels using state of the art super-resolution light microscopy. This marker of the secretion system was found almost exclusively at the cell poles, and typically one pole. Immuno-electron microscopy identified the protein at the inner membrane, rather than at bridges across the inner and outer membranes. This suggests a rare or transient assembly of the secretion-competent channel, or alternatively a two-step secretion involving an intermediate step in the periplasmic space. We followed the expression of the major secreted effector, VirE2. This is a single-stranded DNA binding protein that forms a capsid around the transferred oligonucleotide, adapting the bacterial conjugation to the eukaryotic host. We found that over-expressed VirE2 forms filamentous complexes in the bacterial cytoplasm that could be observed both by conventional fluorescence microscopy and by correlative electron cryo-tomography. Using a non-retentive mutant we observed secretion of VirE2 from bacterial poles. We labeled the secreted substrates in vivo in order detect their secretion and appearance in the plant cells. However the low transfer efficiency and significant background signal have so far hampered this approach.
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Aly, Radi, James H. Westwood, and Carole L. Cramer. Novel Approach to Parasitic Weed Control Based on Inducible Expression of Cecropin in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586467.bard.
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Our overall goal was to engineer crop plants with enhanced resistance to Orobanche (broomrape) based on the inducible expression of sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP). A secondary objective was to localize small proteins such as SLP in the host-parasite union in order to begin characterizing the mechanism of SLP toxicity to Orobanche. We have successfully accomplished both of these objectives and have demonstrated that transgenic tobacco plants expressing SLP under control of the HMG2 promoter show enhanced resistance to O. aegyptiaca and O. ramosa . Furthermore, we have shown that proteins much larger than the SLP move into Orobanche tubercles from the host root via either symplastic or apoplastic routes. This project was initiated with the finding that enhanced resistance to Orobanche could be conferred on tobacco, potato, and tomato by expression of SLP (Sarcotoxin IA is a 40-residue peptide produced as an antibiotic by the flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina ) under the control of a low-level, root-specific promoter. To improve the level of resistance, we linked the SLP gene to the promoter from HMG2, which is strongly inducible by Orobanche as it parasitizes the host. The resulting transgenic plants express SLP and show increased resistance to Orobanche. Resistance in this case is manifested by increased growth and yield of the host in the presence of the parasite as compared to non-transgenic plants, and decreased parasite growth. The mechanism of resistance appears to operate post-attachment as the parasite tubercles attached to the transgenic root plants turned necrotic and failed to develop normally. Studies examining the movement of GFP (approximately 6X the size of SLP) produced in tobacco roots showed accumulation of green fluorescence in tubercles growing on transformed plants but not in those growing on wild-type plants. This accumulation occurs regardless of whether the GFP is targeted to the cytoplasm (translocated symplastically) or the apoplastic space (translocated in xylem). Plants expressing SLP appear normal as compared to non-transgenic plants in the absence of Orobanche, so there is no obvious unintended impact on the host plant from SLP expression. This project required the creation of several gene constructs and generation of many transformed plant lines in order to address the research questions. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Make gene constructs fusing Orobanche-inducible promoter sequences to either the sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP) gene or the GFP reporter gene. 2. Create transgenic plants containing gene constructs. 3. Characterize patterns of transgene expression and host-to-parasite movement of gene products in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). 4. Characterize response of transgenic potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill .) to Orobanche in lab, greenhouse, and field. Objectives 1 and 2 were largely accomplished during the first year during Dr. Aly's sabbatical visit to Virginia Tech. Transforming and analyzing plants with all the constructs has taken longer than expected, so efforts have concentrated on the most important constructs. Work on objective 4 has been delayed pending the final results of analysis on tobacco and Arabidopsis transgenic plants. The implications of this work are profound, because the Orobanche spp. is an extremely destructive weed that is not controlled effectively by traditional cultural or herbicidal weed control strategies. This is the first example of engineering resistance to parasitic weeds and represents a unique mode of action for selective control of these weeds. This research highlights the possibility of using this technique for resistance to other parasitic species and demonstrates the feasibility of developing other novel strategies for engineering resistance to parasitic weeds.
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Hughes, Ceri, Miguel Martinez Lucio, Stephen Mustchin, and Miriam Tenquist. Understanding whether local employment charters could support fairer employment practices: Research Briefing Note. University of Manchester Work and Equalities Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/uom.5176698.
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Employment charters are voluntary initiatives that attempt to describe ‘good’ employment practices and to engage and recognise those employers that meet or aspire to meet these practices. They can operate at different spatial scales, ranging from international and national accreditation schemes to local charters that focus on engaging employers in specific regions or cities. The latter are the focus of this briefing paper. At least six city-regions in England had local employment charters at the time of our research. These areas alone account for over a fifth (21 per cent) of the resident working-age population (based on ONS 2022 population estimates), highlighting the potential reach and significance of these voluntary initiatives in terms of setting employment standards, although the number of employers directly accredited with local schemes is still relatively small. Despite their popularity with policymakers, there is only limited research on local employment charters. A few studies have explored issues relating to the design, implementation and evaluation of charters, reflecting demand from policymakers for toolkits and support to develop local policy initiatives (e.g. Crozier, 2022). But several years into the implementation of some of these charter initiatives, and as more areas look to develop their own, we argue that it is time to revisit some more foundational questions around what local charters are for, and how far they can support ‘good work’ agendas. It remains to be seen which employers can and will engage substantively with these initiatives, how employer commitments might be validated and the good employment criteria enforced, and how local charters will be integrated with local authority commissioning and procurement practices (TUC, 2022). The local charters that have emerged so far within the UK have been conceived predominantly as employer engagement tools, adopting language and approaches designed to appeal to employer interests and priorities and emphasising the value that employers can derive from being part of the initiative. This contrasts with approaches emphasising the engagement of other constituents, like citizens and employees, as a route to influencing employer engagement (Scott, Baylor and Spaulding, 2016; Johnson, Herman and Hughes, 2022). This briefing paper shares findings from a scoping study involving key informants in the North West of England (2022-2023) which explored how local charter initiatives could influence employers to improve their employment practices. Participants in the study shared their views on: 1) How voluntary local employment charters could influence employers to change their employment practices? 2) What types of employers local charters could engage and influence? Alongside this study, we have also developed a series of case studies of the charters that have been introduced across six city regions in England. These encompass the Fair Work Standard (London); Good Employment Charter (West of England); Good Work Pledge (North of Tyne Combined Authority); Fair Employment Charter (Liverpool City Region Combined Authority); Good Employment Charter (Greater Manchester) and the Fair Work Charter (West Yorkshire Combined Authority). The case studies are published separately. Our conversations with policymakers, union representatives and campaigners indicate that while there are some potential ‘win-win’ outcomes from promoting good employment practices, there are also some key tensions that should be more clearly acknowledged. In particular, one point of divergence relates to what would be the most effective and meaningful way to engage with employers in order to secure improvements in employment practices. On the one hand, employment charter initiatives could set consistent, clear and relatively high standards of practice that employers could be required to meet from the outset, creating a clear dividing line between those employers who were engaged in some way with the initiative and those who are not. On the other, these initiatives could prioritise engaging as many employers as possible with few or no specific red lines (e.g. around paying the living wage) so that the charter provides an opportunity to work with employers to secure hopefully more substantive commitments down the road. There are challenges and trade-offs associated with both of these viewpoints. One problem with the former strategy of setting a consistent standard is that the principles of employment that the charter promotes may not be particularly stretching in some sectors, or indeed may only describe a minimum set of commitments for certain types of work; whilst in other sectors they may be viewed as being too stringent. A more incremental, flexible strategy of engaging with employers and working with them to change their employment practices, in contrast, relies on sustained commitment from both policymakers and employers. Whether charters can simultaneously offer a ‘safe space’ to employers to share information and change their practices whilst also operating in a more regulatory way appears as a fundamental tension in existing visions for these initiatives. We return to these different views on how to engage employers and secure change in the conclusion to this paper.