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1
Basaula, Raiendra. "Vegetation and Soil Structure around Bagmati River near Sundarijal." Himalayan Biodiversity 5, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hebids.v5i1.36156.
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Vegetation samples in the form of herbarium and soil samples were collected from three stations of Bagmati river near the sundarijal. Vegetations were identified in Central Department of Botany. Frequency and relative frequency, density and relative density, dominance and relative dominance, important value index and biomass production of ground vegetation were determined. Castanopsis tribuloides was found dominant tree species. Soil samples of different stations were analyzed for different physical and chemical characters. in laboratory of Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC), in Khumaltar. The soil of study area was found acidic in nature. All collected soil samples were investigated.
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Morón-Ríos, A., V. J. Jaramillo, and R. Dirzo. "SPECIES COMPOSITION OF ROOT-FEEDING MACROARTHROPODS IN A SUBALPINE GRASSLAND ASSOCIATED WITH PINE FOREST IN MEXICO." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 1 (February 1997): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent12971-1.
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AbstractBelow-ground herbivores have been poorly studied regardless of their importance for the establishment and composition of plant communities. In a subalpine grassland associated with a 3200-m-elevation pine forest in central Mexico, the composition and vertical and horizontal distribution of the macroarthropod root-feeding community was studied for 14 months. The root-feeding community included six species of Coleoptera and one species of Diptera. The dominant species were Phyllophaga spp. (subgenus Phytallus, "macrophylla" group) and Trachyploeomimus aff. spurcus Champion. Mean density and biomass of this community were 101 individuals and 3 g per square metre, respectively. These values were low when compared with those reported for other communities. Species were most abundant in the first 10 cm of the soil all year around. Dominant species showed a clumped horizontal distribution most of the year.
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Purnama, Setyawan. "Spatial distribution of dominant ions in the groundwater in Banyumudal Groundwater Basin, Central Java, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 76 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197602005.
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Groundwater basin is an area with hydrogeological limits where it is happened all of hydrogeological processes. Banyumudal Groundwater Basin is one of groundwater basin with unique characteristic because of receiving water source from surroundings area, that would influence probably to the water quality. This study was conducted to: (1) know the spatial distribution of dominant ions concentration in the groundwater; (2) analyze surroundings factors that influence the spatial distribution of dominant ions in the groundwater. To realize the objectives, it was carried out the removal of groundwater samples in the observational wells that were determined by purposive sampling. The analyzed elements were Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42-, HCO3-, CO32-, Cl- and Fe2+ . The concentration of the dominant ions was realized in the form of Stiff Diagram and then was plotted in a map, so that it could be known the distribution. To analyze the process of mixing between the groundwater and water from the other sources with different chemical characteristics, it used the Piper Diagram, whereas to analyze the surroundings effects to the ionic concentration, it was conducted the analysis of quantitative descriptive. The study results showed that the groundwater from the northern part of Banyumudal Groundwater Basin has higher concentration of dominant ions compared with the southern ones. Viewed from each ion, the ionic concentration of Ca2+ and HCO3- are higher than other dominant ions and have more varied values, so that the change of chemical characteristics of the groundwater would tend to be determined by the concentration change of them. Type of rocks is the most influencing factor to the concentration of dominant ions in the study area. Nevertheless, the domestic waste has also little effects related to the sanitary condition in around of samples location of the groundwater.
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Nadi, Muhammad Abi Berkah. "Analisa Pemilihan Moda Transportasi Umum Rute Tanjung Karang – Bandara Radin Inten II Dengan Stated Preference dan Uji Crame’s V." Borneo Engineering : Jurnal Teknik Sipil 2, no. 2 (December 24, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.35334/be.v2i2.621.
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Radin Inten II Airport is a national flight in Lampung Province. In this study using the technical analysis stated preference which is the approach by conveying the choice statement in the form of hypotheses to be assessed by the respondent. By using these techniques the researcher can fully control the hypothesized factors. To determine utility function for model forecasting in fulfilling request of traveler is used regression analysis with SPSS program. The analysis results obtained that the passengers of the dominant airport in the selection of modes of cost attributes than on other attributes. From the result of regression analysis, the influence of independent variable to the highest dependent variable is when the five attributes are used together with the R square value of 8.8%. The relationship between cost, time, headway, time acces and service with the selection of modes, the provision that states whether or not there is a decision. The significance of α = 0.05 with chi-square. And the result of Crame's V test average of 0.298 is around the middle, then the relationship is moderate enough.
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Muh Saerozi. "Transformation of Villas to Mosques Social Impact of Islamization On The Government Center of Java In The Late 20th Century." IJORER : International Journal of Recent Educational Research 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v2i1.68.
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Islamization of Java becomes an actual topic of religious social research because the phenomena not only relate to religious discourse but also other aspects. This research focuses on the Islamization of the government center of Salatiga Central Java. The aims of this study are: to find the academic answer to why Islamization occurred in the government center of Salatiga in Central Java, to find out the Islamization process underway, to describe the dominant factors affecting Islamization, and to describe the impact of Islamization on religious life around the central government. The benefit of this research is to contribute the theories of Islamization of Government center of Java in the late of 20th century. This study is a descriptive research and causality analysis. The events were limited to those of 1985 to 2018. The data were sourced from the archives, inscription, news, interviews, and literature. The results of the study found that the Islamization of the Salatiga government center was carried out because the infrastructure was still European patterned. The actualization of Muslim religiosity was not well supported by this infrastructure. The symbol of Islamization is the transformation of the villa on the west of the city square into a mosque. The Islamization was successful because of the symbiotic factors between political parties, rulers, scholars, Islamic universities, and religious organizations. There was no significant impact yet on the improvement of spiritual and social lives around the government center. This study enriches theories about the symbiotic relations of religions, politics, and social changes in Java in the late 20th century.
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Stutenbecker, Laura, Anna Costa, and Fritz Schlunegger. "Lithological control on the landscape form of the upper Rhône Basin, Central Swiss Alps." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 1 (March 17, 2016): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-253-2016.
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Abstract. The development of topography depends mainly on the interplay between uplift and erosion. These processes are controlled by various factors including climate, glaciers, lithology, seismic activity and short-term variables, such as anthropogenic impact. Many studies in orogens all over the world have shown how these controlling variables may affect the landscape's topography. In particular, it has been hypothesized that lithology exerts a dominant control on erosion rates and landscape morphology. However, clear demonstrations of this influence are rare and difficult to disentangle from the overprint of other signals such as climate or tectonics. In this study we focus on the upper Rhône Basin situated in the Central Swiss Alps in order to explore the relation between topography, possible controlling variables and lithology in particular. The Rhône Basin has been affected by spatially variable uplift, high orographically driven rainfalls and multiple glaciations. Furthermore, lithology and erodibility vary substantially within the basin. Thanks to high-resolution geological, climatic and topographic data, the Rhône Basin is a suitable laboratory to explore these complexities. Elevation, relief, slope and hypsometric data as well as river profile information from digital elevation models are used to characterize the landscape's topography of around 50 tributary basins. Additionally, uplift over different timescales, glacial inheritance, precipitation patterns and erodibility of the underlying bedrock are quantified for each basin. Results show that the chosen topographic and controlling variables vary remarkably between different tributary basins. We investigate the link between observed topographic differences and the possible controlling variables through statistical analyses. Variations of elevation, slope and relief seem to be linked to differences in long-term uplift rate, whereas elevation distributions (hypsometry) and river profile shapes may be related to glacial imprint. This confirms that the landscape of the Rhône Basin has been highly preconditioned by (past) uplift and glaciation. Linear discriminant analyses (LDAs), however, suggest a stronger link between observed topographic variations and differences in erodibility. We therefore conclude that despite evident glacial and tectonic conditioning, a lithologic control is still preserved and measurable in the landscape of the Rhône tributary basins.
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Herich, Peter, Marek Fronc, and Jozef Kožíšek. "New isostructural transition metal complexes with a non-innocent dithiolate ligand." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 71, no. 2 (January 31, 2015): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229615001436.
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Three new complexes with 3,6-dichlorobenzene-1,2-dithiol (bdtCl2), namely methyltriphenylphosphonium bis(3,6-dichlorobenzene-1,2-dithiolato-κ2S,S′)cobaltate(1−), (C19H18P)[Co(C6H2Cl2S2)2], (I), bis(methyltriphenylphosphonium) bis(3,6-dichlorobenzene-1,2-dithiolato-κ2S,S′)cuprate(2−) dimethyl sulfoxide disolvate, (C19H18P)2[Cu(C6H2Cl2S2)2]·2C2H6OS, (II), and methyltriphenylphosphonium bis(3,6-dichlorobenzene-1,2-dithiolato-κ2S,S′)cuprate(1−), (C19H18P)[Cu(C6H2Cl2S2)2], (III), have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray structure analyses of all three complexes confirm that the four donor S atoms form a slightly distorted square-planar coordination arrangement around the central metal atom. An interesting finding for both the CuIIand CuIIIcomplexes,i.e.(II) and (III), respectively, is that the coordination polyhedra are principally the same and differ only slightly with respect to the interatomic distances.
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Rong, Yu, Pavel E. Mancera Piña, Elmo Tempel, Thomas H. Puzia, and Sven De Rijcke. "Exploring the origin of ultra-diffuse galaxies in clusters from their primordial alignment." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 498, no. 1 (July 16, 2020): L72—L76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slaa129.
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ABSTRACT We find that the minor axes of the ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) in Abell 2634 tend to be aligned with the major axis of the central dominant galaxy, at a $\gtrsim 95{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence level. This alignment is produced by the bright UDGs with the absolute magnitudes Mr < −15.3 mag, and outer-region UDGs with R > 0.5R200. The alignment signal implies that these bright, outer-region UDGs are very likely to acquire their angular momenta from the vortices around the large-scale filament before they were accreted into A2634, and form their extended stellar bodies outside of the cluster; in this scenario, the orientations of their primordial angular momenta, which are roughly shown by their minor axes on the images, should tend to be parallel to the elongation of the large-scale filament. When these UDGs fell into the unrelaxed cluster A2634 along the filament, they could still preserve their primordial alignment signal before violent relaxation and encounters. These bright, outer-region UDGs in A2634 are very unlikely to be the descendants of the high-surface-brightness dwarf progenitors under tidal interactions with the central dominant galaxy in the cluster environment. Our results indicate that the primordial alignment could be a useful probe of the origin of UDGs in large-scale structures.
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Chun, Soo Jin, Matthew N. Rasband, Richard L. Sidman, Amyn A. Habib, and Timothy Vartanian. "Integrin-linked kinase is required for laminin-2–induced oligodendrocyte cell spreading and CNS myelination." Journal of Cell Biology 163, no. 2 (October 27, 2003): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200304154.
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Early steps in myelination in the central nervous system (CNS) include a specialized and extreme form of cell spreading in which oligodendrocytes extend large lamellae that spiral around axons to form myelin. Recent studies have demonstrated that laminin-2 (LN-2; α2β1γ1) stimulates oligodendrocytes to extend elaborate membrane sheets in vitro (cell spreading), mediated by integrin α6β1. Although a congenital LN-2 deficiency in humans is associated with CNS white matter changes, LN-2–deficient (dy/dy) mice have shown abnormalities primarily within the peripheral nervous system. Here, we demonstrate a critical role for LN-2 in CNS myelination by showing that dy/dy mice have quantitative and morphologic defects in CNS myelin. We have defined the molecular pathway through which LN-2 signals oligodendrocyte cell spreading by demonstrating requirements for phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity and integrin-linked kinase (ILK). Interaction of oligodendrocytes with LN-2 stimulates ILK activity. A dominant negative ILK inhibits LN-2–induced myelinlike membrane formation. A critical component of the myelination signaling cascade includes LN-2 and integrin signals through ILK.
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Chatzopoulos, Georgios. "Accelerating deformation seismicity patterns before the March 3, 2021 Thessaly strong earthquake. First results." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 58 (July 29, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.27155.
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A widely felt strong shallow earthquake with Mw 6.3 magnitude occurred in Thessaly (Central Greece) on March 3, 2021. This recent strong event attracted our interest to apply and evaluate the capabilities of the Accelerating Deformation method. Based on the recently proposed generalized Benioff strain idea which could be justified by the terms of Non-Extensive Statistical Physics (NESP), the common critical exponent was calculated in order to define the critical stage before a strong event. The present analysis comprised a complex spatiotemporal iterative procedure to examine the possible seismicity patterns at a broad region and identify the best one associated with the preparation process before the strong event. The starting time of the accelerating period, the size and location of the critical area are unknown parameters to be determined. Furthermore, although, the time of failure is already known, in the present research it was not set as a fixed value in the algorithm to define the other unknown parameters but instead different catalogue ending dates have been tried out to be with an objective way. The broad region to be investigated was divided with a square mesh and the search of events around a point has been carried on with different size circular and elliptical shapes. Among the obtained results, the solution which exhibits the most dominant scaling law behavior as well as the one which exhibits the smallest spatial area and yet the more dominant scaling law behavior are presented.
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Suffling, Roger, Michael Evans, and Ajith Perera. "Presettlement forest in southern Ontario: Ecosystems measured through a cultural prism." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79485-3.
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To better manage southern Ontario's natural forests, the former and present status of old growth must be understood. We hypothesize that old-growth pine (Pinus spp.), although dominant elsewhere, was less common in southern Ontario than popular history suggests: we are obliged to evaluate historical information that has been filtered both by the original compilers and through our own biases. Beginning around 600 AD, the predominant beech (Fagus americana) forest was partially replaced by maple (primarily Acer saccharum), oaks (Quercus spp.) and eastern white pine (P. strobus). This pine increase either followed abandonment of pre-Columbian agriculture or, more plausibly, accompanied climate cooling. Eighteenth and 19th century European settlers encountered abundant large trees, which they hewed for square pine timber, milled timber, and tanbark. Other stands were cut and burned for agricultural clearance, with a potash by-product. Until recently, Ontario research emphasized the old-growth pine stands of central and northern Ontario to the relative exclusion of other kinds of old forest because very few southern Ontario old-growth stands remained to study. Ontario forest resource inventory data (FRI) show stands of over 150 years totalling only 1475 ha in 1978, concentrated on the Oak Ridges Moraine, the St. Lawrence Valley and the Awenda Peninsula. Red (P. resinosa) and eastern white pine stands constituted only 5.3% of the 1978 forested area, with virtually none of over 150 years, whereas eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) stands constituted 12.8%. The difficulty in finding modern old growth necessitates historical reconstruction using physical, written and graphical resources, including early survey records and trade statistics. In a case study of 1822 survey data from Darling Township (Lanark Co.) and 1960 FRI, vegetation was classified using TWINSPAN and mapped using ARC/INFO Thiessen polygons. In 1822, dominant hemlock occupied half the township but it has since been eliminated as a dominant. Conversely, there were no pine-dominated forests in 1822, but these had increased to 16% of the area by 1960. A second case used similar methods, with 1855 data for St. Edmunds and Lindsay townships (Bruce Co.) and 1981 FRI. Although logging halved the area and reduced the stature of pines in the large pinery, the elimination of dominant hemlock (originally 41% by area) is more significant. Fragmentary square timber trade data suggest that at least half the large pines in Bruce County were in St. Edmunds, so pine must have been spectacularly concentrated in a few areas. The third case, a map constructed from Gourlay's 1817–1819 survey, also demonstrates that pine-dominated areas were in the minority in southern Ontario, concentrated on sandy soils around Lakes Ontario and Erie. However, big hemlocks, beeches, maples and oaks were much more common overall. Management responses to this information should include designation of older southern Ontario forest stands (especially those never cleared since settlement) for maturation into an old-growth state, and the systematic restoration of eastern hemlock and beech stands for conservation purposes in southern Ontario. Key words: old-growth forest, Canada, Ontario, historical ecology, forest history
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Hayakawa, Yuichi S., Hidetsugu Yoshida, Hiroyuki Obanawa, Ryutaro Naruhashi, Koji Okumura, Masumi Zaiki, and Ryoichi Kontani. "Characteristics of debris avalanche deposits inferred from source volume estimate and hummock morphology around Mt. Erciyes, central Turkey." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 7, 2018): 429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-429-2018.
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Abstract. Debris avalanches caused by volcano sector collapse often form characteristic depositional landforms such as hummocks. Sedimentological and geomorphological analyses of debris avalanche deposits (DADs) are crucial to clarify the size, mechanisms, and emplacement of debris avalanches. We describe the morphology of hummocks on the northeastern flank of Mt. Erciyes in Kayseri, central Turkey, likely formed in the late Pleistocene. Using a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) and the structure-from-motion and multi-view stereo (SfM–MVS) photogrammetry, we obtained high-definition digital elevation model (DEM) and orthorectified images of the hummocks to investigate their geometric features. We estimated the source volume of the DAD by reconstructing the topography of the volcano edifice using a satellite-based DEM. We examined the topographic cross sections based on the slopes around the scar regarded as remnant topography. Spatial distribution of hummocks is anomalously concentrated at a certain distance from the source, unlike those that follow the distance–size relationship. The high-definition land surface data by RPAS and SfM revealed that many of the hummocks are aligned toward the flow direction of the debris avalanche, suggesting that the extensional regime of the debris avalanche was dominant. However, some displaced hummocks were also found, indicating that the compressional regime of the flow contributed to the formation of hummocks. These indicate that the flow and emplacement of the avalanche were constrained by the topography. The existing caldera wall forced the initial eastward flow to move northward, and the north-side caldera wall forced the flow into the narrow and steepened outlet valley where the sliding debris underwent a compressional regime, and out into the unconfined terrain where the debris was most likely emplaced on an extensional regime. Also, the estimated volume of 12–15 × 108 m3 gives a mean thickness of 60–75 m, which is much deeper than the reported cases of other DADs. This suggests that the debris avalanche must have flowed further downstream and beyond the current DAD extent. Assessments of the DAD incorporating the topographic constraints can provide further insights into the risk and mitigation of potential disasters in the study area.
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Tamminen, Herman. "Four ways of triadic ‘sign-ness’ on two semiotic squares." Sign Systems Studies 45, no. 1/2 (July 5, 2017): 162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2017.45.1-2.11.
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The article deals with semiosis and its dimensions as a theoretical construct to show some elementary differences between spheres of semiotic activity. In essence, one sign will be dissected into four categories of existence to show it may have different relations depending on the dimension it happens to be in. The general framework is that of human consciousness and its two distinct states: awake cognition and asleep dreaming with emphasis on the latter. From our point of view, the concepts of ‘nature’ and ‘culture’ have two layers: the manifest form and the latent function, the seen and the unseen. These are used as parallels to support the central thesis of this article that human cognition has dreaming as its countepart.The main theoretical frame is drawn from the work of Greimas and Courtés with emphasis on the semiotic square. The concept of the sign is taken from Peirce, whereas ‘sign-ness’ is adopted from Pyatigorskij. By projecting the triadic sign onto the semiotic square and excluding the concept ‘sign system’ along with the syntactic aspect, the basic fourfold dimension of the sign as such will be brought to view based on the distinct sign-relations in each given dimension. In order to double the square, semiosis will be endowed with features of ‘being-able’, thus affording the initial expression of dominant modalities serving as basis for the structure(s) of the elementary function and mechanism in each of the four dimensions. This will also enable bringing into view some elementary restrictions on semiosis in each dimension. Lastly, some new terms are suggested in accordance with what has been presented.
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Lamichhane, Rama Kumari, Bijaya Dhakal, Asha Thapa, and Kalyan Sapkota. "Psychological Impact and their Associated Factors of COVID-19 Pandemic among Nurses of a Metropolitan City of Central Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v17i2.33668.
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Introduction: COVID-19 poses a great challenge to the global health system. The nurses worked in COVID ward and fever clinic act as gatekeepers to the health care system in the public health response to COVID-19 epidemic. The consequences of lockdown, quarantine of COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused physical sufferings but also affected the mental health of the nurses around the globe. This study aimed to assess psychological impact and associated factors of COVID 19 pandemic among nurses working in different level of hospital at Bharatpur Municipality Chitwan, Nepal.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 150 nurses working in different hospitals of Bharatpur Municipality. Non-probability Purposive Sampling Technique was used and Data was collected via online survey using Google Form questionnaire. COVID-19 peritraumatic distress index (CPDI) questionnaire was used to find out psychological impact. Statistical analysis of data was done using SPSS version 20.
Results: Total of 150 nurses were involved in the study where 99.3% were female, 45.3% in the age group of 26-35 years, mean age 27.22±6.612 years, 87.2% bachelor in nursing. Mild to moderate peritraumatic distress was found in 47.33% and 16% of respondents found to have severe distress level. Chi-square test showed that respondents level of knowledge (p=0.003) and presence of chronic disease (p=0.007) was statistically significant with level of distress.
Conclusions: Majority of the nurses had some form of psychological distress. Study highlights the need for counseling for distress and mental health during COVID-19 pandemic. A focus on improving mental wellbeing of nurses should be immediately initiated.
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Dutkowski, Gregory W., João Costa e Silva, Arthur R. Gilmour, Hubert Wellendorf, and Alexandre Aguiar. "Spatial analysis enhances modelling of a wide variety of traits in forest genetic trials." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1851–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-059.
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Spatial analysis of progeny trial data improved predicted genetic responses by more than 10% for around 20 of the 216 variables tested, although, in general, the gains were more modest. The spatial method partitions the residual variance into an independent component and a two-dimensional spatially autocorrelated component and is fitted using REML. The largest improvements in likelihood were for height. Traits that exhibit little spatial structure (stem counts, form, and branching) did not respond as often. The spatial component represented up to 50% of the total residual variance, usually subsuming design-based blocking effects. The autocorrelation tended to be high for growth, indicating a smooth environmental surface, it tended to be small for measures of health, indicating patchiness, and otherwise the autocorrelation was intermediate. Negative autocorrelations, indicating competition, were present in only 10% of diameter measurements for the largest diameter square planted trials, and between nearest trees with rectangular planting at smaller diameters. Bimodal likelihood surfaces indicate that competition may be present, but not dominant, in other cases. Modelling of extraneous effects yielded extra genetic gain only in a few trials with severely asymmetric autocorrelations. Block analysis of resolvable incomplete-block or row–column designs was better than randomized complete-block analysis, but spatial analysis was even better.
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Lin, Jia-Lin, Toshiaki Shinoda, Brant Liebmann, Taotao Qian, Weiqing Han, Paul Roundy, Jiayu Zhou, and Yangxing Zheng. "Intraseasonal Variability Associated with Summer Precipitation over South America Simulated by 14 IPCC AR4 Coupled GCMs." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 2931–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2777.1.
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Abstract This study evaluates the intraseasonal variability associated with summer precipitation over South America in 14 coupled general circulation models (GCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Eight years of each model’s twentieth-century climate simulation are analyzed. Two dominant intraseasonal bands associated with summer precipitation over South America are focused on: the 40- and the 22-day band. The results show that in the southern summer (November–April), most of the models underestimate seasonal mean precipitation over central-east Brazil, northeast Brazil, and the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ), while the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is shifted southward of its observed position. Most of the models capture both the 40- and 22-day band around Uruguay, but with less frequent active episodes than observed. The models also tend to underestimate the total intraseasonal (10–90 day), the 40-, and the 22-day band variances. For the 40-day band, 10 of the 14 models simulate to some extent the 3-cell pattern around South America, and 6 models reproduce its teleconnection with precipitation in the south-central Pacific, but only 1 model simulates the teleconnection with the MJO in the equatorial Pacific, and only 3 models capture its northward propagation from 50° to 32°S. For the 7 models with three-dimensional data available, only 1 model reproduces well the deep baroclinic vertical structure of the 40-day band. For the 22-day band, only 6 of the 14 models capture its northward propagation from the SACZ to the Atlantic ITCZ. It is found that models with some form of moisture convective trigger tend to produce large variances for the intraseasonal bands.
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Chang, Kelken, Gregory P. Bewley, and Eberhard Bodenschatz. "Experimental study of the influence of anisotropy on the inertial scales of turbulence." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 692 (January 9, 2012): 464–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.529.
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AbstractWe ask whether the scaling exponents or the Kolmogorov constants depend on the anisotropy of the velocity fluctuations in a turbulent flow with no shear. According to our experiment, the answer is no for the Eulerian second-order transverse velocity structure function. The experiment consisted of 32 loudspeaker-driven jets pointed toward the centre of a spherical chamber. We generated anisotropy by controlling the strengths of the jets. We found that the form of the anisotropy of the velocity fluctuations was the same as that in the strength of the jets. We then varied the anisotropy, as measured by the ratio of axial to radial root-mean-square (r.m.s.) velocity fluctuations, between 0.6 and 2.3. The Reynolds number was approximately constant at around ${R}_{\lambda } = 481$. In a central volume with a radius of 50 mm, the turbulence was approximately homogeneous, axisymmetric, and had no shear and no mean flow. We observed that the scaling exponent of the structure function was $0. 70\pm 0. 03$, independent of the anisotropy and regardless of the direction in which we measured it. The Kolmogorov constant, ${C}_{2} $, was also independent of direction and anisotropy to within the experimental error of 4 %.
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Le Natur, François, Guillaume Calvez, Olivier Guillou, Carole Daiguebonne, and Kevin Bernot. "Crystal structure of [Y6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(H2O)24]I8·8H2O." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 12 (November 26, 2014): 577–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814025434.
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The crystal structure of the title compound {systematic name: octa-μ3-hydroxido-μ6-oxido-hexakis[tetraaquayttrium(III)] octaiodide octahydrate}, is characterized by the presence of the centrosymmetric molecular entity [Y6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(H2O)24]8+, in which the six Y3+cations are arranged octahedrally around a μ6-O atom at the centre of the cationic complex. Each of the eight faces of the Y6octahedron is capped by an μ3-OH group in the form of a distorted cube. In the hexanuclear entity, the Y3+cations are coordinated by the central μ6-O atom, the O atoms of four μ3-OH and of four water molecules. The resulting coordination sphere of the metal ions is a capped square-antiprism. The crystal packing is quite similar to that of the orthorhombic [Ln6(μ6-O)(μ3-OH)8(H2O)24]I8·8H2O structures withLn= La—Nd, Eu—Tb, Dy, except that the title compound exhibits a slight monoclinic distortion. The proximity of the cationic complexes and the lattice water molecules leads to the formation of a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network of medium strength.
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BRION-MEISELS, GRETCHEN, and ZANNY ALTER. "The Quandary of Youth Participatory Action Research in School Settings: A Framework for Reflecting on the Factors That Influence Purpose and Process." Harvard Educational Review 88, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 429–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-88.4.429.
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Youth participatory action research (YPAR) is a form of critical participatory action research that provides young people with opportunities to identify injustices in their current social realities, to gather and analyze data about these phenomena, and to determine actions that will begin to rectify their negative outcomes. A growing body of evidence suggests that YPAR projects improve outcomes for individual youth as well as the organizations/settings they act on. Despite this, the extent to which YPAR can and should be used in institutions that reproduce dominant cultural power dynamics remains a subject of debate. Building on recent studies that explore the tensions inherent in school-based YPAR projects, in this theoretical essay Gretchen Brion-Meisels and Zanny Alter put three fundamental tenets of YPAR—participation, purpose, and level of analysis—into conversation with each other. Illustrating their points using examples from an ongoing YPAR project that explores barriers to on-time graduation at an urban high school, they describe the ways in which these tenets are central to YPAR projects and identify several elements of schooling that complicate decision making around these fundamental ideas.
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Figge, Reiner, Claus Friebel, Ute Patt-Siebel, Ulrich Müller, and Kurt Dehnicke. "Nitridokomplexe von Molybdän(V); Synthesen, IR- und EPR-Spektren. Die Kristallstruktur von [Na(15-Krone-5)Na(THF)]2[MoNCl3 ·THF]4·2THF / Nitrido Complexes of Molybdenum(V); Syntheses, IR, and EPR Spectra. Crystal Structure of [Na(15-Crown-5)Na(THF)]2[MoNCl3·THF]4·2THF." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 44, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 1377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1989-1110.
Full textAbstract:
The molybdenum nitrido complexes [Na(15-crown-5)][MoNCl3] (1), [Na(15-crown-5)]2[MoNCl4] (2), and [Na(15-crown-5)Na(THF)]2[MoNCl3·THF]4·2THF (3) have been prepared by reactions of MoNCl3 with sodium naphthalide in tetrahydrofurane (THF) in the presence of 15-crown-5. According to the EPR spectra and in agreement with the IR spectra, 1 forms dimeric ions [MoNCl3]22~ via chloro bridges, whereas tetrameric units [MoNCl4]48~ and [MoNCl3 · THF]44~ are present in 2 and 3, respectively. 3 was characterized by an X-ray structure determination: space group P21/c, Z = 2, 1964 observed unique reflexions, R = 0.12. Lattice dimensions at —90 °C: a = 1173(1); b = 2083(3); c = 1750(2) pm; β = 112.3(7)°. The structure consists of an ensemble of associated ions around the central [MoNCl3 ·THF]44~ unit. In the latter, the four Mo atoms form a square and are bridged via linear, asymmetric Mo=N—Mo groups. The (MoN)4 square is enclosed in a cube of eight Cl atoms, the Mo atoms occupying four of the cube edges. Two Na+ ions are situated in the centres of two opposing cube faces, each of the other two Na+ ions is coordinated with two Cl atoms outside of the cube; these Na+ ions are also coordinated with one THF molecule and with one 15-crown-5 molecule, respectively. The crystal also contains non-coordinated THF molecules, which exhibit strong thermal motion and/or disorder.
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Sedlačko, Michal, and Katarína Staroňová. "Internal ministerial advisory bodies: An attempt to transform governing in the Slovak Republic." Central European Journal of Public Policy 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cejpp-2018-0004.
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Abstract In the Slovak Republic, a number of internal ministerial advisory bodies, intended to provide high-quality analyses and evidence based policy making for national policy, have been established over the last two years. We have studied how the rational technocratic model of scientific policy advice as a specific mode of governing, acted out through these new institutional sites of expertise, survives in a highly politicised environment of the Slovak public administration. Central to our study was the reconstruction of an intersubjective account central to the work of organising on which the analytical centres and their staff, as well as their patrons, participate. Complementary to this, we focused on intersubjectively shared elements of the analysts’ community and subculture within the dominant CEE public administration culture. The vision of governing with expertise shared by analytical centres rests on the principles of transparency, orientation on professional merit (primarily econometric, analytical skills), voluntarism, conflict avoidance, political opportunism and institutional autonomy. Analytical centres identify themselves as a distinct professional group – in fact, they form a distinct organisational subculture around traits such as demographic characteristics (predominantly young males with economic or mathematical/IT background), symbols, hierarchies, working culture, humour, as well as artefacts. Analysts see their mission in the provision of impartial, objective analytical evidence for informed decision making, yet they negotiate the boundary between politics and expertise on a daily basis, and, as we found, in numerous aspects of analysts’ work politics cannot be entirely bracketed.
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Souza Brito, Ana Carolina, Alexandre Ferraro, Robyn J. Burnham, Ângela Lúcia Bagnatori Sartori, and Vivian Almeida Assunção. "Liana species composition differs, in spite of trait similarities, in two adjacent forest types in Central Brazil." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 3 (June 8, 2017): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i3.29452.
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In the Parana basin, the Serra de Maracaju juxtaposes the Seasonal Dry Forest and the cerradão (a phytophysiognomy of Cerrado), two distinct vegetation types that differ in canopy height, tree density, and composition of the understory. In the same way, these differences may be reflected in the composition of climbing plant species found in these two forest types. Thus, in this study we compared the climbing species in two forest fragments of Serra de Maracaju to understand: (1) Are species richness and floristic composition of climbing plants similar in cerradão and seasonal deciduous forest?, (2) What degree of floristic compositional difference exists between the two vegetation types?, (3) Do the two vegetation types differ significantly in climbing mechanisms, life forms, and dispersal syndromes represented among climbing species? For this, we established and sampled four plots per forest type over 24 months. Species were identified and each one classified, based on three discrete traits. Proportional differences were analyzed using chi-square tests. Our results showed that species richness and floristic composition of climbing plants in the cerradão and the seasonal deciduous forest were not similar. Climber species richness in cerradão was 37 while in the seasonal deciduous forest it was 31; they share only 13 species. Four families, Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, and Sapindaceae, included over 60% of the climbing species. The morphological traits most common in both forest types were herbaceous life form, apical twining mechanism, and wind dispersal. Dioscoreaceae was found to be the dominant family, but is the first time to be reported for this condition in Brazil. Bignoniaceae and Passifloraceae ocurred only in the cerradão, and Asteraceae and Combretaceae in the seasonal deciduous forest; some species were found exclusively in a type of forest. Floristic composition of the cerradão and seasonal deciduous forest fragments were substantially different, in spite of physical proximity. However, their climbing species are not statistically distinct in morphological characteristics, possibly due to uniform climatic conditions and the similarity of species because of a shared ancestry (similar families).
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Reazul, S. M., and A. F. M. Ashraful Alam . "Urban Regeneration for Sustainable Economic Growth: the study of Boro Bazaar in Khulna, Bangladesh." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 3, no. 4 (April 15, 2012): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v3i4.693.
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The major dynamic driving forces of cities in developing countries are economic and social forces to change the urban system with the growing demand of population and urbanization. Of course, the problems are different and unique to a particular city based on the city growth pattern, economic and social character. Khulna, the third largest metropolitan city in Bangladesh with 1.2 million populations within 45.6 square kilometer was developed as a medium scale industrial city since 1950s. Previously the city economy was completely established on river-based trade and the city developed around the river port locally named “Boror Bazaar†means big market place. The changing city form gave Boro Bazaar the shape of mixed-use zone rather solely commercial or business zone. Now, as a central economic hub in the city centre, Boro Bazaar needs to be more dynamic to response to the city economy and its growth pattern. For last one decade, Boro Bazaar has faced compact unplanned haphazard development even along the riverside just to meet the demand of rapid urbanization process. Therefore, it has become an urban challenge to revitalize the Boro Bazaar area to make more effective response to the rapid economic growth and to ensure better urban environment for the residents, businesspersons and the employers.
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Bilbao, Bibiana, Jayalaxshmi Mistry, Adriana Millán, and Andrea Berardi. "Sharing Multiple Perspectives on Burning: Towards a Participatory and Intercultural Fire Management Policy in Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana." Fire 2, no. 3 (July 5, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2030039.
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Although there is convincing scientific research for the role of Indigenous fire practices in sustainable land management, Indigenous peoples’ involvement in policy-making is limited. This paper presents findings from a fire management workshop where experiences and perspectives were shared among 60 academic, government, and Indigenous representatives from 27 organizations from Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana. The data, in the form of small group discussions, participatory drawings, whole group reflections, and videos, showed that although there was general acceptance about the central role of fire in traditional Indigenous livelihoods and its importance for protecting the biological and cultural diversity of ecosystems, there were also tensions around the past imposition of a dominant fire exclusion discourse of governmental institutions in Indigenous territories. Overcoming the gaps derived from different experiences and historical worldviews, and building mutual trust and respect were the main challenges when integrating multiple perspectives through the “intercultural interface” of institutions working on environmental management and governance. The elaboration of a common declaration and next steps in the framework of a “Participatory and Intercultural Fire Management Network”, created during the workshop to enhance a sustainable fire policy, revealed the conviction of working together for Indigenous fire management legitimization and strengthening from all participants of the three countries.
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Holc, Janine, and Amanda Konradi. "Polish Manhood in Transition: Anxieties of Neoliberal Masculinity in Robert Gliński’s Cześć Tereska." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 34, no. 3 (December 18, 2019): 752–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325419891207.
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Robert Gliński’s post-communist film Cześć Tereska generated extensive controversy as a story of Polish teenagers disconnected from traditional morality in an anonymous apartment block. Its central character of a young girl, Tereska, makes the film appear to be about femininity and danger in 1990s neoliberal Poland. In an alternative interpretation using the approach that neoliberalism is a form of governmentality, an analysis of male characters surrounding Tereska demonstrates that the film can also be interpreted as a depiction of the inability of individuals to achieve neoliberal ideals of masculinity. The 1990s’ dominant ideology of individualism and freedom created expectations that men would embody a self-contained, self-restrained potency that functioned to curb the excesses of the society around them. We argue that the impossibility of achieving this embodiment generates tensions in the film that are only resolved at times when Tereska is made to take on the responsibility for managing men’s desires. While several scholars have pointed to a “crisis of masculinity” in Eastern Europe, we find that Cześć Tereska can be seen as a narrative that delineates the specific effects of anxious masculinities on female-gendered agency and autonomy, but that is limited in its ability to fully work out those implications.
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Zaleski, Curtis M., and Matthias Zeller. "Synthesis and crystal structure of two manganese-based 12-metallacrown-4 complexes: Na2(3-chlorobenzoate)2[12-MCMn(III)N(shi)-4](DMF)6 and MnNa(3-chlorobenzoate)3[12-MCMn(III)N(shi)-4](DMF)(H2O)4·4DMF·0.72H2O." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 76, no. 6 (May 19, 2020): 848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989020006362.
Full textAbstract:
Similar synthetic schemes yield two different metallacrown (MC) complexes: bis(μ-3-chlorobenzoato)hexakis(dimethylformamide)tetrakis(μ4-N,2-dioxidobenzene-1-carboximidato)tetramanganese(III)disodium(I), [Mn4Na2(C7H4ClO2)2(C7H4NO3)4(C3H7NO)6] or Na2(3-chlorobenzoate)2[12-MCMn(III)N(shi)-4](DMF)6, 1, and tetra-μ-aqua-tris(μ-3-chlorobenzoato)(dimethylformamide)tetrakis(μ4-N,2-dioxidobenzene-1-carboximidato)pentamanganese(III)sodium(I) dimethylformamide tetrasolvate 0.72-hydrate, [Mn5Na(C7H4ClO2)3(C7H4NO3)4(C3H7NO)(H2O)4]·4C3H7NO·0.718H2O or MnNa(3-chlorobenzoate)3[12-MCMn(III)N(shi)-4](DMF)(H2O)4·4DMF·0.72H2O, 2, where shi3− is salicylhydroximate and DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide. Both complexes have the same framework consisting of four MnIII ions in the MC ring and four shi3− ligands, resulting in an overall square-shaped molecule. The MnIII ions are either five- or six-coordinate with elongated bond lengths in the apical or axial direction, respectively. The structure of 1 is nearly planar, and the MC binds two Na+ ions on opposite faces of the MC central cavity. The 3-chlorobenzoate anions also bind on opposite faces of the MC and form bridges between the central Na+ ions and the ring MnIII ions. For 1 the metallacrown molecule, except for the central Na+ ion, exhibits whole molecule disorder over two sets of sites. Both moieties are centrosymmetric and are related to each other by a pseudo-mirror operation with opposite sense of rotation around the Na...Na axis. The occupancy ratio of the main disorder of the metallacrown molecules and 3-chlorobenzoate anions refined to 0.9276 (9):0.0724 (9). The structure of 2 is slightly domed, and the MC binds both an MnII ion and an Na+ ion in the MC central cavity. The MnII ion is located on the convex side of the MC, while the Na+ ion binds to the concave side. Complex 2 represents the first instance of a [12-MCMn(III)N(shi)-4] molecule binding both 3d transition metal and alkali metal ions in the central cavity. In addition, three 3-chlorobenzoate anions bind on the convex side of the MC and connect the MnII ion to three of the ring MnIII ions.
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QASMI, ALI USMAN. "A Master Narrative for the History of Pakistan: Tracing the origins of an ideological agenda." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 04 (October 18, 2018): 1066–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000427.
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AbstractThe demand for the creation of Pakistan was based on a historical narrative built around the centrality of the Muslim community in India and its distinctiveness in terms of religious beliefs, cultural traits, and historical traditions. A particular understanding of the past was, in other words, central to the idea of Pakistan. As a result, soon after independence in 1947, a group of eminent historians got together to set up the All Pakistan History Conference. It received official support and patronage as the new state was eager to shape a historical narrative that could strengthen the argument for a distinct Muslim identity. This article looks at the development of this historiography in Pakistan. Unlike existing studies on this topic, which simply point out the ‘flaws’ in the history textbooks used in Pakistan, I will argue that the dominant historical narrative to be found in these textbooks—or even in many scholarly works produced in Pakistan—is a form of master narrative that has a longer history that dates back to the colonial period. Drawing upon such sources as historical texts produced in Pakistan, recently declassified documents of the Cabinet Division, and proceedings of the All Pakistan History Conference, I will delineate the features of this master narrative, the intellectual history of ideas that shaped it from the colonial to the post-colonial period, and the political exegesis whereby it gained structural dominance in Pakistan that was replicated for intellectual, ideological, and statist projects.
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Ogoltseva, Ekaterina V. "Key Images and Motifs in V.G. Rasputin’s Novella “Money for Maria” (Philological Analysis)." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2021, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2021-2-133-146.
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The article presents a philological analysis of the story by V.G. Rasputin “Money for Maria”. The author sees the task of such an analysis in a harmonious combination of elements of literary and linguistic approaches. The subject of the research is a system of linguistic means of different levels, united around the dominant psychological characteristics of the main character – the state of anxiety and expectation. The motif of uncertainty is considered as the central in the story with a number of semantic associated oppositions: light – darkness, dream – reality, own – someone else’s, peace – anxiety, real – unreal. It is shown that the whole system of pictorial means of the story correlates with these oppositions. It is identified such key imagessymbols as wind, money, snow, etc. Elements of the “form” – the twists and turns of the plot, features of the composition, the lack of resolution of the event conflict, the entire system of linguistic expressive means – serve to express a borderline, a turning point in the fate of the main characters. The article considers syntactic, morphological, word-forming means associated with the hierarchical system “motive – semantic oppositions – key images-symbols”. The approach presented in the article contributes to the most accurate interpretation of the author’s artistic intention. The text of the story appears, on the one hand, as a complex aesthetic phenomenon, and on the other, as a specially organized system of linguistic means, subordinated to the author’s intention.
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Ellersgaard, Christoph, and Anton Grau. "Kulturel kapital blandt topdirektører i Danmark – En domineret kapitalform?" Dansk Sociologi 22, no. 3 (November 2, 2011): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v22i3.3910.
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Betydningen af institutionaliseret kulturel kapital i form af diplomer fra højere læreanstalter er central for Bourdieus forståelse af dominansrelationer i det franske samfund omkring 1980’erne. Imidlertid viser en prosopografi – en kollektiv, relationel biografi – af de 100 vigtigste danske topdirektører i 2007, at universitetsgrader ikke har samme betydning i Danmark som i større industrilande. Snarere end kulturel kapital har især kapital opnået gennem lang tid på feltet – organisatorisk kapital – og nedarvet kapital betydning. Frem for at fungere som et krav er meritter fra universitetsverdenen snarere en relativt sjælden strategi i karrierevejen mod posten som topdirektør.
Der fandtes således ingen egentlige eliteuddannelser, der fungerede som rekrutteringsgrundlag for erhvervslivets absolutte topposter herhjemme. Studiet tyder på, at man derfor muligvis ikke kan overføre den store betydning af kulturel kapital i det franske samfund til det danske.
Søgeord: Bourdieu, kulturel kapital, geometrisk dataanalyse, magtens felt, elite.
ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Christoph Ellersgaard and Anton Grau: Cultural Capital among CEOs in Denmark – A Dominant Form of Capital?
Cultural capital in its institutionalized form – i.e. diplomas from élites universities – is a key element in Pierre Bourdieu’s understanding of relations of dominance within French society around 1980. A prosopographical study of the 100 most important Danish CEOs in 2007 shows that degrees from élite universities do not play the same pivotal role in a Scandinavian welfare society such as Denmark as they do in France, Britain or Germany. Instead both organizational capital acquired through investment of considerable time in the field and inherited capital are important for CEOs in Denmark. Institutionalized cultural capital in the form of merit from higher education is a rare strategy in the trajectory towards executive position. The article concludes that élite education as a selection potential for top CEOs did not exist in Denmark when the current CEOs accumulated forms of capital giving merit to consideration as CEO candidates. This implies that the importance of cultural capital in the French society is not directly transferable to the reproduction of the field of power in Denmark.
Key words: Bourdieu, cultural capital, geometrical data analysis, field of power, élite.
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Mahulette, Ferymon, Nisa Rachmania Mubarik, Antonius Suwanto, and Widanarni Widanarni. "Isolation and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Inasua." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 1, no. 2 (April 11, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.16380.
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Inasua is a traditionally product of wet salt fish fermentation produced by Teon, Nila and Serua (TNS) Communities in Central Maluku, Indonesia. The community made this fermented fish to anticipate the lean time when fisherman could not go to sea. The fish that used as inasua raw material is demersal fishes that live around coral reefs, such as Samandar fish (Siganatus guttatus), Gala-gala fish (Lutjanus sp.) and Sikuda fish (Lethrinus ornatus). The objective of the research was to isolate and characterize of bacterial indigenous in Inasua from three producers in Seram Island. The measurement of pH from inasua samples were 5.9, 5.0 and 5.8, respectively. The highest number of lactic acid bacteria was found from Gala – gala inasua was 2,5x107 cfu/g sample. Isolation of all isolates bacteria from inasua showed that a total of 7 isolates of bacteria was obtained from Samadar inasua, 9 isolates from Gala-gala inasua, and 7 isolates from Sikuda inasua. From a total of 23 isolates, only 6 isolates had characteristic as lactic acid bacteria that were Gram positive, negative catalase, and cocci shape. The microscopic characteristics of the isolates are coccid in pairs or uniforms which combine to form tetrads. Carbohydrate utilization test of selected isolate by using API 50 CHB kit indicated that 13 carbohydrates are fermented by these isolates after incubation for 48 hours. The research was concluded that the dominant bacteria in inasua sample is cocci-lactic acid bacteria.Keywords : fermented fish, inasua, lactic acid bacteria, MRSA medium
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Heng, Ling Zhi, Joanna Kennedy, Sarah Smithson, Ruth Newbury-Ecob, and Amanda Churchill. "New macular findings in individuals with biallelic KLHL7 gene mutation." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 4, no. 1 (February 2019): e000234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000234.
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ObjectiveThe ubiquitin-proteasome system pathway has been recognised as a crucial cellular mechanism for the proper function of photoreceptor cells. In particular, ubiquitin ligases (E3s) recognise and ubiquitinate specific proteins for degradation. The KLHL7 protein (a BTB-Kelch protein) has been found to play an important role in this process. There have been several reports that heterozygous mutations in the KLHL7 gene in adults are responsible for a rare cause of late-onset autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa with preservation of central vision and homozygous mutations in two young children, with Crisponi syndrome (CS)/cold-induced sweating syndrome type 1, result in a recessive form of early-onset peripheral retinal dystrophy type changes. The majority of children do not survive through to adulthood. The objective of this study is to report the visual symptoms and signs of two young adults clinically diagnosed with overlapping BOS/Cisproni syndrome, expanding the phenotypic presentation of KLHL7 gene mutations.Methods and analysisThis is a case report of the ophthalmic findings of two siblings with biallelic KLHL7 gene mutations. Siblings born to a non-consanguineous family and diagnosed with the overlapping clinical phenotype of Bohring-Opitz and and confirmed biallelic KLHL 7 gene mutation by whole exome sequencing were identified. Ophthlamic history and fundal examination was performed and analysed.ResultsBoth patients had similar retinal findings. The fundus shows confluent hypopigmented/pale yellow lesions in the mid-periphery. The optic disc appears to be pale with a ring of atrophy and vessels appear attenuated. The macular of the younger patient shows a depigmented area around the fovea giving a bull’s-eye appearance while the older sibling shows a fibrotic ring around the fovea suggesting a more advanced pathology.ConclusionThis paper expands the retinal phenotype to include a distinctive maculopathy in a recently described homozygous mutation in the KLHL7 gene in two young adults presenting with features that overlap the Bohring-Opitz syndrome and CS.
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Gorbyk, Olena. "ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN OIKUMEN: HE BIRTH OF THE MONUMENTAL FACADE (2 MILLENNIUM BC) AND ITS TRANSFORMATION INTO A PORTICO (FIRST HALF OF THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC)." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 59 (March 1, 2021): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.59.3-15.
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The article presents a general picture of the development of architecture of the Ancient World in the 3nd - 1st millennium BC. identified three main style-making cultures of the Mediterranean (Egypt, Mesopotamia with the Levant, the Aegean world with Antalya) which were formed in 3 thousand BC. and changing trends in the development of their architecture, the birth of the facade composition and its change from plane to spatial, which, according to the author, reveals historical development through architectural form – socio-cultural, worldview changes. At the level of 3 thousand BC. it is possible to state formation of a theme of a monumental portal: in Egypt and in the Mesopotamia. But meaningful construction of the facade, the creation of a presentable facade composition has not yet taken place. from the middle of 2 thousand BC in Egypt and Assyria, symmetrical planar façade compositions were formulated (paired pylons in the temple in Egypt and paired towers at the entrance arch portal in palaces and citadels in Assyria and the Hittites). This architecture stops the visitor not only in its form: small entrance opening against the dominant deaf array presents secrecy, remoteness and elitism of the content of the building. Instead, the traditions of secular open facade with a two-column loggia on the facade denote the megarons of the acropolises of the Aegean world and a bit-hilani house. An echo of such traditions can be considered two-column facades of Georgian traditional folk housing darbazi, which can be considered as characteristic of the region not only of the Caucasus. It should be noted as a change in the ratio of the area of the opening to the plane of the facade indicated the degree of elitism, esoteric or vice versa - democracy of a society and a certain type of building. It is established, as after long stagnation of development and conservation of achieved ideals in schemes of facade compositions noticeable changes occurred around 6-5 centuries. BC, when both in the Aegean region and in Antalya and Persia the formation of the composition of the open facade took place in monumental elite and sacred architecture. Mediterranean architecture opens up, becomes public, social, humane - it is time to form the space of a secular public city square surrounded by columned symmetrical portico facades - time of antique classical architecture.
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Dabbagh, Alaa. "A study on Moscow region sand pits’ plants properties for the restoration of sand pits vegetation." RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 26, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2018-26-3-299-308.
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Processes of plant regeneration and restoration of destroyed ecosystems, naturally occurring, in such areas are very slow. Considering sand pits as a man-made form of relief necessitates a comprehensive study of the features of sand pits vegetation, which helps stop the movement of sandy slopes, stabilize sands, and land reclamation. We have studied the slopes of the northern and southern exposition in some sand quarries (Zvenigorodsky, Dzerzhinsky, Ramensky (GOK), Lytkarinsky, Lyzlovo). Geobotanical descriptions, performed according to a standard method on the experimental areas of 5×5 square meters, are the basis of our work. The article shows that all the 93 species which we have found in the surveyed area were species of vascular plants. In this case the number of species is not only determined by the smooth running development of the landscape (taking into account the fact that the interference was rude and had a man-made factors), but by other factors such as steep slopes, light, moisture, and richness of the soil. The projective cover of sand pits constitutes 20-30 % which, in general, is a typical characteristic of sandy terrain [3]. Plants overwhelming majority in the spectrum of life forms according to K. Raunkiaer, are Hemicryptophytes, which is typical for the phytocoenosis of the Central Russia. It can be noted that the Chamaephytes are absent in most quarries, except for Dzerzhinsky. According to the classification of life forms by I.G. Serebryakov, sand slopes are dominated by herbaceous perennial polycarpics, among which long and short rhizome plants and tap rooted plants are in majority. Meadow plants are dominant in ecological-coenotic group. This group consists of fully developed plants, only, under conditions of good lighting. The rate of adventive species is low.
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Priyanka, Meika Deby, and Eppy Yuliani. "ANALISIS TINGKAT JANGKAUAN PELAYANAN PENGEMBANGAN MINIMARKET DI KORIDOR JALAN TERHADAP PERILAKU KONSUMEN STUDI KASUS KORIDOR JL. SEMARANG-BOJA KECAMATAN MIJEN." Jurnal Planologi 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jpsa.v14i1.3860.
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Minimarket is one form of retail trade continues to grow and spread rapidly in the neighborhoods and the corners of the big cities in Indonesia as well as business becomes the most expansive retail trade in Indonesia. Semarang as the capital of Central Java is also facing the phenomenon. One of the mini-environments where scattered settlements and significantly expand the District Mijen. Since the first minimarket outlets operating in the region in 2007 until February 2013 there have been 7 minimarket outlets operating. Research Question It can be concluded from this study is what the development of a minimarket in District Mijen can influence changes in consumer behavior in determining the location of shopping options? The research methode used in this study using a quantitative deductive rationalistic. Based on questionnaire, interviews and observations, the identification and analysis techniques of quantitative descriptive analysis and interpretation of cross-tabulation analysis techniques among variables that were examined in the form of table analysis and chi-square crosstab. The development of minimarket condition every day visitors who come around 300 people, with the total 7 minimarket mini market until 2013. Minimarket well as projected needs 10 years from now seen that the projected need for services in the District Mijen minimarket stated is sufficient to serve. Consumer behavior is largely based on the mini frequency of visits was done 2 times a week, daily necessities, distance and outlets are clean and organized is the biggest factor affecting the motivation of respondents to shop at the mini. Range of minimarket located in District Mijen is overlapped between the mini with the other minimarket. Distance range that is divided into the ring I 500 meters and ring II 1 Km. The need for evaluation of spatial planning through distribution pattern minimarket and community shopping destination location so as to anticipate the entry of modern retail in maintaining continuity of traditional retail (traditional retailers). Keywords: minimarket, consumer behavior, and the range of services
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Unwin, Nigel. "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the structural basis of neuromuscular transmission: insights from Torpedo postsynaptic membranes." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 46, no. 4 (September 20, 2013): 283–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583513000061.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor, at the neuromuscular junction, is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel that has been fine-tuned through evolution to transduce a chemical signal into an electrical signal with maximum efficiency and speed. It is composed from three similar and two identical polypeptide chains, arranged in a ring around a narrow membrane pore. Central to the design of this assembly is a hydrophobic gate in the pore, more than 50 Å away from sites in the extracellular domain where ACh binds. Although the molecular properties of the receptor have been explored intensively over the last few decades, only recently have structures emerged revealing its complex architecture and illuminating how ACh entering the binding sites opens the distant gate. Postsynaptic membranes isolated from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray have underpinned most of the structural studies: the membranes form tubular vesicles having receptors arranged on a regular surface lattice, which can be imaged directly in frozen physiological solutions. Advances in electron crystallographic techniques have also been important, enabling analysis of the closed- and open-channel forms of the receptor in unreacted tubes or tubes reacted briefly with ACh. The structural differences between these two forms show that all five subunits participate in a concerted conformational change communicating the effect of ACh binding to the gate, but that three of them (αγ, β and δ) play a dominant role. Flexing of oppositely facing pore-lining α-helices is the principal motion determining the closed/open state of the gate. These results together with the findings of biochemical, biophysical and other structural studies allow an integrated description of the receptor and of its mode of action at the synapse.
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Tammisola, O., and M. P. Juniper. "Coherent structures in a swirl injector at Re = 4800 by nonlinear simulations and linear global modes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 792 (March 3, 2016): 620–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.86.
Full textAbstract:
The large-scale coherent motions in a realistic swirl fuel-injector geometry are analysed by direct numerical simulations (DNS), proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), and linear global modes. The aim is to identify the origin of instability in this turbulent flow in a complex internal geometry. The flow field in the nonlinear simulation is highly turbulent, but with a distinguishable coherent structure: the precessing vortex core (a spiralling mode). The most energetic POD mode pair is identified as the precessing vortex core. By analysing the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the time coefficients of the POD modes, we conclude that the first four POD modes contain the coherent fluctuations. The remaining POD modes (incoherent fluctuations) are used to form a turbulent viscosity field, using the Newtonian eddy model. The turbulence sets in from convective shear layer instabilities even before the nonlinear flow reaches the other end of the domain, indicating that equilibrium solutions of the Navier–Stokes are never observed. Linear global modes are computed around the mean flow from DNS, applying the turbulent viscosity extracted from POD modes. A slightly stable discrete $m=1$ eigenmode is found, well separated from the continuous spectrum, in very good agreement with the POD mode shape and frequency. The structural sensitivity of the precessing vortex core is located upstream of the central recirculation zone, identifying it as a spiral vortex breakdown instability in the nozzle. Furthermore, the structural sensitivity indicates that the dominant instability mechanism is the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability at the inflection point forming near vortex breakdown. Adjoint modes are strong in the shear layer along the whole extent of the nozzle, showing that the optimal initial condition for the global mode is localized in the shear layer. We analyse the qualitative influence of turbulent dissipation in the stability problem (eddy viscosity) on the eigenmodes by comparing them to eigenmodes computed without eddy viscosity. The results show that the eddy viscosity improves the complex frequency and shape of global modes around the fuel-injector mean flow, while a qualitative wavemaker position can be obtained with or without turbulent dissipation, in agreement with previous studies. This study shows how sensitivity analysis can identify which parts of the flow in a complex geometry need to be altered in order to change its hydrodynamic stability characteristics.
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Figueiredo, Gustavo de Oliveira, and Henry Armand Giroux. "Political education against inequalities and citizenship for democracy: international scientific literature review after twenty years of neoliberalism (1999-2019)." Revista de Estudios Teóricos y Epistemológicos en Política Educativa 5 (2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/retepe.v.5.16900.021.
Full textAbstract:
This paper discusses the role of citizenship and political education in the contemporary society. It analyses the consequences of neoliberalism regarding its assault on the social sphere and its production of mass inequality around the world. We initiate the conversation by making education central to politics, culture as the key tool that helps us to analyze the meanings of citizenship. The privatization of citizenship narrows the debate around the role of the citizen, the public sphere and undermines democratic values. The goal of this research is to try and understand whether political education can reduce social inequality or not, and how the presence of an informed and politically engaged culture helps create the agents necessary for a substantive democracy. The chosen method enables the production of an international literature review with a systematic bibliographic search, exploring the meanings and scientific uses of the categories Political Education, Social Inequality, Citizenship and Democracy after many years under the neoliberalism hegemony around the globe. This research was conducted via the following databases: Google Scholar; Networked Digital Libraries of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD); Education Research and Information Center (ERIC) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). It includes papers written in English, Spanish and Portuguese which publishing dates range from 1999 to 2019. A total of 51 articles were selected to compose the analytic corpus (n=51). After reading all of the texts and making a content analysis, the results were presented in 3 categories: i - Citizenship education and political education: theories and practices (Conceptual approaches on citizenship and Students’ capacity for political or moral reasoning fostered by political education); ii - Politics, human rights & democratic values in education (Critical approaches of human rights or democratic values on higher education; Popular education or citizen participation on political education and Politics as a teaching or learning tool for formal education); iii - Relationships among State, citizens and civil society (Positive relationships in contemporary societies and Conflicts in adult education). Under neoliberalism, civic culture, democratic values and informed dialogue atrophied. Clearly, this is partly due to the dominant neoliberal view that social agency is dangerous and needs to be shaped by neoliberal forms of education. Under the reign of neoliberalism, there has emerged a pedagogical machinery of power engaged in producing a culture of manufactured ignorance that works to produce a form of political repression. However, as an alternative, many pieces of research are arguing that education must empower citizens to engage in their communities as a method to learn, engage in individual and collective action, and how to participate in political struggles and public affairs. Political education can be an important social movement against the inequalities. That seems to be crucial for building a direct and participative citizenship in our contemporary democracy.
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Figueiredo, Gustavo de Oliveira, and Henry Armand Giroux. "Political education against inequalities and citizenship for democracy: international scientific literature review after twenty years of neoliberalism (1999-2019)." Revista de Estudios Teóricos y Epistemológicos en Política Educativa 5 (2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/retepe.v.5.16900.021.
Full textAbstract:
This paper discusses the role of citizenship and political education in the contemporary society. It analyses the consequences of neoliberalism regarding its assault on the social sphere and its production of mass inequality around the world. We initiate the conversation by making education central to politics, culture as the key tool that helps us to analyze the meanings of citizenship. The privatization of citizenship narrows the debate around the role of the citizen, the public sphere and undermines democratic values. The goal of this research is to try and understand whether political education can reduce social inequality or not, and how the presence of an informed and politically engaged culture helps create the agents necessary for a substantive democracy. The chosen method enables the production of an international literature review with a systematic bibliographic search, exploring the meanings and scientific uses of the categories Political Education, Social Inequality, Citizenship and Democracy after many years under the neoliberalism hegemony around the globe. This research was conducted via the following databases: Google Scholar; Networked Digital Libraries of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD); Education Research and Information Center (ERIC) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). It includes papers written in English, Spanish and Portuguese which publishing dates range from 1999 to 2019. A total of 51 articles were selected to compose the analytic corpus (n=51). After reading all of the texts and making a content analysis, the results were presented in 3 categories: i - Citizenship education and political education: theories and practices (Conceptual approaches on citizenship and Students’ capacity for political or moral reasoning fostered by political education); ii - Politics, human rights & democratic values in education (Critical approaches of human rights or democratic values on higher education; Popular education or citizen participation on political education and Politics as a teaching or learning tool for formal education); iii - Relationships among State, citizens and civil society (Positive relationships in contemporary societies and Conflicts in adult education). Under neoliberalism, civic culture, democratic values and informed dialogue atrophied. Clearly, this is partly due to the dominant neoliberal view that social agency is dangerous and needs to be shaped by neoliberal forms of education. Under the reign of neoliberalism, there has emerged a pedagogical machinery of power engaged in producing a culture of manufactured ignorance that works to produce a form of political repression. However, as an alternative, many pieces of research are arguing that education must empower citizens to engage in their communities as a method to learn, engage in individual and collective action, and how to participate in political struggles and public affairs. Political education can be an important social movement against the inequalities. That seems to be crucial for building a direct and participative citizenship in our contemporary democracy.
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Hailegeorgis, Derara, Zouhair Lachkar, Christoph Rieper, and Nicolas Gruber. "A Lagrangian study of the contribution of the Canary coastal upwelling to the nitrogen budget of the open North Atlantic." Biogeosciences 18, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-303-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Canary Current System (CanCS) is a major eastern boundary upwelling system (EBUS), known for its high nearshore productivity and for sustaining a large fishery. It is also an important but not well quantified source of nitrogen to the adjacent oligotrophic subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic. Here, we use a Lagrangian modeling approach to quantify this offshore transport and investigate its timescales, reach and contribution to the fueling of productivity in the offshore regions. In our Lagrangian model, we release nearly 10 million particles off the northwestern African coast and then track all those that enter the nearshore region and upwell along the coast between 14 and 35∘ N. We then follow them as they are transported offshore, also tracking the biogeochemical transformations, permitting us to construct biogeochemical budgets along the offshore moving particles. The three-dimensional velocity field as well as the biogeochemical tracers and fluxes are taken from an eddy-resolving configuration of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Our Lagrangian model analysis reveals a very intense offshore transport of nitrogen, with about 20 %–40 % in the form of organic nitrogen. The transport varies greatly along the coast. Even though the central CanCS (21–28∘ N) transports the largest amount of water offshore, its offshore transport of nitrogen is somewhat smaller than that in the southern CanCS (14–21∘ N), primarily because of the higher nitrogen content of the upwelling waters there. Around one-third of the total offshore transport of water occurs around major capes along the CanCS. The persistent filaments associated with these capes are responsible for an up to 4-fold enhancement of the offshore transport of water and nitrogen in the first 400 km. Much of this water and nitrogen stems from upwelling at quite some distance from the capes, confirming the capes' role in collecting water from along the coast. North of Cape Blanc and within the first 500 km from the coast, water recirculation is a dominant feature of offshore transport. This process, likely associated with mesoscale eddies, tends to reduce the efficiency of offshore transport. The Canary upwelling is modeled to supply around 44 and 7 mmol N m−2 yr−1 to the North Atlantic Tropical Gyral (NATR) and the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyral East (NASE) Longhurst provinces, respectively. In the NATR, this represents nearly half (53 ± 26 %) of the estimated total new production, while in the NASE, this fraction is small (4 ± 2 %). Our results highlight the importance of the CanCS upwelling as a key source of nitrogen to the open North Atlantic and stress the need for improving the representation of EBUS in global coarse-resolution models.
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Muneer, Khadija, Kaneez Fatima, Naheed Hashmat, Sana Humayun, Qaiser Pervaiz, and Saim Maqsood. "Bacterial urinary tract infection and antibiotic sensitivity pattern among type II diabetic patients – A cross-sectional study from tertiary care teaching hospital in Central Lahore." Journal of Fatima Jinnah Medical University 13, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37018/jfjmu.684.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetes mellitus is the fifth leading cause of death in developed countries.Risk of infections is increased in diabetic patients with urinary tract being the most common site of infection. Worldwide, the prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTI) is estimated to be around 150 million persons per year . UTI exhibit a poorer prognosis in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to a compromise in their immune status in addition to emerging antimicrobial resistance due to widespread use of antimicrobial agents. This study aims to determine frequency of common bacterial pathogens causing UTI and antibiotic sensitivity pattern among type 2 diabetic patients. This may help to guide physicians regarding appropriate management of UTI in the local population to avoid multidrug resistance.
Patients and Methods: This cross sectional study involved 215 type 2 diabetic patients admitted to Medical Unit-III of Sir Ganga Ram hospital, Lahore from 01-12-2016 to 31-05-2017. Type 2 adult diabetic patients (diagnosed for at least 1 year) of age 40-80 years, either male or female , with urine pus cells ≥5/HPF performed as baseline investigation at admission were included in the study. Further urine samples were obtained (clean catch midstream urine 10cc in two wide mouth sterile screw capped plastic jars) before starting treatment. Samples were sent for microscopy and culture. Culture results and antibiotic sensitivities were recorded. Data was analyzed using SPSS for windows version 23.0. Categorical variables like gender, organisms and antibiotic sensitivitywas presented in Frequency or Percentage form. Numerical variables like age and duration of diabetes were presented as Mean± SD. Data was stratified for age, gender and duration of DM to deal with effect modifiers. Post stratification chi-square test was applied. P-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Total of 215 patients were included. Mean age was 63.76±10.342 years of which 164 (76.3%) were females, while 51 (23.7%) were males reflecting female predominance.Most common isolated organism in urine culture was E.coli (58.6%), followed by Klebsiella (20.5%), Proteus(9.3%), Pseudomonas(8.4%) and Enterococcus (3.3%)species.Most of the patients (76.7%) were sensitive to piperacillin-tazobactam followed bycarbapenems (67%) and Gentamycin(56.7%), whereas 24.2% showed sensitivity to all antibiotics.
Conclusion: Females are most commonly affected among diabetic patients. The commonest isolate was E.coli among culture positive UTIs. E.coli was most sensitive to piperacillin-tazobactam and carbapenems followed by Gentamycin while least sensitive to Ceftriaxone.The results emphasize the importance of practcse of urine culture and sensitivity testing in diabetic patients and cautious approach to use of commonly used antibiotic ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin as empirical treatment for UTI despite the low sensitivityof the drug to the most prevailing organism.
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Episana, Denta Aditya, Aria Kekalih, and Liem Jen Fuk. "Effect of Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) Organic Solvent Exposure on Incidence of Neurotoxicity in Shoe Manufacturing Workers." Indonesian Journal of Community and Occupational Medicine 1, no. 1 (July 9, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53773/ijcom.v1i1.5.32-40.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Shoe manufacturing factory workers in developing countries are daily exposed to complex mixtures of organic solvents. Chemical exposure occurs through inhalation / respiration and skin which can affect many physiological systems. The main chemical exposure to organic solvents in shoe manufacturing comes from the process of gluing and cleaning process by using organic solvents on footwear in the assembling section. Methyl ethyl ketone is one type of organic solvent which, when entering into the body through inhalation routes can cause irritation of the nose, throat, lungs and chest becomes congested. Acute neurotoxicity is a collection of symptoms in the central nervous system (central nervous system depression, psychomotor disorders, narcosis, drowsiness, headache, dizziness, dyspepsia, and nausea).
Method: The research design was a prospective cohort research consisting of 45 people for each high MEK exposed group and low exposed to MEK. Data collection was done by interview, physical examination, MEK level measurement of pre-shift urine and end-shift work, and filling out questionnaires Form Acute symptoms rating questionnaire at the beginning of work shift (07.00), 2 hours after work (09.00), break (12.00), 2 hours after break (15.00), and end of work shift (16.00).
Result: The incidence of acute neurotoxicity symptoms in the MEK-high exposed group based on the Acute Symptoms questionnaire was 51.1%. Age factor with symptoms of acute neurotoxicity in workers at PT. X with p value = 0.432, gender factor with p value = 0.162, education factor with p value = 0.897, nutritional status factor with p value = 0.865, alcohol habit factor with p value = 0.181, coffee drinking habit factor with p value = 0.265, and smoking habit factor with p value = 0.968, work duration factor with symptoms of acute neurotoxicity at worker in PT. X with p value = 0.533, and the use factor of personal protective equipment (PPE) with p value = 0.470. In this research, symptoms of acute neurotoxicity were dominant are fatigue (80%), headache (77.8%), nausea (71.1%), dizziness (66.7%), and feeling of intoxication (53.3%).
Conclusion: There are no subject and occupational factors that have a significant effect to the symptoms of acute neurotoxicity. Conducting isolation of other work areas for workers exposed to chemicals that because of high potential to harm other workers in the vicinity. Reassessing the hazard risk of using MEK substitutes with other chemicals that are of lower risk or replace with water-based solvents. Provide PPE eligible to all workers exposed to chemicals and workers around them. A PPE fit test is used for workers to feel comfortable while wearing it, giving strict sanctions to workers who do not consistently use personal protective equipment.
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van de Schootbrugge, B., D. Harazim, K. Sorichter, W. Oschmann, J. Fiebig, W. Püttmann, M. Peinl, et al. "The enigmatic ichnofossil <i>Tisoa siphonalis</i> and widespread authigenic seep carbonate formation during the Late Pliensbachian in southern France." Biogeosciences 7, no. 10 (October 13, 2010): 3123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3123-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Tubular carbonate concretions of up to 1 m in length and perpendicular to bedding, occur abundantly in the Upper Pliensbachian (upper Amaltheus margaritatus Zone, Gibbosus Subzone) in outcrops (Fontaneilles section) in the vicinity of Rivière-sûr-Tarn, southern France. Stable isotope analyses of these concretions show negative δ13C values that decrease from the rim to the center from −18.8‰ to −25.7‰ (V-PDB), but normal marine δ18O values (−1.8‰). Carbon isotope analyses of Late Pliensbachian bulk carbonate (matrix) samples from the Fontaneilles section show clearly decreasing C-isotope values across the A. margaritatus Zone, from +1‰ to −3‰ (V-PDB). Isotope analyses of coeval belemnite rostra do not document such a negative C-isotope trend with values remaining stable around +2‰ (V-PDB). Computer tomographic (CT) scanning of the tubular concretions show multiple canals that are lined or filled entirely with pyrite. Previously, the formation of these concretions with one, two, or more central tubes, has been ascribed to the activity of an enigmatic organism, possibly with annelid or arthropod affinities, known asTisoa siphonalis. Our results suggest tisoan structures are abiogenic. Based on our geochemical analyses and sedimentological observations we suggest that these concretions formed as a combination of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction within the sediment. Fluids rich in methane and/or hydrocarbons likely altered local bulk rock carbon isotope records, but did not affect the global carbon cycle. Interestingly, Tisoa siphonalis has been described from many locations in the Grands Causses Basin in southern France, and from northern France and Luxemburg, always occurring at the same stratigraphic level. Upper Pliensbachian authigenic carbonates thus possibly cover an area of many thousand square kilometers. Greatly reduced sedimentation rates are needed to explain the stabilization of the sulfate-methane transition zone in the sedimentary column in order for the tubular concretions to form. Late Pliensbachian cooling, reducing run-off, and/or the influx of colder water and more vigorous circulation could be responsible for a halt in sedimentation. At the same time (thermogenic) methane may have destabilized during a major phase of Late Pliensbachian sea level fall. As such Tisoa siphonalis is more than a geological curiosity, and its further study could prove pivotal in understanding Early Jurassic paleoenvironmental change.
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Nielsen, Mathias Herup, and Niklas Andreas Andersen. "Når styringens ambitioner udfordres af praksis. Om at analysere rummet imellem styringens intentioner og situationel praksis." Dansk Sociologi 27, no. 1 (February 19, 2016): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v27i1.5127.
Full textAbstract:
Studier, der analyserer det sociale med inspiration fra Foucaults tanker om governmentality, kritiseres i stigende omfang for at afskære sig fra at analysere de praktiske relationer, som politisk styring konkret indlejres i. I artiklen tager vi afsæt i denne kritik og viser, med et studie af forholdet mellem et kommunalt jobcenter og et lokalt beskæftigelsesråd, hvordan governmental magtanalyse kan indfange styringens uforudsigelige, mangefacetterede og immanente karakter ved at fokusere på styringsintentionernes møde med den praktiske virkelighed, der søges styret. Formelt er rådet nedsat til at overvåge og kontrollere jobcentret, men i den praktiske relation er det snarere jobcentret, som overvåger og kontrollerer rådet. Artiklen viser, hvordan dette er muligt ved at analysere jobcentrets arbejde med rådet ved hjælp af en række centrale begreber fra Foucaults forfatterskab. Empirisk trækker studiet foruden formelle myndighedsdokumenter, der beskriver rådets tiltænkte rolle, på praksisinformerende empiri i form af kvalitative interviews og mødereferater over en fire-årig periode.
ENGELSK ABSTRACT:
Mathias Herup Nielsen and Niklas Andreas Andersen: When Praxis Challenges the Ambitions of Governing. Analyzing the Space between the Intentions of Governing and Situational Praxis
Studies working with the Foucauldian concept of ”governmentality” are frequently criticized for their apparent disregard of empirical reality. This article takes this critique as its point of departure and demonstrates the application of the concept of governmentality in a concrete empirical case study in order to grasp the unpredictable and multifaceted nature of modern day power. The case investigated here is the relationship between a Danish Jobcentre and a so-called local employment council (LBR). The latter was created to ”control” and ”monitor” the former organization. However, in practice, it is rather the other way around – the Jobcentre is controlling and monitoring the members of the LBR. This article draws on a number of well-known Foucauldian concepts to show how this relation of power is practically structured. Empirically the article draws on documents from central authorities as well as on a number of qualitative interviews with the actors involved – hence, the article attempts to meet with the dominant overall critique of the governmentality perspective for disregarding empirical reality.
Keywords: governmentality, Michel Foucault, unemployment policy, jobcentre.
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Wang, Yue, Haijia Wen, Deliang Sun, and Yuechen Li. "Quantitative Assessment of Landslide Risk Based on Susceptibility Mapping Using Random Forest and GeoDetector." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (July 4, 2021): 2625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132625.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to evaluate risk and discover the distribution law for landslides, so as to enrich landslide prevention theory and method. It first selected Fengjie County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area as the study area. The work involved developing a landslide risk map using hazard and vulnerability maps utilizing landslide dataset from 2001 to 2016. The landslide dataset was built from historical records, satellite images and extensive field surveys. Firstly, under four primary conditioning factors (i.e., topographic factors, geological factors, meteorological and hydrological factors and vegetation factors), 19 dominant factors were selected from 25 secondary conditioning factors based on the GeoDetector to form an evaluation factor library for the LSM. Subsequently, the random forest model (RF) was used to analyze landslide susceptibility. Then, the landslide hazard map was generated based on the landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) for the study region. Thereafter, landslide vulnerability assessment was conducted using key elements (economic, material, community) and the weights were provided based on expert judgment. Finally, when risk equals vulnerability multiplied by hazard, the region was categorized as very low, low, medium, high and very high risk level. The results showed that most landslides distribute on both sides of the reservoir bank and the primary and secondary tributaries in the study area, which showed a spatial distribution pattern of more north than south. Elevation, lithology and groundwater type are the main factors affecting landslides. Fengjie County landslide risk level is mostly low (accounting for 73.71% of the study area), but a small part is high and very high risk level (accounting for 2.5%). The overall risk level shows the spatial distribution characteristics of high risk in the central and eastern urban areas and low risk in the southern and northern high-altitude areas. Secondly, it is necessary to strictly control the key risk areas, and carry out prevention and control zoning management according to local conditions. The study is conducted for a specific region but can be extended to other areas around the investigated area. The developed landslide risk map can be considered by relevant government officials for the smooth implementation of management at the regional scale.
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Berger, Bryan W., Roman Gorelik, William F. DeGrado, and Joel S. Bennett. "Factors Influencing the Homomeric and Heteromeric Association of Platelet Integrin Transmembrane Domains." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.212.212.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Integrin are α/β heterodimers that mediate an array of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions including platelet adhesion and aggregation. Integrins reside on cell surfaces in an equilibrium between inactive and active conformations that are regulated by transmembrane (TM) domain interactions: when integrins are inactive, the TM domains of their α and β subunits interact; the domains separate when integrins assume their active conformation. Platelets express five α subunits (α2, αIIb, αv, α5, and α6) and two β subunits (β1 and β3) that combine to form five adhesions receptors. Previously, we observed that the αIIb and β3 TM domains undergo both heteromeric and homomeric interactions and there is overlap of the interfaces that mediates these interactions. Less is known about the other platelet integrins. To study their interactions, we used the TOXCAT assay. In TOXCAT, a chimeric protein consisting of an N-terminal ToxR’ DNA binding domain, a C-terminal maltose-binding protein domain, and an interposed TM domain is expressed in the E. coli inner membrane. TM domain-mediated dimerization of the chimeric protein drives the transcriptional activation of a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene. To enable TOXCAT to measure heteromeric as well as homomeric interactions, we introduced an R68K mutation into the ToxR’ DNA-binding region, thereby preventing CAT synthesis without affecting protein expression. Thus, when both wild-type and disabled ToxR’ are concurrently expressed from the same plasmid, disabled ToxR’ exerts a dominant-negative effect on CAT synthesis. Using this assay, we found that the interaction of platelet integrin TM domains correlated with the presence of a small residue (sr)-xxx-small residue motif (sr-x3-sr) where x = any residue: α2, αIIb and β1, each of which contains a Gx3G motif, had the strongest tendency to undergo specific homomeric association, whereas α2+β1 and αIIb+β3 had the strongest tendency to form heterodimers. In the TM domains of αv, α5 and β3, one or more of the glycines in sr-x3-sr is replaced by Ser or Ala; as a result, homomeric interactions involving these subunits are substantially weaker. Moreover, mutating each of the small residues in sr-x3-sr to Leu precluded the formation of TM domain oligomers, emphasizing the importance of the sr-x3-sr motif. The dominant-negative TOXCAT assay was also used to screen for inactivating αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 mutations. By introducing random mutations into the β3 TM domain and selecting mutants based on a reduction in CAT synthesis, we identified mutations that enhanced heteromeric αIIbβ3 and αvβ3 association. It is noteworthy that mutations that enhanced the interaction of β3 with αIib were present along the face of the β3 TM helix containing the sr-x3-sr motif. By contrast, mutations enhancing αvβ3 association were distributed throughout the β3 TM helix and didn’t cluster around the sr-x3-sr motif. In summary, we have demonstrated that the TM domains of platelet integrin subunits, in addition to αIIb and β3, undergo specific heteromeric and homomeric interactions, suggesting that TM domain interactions may regulate the function of the integrins containing these subunits. Further, our results indicate that sr-x3-sr motifs play an essential role in the oligomerization of these subunits, suggesting that these motifs play a central role in regulating integrin function.
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van de Schootbrugge, B., D. Harazim, K. Sorichter, W. Oschmann, J. Fiebig, W. Püttmann, M. Peinl, et al. "The enigmatic ichnofossil <i>Tisoa siphonalis</i> and widespread authigenic seep carbonate formation during the Late Pliensbachian in southern France." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 4, 2010): 4181–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-4181-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Tubular carbonate concretions of up to 1 m in length and perpendicular to bedding, occur abundantly in the Upper Pliensbachian (upper Amaltheus margaritatus Zone, Gibbosus Subzone) in outcrops (Fontaneilles section) in the vicinity of Rivière-sûr-Tarn, southern France. Stable isotope analyses of these concretions show negative &delta13C values that decrease from the rim to the center from −18.8‰ to −25.7‰ (V-PDB), but normal marine δ18O values (−1.8‰). Carbon isotope analyses of Late Pliensbachian bulk carbonate (matrix) samples from the Fontaneilles section show clearly decreasing C-isotope values across the A. margaritatus Zone, from +1‰ to −3‰ (V-PDB). Isotope analyses of coeval belemnite rostra do not document such a negative C-isotope trend with values remaining stable around +2‰ (V-PDB). Computer tomographic (CT) scanning of the tubular concretions show multiple canals that are lined or filled entirely with pyrite. Previously, the formation of these concretions with one, two, or more central tubes, has been ascribed to the activity of an enigmatic organism, possibly with annelid or arthropod affinities, known as Tisoa siphonalis. Our results suggest tisoan structures are abiogenic. Based on our geochemical analyses and sedimentological observations we suggest that these concretions formed as a combination of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction within the sediment. Fluids rich in methane and/or hydrocarbons likely altered local bulk rock carbon isotope records, but did not affect the global carbon cycle. Interestingly, Tisoa siphonalis has been described from many locations in the Grands Causses Basin in southern France, and from northern France and Luxemburg, always occurring at the same stratigraphic level. Upper Pliensbachian authigenic carbonates thus possibly cover an area of many thousand square kilometers. Greatly reduced sedimentation rates are needed to explain the stabilization of the sulfate-methane transition zone in the sedimentary column in order for the tubular concretions to form. Late Pliensbachian cooling, reducing run-off, and/or the influx of colder water and more vigorous circulation could be responsible for a halt in sedimentation. At the same time (thermogenic) methane may have destabilized during a major phase of Late Pliensbachian sea level fall. As such Tisoa siphonalis is more than a geological curiosity, and its further study could prove pivotal in understanding Early Jurassic paleoenvironmental change.
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Filipovic, Vojislav. "Early iron age burial complex from the Svrljig area." Starinar, no. 63 (2013): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1363209f.
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In 2005, a group of objects was ploughed up, comprising a bronze openwork belt, bronze belt parts in the form of a four-spoked wheel, a bronze bell-shaped pendant, the arc of a bimetal fibula, fragment(s) of an iron sword, and part(s) of a horse's iron bit, at the Kalnica site in the village of Nisevac. According to the finder, while ploughing a field, his plough dug up several larger slab-shaped stones, beneath which were found the above objects, as well as fragments of human bones. The most important finds from the Kalnica grave are three parts of a bronze openwork belt (fig. 3a-c) and three bronze belt parts in the form of a four-spoked wheel. According to the finder, the belt was composed of three more belt links, two or three parts in the form of a wheel, and a final segment with a larger round buckle. The links of the belt were cast, with dimensions of 4.2-4.3 cm (length), 2-2.1 cm (height) and 0.6-0.7 cm (width). All three links were made in the same mold, after which they were decorated with perforations, incisions, and points in an identical manner. The circular bronze parts of the belt in the shape of a four-spoked wheel (fig. 3d-f) were cast, with a diametar of 2-2.1 cm, and their height precisely matches the links of the belt. All three circular parts were made in the same mold and then decorated with perforations, incisions, and points. One more item from this group of finds that probably belongs to the belt collection, is a bronze bell-shaped pendant (fig. 4/a), with a height of 4 cm and a diameter of 1.7-1.8 cm. A larger arc of a bimetal fibula was discovered in the grave, with its foot in the shape of an hourglass. The arc is 5.5 cm in width, decorated with dense small ribs. Part of a damaged horse's iron bit 11 x 4.3 cm in dimension was also found in the grave (fig. 4/c). The last find in this collection comprises part of a bent single-bladed iron sword, 11.9 x 4.4 cm (fig. 4/d). In this kind of bent sword, a so-called T end is usually found at the end of the handle/hilt, so we suppose that this sword had such an end. Bearing in mind the chronological classification of all finds from this destroyed grave (fig. 5), the openwork belt from Kalnica could be dated to the end of the VII or the very beginning of the VI centuries BC at the earliest. Such dating in principle agrees with the Ha C2/D1 central-European period, i.e. horizontal 2 according to R. Vasic, since other finds of openwork belts were dated to this period by the same author. Nevertheless, the type II iron bit does raise a slight doubt regarding the dating of the Kalnica belt, since according to M. Werner such belts were dominant in the Ha D2/3 period, i.e. at the end of the first half of the Vth century BC. The find of the composite belt from Kalnica raises several interesting observations. Firstly, the belt differs from most examples previously discovered on the territory of south-eastern Europe in that most belt link sets were formed in the shape of a square, with less frequent deviation regarding link dimensions, while those of the belt from Kalnica are relatively elongated. Links similar to the Kalnica elongated links have only be discovered in north Macedonia and in grave 5 of tumulus I in the Kenete site in Albania. The difference in the decoration of the belt from Kalnica compared with other belts is interesting. They are decorated with pierced triangles and perforated concentric circles, with a central point, repeated in countless combinations. Half-elliptical perforations appear for the first time on the belt from Kalnica, to some extent inexpertly carried out. Openwork belts have been discovered throughout the territory between the Timok river in Serbia and the Isker in Bulgaria, although according to recently published finds from the Trojan region in Bulgaria, that area could be extended eastward to the Rosica river. Outside these territories, more significant groupings are visible in the Vardar valley in Macedonia, as well as in an early Iron Age necropolis in the Donja dolina in northern Bosnia. The production center of these belts is connected with the Zlot group (Zlot-Sofronijevo), or with the Triballi tribe, but it could be said that in the VII and VI centuries BC such belts were also worn among their neighbors.
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Hidjaz, Taufan. "ARSITEKTUR MESJID SEBAGAI ADAPTASI DAN ORIENTASI RUANG DALAM BUDAYA SASAK, STUDI KASUS DESA KOPANG, LOMBOK TENGAH." Jurnal Arsitektur ZONASI 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaz.v1i1.11737.
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Abstract: Lombok referred to as “The Island of Thousand Mosques”, but more than that, there are around 9000 mosques in 518 Lombok villages with became the center of residential orientation. The traditional residential pattern of Kopang Village in central Lombok, as other Sasak residence in general, formed by values that bind its poeple in a culturalspace with a social system of kinship which then forms a distinctive environmental pattern. Sasak cultural space structure was formed as it is based on a worldview which became a way of life. The way of life of Sasak people in Kopang village is a concrete form of cultural values which makes mosque architecture as the center of the residential orientation pattern. Each of the cluster pattern is a residence formed by a relationship of structured activities from the people with the mosque. Before becoming identical with Islam, the old Sasak community which called Sasak Lebung used natural objects such as mountains, springs, and large trees as a marker and center of mythic-dynamism cultural and space orientation. After becoming Islam, Sasak people adapt the concept of space and make the mosque as the center of mythic-religious cultural and space orientation. This research using qualitative analytical descriptive method with environmental culture-based approach by considering the artifacts of the mosque with te residential environment in relation to the Sasak cosmology. Mosque architecture becomes very dominant role to represent culture and its symbolic meaning in cultural space of Sasak. Keywords : mosque, adaptive, orientation, Sasak culture, Kopang village. Abstrak : Lombok disebut sebagai “Pulau seribu mesjid” padahal lebih dari itu, dari 518 desa terdapat didalamnya 9000 an mesjid yang menjadi pusat orientasi hunian. Pola hunian tradisional desa Kopang di Lombok Tengah sebagaimana umumnya hunian Sasak terbentuk oleh tata nilai yang mengikat masyarakatnya dalam suatu ruang budaya dengan sistem sosial kekerabatan yang kemudian membentuk pola lingkungan khas. Terbentuknya struktur ruang budaya Sasak karena dilandasi oleh cara pandang terhadap dunia yang menjadi semacam jalan kehidupan. Cara hidup masyarakat Sasak di desa Kopang adalah bentuk kongkrit nilai-nilai budayanya yang menjadikan Arsitektur Mesjid pusat orientasi hunian sehingga membentuk pola hunian kantong yang khas. Tiap pola kantong tersebut merupakan hunian yang terbentuk oleh hubungan kegiatan terstruktur masyarakatnya dengan mesjid. Sebelum menjadi identik dengan Islam, masyarakat Sasak lama disebut Sasak Lebung menggunakan objek alam seperti gunung, mata air dan pohon besar sebagai penanda dan pusat orientasi ruang budaya yang mitis-dinamisme. Setelah menjadi Islam masyarakat Sasak melakukan adaptasi konsep ruang dan menjadikan mesjid sebagai pusat orientasi ruang budaya yang mitis-religius. Penelitian ini secara umum menggunakan metode deskriptif-analitis-kualitatif berbasis pendekatan budaya lingkungan dengan mempertimbangkan artefak mesjid menjadi fokus penelitian sebagai fenomena budaya. Hasil penelitian ini menguraikan keterkaitan mesjid dengan lingkungan ruang hunian dalam kaitannya dengan kosmologi Sasak. Arsitektur mesjid menjadi sangat dominan berperan merepresentasikan budaya dan makna simboliknya di dalam ruang budaya masyarakat Sasak. Kata kunci : mesjid, adaptasi, orientasi,budaya Sasak,desa Kopang.
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Tang, Y. Sim, Chris R. Flechard, Ulrich Dämmgen, Sonja Vidic, Vesna Djuricic, Marta Mitosinkova, Hilde T. Uggerud, et al. "Pan-European rural monitoring network shows dominance of NH<sub>3</sub> gas and NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> aerosol in inorganic atmospheric pollution load." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 875–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-875-2021.
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Abstract. A comprehensive European dataset on monthly atmospheric NH3, acid gases (HNO3, SO2, HCl), and aerosols (NH4+, NO3-, SO42-, Cl−, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) is presented and analysed. Speciated measurements were made with a low-volume denuder and filter pack method (DEnuder for Long-Term Atmospheric sampling, DELTA®) as part of the EU NitroEurope (NEU) integrated project. Altogether, there were 64 sites in 20 countries (2006–2010), coordinated between seven European laboratories. Bulk wet-deposition measurements were carried out at 16 co-located sites (2008–2010). Inter-comparisons of chemical analysis and DELTA® measurements allowed an assessment of comparability between laboratories. The form and concentrations of the different gas and aerosol components measured varied between individual sites and grouped sites according to country, European regions, and four main ecosystem types (crops, grassland, forests, and semi-natural). The smallest concentrations (with the exception of SO42- and Na+) were in northern Europe (Scandinavia), with broad elevations of all components across other regions. SO2 concentrations were highest in central and eastern Europe, with larger SO2 emissions, but particulate SO42- concentrations were more homogeneous between regions. Gas-phase NH3 was the most abundant single measured component at the majority of sites, with the largest variability in concentrations across the network. The largest concentrations of NH3, NH4+, and NO3- were at cropland sites in intensively managed agricultural areas (e.g. Borgo Cioffi in Italy), and the smallest were at remote semi-natural and forest sites (e.g. Lompolojänkkä, Finland), highlighting the potential for NH3 to drive the formation of both NH4+ and NO3- aerosol. In the aerosol phase, NH4+ was highly correlated with both NO3- and SO42-, with a near-1:1 relationship between the equivalent concentrations of NH4+ and sum (NO3-+ SO42-), of which around 60 % was as NH4NO3. Distinct seasonality was also observed in the data, influenced by changes in emissions, chemical interactions, and the influence of meteorology on partitioning between the main inorganic gases and aerosol species. Springtime maxima in NH3 were attributed to the main period of manure spreading, while the peak in summer and trough in winter were linked to the influence of temperature and rainfall on emissions, deposition, and gas–aerosol-phase equilibrium. Seasonality in SO2 was mainly driven by emissions (combustion), with concentrations peaking in winter, except in southern Europe, where the peak occurred in summer. Particulate SO42- showed large peaks in concentrations in summer in southern and eastern Europe, contrasting with much smaller peaks occurring in early spring in other regions. The peaks in particulate SO42- coincided with peaks in NH3 concentrations, attributed to the formation of the stable (NH4)2SO4. HNO3 concentrations were more complex, related to traffic and industrial emissions, photochemistry, and HNO3:NH4NO3 partitioning. While HNO3 concentrations were seen to peak in the summer in eastern and southern Europe (increased photochemistry), the absence of a spring peak in HNO3 in all regions may be explained by the depletion of HNO3 through reaction with surplus NH3 to form the semi-volatile aerosol NH4NO3. Cooler, wetter conditions in early spring favour the formation and persistence of NH4NO3 in the aerosol phase, consistent with the higher springtime concentrations of NH4+ and NO3-. The seasonal profile of NO3- was mirrored by NH4+, illustrating the influence of gas–aerosol partitioning of NH4NO3 in the seasonality of these components. Gas-phase NH3 and aerosol NH4NO3 were the dominant species in the total inorganic gas and aerosol species measured in the NEU network. With the current and projected trends in SO2, NOx, and NH3 emissions, concentrations of NH3 and NH4NO3 can be expected to continue to dominate the inorganic pollution load over the next decades, especially NH3, which is linked to substantial exceedances of ecological thresholds across Europe. The shift from (NH4)2SO4 to an atmosphere more abundant in NH4NO3 is expected to maintain a larger fraction of reactive N in the gas phase by partitioning to NH3 and HNO3 in warm weather, while NH4NO3 continues to contribute to exceedances of air quality limits for PM2.5.
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Fraser, Annemarie, Ashu Dastoor, and Andrei Ryjkov. "How important is biomass burning in Canada to mercury contamination?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 10 (May 25, 2018): 7263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7263-2018.
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Abstract. Wildfire frequency has increased in past four decades in Canada and is expected to increase in future as a result of climate change (Wotton et al., 2010). Mercury (Hg) emissions from biomass burning are known to be significant; however, the impact of biomass burning on air concentration and deposition fluxes in Canada has not been previously quantified. We use estimates of burned biomass from FINN (Fire INventory from NCAR) and vegetation-specific emission factors (EFs) of mercury to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of Hg emissions in Canada. We use Environment and Climate Change Canada's GEM-MACH-Hg (Global Environmental Multi-scale, Modelling Air quality and Chemistry model, mercury version) to quantify the impact of biomass burning in Canada on spatiotemporal variability of air concentrations and deposition fluxes of mercury in Canada. We use North American gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) observations (2010–2015), GEM-MACH-Hg, and an inversion technique to optimize the EFs for GEM for five vegetation types represented in North American fires to constrain the biomass burning impacts of mercury. The inversion results suggest that EFs representing more vegetation types – specifically peatland – are required. This is currently limited by the sparseness of measurements of Hg from biomass burning plumes. More measurements of Hg concentration in the air, specifically downwind of fires, would improve the inversions. We use three biomass burning Hg emissions scenarios in Canada to conduct three sets of model simulations for 2010–2015: two scenarios where Hg is emitted only as GEM using literature or optimized EFs and a third scenario where Hg is emitted as GEM using literature EFs and particle bound mercury (PBM) emitted using the average GEM∕PBM ratio from lab measurements. The three biomass burning emission scenarios represent a range of possible values for the impacts of Hg emissions from biomass burning in Canada on Hg concentration and deposition.We find total biomass burning Hg emissions to be highly variable from year to year and estimate average 2010–2015 total atmospheric biomass burning emissions of Hg in Canada to be between 6 and 14 t during the biomass burning season (i.e. from May to September), which is 3–7 times the mercury emission from anthropogenic sources in Canada for this period. On average, 65 % of the emissions occur in the provinces west of Ontario. We find that while emissions from biomass burning have a small impact on surface air concentrations of GEM averaged over individual provinces/territories, the impact at individual sites can be as high as 95 % during burning events. We estimate average annual mercury deposition from biomass burning in Canada to be between 0.3 and 2.8 t, compared to 0.14 t of mercury deposition from anthropogenic sources during the biomass burning season in Canada. Compared to the biomass burning emissions, the relative impact of fires on mercury deposition is shifted eastward, with on average 54 % percent of the deposition occurring in provinces west of Ontario. While the relative contribution of Canadian biomass burning to the total mercury deposition over each province/territory is no more than 9 % between 2010 and 2015, the local contribution in some locations (including areas downwind of biomass burning) can be as high as 80 % (e.g. northwest of Great Slave Lake in 2014) from May to September. We find that northern Alberta and Saskatchewan, central British Columbia, and the area around Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories are at greater risk of mercury contamination from biomass burning. GEM is considered to be the dominant mercury species emitted from biomass burning; however, there remains an uncertainty in the speciation of mercury released from biomass burning. We find that the impact of biomass burning emissions on mercury deposition is significantly affected by the uncertainty in speciation of emitted mercury because PBM is more readily deposited closer to the emission sources than GEM; an addition of ∼ 18 % percent of mercury emission from biomass burning in the form of PBM in the model increases the 6-year average deposition by ∼ 4 times.