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1

Crawford, David F. "A static stable universe." Astrophysical Journal 410 (June 1993): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/172765.

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2

Khalatnikov, I. M. "Open static Chaplygin universe." Physics Letters B 563, no. 3-4 (2003): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(03)00405-2.

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3

Barceló, C., and G. E. Volovik. "A stable static universe?" Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 80, no. 4 (2004): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1813673.

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4

Atazadeh, K., and F. Darabi. "Einstein static universe from GUP." Physics of the Dark Universe 16 (June 2017): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dark.2017.04.008.

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5

Crawford, David F. "Angular Size in a Static Universe." Astrophysical Journal 440 (February 1995): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/175288.

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6

Atazadeh, K., Y. Heydarzade, and F. Darabi. "Einstein static universe in braneworld scenario." Physics Letters B 732 (May 2014): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2014.03.009.

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7

Troitskij, V. S. "A static model of the universe." Astrophysics and Space Science 229, no. 1 (1995): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00658568.

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8

El-Nabulsi, Rami Ahmad. "Asymptotically Static Universe Dominated by Phantom Energy." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 70, no. 2 (2015): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2014-0242.

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AbstractIn this article, we investigated a generalised scalar field cosmology characterised by a time-dependent coupling function, a time-dependent cosmological constant, a chameleonic field, and a time-dependent equation of state parameter. Based on a particular choice of the Hubble parameter as function of the scalar field and its time derivative, we have investigated the dynamics of the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker flat universe. We have observed that for a particular choice of the free parameters in the theory, the universe accelerates with time and asymptotically tends toward a static unive
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9

ERIKSEN, E., and Ø. GRØN. "THE DE SITTER UNIVERSE MODELS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 04, no. 01 (1995): 115–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271895000090.

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The kinematical properties of the de Sitter space-time are reviewed and investigated. The properties of the static sections are clarified. A deduction of the analytic extension, analogous to that of Kruskal and Szekeres for the Schwarzschild space-time, of the static section to the region outside the horizon is given. The representation of the de Sitter space-time as a four-dimensional hyperboloid in Minkowskian five-dimensional spacetime is reviewed. Coordinate transformations between different sections of the de Sitter space-time are found. By means of the transformation formulae the differe
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10

Mitra, Abhas. "When can an "Expanding Universe" look "Static" and vice versa: A comprehensive study." International Journal of Modern Physics D 24, no. 05 (2015): 1550032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271815500327.

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The Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) metric expressed, in terms of comoving coordinates (r, t), always looks nonstatic. But by employing the recently derived curvature/Schwarzschild form, (R, T), of FRW metric (A. Mitra, Gravit. Cosmol. 19 (2013) 134), we show here that FRW metric can assume static forms when the net energy density (ρe) is solely due to the vacuum contribution. Earlier this question was explored by Florides (Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 12 (1980) 563) whose approach was complex and of purely mathematical nature. Also, unlike Florides, we do not assume any a priori separability of T(r
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11

Huang, Qihong, Kaituo Zhang, He Huang, Bing Xu, and Feiquan Tu. "CMB Power Spectrum in the Emergent Universe with K-Essence." Universe 9, no. 5 (2023): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9050221.

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The emergent universe provides a possible method to avoid the Big Bang singularity by considering that the universe stems from a stable Einstein static universe rather than the singularity. Since the Einstein static universe exists before inflation, it may leave some relics in the CMB power spectrum. In this paper, we analyze the stability condition for the Einstein static universe in general relativity with k-essence against both the scalar and tensor perturbations. Furthermore, we find the emergent universe can be successfully realized by constructing a scalar potential and an equation of st
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12

Darabi, F., Y. Heydarzade, and F. Hajkarim. "Stability of Einstein static universe over Lyra geometry." Canadian Journal of Physics 93, no. 12 (2015): 1566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2015-0312.

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The existence and stability conditions of Einstein static universe against homogeneous scalar perturbations in the context of Lyra geometry is investigated. The stability condition is obtained in terms of the constant equation of state parameter ω = p/ρ depending on energy density ρ0 and scale factor a0 of the initial Einstein static universe. Also, the stability against vector and tensor perturbations is studied. It is shown that a stable Einstein static universe can be found in the context of Lyra geometry against scalar, vector, and tensor perturbations for suitable range and values of phys
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13

Bartlett, Rodney. "Static, Topological Universe = Steady State + Big Bang." International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51483/ijpamr.1.1.2021.58-75.

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14

Gogberashvili, M. "Electroweak Phase Transitions in Einstein’s Static Universe." Advances in High Energy Physics 2018 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4653202.

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We suggest using Einstein’s static universe metric for the metastable state after reheating, instead of the Friedman-Robertson-Walker spacetime. In this case, strong static gravitational potential leads to the effective reduction of the Higgs vacuum expectation value, which is found to be compatible with the Standard Model first-order electroweak phase transition conditions. Gravity could also increase the CP-violating effects for particles that cross the new phase bubble walls and thus is able to lead to the successful electroweak baryogenesis scenario.
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15

Crawford, David F. "The quasar distribution in a static universe." Astrophysical Journal 441 (March 1995): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/175375.

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16

Larson, Michelle B. "Universe Interactive: Static Displays with Active Components." Physics Teacher 43, no. 1 (2005): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1845988.

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17

Grøn, Øyvind Geelmuyden. "On stable variants of Einstein’s static universe." General Relativity and Gravitation 42, no. 6 (2009): 1375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10714-009-0910-y.

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18

Basu, Ashis, Sushmita Ganguly, and Dipankar Ray. "Perfect fluid in a static isotropic universe." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 29, no. 4 (1990): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00674444.

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19

Karbanovski, V. V., A. S. Tarasova, A. S. Salimova, G. V. Bilinskaya, and A. N. Sumbulov. "Model of the static universe within GR." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 112, no. 1 (2011): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063776110061044.

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20

Manor, Eli Peter. "Authentification of Einstein’s Static Universe of 1917." Journal of Modern Physics 05, no. 18 (2014): 1995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2014.518194.

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21

Fabris, Júlio C., Felipe T. Falciano, Luiz F. Guimarães, and Nelson Pinto-Neto. "On the Possibility of a Static Universe." Universe 10, no. 2 (2024): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe10020092.

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After a century of cosmological observations, we have a solid standard model of cosmology. However, from a theoretical viewpoint, it is a compelling question if the cosmological data inevitably require an expanding universe independently of the theoretical framework. The possibility of obtaining a viable cosmological model with a constant scale-factor is discussed in the context of the Brans–Dicke class of scalar–tensor theories. It is shown that a flat spatial section requires the presence of a stiff matter fluid. However, some kinematical properties of the standard cosmological model can be
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22

Yashio, Yosuke. "Validity of Expanding Universe Theory—Static Universe Still Consistent with Hubble’s Law." OALib 04, no. 09 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103899.

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23

Muh., Fachrul Latief Andi Indra Wulan Sari Ramadani. "Properti Cakrawala Peristiwa pada Lubang Hitam Schwarzschild dalam Latar Alam Semesta Tertutup yang Berekspansi." Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan 10, no. 9 (2024): 1047–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13603701.

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<em>A closed universe model containing a constant and positive vacuum energy density (cosmological constant) has been studied. By analyzing the McVittie metric, it can be shown directly that for an expanding universe, the Hubble parameter at the event horizon for all static symmetric black holes is the same. As for the cosmological constant, black holes will not expand as the universe expands. In addition, the existence of the Hubble voltage is also explained which can affect the speed of the universe's expansion in certain areas.</em>
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24

Sharif, M., and Sana Saleem. "Stability of anisotropic perturbed Einstein universe in f(R) gravity." Modern Physics Letters A 35, no. 18 (2020): 2050152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732320501527.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the existence of stable modes of the Einstein static universe in the background of [Formula: see text] theory. For this purpose, we take homogeneous anisotropic perturbations in scale factors as well as matter contents. We construct static and perturbed field equations that are further parameterized by linear equation of state parameter. We obtain the Einstein static solutions for two specific [Formula: see text] models and graphically analyze their stable regions. It is concluded that contrary to general relativity, there exists stable Einstein static u
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25

KRAUSS, LAWRENCE M., and ROBERT J. SCHERRER. "THE RETURN OF A STATIC UNIVERSE AND THE END OF COSMOLOGY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 03n04 (2008): 685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808012449.

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We demonstrate that as we extrapolate the current ΛCDM universe forward in time, all evidence of the Hubble expansion will disappear, so that observers in our "island universe" will be fundamentally incapable of determining the true nature of the universe, including the existence of the highly dominant vacuum energy, the existence of the CMB, and the primordial origin of light elements. With these pillars of the modern Big Bang gone, this epoch will mark the end of cosmology and the return of a static universe. In this sense, the coordinate system appropriate for future observers will perhaps
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26

YOUM, DONAM. "NULL GEODESICS IN BRANE WORLD UNIVERSE." Modern Physics Letters A 16, no. 37 (2001): 2371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732301005813.

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We study null bulk geodesic motion in the brane world cosmology in the RS2 scenario and in the static universe in the bulk of the charged topological AdS black hole. We obtain equations describing the null bulk geodesic motion as observed in one lower dimension. We find that the null geodesic motion in the bulk of the brane world cosmology in the RS2 scenario is observed to be under the additional influence of extra non-gravitational force by the observer on the three-brane, if the brane universe does not possess the Z2 symmetry. As for the null geodesic motion in the static universe in the bu
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27

Heydarzade, Y., and F. Darabi. "Induced matter brane gravity and Einstein static universe." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2015, no. 04 (2015): 028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/04/028.

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28

Parisi, Luca, Marco Bruni, Roy Maartens, and Kevin Vandersloot. "The Einstein static universe in loop quantum cosmology." Classical and Quantum Gravity 24, no. 24 (2007): 6243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/24/24/007.

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29

Gergely, László Á., and Roy Maartens. "Brane-world generalizations of the Einstein static universe." Classical and Quantum Gravity 19, no. 2 (2002): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/19/2/303.

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30

Barrow, John D., George F. R. Ellis, Roy Maartens, and Christos G. Tsagas. "On the stability of the Einstein static universe." Classical and Quantum Gravity 20, no. 11 (2003): L155—L164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/20/11/102.

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31

Purohit, K. D., and Yogesh Bhatt. "Static Extra Dimension and Acceleration of the Universe." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 50, no. 5 (2011): 1417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-010-0650-5.

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32

Berman, Marcelo Samuel. "Static universe in a modified brans-dicke cosmology." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 29, no. 6 (1990): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00672031.

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33

Huang, Qihong, He Huang, Bing Xu, and Kaituo Zhang. "Evolution of the Early Universe in Einstein–Cartan Theory." Universe 11, no. 5 (2025): 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11050147.

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Einstein–Cartan theory is a generalization of general relativity that introduces spacetime torsion. In this paper, we perform phase space analysis to investigate the evolution of the early universe in Einstein–Cartan theory. By studying the stability of critical points in the dynamical system, we find that there exist two stable critical points which represent an Einstein static solution and an expanding solution, respectively. After analyzing the phase diagram of the dynamical system, we find that the early universe may exhibit an Einstein static state, an oscillating state, or a bouncing sta
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34

Arbuzov, Andrej B., and Alexander E. Pavlov. "Static Casimir condensate of conformal scalar field in Friedmann universe." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 28 (2018): 1850162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318501626.

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The quantum Casimir condensate of a conformal massive scalar field in a compact Friedmann universe is considered in the static approximation. The Abel–Plana formula is used for renormalization of divergent series in the condensate calculation. A differential relation between the static Casimir energy density and static Casimir condensate is derived.
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35

Pilipović, Dragana. "An Infinitely Old Universe with Planck Fields Before and After the Big Bang." Universe 10, no. 10 (2024): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe10100400.

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The Robertson–Walker minimum length (RWML) theory considers stochastically perturbed spacetime to describe an expanding universe governed by geometry and diffusion. We explore the possibility of static, torsionless universe eras with conserved energy density. We find that the RWML theory provides asymptotically static equations of state under positive curvature both far in the past and far into the future, with a Big Bang singularity in between.
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36

Kułaga, Wojciech. "Exploring the Universe of Memes." Studia Medioznawcze, no. 1 (December 30, 2024): 77–91. https://doi.org/10.33077/uw.24511617.sm.2025.1.794.

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Memes transcend mere humour and serve as a medium for expressing emotions and ideas within the digital sphere. Consequently, they have become integral components of visual culture and the lexicon of the internet. Aim: This paper explores the complex evolution of internet memes, with a particular focus on the transformative influence of TikTok on emerging forms of online communication. The analysis compares image-based (static) memes with video (dynamic) memes to identify structural similarities and differences, as well as to examine TikTok’s impact on the meme landscape. Concepts and Methods:
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37

LaViolette, Paul A. "Expanding or Static Universe: Emergence of a New Paradigm." International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 11, no. 02 (2021): 190–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2021.112011.

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38

Aygün, S., I. Tarhan, and H. Baysal. "On the Energy-Momentum Problem in Static Einstein Universe." Chinese Physics Letters 24, no. 2 (2007): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/24/2/015.

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39

Couture, Gilles. "Olber's paradox revisited in a static and finite Universe." European Journal of Physics 33, no. 3 (2012): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/33/3/479.

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40

Gruppuso, A., E. Roessl, and M. Shaposhnikov. "Einstein static universe as a brane in extra dimensions." Journal of High Energy Physics 2004, no. 08 (2004): 011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2004/08/011.

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41

Karbanovski, V. V., A. S. Tarasova, A. S. Salimova, G. V. Bilinskaya, and A. N. Sumbulov. "Erratum to: “Model of the Static Universe within GR”." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 118, no. 5 (2014): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063776114050197.

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42

Atazadeh, K., and F. Darabi. "Einstein static Universe in non-minimal kinetic coupled gravity." Physics Letters B 744 (May 2015): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015.04.022.

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43

Yu, Zhong-Xi, Shou-Long Li, and Hao Wei. "Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi static universe in Rastall-like gravity." Nuclear Physics B 960 (November 2020): 115179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2020.115179.

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44

Khokhlov, D. L. "Evolution of the energy density in the static universe." Astrophysics and Space Science 335, no. 2 (2011): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-011-0746-2.

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45

Nussbaumer, Harry. "Einstein’s conversion from his static to an expanding universe." European Physical Journal H 39, no. 1 (2014): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2013-40037-6.

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46

Campo, Sergio del, Ramón Herrera, and Pedro Labraña. "On the stability of Jordan-Brans-Dicke static universe." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2009, no. 07 (2009): 006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2009/07/006.

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47

Chakrabarti, A. "Fermions and gauge fields in the Einstein static universe." Physics Letters B 212, no. 2 (1988): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(88)90514-x.

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48

Samuel Berman, Marcelo. "On the stability of a brans-dicke static universe." Physics Letters A 142, no. 4-5 (1989): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(89)90319-8.

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49

López-Corredoira, M., F. Melia, E. Lusso, and G. Risaliti. "Cosmological test with the QSO Hubble diagram." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 05 (2016): 1650060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816500607.

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A Hubble diagram (HD) has recently been constructed in the redshift range [Formula: see text] using a nonlinear relation between the ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray luminosities of quasi stellar objects (QSOs). The Type Ia Supernovae (SN) HD has already provided a high-precision test of cosmological models, but the fact that the QSO distribution extends well beyond the supernova range ([Formula: see text]), in principle provides us with an important complementary diagnostic whose significantly greater leverage in [Formula: see text] can impose tighter constraints on the distance versus redshift rel
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50

Molaro, Paolo, and Alberto Cappi. "Edgar Allan Poe: the first man to conceive a Newtonian evolving Universe." Culture and Cosmos 16, no. 1 and 2 (2012): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01216.0237.

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The notion that we live in an evolving universe was established only in the twentieth century with the ‘discovery’ of the recession of galaxies by Hubble and with the Lemaitre and Friedmann’s interpretation in the 1920s. However, the concept of an evolving universe is intrinsically tied to the law of universal gravitation, and it is surprising that it remained unrecognized for more than two centuries. A remarkable exception to this lack of awareness is represented by Poe. In Eureka (1848), the writer developed a conception of an evolving universe following the reasoning that a physical univers
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