Academic literature on the topic 'The Theory of Reliance on Context'

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Journal articles on the topic "The Theory of Reliance on Context"

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Smith, Terry, Tom Williams, Sid Lowe, Michel Rod, and Ki-Soon Hwang. "Context into text into context: marketing practice into theory; marketing theory into practice." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 33, no. 7 (2015): 1027–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-05-2014-0091.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the dynamics of marketing practice and theory in arguing that much of the dislocation between strategy and practice is due to the inheritance and internalisation of often impractical but persistently dominant, tacit Cartesian assumptions. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses case methodology to examine the marketing theory into practice/marketing practice into theory conundrum and explores: their separation (marketing theory and marketing practice); their flows (context to text to context: theory into practice/practice into theory); their symbiosis (the praxis of marketing); and the dynamic and static (in situ/in aspic) nature of their duality. This work is an exploratory empirical study undertaken in what is a very under-researched area. Findings – In this paper, marketing theory and marketing practice are recognised as occupying different epistemes. The lifeworld of marketing theorising appears as characterised by a relatively homogenous and mostly cognitive world dominated by rationality and empirical rigour. By contrast, the embodied practitioner inhabits a more highly segmented, fragmented, heterogeneous and frequently improvised landscape. Practical implications – The authors propose that the all-consuming clamour for reliance and relevance of theory to practice dictates that the form, function and philosophy of marketing must be co-created in the practical pragmatism of praxis. Praxis is practice informed by theory and theory informed by practice, a cyclical process of experiential, contextual learning. Originality/value – The paper appears to be the first to bring together Cartesian thought and the practice-theory divide in B2B marketing theory.
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Goorha, Prateek. "Contextual Contracts: On a Context-sensitive Approach to Contract Theory." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 30, no. 2 (2018): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260107917740510.

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I propose a method for introducing ‘context’ within the contractual environment based on a simple and intuitive application of control theory. The approach permits looking at several interesting practical features of contracts, be they incomplete, complete or smart, within a single framework. I define a contextual environment with the help of an interaction between three distinct spaces: a market-based contractual space framed within a formal institutional space and an even larger cultural space. Each space is characterized by a governing law built on a selection of control mechanisms that differ in their approach as well as their reliance on information generated from feedback mechanisms. I suggest how these governing laws tie the contextual spaces together and present some ideas on how they evolve through their interactions with other spaces. JEL: D20, D86, P50, Z10
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Slaughter, Virginia, and Linda Mealey. "Seeing is not (necessarily) believing." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 1 (1998): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98400700.

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We doubt that theory of mind can be sufficiently demonstrated without reliance on verbal tests. Where language is the major tool of social manipulation, an effective theory of mind must use language as an input. We suspect, therefore, that in this context, prelinguistic human and nonhuman minds are more alike than are human pre- and postlinguistic minds.
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Ossa-Richardson, Anthony. "Proust, Typical Novelist: Literary Context as Type." Modern Language Quarterly 83, no. 1 (2022): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-9475017.

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Abstract A decade ago Rita Felski argued that reliance on context shuts down a text’s meaning by enclosing it in a restrictive historical “box” and alienating its individuality. This essay offers a rebuttal to Felski’s critique, first by delineating the genealogy of her concerns in literary, philosophical, and architectural thought of the late nineteenth century, and second by exploring an alternative model of context as type, as revealed by a close reading of Marcel Proust’s À la recherche du temps perdu. Proust’s novel repeatedly makes use of a notion of the type (a person, an artwork, a battle) that prioritizes the act of typifying, an act that does not sacrifice but discloses, or even constitutes, the individual. Like the Proustian type, context is best understood not as an alienation from, but as a route to, the particularity of the literary object.
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Stark, Cynthia A. "Abstraction and Justification in Moral Theory." Hypatia 25, no. 4 (2010): 825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2010.01135.x.

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Ethicists of care have objected to traditional moral philosophy's reliance upon abstract universal principles. They claim that the use of abstraction renders traditional theories incapable of capturing morally relevant, particular features of situations. I argue that this objection sometimes conflates two different levels of moral thinking: the level of justification and the level of deliberation. Specifically, I claim that abstraction or attention to context at the level of justification does not entail, as some critics seem to think, a commitment to abstraction or attention to context at the level of deliberation. It follows that critics who reject a theory's use of abstraction at the level of justification have not shown that the theory recommends abstraction at the level of deliberation. It follows that critics who reject a theory's use of abstraction at the level of justification have not shown that the theory recommends abstraction at the level of deliberation and that it, therefore, compels the deliberating agent to overlook morally salient details.
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Bartram, David V. "Foreign Workers in Israel: History and Theory." International Migration Review 32, no. 2 (1998): 303–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200201.

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Beginning in 1993, Israel began importing large numbers of foreign workers, replacing its traditional Palestinian labor force. This article presents a descriptive history and theoretical analysis of the migration, placing it in the context of Israel's reliance on noncitizen labor from the occupied territories. Dual labor market theory is particularly helpful in analyzing labor migration to Israel, but only by also analyzing the determinants of state policy can we understand how these recent flows began. The Israeli case thus suggests a cumulative model of the initiation of labor migration flows: structural factors create a predisposition toward use of foreign labor, and political factors determine whether and how that predisposition will be actualized.
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Fourie, Danelle, and Mark Rathbone. "Capabilities, Development, and Communitarianism in the African Context." Philosophies 9, no. 5 (2024): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9050132.

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This paper provides a critical reflection and exploration of African development with reference to enhancing human flourishing in Amartya Sen’s capability theory. However, we identify some core limitations to Sen’s theory of development due to its reliance on neoliberal principles. These principles can be discouraging for African self-directed emancipatory development projects. We argue that the notion of communitarianism in Africa can provide alternative perspectives that can counter the influence of neoliberalism. We first delve into the philosophical understanding of development and the unique elements associated with the African context for human flourishing. From this understanding of development, we look into the work of Amartya Sen, whose capability approach is widely regarded as the optimal development project for human flourishing. However, the enhancement of capabilities has had some significant critique. We discuss three critiques of Sen’s development project, namely, Martha Nussbaum’s critique, which focuses on the vagueness of basic capabilities; Patrica Northover’s critique, which argues that Western ideals of development compromise Sen’s development project; and Richard Sandbrook’s critique, which refers to Sen’s approach as a “pragmatic neoliberalism”. Finally, building on these three critiques, we propose elements that enhance the unique characteristics of the African context for human flourishing.
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Senawiang, Panya, Chommanat Piangmal, and Narawich Sripaurya. "Empowering Through Education: Gandhi's Swadeshi Principle and the Path to Self-Reliance." Journal of Education and Learning Reviews 1, no. 5 (2024): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.60027/jelr.2024.800.

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Background and Aims: Gandhi's Swadeshi principle and path to self-reliance emphasize the importance of economic independence and local sustainability, advocating for a self-sufficient society based on local production and practical education. This approach promotes economic stability and empowers communities by focusing educational practices on their immediate needs and resources. This paper aims to explore how Gandhi’s educational philosophy fostered self-reliance. Methodology: The methodology used in this paper combines primary sources, such as Gandhi's writings and historical records, with secondary analyses to investigate his educational philosophy. The study uses documentary and qualitative content analysis to thoroughly examine how Gandhi's Swadeshi principles were applied in education and their long-term impact. This approach provides valuable insights into Gandhi's vision of empowerment through education, as well as its practical applications and long-term relevance. Results: the finding found that Gandhi's educational philosophy, founded on the Swadeshi principle, transformed learning by combining self-reliance and local sustainability with academic and vocational training. This approach is still relevant today, advocating for education that integrates theory, practical skills, and local context. Gandhi's influence exemplifies how education combined with self-reliance and community development can lead to significant social and economic advancement. Conclusion: The findings show that Gandhi's educational philosophy, founded on the Swadeshi principle, innovatively combined self-reliance with practical training, resulting in a model of education that is still relevant today. His approach emphasizes the transformative power of combining theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and local needs to drive social and economic progress.
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Šupa, Maryja. "Social Research about Online Crime: Key Global Paradigms and the State of Research in Lithuania." Informacijos mokslai 91 (April 14, 2021): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/im.2021.91.51.

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This paper analyses key differences between two paradigms dominant in social research on online crime: the more prevalent neopositivist paradigm and the more recent critical–cultural paradigm. Based on an extensive analysis of up-to-date literature, the key paradigmatic oppositions in online crime research encompass: 1) in neopositivism, the conceptual separation of technological and social practices, the reliance on rational choice approaches in theory, especially routine activity theory, and the tendency towards quantitative research methods; 2) in the critical–cultural paradigm, a complex and context-dependent approach to the technosocial as a continuum, theoretical roots in critical theory, cultural criminology, actor-network theory, and feminist theory, and the emphasis on qualitative methods. The field of online crime research in Lithuania is dominated by legal studies, while social research is rare and fragmented. The existing social research of online crime in Lithuania lacks a solid theoretical basis in either paradigm. Methodologically, there are examples of both quantitative (surveys, analysis of registered crime statistics) and qualitative studies (interviews, discussion groups, content analysis). However, most of the studies are small-scale and their scarcity makes it nearly impossible to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, and complimentary potential of each approach in the specific national and regional context.
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Lin, Ziqi. "Assessing Outdated Multimedia Instructional Materials in Chinese Higher Education." Journal of Education and Educational Research 10, no. 2 (2024): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/386g3q63.

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This essay explores the profound impact of Richard E. Mayer's Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning within the context of Chinese higher education. As more and more multimedia materials are used in lectures, many questions have popped up along the way. Therefore, this essay delves into the challenges of outdated instructional materials in Chinese higher education, highlighting issues such as inappropriate visual materials, reliance on personal experience in design, and unclear teaching objectives. In order to address these problems, the essay provides insights for optimizing multimedia learning in Chinese higher education, emphasizing the need for better multimedia content.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The Theory of Reliance on Context"

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Kieler, Bryan K. "Reducing Reliance on Government Funding in the Nonprofit Sector." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7306.

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Many leaders of nonprofit organizations are challenged by limited and declining financial resources from government grants, while being asked by funders and their constituent base to provide better quality services to a larger population. Nonprofit leaders are exploring strategies to reduce their reliance on government grants by diversifying and growing alternative funding sources. The purpose of this single case study was to explore, through the conceptual lens of the balanced scorecard theory, strategies used by 4 leaders of a nonprofit organization in southern California who have experience managing and growing alternative revenue sources by creating a social enterprise. Semistructured interviews were used to collect data and organizational documents were reviewed. The data were manually coded, and mind mapping was used to identify common themes. Thematic data analysis showed 5 themes: lack of a systematic approach to processes, lack of defined SMART processes, lack of integrating results into the organization's key performance indicators (KPI), lack of defined measurable goals and objectives related to the KPIs in the business models of these organizations, and lack of defined sustainability plan. Nonprofit leaders may benefit from a systematic strategic approach to guide their organization. Nonprofit leaders need to understand how these systematic strategic approaches may impact their organization and how to integrate such opportunities into their organization. The implications for positive social change include the potential to fulfill the missions, strengthen the overall funding sources, and serve the local communities of nonprofit organizations by learning how to use the strategic planning processes.
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Foad, Colin. "Social context mismatch theory." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/84359/.

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This thesis outlines the novel theoretical approach of social context mismatch theory (SCMT). SCMT outlines how changes in context can lead to mismatches between motives and their surrounding environment. For example, the basic human desire to care for others has become problematic in a modern context, where globalised identities are possible. We want to care for all the vulnerable members of society, but we are faced with numerous barriers. The conclusion of SCMT is that these mismatches provide fertile soil for hypocrisy to thrive, as people become accustomed to failing to meet their desired standards. Having introduced the theory, three core chapters use this model to outline how broader contextual perspectives can bring different psychological concepts together in order to gain a novel perspective on well-established social psychological processes. Chapter 2 outlines how people see their values as dynamic over time and illustrates relationships between this dynamism and well-being. Chapter 3 shows how people display different forms of hypocrisy in the realm of ethical consumption and how higher thresholds for ethical behaviour can encourage greater desire to change to a more pro-social position. Chapter 4 manipulates perceptions of complexity of a little-known moral issue and shows how greater complexity can lead to less harsh moral judgements and a reduced willingness to engage with remedial action. Finally, the thesis concludes by outlining a range of future directions that SCMT opens up, particularly for those who want to bring relatively isolated psychological ideas together. Accordingly, there is a strong focus on how a simultaneous awareness of multiple contexts can provide new perspectives on psychological processes. SCMT is a theory that is inextricably linked to working towards a more caring world and the dissertation reflects this motivation.
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Kosai, Shoki. "Studies on dynamic vulnerability based on sudden disturbances in the context of diversity in power mix." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259061.

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Limor, Rina Maxine. "Do Social Biases Impede Auditor Reliance on Specialists? Toward a Theory of Social Similarity." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5062.

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Does social similarity between the auditor and a specialist induce social biases that impair the auditor's reliance on the specialist? It is important to examine potential impairments to reliance since auditors do not possess expertise in many of the areas examined during the audit. One type of specialist that is increasingly relied upon by the auditor is the IT specialist. Since firms have two approaches to the organization of IT personnel (decentralized vs. centralized) and often use professional designations as a hiring criteria for specialists, I examine two dimensions of social similarity: domain knowledge distinctiveness and spatial distance. Using a 2 × 2 experiment manipulating the IT specialist's domain knowledge distinctiveness (distinct vs. overlapping) and spatial distance (in-house office location vs. outsourcing from another office) relative to the auditor, I investigate financial auditors' reliance on IT specialists. My findings provide evidence of a boundary condition to the widely accepted social identity theory. Specifically, when specialists (IT specialists in this study) are outsourced, marginally less reliance is placed on specialists possessing overlapping (shared) domain knowledge relative to distinct domain knowledge. Additionally, I find evidence of a "consultant effect" in which greater auditor reliance is placed on IT specialists from other offices when the IT specialist possesses distinct domain knowledge relative to the financial auditor. Findings suggest that a broader theory of social similarity in which dimensions of social similarity can interact to produce social biases appears to be more descriptive of real-world social complexities than social identity theory.
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Segrt, Kruna. "Morita theory in enriched context." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4005.

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Nous développons une version homotopique de la théorie de Morita classique en utilisant la notion de monade forte. C’était Anders Kock qui a montré qu’une monade T dans une catégorie monoidale Σ est forte si et seulement si la monade T est enrichie. Nous montrons que cette correspondance entre force et enrichissement se traduit par un 2-isomorphisme de 2-catégories. Sous certaines conditions sur la monade T, nous montrons que la catégorie homotopique des T-algèbres est équivalente au sens de Quillen à la catégorie homotopique des modules sur le monoïde d’endomorphismes de la T-algèbre T (I) librement engendré par l’unité de Σ. Dans le cas particulier ou le Σ est la catégorie des Γ-espaces de Segal munie de la structure de modèle stable de Bousfield-Friedlander et T est la monade forte associée à une Γ-théorie bien pointée, nous retrouvons un théorème de Stefan Schwede, comme corollaire du théorème homotopique de Morita<br>We develop a homotopy theoretical version of classical Morita theory using the notion of a strong monad. It was Anders Kock who proved that a monad T in a monoidal category Σ is strong if and only if T is enriched in Σ. We prove that this correspondence between strength and enrichment follows from a 2-isomorphism of 2-catgories. Under certain conditions on T, we prove that the category of T-algebras is Quillen equivalent to the category of modules over the endomorphism monoid of the T-algebra T (I) freely generated by the unit I of Σ. In the special case where Σ is the category of Γ-spaces equipped with Bousfield-Friedlander’s stable model structure and T is the strong monad associated to a well-pointed Γ-theory, we recover a theorem of Stefan Schwede, as an instance of a general homotopical Morita theorem
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Lucas, Martin. "Haiku in Britain : theory, practice, context." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599896.

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The subject of this thesis is the haiku poem, which is now established as a viable form in English. The possibilities of the form - and its kindred forms of tanka, renga and haibun - are exemplified by my own creative writing, presented in Chapter Seven. This presentation is supported by nine further chapters dealing successively with haiku history, theory, practice and context. The chapters on haiku history offer an outline of the development of the form in Japan, together with discussion of its initial adaptation to the English-language context in North America. Chapter Four, on haiku theory, brings together a series of diverse essays which combine into a detailed analysis of the key requirements of haiku, both in terms of form and content. The chapters on haiku practice focus attention on the poets and publications that have pioneered the development of haiku in Britain during the decade of the 1990s. The three concluding chapters analyse haiku in the context of renga (linked verse), haibun (haiku prose), and in relation to other forms of artistic presentation, not least other forms of poetry. The entire thesis is intended to constitute a thorough grounding in the specific demands and values of haiku in English.
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RAMOS, Marcus Vinícius Midena. "Formalization of context-free language theory." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17642.

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Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-08T13:11:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) tese.pdf: 4855618 bytes, checksum: 717d268b142705bdc8ce106731a257db (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T13:11:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) tese.pdf: 4855618 bytes, checksum: 717d268b142705bdc8ce106731a257db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28<br>CAPEs<br>Proof assistants are software-based tools that are used in the mechanization of proof construction and validation in mathematics and computer science, and also in certified program development. Different such tools are being increasingly used in order to accelerate and simplify proof checking, and the Coq proof assistant is one of the most known and used. Language and automata theory is a well-established area of mathematics, relevant to computer science foundations and information technology. In particular, context-free language theory is of fundamental importance in the analysis, design and implementation of computer programming languages. This work describes a formalization effort, using the Coq proof assistant, of fundamental results of the classical theory of context-free grammars and languages. These include closure properties (union, concatenation and Kleene star), grammar simplification (elimination of useless symbols, inaccessible symbols, empty rules and unit rules), the existence of a Chomsky Normal Form for context-free grammars and the Pumping Lemma for context-free languages. To achieve this, several steps had to be fulfilled, including (i) understanding of the characteristics, importance and benefits of mathematical formalization, specially in computer science, (ii) familiarization with the underlying mathematical theories used in proof assistants, (iii) familiarization with the Coq proof assistant, (iv) review of the strategies used in the informal proofs of the main results of the context-free language theory and finally (iv) selection and adequation of the representation and proof strategies adopted in order the achieve the desired objectives. The result is an important set of libraries covering the main results of context-free language theory, with more than 500 lemmas and theorems fully proved and checked. This is probably the most comprehensive formalization of the classical context-free language theory in the Coq proof assistant done to the present date, and includes the remarkable result that is the formalization of the Pumping Lemma for context-free languages. The perspectives for the further development of this work are diverse and can be grouped in three different areas: inclusion of new devices and results, code extraction and general enhancements of its libraries.<br>Assistentes de prova são ferramentas de software que são usadas na mecanização da construção e da validação de provas na matemática e na ciência da computação, e também no desenvolvimento de programas certificados. Diferentes ferramentas estão sendo usadas de forma cada vez mais frequente para acelerar e simplificar a verificação de provas, e o assistente de provas Coq é uma das mais conhecidas e utilizadas. A teoria de linguagens e de autômatos é uma área bem estabelecida da matemática, com relevância para os fundamentos da ciência da computação e a tecnologia da informação. Em particular, a teoria das linguagens livres de contexto é de fundamental importância na análise, no projeto e na implementação de linguagens de programação de computadores. Este trabalho descreve um esforço de formalização, usando o assistente de provas Coq, de resultados fundamentais da teoria clássica das gramáticas e linguagens livres de contexto. Estes incluem propriedades de fechamento (união, concatenação e estrela de Kleene), simplificação gramatical (eliminação de símbolos inúteis, de símbolos inacessíveis, de regras vazias e de regras unitárias), a existência da Forma Normal de Chomsky para gramáticas livres de contexto e o Lema do Bombeamento para linguagens livres de contexto. Para alcançar estes resultados, diversas etapas precisaram ser cumpridas, incluindo (i) o entendimento das características, da importância e dos benefícios da formalização matemática, especialmente na ciência da computação, (ii) a familiarização com as teorias matemáticas fundamentais utilizadas pelos assistentes de provas, (iii) a familiarização com o assistente de provas Coq, (iv) a revisão das estratégias usadas nas provas informais dos principais resultados da teoria das linguagens livres de contexto e, finalmente, (v) a seleção e adequação das estratégias de representação e prova adotadas para permitir o alcance dos resultados pretendidos. O resultado é um importante conjunto de bibliotecas cobrindo os principais resultados da teoria das linguagens livres de contexto, com mais de 500 lemas e teoremas totalmente provados e verificados. Esta é provavelmente a formalização mais abrangente da teoria clássica das linguagens livres de contexto jamais feita no assistente de provas Coq, e inclui o importante resultado que é a formalização do Lema do Bombeamento para linguagens livres de contexto. As perspectivas para novos desenvolvimentos a partir deste trabalho são diversas e podem ser agrupadas em três áreas diferentes: inclusão de novos dispositivos e resultados, extração de código e aprimoramentos gerais das suas bibliotecas.
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Njiraini, Nancy Nyambura Karanja. "Exploring the importance of critical thinking in creating capabilities for self-reliance in international community development : a Kenyan context." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6455/.

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Self-reliance as a component of development agendas is often relegated to the background if mentioned at all. This thesis explores the value of self-reliance in meaningful progress, as well as the conditions which enable self-reliance, paying particular attention to the role of critical thinking in that process. It investigates individual and collective use of local knowledge in formulating strategies for progressive community development in collaboration with international agencies. By drawing attention to the practical aspects of development interventions, the challenges can be observed from an equality, justice and inclusion perspective. The thesis works with the frameworks of Amartya Sen’s and Martha Nussbaum’s human development and capabilities approach calling attention to the value of freedom in development and the capabilities to do and to be. It adopts a critical theoretical approach from an emancipatory perspective and argues that a useful way to consider self-reliance may be Immanuel Kant’s perspective on Enlightenment as emergence from self-imposed inability to use one’s own knowledge. This approach emphasises the value in acknowledging the views of those the process is meant to support. By approaching the issues through Freirean dialogue and participatory methods, that address concerns of power relationships, the thesis provides a ‘space to speak’ for the community groups. This is facilitated by the use of the creative engagement tool ‘Ketso’. This thesis argues that meaningful progress is inclusive and that it should pay attention to mutual processes of knowledge production. The findings highlight the role of lifelong learning as a mediating process where knowledge is exchanged and where reciprocation takes place in a way that respects other people’s values and interests.
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Odenstedt, Anders. "Cognition and cultural context : an inquiry into Gadamer's theory of context-dependence /." Umeå : Dept. of Philosophy and Linguistics, Umeå Univ, 2001. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0704/2002487234.html.

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Cummins, O. C. A. "Theory of mind, context processing and schizotypy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445405/.

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C. Frith (1992) proposed that the clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia could be explained by varying degrees of impairment in theory of mind (ToM). The development of this model is briefly traced with reference to the literature on autism and the empirical evidence discussed. Context processing deficits and their relationship to impaired ToM in autism are then introduced. Parallels with schizophrenia are explored with regards to the primacy and modularity of impaired ToM in schizophrenia. It is tentatively concluded that ToM is a social-cognitive form of context processing and that ToM impairments in schizophrenia reflect more general impairments in the co-ordination of contextually related information (Phillips & Silverstein, 2003). Difficulties with clinical populations are noted and the need for further research exploring relations between context processing and ToM using the schizotypy paradigm recommended.
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Books on the topic "The Theory of Reliance on Context"

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Tierney, John. Criminology: Theory and context. 3rd ed. Longman, 2009.

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Bix, Brian. Jurisprudence: Theory and context. 2nd ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 1999.

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Bix, Brian. Jurisprudence: Theory and context. Carolina Academic Press, 2015.

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Bix, Brian. Jurisprudence: Theory and context. 3rd ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 2003.

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Bix, Brian. Jurisprudence: Theory and context. 2nd ed. Carolina Academic Press, 1999.

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Bix, Brian. Jurisprudence: Theory and context. Sweet & Maxwell/Thomson Reuters, 2015.

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Tierney, John. Criminology: Theory and context. 2nd ed. Pearson Longman, 2006.

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Bix, Brian. Jurisprudence: Theory and context. 2nd ed. Sweet & Maxwell, 1999.

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Bix, Brian. Jurisprudence: Theory and context. Westview Press, 1996.

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Flower, Linda. Cognition, context, and theory building. Center for the Study of Writing, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "The Theory of Reliance on Context"

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Biermann, Isabelle, and Brigitte Rozoy. "Reliable generalized and context dependent commutation relations." In TAPSOFT '97: Theory and Practice of Software Development. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0030594.

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Byer, Amanda. "Locke and the Homogenisation of the Landscape." In Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31994-5_3.

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AbstractThis chapter examines John Locke’s contributions to the property discourse in the context of the first hallmark of property, individuality. A legal geographical analysis of his Two Treatises is employed to show how Locke’s focus on the individual and the labour theory of value required a reductionist understanding of the commons and communal land use. Locke’s influences from improvement philosophy and his role in the colonial administration of North America are also discussed in relation to his understanding of land. The chapter addresses the consequences of perceiving locally developed concepts of common land as empty space or wasteland. Property’s association with individual liberty in Anglo-American law is reinterpreted in light of its reliance on and extraction from complex Indigenous landscapes.
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Burns, Lorna. "World Literature and the Problem of Postcolonialism." In The Work of World Literature. ICI Berlin Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-19_03.

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This essay identifies in the materialist strand of world literature theory, especially Pascale Casanova and the Warwick Research Collective, a reliance upon a priori structures (the world-system) and prioritisation of the literary registration of inequality. By contrast, I contend, world-literary critics who wish to maintain the dissident spirit of postcolonialism ought to demonstrate a shared equality. By reference to the philosophies of Bruno Latour, Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Rancière, this essay sets out the case for an alternative to world-systems critique: one that maintains literature’s potential for creating new forms of resistance, dissent, and, crucially, equality.
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Ballmer, Thomas T. "Context and Context Change." In Research in Text Theory. DE GRUYTER, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110862126.317.

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Walter, Nigel. "Context." In Narrative Theory in Conservation. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429427183-1.

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Sippu, Seppo, and Eljas Soisalon-Soininen. "Context-free Languages." In Parsing Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61345-6_4.

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Parker, Ian. "Theory." In Psychoanalysis, Clinic and Context. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429031991-15.

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Zahnd, Alexander. "Theory and Context." In The Role of Renewable Energy Technology in Holistic Community Development. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03989-3_2.

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Allen, Michael H. "Theory and Context." In Globalization, Negotiation, and the Failure of Transformation in South Africa. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403983077_2.

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Mielke, Fabrice. "Theory and Context." In Schriften zur Unternehmensentwicklung. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33202-0_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "The Theory of Reliance on Context"

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Barker, Richard, Joshua Owen, Richard C. Woollam, et al. "Unravelling Surfactant Partitioning: Part 1 – Fundamental Theory and Modelling of Single and Multi-component Surfactant Distribution Responses." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20882.

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Abstract The application of corrosion inhibitors are fundamental to the safe and reliable operation of carbon steel infrastructure, presenting one of the most cost effective methods of internal pipeline corrosion control when deployed correctly. Despite decades of application in the oil and gas industry, a number of gaps remain in relation to our fundamental understanding of the performance of inhibitors. This is particularly true in the context of partitioning, and more so when the system under consideration comprises multiple surfactants. Part 1 of this two-part paper provides a detailed insight into the fundamentals of surfactant partitioning. Initially, the role of micellization in influencing single surfactant partitioning/distribution behavior between oil and brine is discussed, providing theoretical explanations for single surfactant system responses. The complexity of the systems examined increases with consideration extending to multi-surfactant environments, accompanied by discussion of idealized theoretical behavior. Subsequently, an idealized model to predict multi-component distribution responses between oil and brine is presented. To explore the model’s capabilities, experimental partitioning and micellization data collected from previous studies for two benzyl ammonium chloride corrosion inhibitors (BAC-C12 and BAC-C16) is integrated into the model. Such integration permits investigation into the effect of surfactant concentrations, relative surfactant molar ratios and water cut on partitioning/distribution behavior.
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Saleh, Mohammed, Samer Aoudi, Rula Azzawi, et al. "An Analysis of Cybersecurity Mandates in the Context of Digital Reliance within Hybrid IT Models." In 2024 IEEE Annual Congress on Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aiot63253.2024.00041.

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Matsuura, Takashi, and Seiko Shirasaka. "Model for Trust and Reliance on Technology: Exploring the Relationship Between Trustor, Trustee, and Context." In 2024 16th IIAI International Congress on Advanced Applied Informatics (IIAI-AAI). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iiai-aai63651.2024.00085.

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Rahimof, Y., I. A. Nechepurenko, M. R. Mahani, and A. Wicht. "Coupled Mode Theory Fitting of Bragg Grating Spectra Obtained with 3D FDTD Method." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2024.jth2a.208.

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This study focuses on accurately fit of the main and side lobes of reflectance obtained through precise 3D FDTD simulations using coupled-mode-theory. This approach based on surrogate modeling reduces the reliance on time-consuming FDTD simulations.
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Kan, Kevin C., and Greg A. Jamieson. "Ecological Interface Design for a Water Monitoring Decision Aid." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82648.

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In joint human-automation systems, operators must often supervise the automation and adapt their reliance upon it based on judgments of its context-specific reliability. For this to occur, operators should trust the automation appropriately. In the design of a water monitoring decision aid’s display, Ecological Interface Design was used to satisfy design guidelines for supporting appropriate trust. Display evaluation focused on a graphic form that made the aid’s use of the Dempster-Shafer theory directly perceptible. The display was evaluated using a signal detection theory-based approach that measured reliance on automation. Results indicated that the ecological display yielded less appropriate reliance and poorer performance than a conventional display for a highly reliable decision aid. However, the experimental task prevented participants from adapting to the aid’s context-specific reliabilities, reducing the degree to which reliance behaviour could be studied. A subsequent study is proposed to further study the effects of ecological displays on automation reliance.
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Markus, Antonia, Lea Marleen Daling, Esther Borowski, and Ingrid Isenhardt. "FULL PAPER ONLY: Investigating the Impact of Confidence Scores in AI-based Decision Support Systems on Decision Quality and Reliance in Work Contexts." In 2025 Intelligent Human Systems Integration. AHFE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005825.

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Due to the rising demands in work contexts, for example shortage of skilled workers and the increasing complexity of work environments and decision-making context, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) -based decision support systems, is increasing. These interactions differ in several ways from interactions with AI in leisure contexts:For example, in work contexts, individuals make decisions for which they are held accountable. In contrast, when using AI in leisure contexts, the consequences of an incorrect decision may not reflect them in a professional way. Also, because individuals are experts in their respective fields, they tend to be more critical of using AI-based assistance systems in work context. Furthermore, using AI in leisure contexts is voluntary, attracting individuals who are interested in and familiar with such systems. In contrast, the use of AI systems in work contexts is often mandatory, requiring even those who are less interested and of differently competent in using AI systems to engage with them. This raises the question of how to best support individuals in work contexts where they have a high need for assistance but may be the most critical of new systems and have diverse competency levels in dealing with AI.One opportunity to support users of AI-based systems is to assist in the interpretation and critical evaluation of the output of the systems. A promising approach in this regard is the communication of uncertainty through confidence scores. These scores aid end users in interpreting the output by conveying the level of certainty of the AI recommendation. Ultimately, this approach aims to achieve a realistic calibration of trust in the system.Many studies in this field do not sufficiently consider the specific characteristics of work contexts and focus on artificially constructed decision-making situations that are not transferable to professional settings. Often, these studies involve binary decision scenarios, such as distinguishing between sick and healthy in medicine. However, in practice individuals are confronted with not only binary but also multidimensional decision situationsThe present paper addresses this gap by designing an empirical study that investigates how uncertainty communication, in the form of confidence scores, affects decision quality, reliance in the AI system, and perceived task load in the context of a multidimensional decision-making situation at work. The paper presents the current state of literature and derives hypotheses related to these questions, discusses the requirements for the experimental design, and finally addresses these through deriving a specific study design.This research aims to provide valuable insight for both academics and practitioners engaged in the interaction of human and AI-based decision support systems, their collaboration, and implementation in the practice.
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Choi, SooAn, and YoungSoon Kim. "A LIFE-HISTORY CASE STUDY ON SELF-RELIANCE EXPERIENCE OF DIVORCED MIGRANT WOMEN." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end064.

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This study aims to examine the life history of migrant women who have experienced divorce in a socio-cultural context. Five people participated in the study, and they have been living in self-reliance support facilities since their divorce. They were selected from interviews on the life history of 80 married migrant women, which were funded by the Korea Research Foundation from 2017 to 2019. The method of research is a life-historical case study. The results of the study are as follow; first, their marriage was to escape gender hierarchy and poverty in their home country. Therefore, it was confirmed that marriage migration took place within the transnational trend of feminization of migration. Second, self-reliance support facilities provide strong social support for divorced migrant women. As a result, it works as an important space that allows them to escape from voluntary self-exclusion and explore new subjectivity. Suggestions of the implications are as follow; the social support from self-reliance support facilities after divorce is a driving factor that is the subjective and active effort of single-parent migrant women. Discussions should continue that those who are free from the spouses of the people can live as practical and public citizens of Korean society.
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Mendis, K. S. L., K. G. A. S. Waidyasekara, and S. S. C. Ginthotavidana. "A HYBRID SOLAR-WIND ENERGY GENERATION APPROACH FOR SRI LANKA." In Beyond sustainability reflections across spaces. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2021.18.

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The escalation of global energy demand has enhanced the interest on renewable energy technologies worldwide. The reliance of a single energy source has become problematic, and hybrid renewable energy technology has been identified as a feasible solution. Producing energy to limitless increasing demand is a challenging issue faced by Sri Lanka nowadays. Although, there are some studies carried out for renewable energy systems, solar-wind based hybrid renewable systems is an understudied area in Sri Lankan context. Hence, this paper aims to explore the applicability of hybrid solar-wind renewable energy generation approach for Sri Lanka. The study follows a qualitative approach with semi structured interviews from eight industrial experts, and manual content analysis technique was used for data analysis. The paper discussed the current installation practices of solar and wind technologies, applicability of hybrid solar and wind renewable energy systems and national level contribution for hybrid systems. Finally, a validated model was proposed to implement hybrid renewable energy generation systems for Sri Lanka.
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Virzi, Roberto, Matteo Bozzi, Marco Costigliolo, and Maurizio Zani. "Comparison between Rasch analysis and Classical Test Theory for a Physics questionnaire validation." In Eleventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València (edUPV), 2025. https://doi.org/10.4995/head25.2025.20062.

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In academic year 2022/2023 an orientation course was proposed to high school students. The aim of the course was to help students to prepare for an admission test to engineering faculties. In this context, the students took a physics propaedeutical test, and their responses were used to validate the questionnaire by applying the Classical Test Theory. Consequently, a new analysis has been performed using the Rasch model instead. In this paper a comparison between the results of these two different approaches is presented. The outcomes of these methodologies seem to be in a good accordance and the combined use of them can provide more reliable information about either the test and the sample of students. This is particularly important for small samples, such as the one in our analysis.
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Al-dabbagh, Asma. "The Nature of Interpretation in Architectural criticism." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.256.

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The expressive systems in architecture consists of two components: the system of forms and the system of meanings, these systems are linked together by unwritten rules, which are a matrix of correlations / implications that determine any meanings associated with any forms. The designer remains unsure of the possible interpretations of his design, because of the variation in the nature of meaning, discovered by the recipient, and this stems from the variation of reliance on the theory of interpretation in this regard. Many studies of architectural semiology indicate some of these theories; Classical theory believes in the natural meaning, which influenced by form's geometry, Pragmatic theory believes in the common meaning, which stems from the use of form within different contexts and according to social custom. The research attempts to explore the aspects of interpretation adopted by two critics, in order to determine the theory adopted by them, so the designer will be aware to the nature and type of meaning comprehended by viewers. The results showed the adoption of common and inclusive meanings, also showed the variation in the role of architectural Expressions in confirming or multiplying the meaning, influenced by contexts and signal types. The conclusion emphasized the importance of historical references, stylistic trend, and spatial contexts in form interpretation.
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Reports on the topic "The Theory of Reliance on Context"

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Héau, Lauriane, and Kolja Brockmann. Intangible Transfers of Technology and Software: Challenges for the Missile Technology Control Regime. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/hlwp1722.

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Controlling intangible transfers of technology (ITT) and software—including in the context of the Missile Technology Control regime (MTCR)—is a known challenge, but the growth of the NewSpace industry and advances in emerging technologies make it a particularly timely topic. This report explores a series of cases of export control violations and cases where the risk of a possible violation was identified involving missile-related ITT or software. The report also develops a typology of violations and identifies associated compliance challenges. This paper explores some of the key challenges that emerge from the case studies, including the increasing reliance on ITT and software, which have become easier and more common, by companies in the aerospace and NewSpace sectors and their global supply chains. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for the MTCR to strengthen its efforts to address the proliferation risks posed by ITT and software.
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Bwerinofa, Iyleen Judy, Jacob Mahenehene, Makiwa Manaka, et al. Living Through a Pandemic: Competing Covid-19 Narratives in Rural Zimbabwe. Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.058.

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Through a real time analysis of the Covid-19 pandemic across rural Zimbabwe, this Working Paper explores the competing narratives that framed responses and their politics. Based on 20 moments of reflection over two years, together with ongoing document and media analysis and an intensive period of qualitative interviewing, a complex, dynamic story of the pandemic ‘drama’ emerges, which contrasts with snapshot perspectives. Across the period, a science-led public health narrative intersects with a security and control narrative promoted by the state and is countered by a citizens’ narrative that emphasises autonomy, independence, and local innovation. The politics of this contestation over narratives about appropriate pandemic responses are examined over three periods – reflecting different waves of infection – and in relation to two conjunctures – an early, strict lockdown and the rollout of vaccines. Different narratives gain ascendancy and overlap at different times, but a local citizen-led narrative emerges strongly in the context of heavy-handed lockdowns, inadequate state capacity, and struggles around rural livelihoods. The pandemic has reshaped relationships between the state and citizens in important ways, with self-reliance rooted in local resilience central to local pandemic responses.
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van den Boogaard, Vanessa, and Najibullah Nor Isak. The Political Economy of Taxation in Somalia: Historical Legacies, Informal Institutions, and Political Settlements. Institute of Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.118.

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This paper investigates the political economy of weak taxation in Somalia, tracing the historical, institutional, and political factors that underpin the country’s low tax-to-GDP ratio of approximately 2 per cent. Challenging conventional narratives that attribute Somalia’s weak tax capacity solely to state collapse and conflict, the study situates contemporary challenges within a broader historical context of pre- and post-colonial governance structures, reliance on trade taxes, and institutionalised informality. Drawing on qualitative data from the federal government and states and comparative insights from Somaliland, the paper examines how fragmented tax authority, elite bargains, and informal tax negotiations hinder centralised tax systems. It highlights the role of political settlements in shaping the state’s limited capacity and willingness to tax, with elites enjoying limited enforcement of tax laws in exchange for their role in maintaining political stability and support. The analysis argues that technocratic tax reforms often fail in conflict-affected states due to their inability to address underlying power dynamics and informal institutions. Instead, it advocates for politically-aligned reforms that account for entrenched elite interests and historical legacies. By contextualising Somalia’s taxation challenges within a political settlement framework, the study contributes to broader debates on state-building, revenue mobilisation, and governance in fragile states.
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Burton, Simon. The Path to Safe Machine Learning for Automotive Applications. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2023023.

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&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Recent rapid advancement in machine learning (ML) technologies have unlocked the potential for realizing advanced vehicle functions that were previously not feasible using traditional approaches to software development. One prominent example is the area of automated driving. However, there is much discussion regarding whether ML-based vehicle functions can be engineered to be acceptably safe, with concerns related to the inherent difficulty and ambiguity of the tasks to which the technology is applied. This leads to challenges in defining adequately safe responses for all possible situations and an acceptable level of residual risk, which is then compounded by the reliance on training data.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Path to Safe Machine Learning for Automotive Applications&lt;/b&gt; discusses the challenges involved in the application of ML to safety-critical vehicle functions and provides a set of recommendations within the context of current and upcoming safety standards. In summary, the potential of ML will only be unlocked for safety-related functions if the inevitable uncertainties associated with both the specification and performance of the trained models can be sufficiently well understood and controlled within the application-specific context.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"&gt;Click here to access the full SAE EDGE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"&gt; Research Report portfolio.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Chivers, Melanie, and Howie Jess. EXPLORING RESEARCHERS' VIEWS ON METRICS AND RESEARCH IMPACT INTERNAL REPORT. The University of Waikato Library, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15663/uow.ort01.

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Research excellence is a goal that universities and researchers alike strive for, but how do we identify and measure research excellence? Do quantitative metrics demonstrate the impact that researchers are aiming for? This report details the results of an exploratory case study investigating how researchers responded to a range of quantitative metrics. As a part of their approach, the project team interviewed thirteen academic staff at the University of Waikato across a range of disciplines. A thematic analysis of the interviews was carried out, bringing to light eight dominant themes from the participants’ discussions: • No one-size fits all - impact and excellence varies greatly across disciplines and matter more to some disciplines than others • Lack of understanding of metrics and reliance on h-index • Metrics are subjective and can be gamed • A general nervousness around metrics or disdain, especially for Altmetrics • Cultural considerations and the importance of the collective • Disconnect between what they value and what they think their peers value • Publishing decisions are driven by a diverse range of factors • Varying levels of importance in getting research out into the public including OA This paper argues that metrics can be used as a tool for researchers, but should be understood in the context of non-quantitative measures. Metrics alone cannot determine how impactful a researcher’s contribution may be. It is important for researchers to be recognised as individuals in order for them to tell the story of their work. This will require upskilling both for researchers and those who evalu-ate research.
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Moreno, Neil Irwin. The Role of Services in Global Value Chains: Assessing the Servicification of Philippine Manufacturing Industries. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2024.39.

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The emergence of global value chains (GVCs) in recent years has highlighted the increasing reliance of manufacturing industries on services. Manufacturing firms have intensively used service inputs, performed in-house service activities, and sold services embedded in or bundled with goods. Considered a services economy, the Philippines could leverage services to develop a competitive manufacturing sector and strengthen GVC integration. This study assessed the servicification of the Philippine manufacturing sector in the context of trade and GVCs. Using trade in value added data, evidence shows that the contribution of services to Philippine manufacturing exports has been on par with that of regional neighbors; however, Philippine manufacturing has had weak linkages with modern services, such as ICT and business services. Based on establishment surveys and censuses, Philippine manufacturing firms extensively use service inputs, but R&amp;D activities and the sale of services have been less common. The relationship between servicification and export participation was estimated, revealing that the sale of industrial services, utilization of transport services, and employing R&amp;D personnel were associated with a higher probability of exporting. Drawing from the empirical findings, there is a need to develop the country’s modern services sectors and strengthen their linkages with manufacturing industries. Promoting R&amp;D and innovation among firms could also enhance capabilities, making them competitive in entering export markets. Moreover, firms looking to export could benefit from potential reductions in transport and logistics costs brought about by the streamlining of transport regulations and procedures.
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Wachter, Jessica, and Michael Jacob Kahana. A Retrieved-Context Theory Of Financial Decisions. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26200.

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Weatherington, Mark E. The Contest with Context: Theory and Military Innovation. Defense Technical Information Center, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada539944.

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McCarthy, Sean T., Aneesa Motala, Emily Lawson, and Paul G. Shekelle. Prevention in Adults of Transmission of Infection With Multidrug-Resistant Organisms. Rapid Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepc_mhs4mdro.

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Objectives. This rapid review summarizes literature for patient safety practices intended to prevent and control the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Methods. We followed rapid review processes of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program. We searched PubMed to identify eligible systematic reviews from 2011 to May 2023 and primary studies published from 2011 to May 2023, supplemented by targeted gray literature searches. We included literature that addressed patient safety practices intending to prevent or control transmission of MDROs which were implemented in hospitals and nursing homes and that included clinical outcomes of infection or colonization with MDROs as well as unintended consequences such as mental health effects and noninfectious adverse healthcare-associated outcomes. The protocol for the review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023444973). Findings. Our search retrieved 714 citations, of which 42 articles were eligible for review. Systematic reviews, which were primarily of observational studies, included a wide variety of infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, including universal gloving, contact isolation precautions, adverse effects of patient isolation, patient and/or staff cohorting, room decontamination, patient decolonization, IPC practices specifically in nursing homes, features of organizational culture to facilitate implementation of IPC practices and the role of dedicated IPC staff. While systematic reviews were of good or fair quality, strength of evidence for the conclusions was always low or very low, due to reliance on observational studies. Decolonization strategies showed some benefit in certain populations, such as nursing home patients and patients discharging from acute care hospitalization. Universal gloving showed a small benefit in the intensive care unit. Contact isolation targeting patients colonized or infected with MDROs showed mixed effects in the literature and may be associated with mental health and noninfectious (e.g., falls and pressure ulcers) adverse effects when compared with standard precautions, though based on before/after studies in which such precautions were ceased. There was no significant evidence of benefit for patient cohorting (except possibly in outbreak settings), automated room decontamination or cleaning feedback protocols, and IPC practices in long-term settings. Infection rates may be improved when IPC practices are implemented in the context of certain logistical and staffing characteristics including a supportive organizational culture, though again strength of evidence was low. Dedicated infection prevention staff likely improve compliance with other patient safety practices, though there is little evidence of their downstream impact on rates of infection. Conclusions. Selected infection prevention and control interventions had mixed evidence for reducing healthcare-associated infection and colonization by multidrug resistant organisms. Where these practices did show benefit, they often had evidence that applied only to certain subpopulations (such as intensive care unit patients), though overall strength of evidence was low.
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Journeay, M., J. Z. K. Yip, C. L. Wagner, P. LeSueur, and T. Hobbs. Social vulnerability to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330295.

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While we are exposed to the physical effects of natural hazard processes, certain groups within a community often bear a disproportionate share of the negative consequences when a disaster strikes. This study addresses questions of why some places and population groups in Canada are more vulnerable to natural hazard processes than others, who is most likely to bear the greatest burden of risk within a given community or region, and what are the underlying factors that disproportionally affect the capacities of individuals and groups to withstand, cope with, and recover from the impacts and downstream consequences of a disaster. Our assessment of social vulnerability is based on principles and analytic methods established as part of the Hazards of Place model (Hewitt et al., 1971; Cutter, 1996), and a corresponding framework of indicators derived from demographic information compiled as part of the 2016 national census. Social determinants of hazard threat are evaluated in the context of backbone patterns that are associated with different types of human settlement (i.e., metropolitan, rural, and remote), and more detailed patterns of land use that reflect physical characteristics of the built environment and related functions that support the day-to-day needs of residents and businesses at the community level. Underlying factors that contribute to regional patterns of social vulnerability are evaluated through the lens of family structure and level of community connectedness (social capital); the ability of individuals and groups to take actions on their own to manage the outcomes of unexpected hazard events (autonomy); shelter conditions that will influence the relative degree of household displacement and reliance on emergency services (housing); and the economic means to sustain the requirements of day-to-day living (e.g., shelter, food, water, basic services) during periods of disruption that can affect employment and other sources of income (financial agency). Results of this study build on and contribute to ongoing research and development efforts within Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) to better understand the social and physical determinants of natural hazard risk in support of emergency management and broader dimensions of disaster resilience planning that are undertaken at a community level. Analytic methods and results described in this study are made available as part of an Open Source platform and provide a base of evidence that will be relevant to emergency planners, local authorities and supporting organizations responsible for managing the immediate physical impacts of natural hazard events in Canada, and planners responsible for the integration of disaster resilience principles into the broader context of sustainable land use and community development at the municipal level.
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