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1
Bashkatov, Aleksandr, Roman Zasedatelev, and Evgeniy Sumerkin. Computer programs in the electric power industry. Workshop. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1048798.
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The workshop consists of two chapters. The first one is basic, in the form of 10 works aimed at studying primary-level application programs. The second-extended-contains guidelines for seven works with software complexes (systems "Electric", DIALux) and a description of the application of programs for project purposes (calculation of the crossbar, sPlan, "1-2-3 Scheme", etc.). Along with the practical section, each topic includes reference and information support in the form of theoretical material. The papers contain basic information about the operations performed with mandatory references to specialized literature, including a review of standard examples and individual tasks in the applications section for monitoring the knowledge gained. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students in the specialty "Power supply (by industry)" when conducting laboratory work on the academic discipline "Electrical Engineering", as well as when solving design problems, during course and diploma design, organizing practices. It can be useful not only for students of electric power specialties, but also for anyone who, by the nature of their activity, is faced with the need to perform calculations of electric networks using a computer.
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Odincov, Boris. Models and intelligent systems. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1060845.
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The monograph consists of three chapters, the first of which outlines the theoretical foundations of intelligent information systems. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of the term "model" as the intended meaning depends on the understanding of the material. Introduces and examines the new concepts such as the associative and intuitive knowledge while in the creation of intellectual information systems are not used. 
 The second Chapter contains the analysis of problems of development of artificial intelligence (AI), developed in two directions: classical and statistical. Discusses difficulties in the development of the classical approach, associated with identifying the meaning of words, phrases, text, and formulating thoughts. The analysis of problems arising in the play of imagination and insight, machine understanding of natural language texts, play, verbalization and reflection. 
 The third Chapter contains examples of the development of intelligent information systems and technologies in practice of management of economic objects. Theoretical bases of construction of information robots designed to support the task hierarchy of the knowledge base and generating control regulations. The technology of their creation and application in the management of the business efficiency of enterprise business processes and its investment activities. 
 Focused on researchers and developers, AI and intelligent information systems, as well as graduate students and faculty in related academic disciplines.
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Schnell, Alexander. Phenomenology and German Idealism. Edited by Dan Zahavi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755340.013.4.
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The thesis of this chapter consists in putting forward the idea that, from the point of view of their speculative foundation, the works of the founding fathers of phenomenology (Husserl and Heidegger) admit of a unity, the nature of which is clarified by certain crucial contributions from German idealism. The perspective that the author is concerned to develop consists in attempting to show that, if phenomenology is understood as a transcendental philosophy, then to grasp its meaning, recourse to German idealism is unavoidable. To this end, the author examines the two “fundamental bases,” which amount to an epistemological and an ontological perspective; and he sketches how, from a perspective that draws “metaphysical” conclusions from these phenomenological analyses, these two parts can be understood as belonging to a single project. The essential objective will thus consist in showing how the concept of the transcendental in phenomenology relies on classical transcendental idealisms.
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Gannagé, Emma. The Rise of. Edited by Khaled El-Rouayheb and Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917389.013.2.
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On First Philosophy is the most emblematic work of Abū Yūsuf Ya‛qūb b. Isḥāq al-Kindī’s (ca. 801–ca. 870) surviving treatises. Aiming primarily to prove the oneness of God, the surviving part of the treatise consists of four chapters that form a consistent unit. The chapter provides a close reading of and commentary on the four chapters and shows how the texts unfold by following a very tight argument leading to the thesis toward which the whole treatise seems to aim: the true One, who is the principle of unity and hence the principle of existence of all beings, on the one hand, and the absolutely transcendent God, which can be approached only through a negative theology, on the other, are one and the same principle. In the meantime, al-Kindī would have demonstrated the noneternity of the world and shown the impossibility of finding sheer unity in the sensible world.
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Chalabi, Azadeh. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822844.003.0001.
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This book deals with human rights action planning from theoretical, doctrinal, empirical, and practical perspectives. It is structured into four parts and seven chapters. The first part is composed of two chapters that advance a novel general theory of human rights planning including four sub-theories. The second part, which contains two chapters, presents the results of a content analysis of all the nine core human rights conventions revealing the scope and nature of the obligation of the states to adopt a plan of action for implementing human rights. The third part, including one chapter, provides the empirical findings of a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries exploring the major problems of these plans in different phases of planning and uncovering the underlying causes of these problems. The last part, which consists of two chapters, examines both national and supra-national human rights governance, setting out how these plans should be best developed, implemented, monitored, and how to maximize their effectiveness both at the national and international level.
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Clarke, Eric F., and Mark Doffman. Introduction and overview. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199355914.003.0001.
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The Western art music stereotype, or perhaps caricature, of the remote composer handing down monolithic and authoritative scores to obedient performers whose role is faithfully to convert the notation into sound has been challenged by a number of developments in twentieth- and twenty-first-century music. In this introduction, the editors discuss some of the consequences of an increased focus on collaboration and improvisation in contemporary music, and the value and limits of recent writing on these two contested terms. The second half of the chapter consists of an overview of the thirteen chapters and twelve Interventions that make up the volume, drawing attention to some of the connections and continuities between the individual chapters, and between the three broad parts within which they are organized.
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Dolman, Han. Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779308.001.0001.
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This book describes the interaction of the main biogeochemical cycles of the Earth and the physics of climate. It takes the perspective of Earth as an integrated system and provides examples of both changes in the current climate and those in the geological past. The first three chapters offer a general introduction to the context of the book, outlining the climate system as a complex interplay between biogeochemistry and physics and describing the tools available for understanding climate: observations and models. These chapters describe the basics of the system, the rates and magnitudes and the crucial aspects of biogeochemical cycles needed to understand their functioning. The second part of the book consists of four chapters that describe the physics required to understand the interaction of the climate with biogeochemistry and change. These chapters describe the physics of radiation, and that of the atmosphere, ocean circulation and thermodynamics. The interaction of aerosols with radiation and clouds is addressed in an additional chapter. The third part of the book deals with Earth’s (bio)geochemical cycles. These chapters focus on the stocks and fluxes of the main reservoirs of Earth’s biogeochemical cycles—atmosphere, land and ocean—and their role in the cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur and water, as well as their interactions with climate. The final two chapters describe possible mitigation and adaptation actions, in relation to recent climate agreements, but always with an emphasis on the biogeochemical aspects.
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Mendelovici, Angela. Goals and Methodology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863807.003.0002.
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This chapter introduces the goals that will structure much subsequent discussion, as well as two theory-independent ways of knowing about intentionality. The overall goal of the book is to provide a theory of intentionality, which is a theory that describes the deep nature of intentionality—i.e., what it really is, metaphysically speaking. However, much of the discussion in later chapters is structured around the more modest goal of providing a theory that specifies what gives rise to actual instances of original intentionality. In order to meet this goal, it is helpful to have a theory-independent way of testing the predictions of competing theories of intentionality. This chapter proposes two such ways: (1) introspection and (2) consideration of psychological role. Importantly, these methods tell us which contents we represent, not what they consists of. In other words, they tell us about the superficial character of intentional states and contents, not their deep natures.
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Madsen, Erik Strøjer, Jens Gammelgaard, and Bersant Hobdari, eds. New Developments in the Brewing Industry. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854609.001.0001.
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Institutions and ownership play a central role in the transformation and development of the beer market and the brewing industry. Institutions set the external environment of the brewery through both formal requirements and informal acceptance of these companies’ operations by the public, whereas the owners and their managers adapt to these external challenges but also follow their own agenda in setting up strategies for innovation, marketing, takeovers, etc. The 13 chapters in this book cover changes in a range of institutions, such as excise tax, zoning regulation, trade liberalization, consumers’ habits and tastes for beer and sales regulation of alcohol. The responses from the breweries has included a craft beer revolution with a surge in demand for special flowered hops, a globalization strategy from the macrobreweries, outsourcing by contract brewing and knowledge exchange for small-sized breweries, etc. The book consists of two parts. The first includes chapters primarily focusing on institutions, whereas the chapters in the second part take mainly an ownership perspective. The book’s contribution lies primarily in an analysis of the link between institutions and governance, pointing to how the most successful breweries have adapted to the external changes in institutions in the brewery sector.
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Huber, Franz. Belief and Counterfactuals. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199976119.001.0001.
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This book is the first of two volumes on belief and counterfactuals. It consists of six of a total of eleven chapters. The first volume is concerned primarily with questions in epistemology and is expository in parts. Among other theories, it provides an accessible introduction to belief revision and ranking theory. Ranking theory specifies how conditional beliefs should behave. It does not tell us why they should do so nor what they are. This book fills these two gaps. The consistency argument tells us why conditional beliefs should obey the laws of ranking theory by showing them to be the means to attaining the end of holding true and informative beliefs. The conditional theory of conditional belief tells us what conditional beliefs are by specifying their nature in terms of non-conditional belief and counterfactuals. In addition, the book contains several novel arguments, accounts, and applications. These include an argument for the thesis that there are only hypothetical imperatives and no categorical imperatives; an account of the instrumentalist understanding of normativity, or rationality, according to which one ought to take the means to one’s ends; as well as solutions to the problems of conceptual belief change, logical learning, and learning conditionals. A distinctive feature of the book is its unifying methodological approach: means-end philosophy. Means-end philosophy takes serious that philosophy is a normative discipline, and that philosophical problems are entangled with each other. It also explains the importance of logic to philosophy, without being a technical theory itself.
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Pioske, Daniel. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190649852.003.0001.
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The intent of this introduction is to signpost how the various studies of this book unfold. The thread that binds the chapters that follow consists of two questions: what did the biblical scribes know about the past referred to in their narratives? And how did they come to know it? This work responds to these questions by triangulating biblical references with a wider constellation of archaeological evidence unearthed from the era in which the biblical stories are set, thus enabling us to examine the relationship between the past attested by these archaeological remains and that past represented within the biblical writings. What comes to light through this manner of investigation, this study argues, are meaningful details concerning the past knowledge made available to Hebrew scribes through information handed down to them, including insights into the underlying frameworks and modes of knowing that would have made narrating a past in prose writing possible.
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Hunter, Mark C. Policing the Seas. Liverpool University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973893465.001.0001.
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This journal explores the British and American attempts to suppress both piracy and slavery in the equatorial Atlantic in the period 1816 to 1865. It aims to demonstrate the pivotal role of naval policy in defining the Anglo-American relationship. It defines the equatorial Atlantic as the region encompassing the coastal zones of the Gulf of Mexico, Central America, Northern Brazil, and the African coast from Cape Verde to the south of the Congo River. It explores the use of sea power by both nations in pursuit of their goals, and the Anglo-American naval relations during this relatively co-operative period. At its core, it argues that naval activities result from national interests - in this instance protecting commerce and furthering economic objectives, a source of tension between America and Britain during the period. It confirms that the two nations were neither allies nor enemies during the period, yet learnt to co-exist non-violently through their strategic use of sea power during peacetime. The journal consists of an introductory chapter, eight chapters of analysis, and a select bibliography.
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Cloonan, William. Frères Ennemis. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941329.001.0001.
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Frères Ennemis focuses on Franco-American tensions as portrayed in works of literature. An Introduction is followed by nine chapters, each centred on a French or American literary text which shows the evolution/devolution of the relations between the two nations at a particular point in time. While the heart of the analysis consists of close textual readings, social, cultural and political contexts are introduced to provide a better understanding of the historical reality influencing the individual novels, a reality to which these novels are also responding. Chapters One through Five, covering a period from the mid-1870s to the end of the Cold War, discuss significant aspects of the often fraught relationship in part from the theoretical perspective of Roland Barthes’ theory of modern myth, described in his Mythologies. Barthes’ theory helps situate Franco-American tensions in a paradigmatic structure, which remains supple enough to allow for shifts and reversals within the paradigm. Subsequent chapters explore new French attitudes toward the powerful, potentially dominant influence of American culture on French life. In these sections I argue that recent French fiction displays more openness to the American experience than has existed in the past, and contrast this overture to the new with the relatively static, even indifferent attitude of American writers toward French literature.
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Janzen, Olaf Uwe. War and Trade in Eighteenth-Century Newfoundland. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781927869024.001.0001.
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The final journal in the Research in Maritime History series offers a selection of papers by Olaf U. Janzen concerning the maritime history of eighteenth-century Newfoundland, reprinted from various publications and assembled here in chronological order. It explores themes of imperial dominance expressed by both the British and French empires in the struggle for sovereignty that ensconced the two nations. The Newfoundland fishery in the wake of the Treaty of Utrecht was also source of tension between British and French fishermen due to the fishery’s lucrative status. In attempt to integrate Newfoundland’s maritime history into the wider context of the North Atlantic world it examines the struggles of France as their maritime trade went into decline; the dominance of the British Royal Navy on the Atlantic Ocean; the struggle of indigenous Canadians to migrate to Newfoundland; and the efforts of America during the War of Independence to target the fishery when vulnerable. It consists of an introduction, twelve chapters exploring pertinent themes, and an appendix containing reprinted oil paintings of British artist Francis Holman depicting a naval engagement of 7-8 July 1777 involving numerous vessels.
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MacKenzie, Judith-Anne, and Aruna Nair. Textbook on Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198809586.001.0001.
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Course-focused and comprehensive, Textbook on Land Law continues to provide an interesting, accessible, and original account of contemporary land law. The seventeenth edition builds upon the book’s unique and straightforward approach. Using a fictional case study to illustrate the key principles of land law, the chapters demonstrate the real-life applications of a subject students often find very abstract, while clarifying complex areas and common points of confusion. The book consists of seven parts. Part I provides an introduction to estates and interests in land. Part II looks at the acquisition of estates in land. Part III considers the two legal estates of freehold and leasehold, and in particular looks in detail at the obligations in a leasehold estate, their enforcement and remedies for their breach. Part IV looks at trusts and proprietary estoppel. Part V is about licences and a review of the law relating to the family home. The next part considers third party rights, including mortgages, and the final part concludes with a consideration of the definition of ‘land’.
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MacKenzie, Judith-Anne, and Aruna Nair. Textbook on Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198839828.001.0001.
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Course-focused and comprehensive, Textbook on Land Law continues to provide an interesting, accessible, and original account of contemporary land law. The eighteenth edition builds upon the book’s unique and straightforward approach. Using a fictional case study to illustrate the key principles of land law, the chapters demonstrate the real-life applications of a subject students often find very abstract, while clarifying complex areas and common points of confusion. The book consists of seven parts. Part I provides an introduction to estates and interests in land. Part II looks at the acquisition of estates in land. Part III considers the two legal estates of freehold and leasehold, and in particular looks in detail at the obligations in a leasehold estate, their enforcement and remedies for their breach. Part IV looks at trusts and proprietary estoppel. Part V is about licences and a review of the law relating to the family home. The next part considers third party rights, including mortgages, and the final part concludes with a consideration of the definition of ‘land’.
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Toymentsev, Sergei, ed. ReFocus: The Films of Andrei Tarkovsky. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474437233.001.0001.
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Despite an output of only 7 feature films in 20 years, Andrei Tarkovsky has had a profound influence on international cinema. Famous for their spiritual depth and incredible visual beauty, his films have gained cult status among cineastes and are often included in ranking polls and charts dedicated to the best movies ever made. Beginning with the late 1980s, Tarkovsky’s highly complex cinema has continuously attracted scholarly attention by generating countless hermeneutic challenges and possibilities for film critics. This book provides a fresh look at the director’s legacy, with critical essays by both world-famous and early-career film scholars. It consists of four parts covering biographical, aesthetic, and philosophical aspects of Tarkovsky’s work as well as tracing his influence on other filmmakers. Part one, entitled ‘Backgrounds’ (chapters one to three), discusses extra-cinematic factors that influenced Tarkovsky’s cinema, such as his biography and theoretical statements. Part two, entitled ‘Film Method’ (chapters four to eight), examines Tarkovsky’s cinematic techniques, including his treatment of film genre, documentary style, temporality, landscape, and sound. Part three, ‘Theoretical Approaches’ (chapters nine to thirteen), discusses Tarkovsky’s work in the contexts of psychoanalytical, philosophical, and other theoretical perspectives. The fourth and final part of this volume, ‘Legacy’ (chapters fourteen and fifteen), is dedicated to Tarkovsky’s longstanding influence on such prominent auteurs as Andrei Zvyagintsev and Lars von Trier, who are often hailed as the heirs of the Russian master.
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Hassan, Waïl S. Introduction. Edited by Waïl S. Hassan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.1.
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This book offers a comprehensive survey of Arab novelistic traditions. It consists of forty-two chapters that explore the historical, geographical, and linguistic dimensions of the Arabic novel. It looks at the genesis of the Arabic novel from a fresh perspective, highlighting its deep and diverse roots (Arabic, Persian, Indian, and European sources), as well as its multiple and multilingual traditions. Those traditions of the novel are mapped out historically and geopolitically, in their distinct national contexts, both as an art form and as one of numerous indices of Arab modernity. The book traces the premodern, or precolonial, roots of the Arabic novel, which stretch back centuries within the Arabic literary tradition, and describes its spread outward, geographically and linguistically, to almost every Arab country and in Arab immigrant destinations around the world. It has three parts that focus on continuities with the Arabic and other literary traditions, the Arabic novel in the Arab world and in sub-Saharan Africa, and the development of the Arab Diasporic novel in each country where such a phenomenon exists.
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MacKenzie, Judith-Anne. Textbook on Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198748373.001.0001.
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Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provide an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. Thirty years since it was first published Textbook on Land Law continues to provide an interesting, accessible, and original account of contemporary land law. The sixteenth edition builds upon the book’s unique and straightforward approach. Using a fictional case study to illustrate the key principles of land law, the chapters demonstrate the real-life applications of this often abstract subject, while clarifying complex areas and common points of confusion. The book consists of seven parts. Part I provides an introduction to estates and interests in land. Part II looks at the acquisition of estates in land. Part III considers the two legal estates of freehold and leasehold, and in particular looks in detail at the obligations of a leasehold estate, their enforcement and remedies for their breach. Part IV looks at trusts and proprietary estoppel. Part V is about licences. The next part considers third party rights and the final part concludes with a review of the law relating to the family home, and a consideration of the definition of ‘land’.
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Raitz, Karl. Bourbon's Backroads. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178424.001.0001.
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Part I of this book is a geographic history of Kentucky’s distilling industry, focusing on the nineteenth century. Kentucky distillers have produced alcohol spirits, bourbon, and rye whiskeys for more than two centuries. This part examines the change from craft distilling practiced by farmers and millers to large-scale industrial distilling using mechanized processes and refined production techniques. Some distillers relocated their works away from traditional sites along creeks to rail-side sites, whether in the countryside or in towns. The changeover to commercial-scale distilling was accompanied by increasing government taxation and oversight controls. Mechanized distilleries readily expanded production and increased their demand for labor, grains, cooperage, and copper stills. Improved transportation allowed distillers to obtain grains and equipment from more distant sources, while also allowing them to distribute their products to national and international markets. A by-product of industrial production was spent grains, or slop,which was disposed of primarily by feeding it to livestock. The nineteenth-century temperance movement eventually led to national Prohibition, which was in effect from 1920 to 1933. A small number of distillers survived by making medicinal whiskey. Part II consists of three chapters that outline the concentration of industrial distilling in the Inner and Outer Bluegrass regions as well as in Ohio Valley cities.
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Kondrakiewicz, Dariusz. Prognozowanie i symulacje międzynarodowe. Instytut Europy Środkowej, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/m21580.
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International forecasting and simulation is a study that summarizes research, in a shortened and integrated version. The thematic scope concerns the basic terminology and methodological issues of forecasts and the forecasting process itself, forecasting institutions and the final product, i.e. international forecasts. The main goal is to present and systematize basic knowledge in the field of forecasting in international relations. The book is generally aimed at all those interested in international affairs. However, the author hopes that the publication will also be helpful for researchers and analysts dealing with difficult issues of international forecasting in the field of their scientific research methodologies. The work consists of two parts – theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part includes two chapters. The first chapter begins by discussing the concepts of forecasting and simulation. Next, considerations were made about the place of forecasting in science, pointing out the existing dilemmas in this regard, and also discussed categories, classifications and functions of forecasting and simulation. The second chapter presents the main elements of the forecast and the phases of the forecasting process. Most space was devoted to the presentation of the most important methods of forecasting in international relations, not limiting itself only to discussing them, but also assessing their usefulness for formulating international forecasts. In the third chapter, which is of an empirical nature, the selected forecasting institutions are first discussed according to the division applied into typically research, university, governmental, international and private institutions. This classification is of a contractual nature, but corresponds to the basic functions performed by individual institutions. In the further part of this chapter, the most important – according to the author – ecological, demographic and political forecasts are presented, focusing on discussing the main consequences of their possible implementation for international relations.
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Carriero, John. The Highest Good and Perfection in Spinoza. Edited by Michael Della Rocca. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.013.017.
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According to Spinoza our highest good or highest happiness consists in a special kind of cognition of God. This chapter explicates this now alien conception by tracing its debt to a medieval conception of the visio dei: both Spinoza’s intuitive cognition of God and the medieval visio dei involve grasping God’s essence and seeing how things flow from that essence. Once this is noticed, we can appreciate an underlying unity in Spinoza’s Ethics. In Part I of the Ethics, Spinoza explains God’s essence and shows, at E1p16, how things flow from God’s essence; he thereby provides, in broad outline, the very sort of knowledge that our highest happiness is supposed to consist in. However, commentators have found E1p16 obscure. In the concluding section, this chapter seeks to clarify E1p16, in part, by comparing and contrasting the position Spinoza takes there with Leibniz’s thesis that God creates the best of all possible worlds.
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Atkins, Richard Kenneth. Phenomenological Investigation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190887179.003.0006.
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Phenomenological investigation involves observation, description, analysis, and evaluation. The phenomenologist observes the phaneron, describes it by making judgments about it, analyzes it into its most basic sorts of constituents, and then evaluates whether the analysis is accurate and adequate. Two kinds of analysis are employed in phenomenological investigation: logical analysis and analysis by inspection. The former consists in the application of Peirce’s reduction thesis and in the framing of scientific definitions. The second consists of both direct and indirect inspective analysis. Direct inspective analysis is either organic or attentional. Indirect inspective analysis is either comparational or experimental. Whereas Peirce restricts the sort of inspective analysis involved in phenomenology to direct attentional inspective analysis, he could have extended it to direct organic analysis and indirect comparational analysis.
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Pozdnyakov, Konstantin. Тhe impact of regional investment interaction on economic growth potential of the Russian Federation. Znanie-M, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/00187-043-2.2021.1.234.
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The purpose of the monography is to elaborate the concept of the development of inter-regional investment cooperation by identifying the trends and features of its impact on the economic growth potential of the macro-region. The monography consists of the introduction, three chapters, conclusion and applications, as well as a list of references. The first chapter substantiates theoretical approaches to the essence, conditions and factors of regional development and the content of interregional investment cooperation in the current socio-economic conditions, analyzes the features of institutional design and the mechanisms for regulating regional cooperation for economic growth and development purposes, taking into account the Russian and foreign experience on the example of the European Union. The second chapter, basing on the economic analysis, identifies the trends in the development of the regions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation in terms of emerging macro-regions. A model has been proposed to assess the extent of the region’s economy’s involvement in inter-regional relations, which would allow to determine the dependence of variables such as interregional exchange, investment and gross regional product. Using mathematical modeling tools, the impact of these factors on the growth of the gross regional product of the Central Federal District of Russia, as well as its two regions — Moscow and Belgorod region — was evaluated. The third chapter identifies the prospects for the development of interregional investment cooperation in the Central Black Earth macro-region of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. The concept of developing inter-regional investment cooperation in the macro-region within the framework of the creation of a network of territories ahead of socioeconomic development (PSEDA) has been developed. The mechanism of inter-regional investment cooperation in the framework of the creation and development of the territories ahead of socio-economic development (PSEDA) has been adapted in order to form the points of economic growth in the macro-region. The main text of the monography is laid out on 234 pages and is illustrated with 21 drawings and 40 tables. The monography contains 4 applications. The references list includes 144 units.
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Forster, Michael N. Philosophy of Language. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199588367.003.0002.
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This chapter begins with a consideration of Herder’s best-known thesis in the philosophy of language—that the origins of language are natural rather than divine—but especially emphasizes three theses of much greater relevance today: (1) thought is essentially dependent on and bounded by language; (2) meaning consists in word-usage; and (3) all concepts are rooted in sensations. Theses (1) and (2) essentially founded modern philosophy of language. All three theses play foundational roles in Herder’s hermeneutics and theory of translation. The chapter argues that Herder’s positive arguments for these theses are powerful, and that he also develops sophisticated answers to objections to them based on seeming counterexamples, such as the occurrence of thought and meaning in non-linguistic animals and in non-linguistic art. The chapter concludes with a briefer consideration of additional principles that Herder develops in the philosophy of language, such as that language is fundamentally social in character.
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Başoğlu, Metin, ed. Torture and Its Definition In International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.001.0001.
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This book presents an interdisciplinary approach to the definition of torture by a group of prominent scholars of behavioral sciences, international law, human rights, and public health with internationally recognized expertise and authority in their field. It brings together behavioral science and international law perspectives on torture in an effort to promote a sound theory- and empirical evidence-based legal understanding of torture. The book consists of four parts. The behavioral science perspective in Part I includes a learning theory formulation of torture, which points to “helplessness under the control of others” as a defining element of torture. This formulation entails a contextual/cumulative approach in assessment of “pain or suffering” induced by ill-treatments and a “risk-based” approach in assessment of individual cases to avoid the problem of circularity in a case-by-case approach. Also reviewed are the definitional implications of this formulation for ill-treatments in different contexts, such as domestic violence and adverse conditions of penal confinement. Part II consists of four chapters that present international law perspectives on the definition of torture and highlight the increasingly broader coverage of ill-treatments in contexts beyond official custody. Part III consists of chapters that provide an account of the US experience with torture in the aftermath of 9/11 and discuss definitional issues around “enhanced interrogation techniques.” Part IV consists of a concluding chapter (by the editor) that addresses the comments by international law scholars on the behavioral science perspective on torture and reviews the points of agreement and disagreement between behavioral science and international law perspectives.
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Stanghellini, Giovanni. Personal life-history. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198792062.003.0041.
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This chapter describes the process of progressive decentring of two partners taking part in a dialogue. Phenomenological unfolding is the taking of a third-person perspective on one’s own experiences. The hermeneutic moment consists in position-taking and perspective-taking with respect to one’s own experiences and their meanings. It requires the capacity to distance oneself from one’s own habits in interpreting and understanding the ‘facts’ of one’s own life, and to make of these very habits the object for reflection and for understanding. The psychodynamic moment consists in positing both phenomenological unfolding and hermeneutic analysis in a larger historical context, according great importance to the role of life events, of tradition and prejudice in the development of any form of habitus in interpreting one’s experiences, and of limit-situations in jeopardizing one’s defensive ‘housings’ and showing their vulnerability. This means acknowledging and accepting contingency as the necessity of one’s own story.
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McCleary, Richard, David McDowall, and Bradley J. Bartos. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 introduces three categories of time series designs: descriptive, correlational, and interrupted time series designs. The evolution from a two-validity system to a four-validity system (including internal, external, statistical conclusion, and construct validities) is then described. Situations where the added expense of a time series design is warranted fall into two overlapping categories. The first category consists of situations where the nature of the underlying phenomenon is obscured by trends and cycles. A well-constructed time series model may reveal the nature of the underlying phenomenon. The second category consists of situations where a known intervention and an appropriate control time series are available. In those situations, a well-designed time series experiment can support explicitly causal inferences that are not supported by less expensive before-after designs. The chapter concludes with an outline and summary of the book’s subsequent chapters.
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Vanderschraaf, Peter. Strategic Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199832194.001.0001.
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This work presents a new analysis and evaluation, based upon an original game-theoretic analysis of convention, of the thesis that justice consists of systems of distinguished conventions. This thesis has ancient roots but has never been central in philosophy because convention itself has historically been so poorly understood. Given a sufficiently precise and general analysis of convention, the view that justice at bottom consists of conventions provides cogent answers to two perennial questions: (1) What is justice? (2) Why be just? Conventions are analyzed as correlated equilibria of games where the agents involved have available alternative equilibria. This analysis is sufficiently general to summarize social interactions where the interests of the agents diverge, so that a satisfactory resolution incorporates principles of justice. Agents are in circumstances of justice when (i) their underlying game has multiple optimal conventions they can achieve when all contribute to a cooperative surplus and (ii) each contributor risks being let down if this agent contributes and the others fail to contribute. Necessary and sufficient conditions are proposed for a satisfactory analysis of justice as mutual advantage that characterize justice as a special set of Baseline-Consistent conventions of agents in circumstances of justice. The origins of norms of fairness as the product of salience and inductive learning are explored. The state social contract is analyzed as a self-enforcing governing convention. The Reconciliation Project of demonstrating the compatibility of justice and rational prudence is reevaluated in light of the analysis of convention developed here.
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Kuźmińska, ANNA. Management Challenges in the Era of Globalization. University of Warsaw, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/978-83-65402-94-3.2019.wwz.3.
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The strong point of the volume is its multicultural perspective. The authors come from Poland, Iran, Germany, Ukraine, and Switzerland. In the context of globalization, it is important to look at the variety of managerial issues, from a variety of viewpoints. Hence, the subjects of the chapters touch on a number of problems: leadership, entrepreneurship, knowledge management, stock markets, blockchain technology, and many more. To organize the chapters we loosely grouped them into two main parts. The first consists of empirical papers, the second – literature reviews aimed at discovering and pointing to relevant research gaps worth of further, empirical exploration.
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Selden, Daniel L., and Phiroze Vasunia, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Literatures of the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199699445.001.0001.
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This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs. The Oxford Handbook of the Literatures of the Roman Empire makes a decisive intervention in contemporary scholarship in at least two ways. The principal purpose the volume is to increase awareness and understanding of the multiplicity of literatures that flourished under Roman rule—not only Greek and Latin, but also Hebrew, Syriac, Coptic, Mandaic, etc. Beyond this, the volume also covers a number of literatures (e.g., South Arabian, Pahlavi, Old Ethiopic) which, while strictly independent of Roman imperial domination, nonetheless evolved dialectically in relation to it. Secondly, in presenting this array of different literatures within a single volume, the Handbook aims to facilitate further research into the relationship between literature and empire in the Roman world—an emergent field of increasing importance to such disciplines as classical scholarship, Mediterranean studies, and postcolonialism. No such overview of this material currently exists: accordingly, the volume promises both to clear up numerous understandings about the range and variety of the literary evidence per se, as well as significantly reshape current thinking about the content and character of ‘Roman literature’ as a whole. The Handbook consists of two parts: Part I presents a series of thematic chapters conceived as propaedeutic to Part II, which provides a systematic treatment of the different literatures— arranged by language—that the Roman Empire harboured roughly between the battle of Actium in 31 BCE and the Arab conquest of Egypt in 642 CE. Such a collection has never before appeared within the compass of a single volume: what students and scholars will find here are introductory but expert presentations not only of the major literatures of the of Empire—Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, Coptic—but also of the numerous minor literatures, which have for the most part been heretofore accessible only through the consultation of scattered sources that—outside of world‐class libraries, museums, and special collections—generally prove difficult to find. Since no prior collection of these literatures exists, their very collocation is itself bound to provoke questions.
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Hunt, Luke William. Surveillance and the Rule of Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904999.003.0007.
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Chapter 6 consists of three case studies that represent three models of surveillance in the liberal polity: (1) rule of law surveillance, (2) direct rule of law departure surveillance, and (3) indirect rule of law departure surveillance. Each of these three models is intended to illustrate the extent to which police surveillance is consistent with the basic liberal tenets discussed in the prior chapters—particularly the rule of law and the police’s use of discretion. US cases are used to help draw out these tenets, but the reach of the cases’ underlying principles extends well beyond their locality. This chapter is especially attuned to the way that technological developments have enhanced the police’s capability to engage in discretionary surveillance. The goal of this chapter—like the underlying goal of the book—is to identify the limits of the police’s power given the basic tenets of the liberal polity.
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Franklin, Christopher Evan. Abilities, Opportunities, and Determinism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682781.003.0004.
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This chapter further elaborates the contention that an agent’s free will consists in her possessing abilities and opportunities, specifically the opportunity to exercise her abilities of reflective self-control in more than one way. It is argued that an agent’s abilities nomologically supervene on her intrinsic properties and that her opportunities nomologically supervene on her intrinsic-cum-extrinsic properties. With these analyses in hand, the No Opportunity Argument is given to show that free will and moral accountability are incompatible with determinism because the opportunity to do otherwise is incompatible with determinism. The chapter closes by considering and rejecting two compatibilist counterproposals. The first is the new dispositionalism, which maintains that free will solely consists in an agent’s abilities. The second is Kadri Vihvelin’s account of free will. It is argued that both accounts are implausible as they, unwittingly, imply that addicts and phobics possess free will.
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Bhushan, Nalini, and Jay L. Garfield. Reform Movements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190457594.003.0006.
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This chapter contrasts a number of different accounts of that in which Indian national identity consists that were advanced in the colonial period. It considers criteria of identity based in geography, culture, political history, art and religion, and show how each of these contributed to the development of national consciousness.
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Mayhew, Robert. Aristotle's Lost Homeric Problems. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834564.001.0001.
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This volume consists of a set of studies focused on various aspects of a relatively neglected subject: a lost work of Aristotle entitled Homeric Problems. Most of the evidence for this lost work consists mainly of ‘fragments’ surviving in the Homeric scholia (comments in the margins of the medieval manuscripts of the Homeric epics, mostly coming from lost commentaries on these epics). But other sources have been neglected. The book has three parts. The first deals with preliminary issues: the relationship of this lost work to the Homeric scholarship that came before it, and to Aristotle’s comments on the Homeric epics in his extant Poetics; the evidence concerning the possible titles of this work; a neglected early edition of these fragments. In the second part, our knowledge of the Homeric Problems is expanded through an examination in context of quotations from (or allusions to) Homer in Aristotle’s extant works, and specifically in the History of Animals, the Rhetoric, and Poetics 21 (to each of which a chapter is devoted). Part III consists of four studies on select (and in most cases neglected) fragments. The volume intends to show (inter alia) that Aristotle in the Homeric Problems aimed to defend Homer against his critics, but not slavishly and without employing allegorical interpretation.
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Miklosi, Zoltan. Varieties of Relational Egalitarianism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813972.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the relational critique of distributive conceptions of justice, according to which the proper focus of egalitarian justice is the egalitarian nature of social relations rather than the equal distribution of certain goods. It maintains that the relational critique constitutes a fundamental challenge to distributive egalitarianism only if it rejects the “core distributive thesis” that holds that the distribution of some nonrelational goods has relation-independent significance for justice. It argues that several relational proposals are compatible with that thesis, and therefore constitute extensions or revisions of the distributive conception rather than alternatives to it, and that those relational views that reject the core distributive thesis are the least plausible ones. Finally, the chapter shows that relational views are often ambiguous regarding the nature of the significance of egalitarian relations, i.e. whether it consists in their contribution to well-being, or in being the fitting response to equal moral status.
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Witting, Christian. 13. Defences to intentional torts against the person or property. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811169.003.0013.
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This chapter examines the types of defence that can be used against intentional torts against property or person. It explains that defences to these torts can be placed within a threefold system. The first category consists of absent element defences, the second comprises justification defences, and the third contains public policy defences.
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Pfeiffer, Christian. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779728.003.0008.
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The conclusion looks back over the study, which consists of two parts. Part I shows the necessity of a study of bodies and magnitudes for the project of Aristotelian physical science. An analysis of the notion of body is crucial for the physicist. Part II identifies a theory of body in Aristotle. Although Aristotle does not devote several continuous chapters in his works to an analysis of body and magnitude as he does with motion, time, and place, passages scattered over the corpus Aristotelicum offers us a unified and elegant analysis of the notion of body. This final chapter closes by situating this study in the wider context of Aristotelian scholarship.
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Tripkovic, Bosko. Common Sentiment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808084.003.0003.
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The chapter analyses the metaethical foundations of the argument from common sentiment. This argument holds that moral emotions of the people in a community indicate the solution to moral problems. Drawing on comparative constitutional practice, the chapter contends that the argument from common sentiment consists of two elements: the emotivist element makes moral judgment dependent on moral feelings, and the relativist element ties these feelings to a specific community. The chapter argues that these elements are incompatible and fail to account for the role of reasoning and reflection in moral judgments. The chapter concludes that the argument from common sentiment is inadequate as an exclusive approach to judicial moral judgment.
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Siddiqi, Asiya. Business and Social Relationships in Nineteenth-Century Bombay. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199472208.003.0002.
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This chapter consists of narratives of three people who became insolvents. Each is about the circumstances of particular merchants and brokers. Jamshedji Tata was an emerging entrepreneur. His proximity to representatives in the colonial order enabled him to overcome the crisis in his business. Premchund Roychund, a prominent broker who became insolvent, also had close ties with the colonial bankers whose support helped him to survive. Kahandas Narandas belonged to the traditional business elite who did not have the advantage of colonial support. He was totally ruined. The stories of these three merchants reveal the activities and relationships that governed their lives. They illustrate the networks through which money, credit, and loans circulated in the world of business. These stories connect the economic trajectories to the social and cultural world of people and their lives.
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Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by spirochaetes. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0005.
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This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by spirochaetes. The chapter begins with a classification system to divide these organisms into Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, and Brachyspira. Separate sections then follow on the infections of most clinical significance for the tropics and subtropics, including leptospirosis, syphilis, non-venereal treponemes, and relapsing fevers. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
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Phillips, Katharine A. Introduction. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0001.
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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a severe and common disorder that consists of distressing or impairing preoccupation with nonexistent or slight flaws in one’s physical appearance. Individuals with BDD perform repetitive, compulsive behaviors to try to cope with the distress that their appearance concerns cause. In addition, the appearance concerns cause clinically significant distress or impairment in psychosocial functioning. This chapter introduces the reader to BDD and provides a roadmap for the book.
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Martz, Erin, ed. Promoting Self-Management of Chronic Health Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190606145.001.0001.
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This book explores the theories and practices that help to facilitate self-management of chronic health conditions (also known as chronic impairments or chronic diseases). It consists of four parts, in addition to an introductory chapter and a chapter on defining self-management, for a total of 22 chapters. This book includes discussions about self-management models, psychological interventions, and collaborative care on both individual and systemic levels for the promotion of self-management. Self-management requires that individuals understand the range of symptoms related to their specific chronic impairment, what those symptoms may indicate, and what actions to take to address those symptoms. Healthcare providers are an integral part of providing self-management support (SMS) to these individuals. Self-management includes the micro-decisions that individuals with chronic health conditions make about their conditions and the macro-decisions (e.g., creating treatment plans) that healthcare providers make in collaboration with individuals with chronic health conditions. This book focuses on exploring a range of self-management practices that can empower individuals with chronic health conditions to be less dependent on healthcare systems and, ultimately, to be more in control of their lives.
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Matthews, Philippa C. Infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria. Edited by Philippa C. Matthews. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737773.003.0006.
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This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize infections caused by obligate intracellular bacteria. The chapter begins with a classification system to divide these organisms into Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Chlamydia, Coxiella, and Bartonella species. Separate sections then follow on the infections of most clinical significance for the tropics and subtropics, including the typhus group (caused by rickettsial infection) and Q fever. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Koistinen, Olli. Spinoza on Mind. Edited by Michael Della Rocca. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.013.004.
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This chapter consists of two parts. The first part focuses on the idea of God that Spinoza speaks about in E2p3. It will be claimed that there is a sense in which Spinoza’s so-called parallelism between mental and physical realms can be treated roughly as a corollary to there being an idea of God. Spinoza started his thinking about the relation between thought and extension from above, i.e. from the infinite idea of God and its relation to infinite extension and then descended to particular minds and their relation to particular bodies. This is why any investigation of mind-body relation has to start from God’s mind or intellect. In the second part, these finite thinkers and their relation to modes of extension is investigated. Spinoza’s grand view is that the durational existence of these finite thinkers is dependent on a subset of God’s ideas of actual bodies. Thus, for Spinoza any mind is the idea of its corresponding body.
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Thomas, Alan, and Tom Dening. The concept of dementia. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0029.
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Recent developments have led to earlier assessment of people with cognitive impairment and earlier diagnosis of dementia. This has renewed discussion about the boundaries of dementia and its major causes and their relationship to ageing and also resulted in the publication of new sets of diagnostic criteria for dementia in general and the subtypes of dementia, e.g. Alzheimer’s disease. This chapter therefore consists of four contributions bringing different perspectives on the concept of dementia and its recognition and diagnosis.
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Ogihara, Yuji. Economic Shifts and Cultural Changes in Individualism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492908.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses the relationship between economic affluence and individualism from a cross-temporal perspective. Previous research has indicated that wealth and individualism are positively correlated at both the individual and the national level. This chapter discusses whether this relationship is also found at the temporal level. This chapter consists of three parts. First, a theory about the association between economic affluence and individualism is summarized. Second, the chapter introduces empirical evidence on temporal changes in individualism and their relationship with economic development in three cultures (United States, Japan, China). These studies indicated that the three cultures have shifted toward greater individualism over time. Moreover, these changes in individualism were positively linked to increases in economic affluence at the annual level. Third, the chapter is summarized and directions for future research are raised. Overall, this chapter discusses how socioecological factors and human psychologies/behaviors are associated particularly from a cross-temporal perspective.
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Jestaedt, Matthias, Oliver Lepsius, Christoph Möllers, and Christoph Schönberger. The German Federal Constitutional Court. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793540.001.0001.
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This translation into English of the leading German-language work on the German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht, BVerfG) gives an overview of both the Court’s history and its role as one of the most influential constitutional courts in recent years. The book consists of four extended, free-standing chapters, each written by one of the authors. In turn, these four chapters cover the historical development and political context of the Court; the Court and its relationship to the constitution; the Court’s approach to judicial reasoning and to the setting of legal standards; and the legitimacy of the Court in contemporary constitutional theory.
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Bueno, Otávio, Ruey-Lin Chen, and Melinda Bonnie Fagan, eds. Individuation, Process, and Scientific Practices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636814.001.0001.
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This book concerns a classic philosophical question: “What things count as individuals?” Rather than addressing it from the perspective of analytic metaphysics, this volume proposes to reformulate and answer it from the perspective of scientific practices. So reformulated, the new question is: “How do scientists individuate the things they investigate and thus count them as individuals?” More precisely, our reformulated approach involves three themes: experimental practice, process, and pluralism. The three themes together comprise a unique approach to the classic problem of individuality, and exhibit the strengths of a practice-based philosophy of science. On the approach taken in this volume, insights about criteria of individuality emerge from piecemeal investigation of the problems and questions on individuation. Importantly, results of these investigations are based on individuation as that process is discovered in scientific practice, rather than on a single dominant theory or more abstract metaphysical speculations. Collectively, the investigations of various contributors to this volume tend to support the metaphysical view of individuals as processes. This volume consists of a long introductory chapter and twelve contributed chapters. These chapters examine the individuation of scientific entities, explore different aspects of individuation, highlight individuation in experimental practices, and extend the issue of individuation to wider contexts. These chapters are arranged into three parts: Part I, aspects of individuation: metaphysical and processual; Part II, experimental practices of individuation; and Part III, individuation in philosophical approaches to science: realism, anti-realism, environmentalism.
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al-Bushi, Bulus, and Ibn Katib Qaysar. Revelation 1-3 in Christian Arabic Commentary. Edited by Stephen J. Davis, T. C. Schmidt, and Shawqi Talia. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823281848.001.0001.
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This book, the first of the CATT series, presents excerpts from two thirteenth-century Christian Arabic Commentaries on the Apocalypse of John, written by the Egyptian authors Būlus al-Būshī and Ibn Kātib Qayṣar, focusing on their treatment of Revelation 1–3. The introduction and first three chapters consist of historical and theological introductions to this literature. Chapter one focuses on Būlus al-Būshī, foregrounding issues of Christology and Christian-Muslim encounter. Chapters two and three focus on Ibn Kātib Qayṣar’s more expansive commentary, including an exploration of his theories of visions, angels, prophets, and dreams. Chapters four and five present the translations themselves, with critical notes that provide readers with insights into Arabic terminology and the medieval reception of the biblical text.